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Al Olabi R, Hendy AEA, Alkassab MB, Alnajm K, Elias M, Ibrahim M, Carlyle JR, Makrigiannis AP, Rahim MMA. The inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor regulates NK cell-mediated mammary tumor immunosurveillance in mice. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2168233. [PMID: 36704449 PMCID: PMC9872954 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2168233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of anti-cancer immunity, and their activity is regulated by an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. In mice, the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor is expressed in NK cells and recognizes the C-type lectin-related protein-b (Clr-b) ligand. NKR-P1B:Clr-b interactions represent a 'missing-self' recognition system to monitor cellular levels of Clr-b on healthy and diseased cells. Here, we report an important role for NKR-P1B:Clr-b interactions in tumor immunosurveillance in MMTV-PyVT mice, which develop spontaneous mammary tumors. MMTV-PyVT mice on NKR-P1B-deficient genetic background developed mammary tumors earlier than on wild-type (WT) background. A greater proportion of tumor-infiltrating NK cells downregulate expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (EOMES) in NKR-P1B-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Tumor-infiltrating NK cells also downregulated CD49b expression but gain CD49a expression and exhibit effector functions, such as granzyme B upregulation and proliferation in mammary tumors. However, unlike the EOMES+ NK cells, the EOMES‒ NK cell subset is unable to respond to further in vitro stimulation and exhibits phenotypic alterations associated with immune dysfunction. These alterations included increased expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and TIGIT and decreased expression of NKp46, Ly49C/I, CD11b, and KLRG-1. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating NKR-P1B-deficient NK cells exhibited an elevated dysfunctional immune phenotype compared to WT NK cells. These findings demonstrate that the NKR-P1B receptor plays an important role in mammary tumor surveillance by regulating anti-cancer immune responses and functional homeostasis in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghd Al Olabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abd El Aziz Hendy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Karla Alnajm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manahel Elias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Makrigiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada,CONTACT Mir Munir A Rahim Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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2
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Pietrobon V, Todd LA, Goswami A, Stefanson O, Yang Z, Marincola F. Improving CAR T-Cell Persistence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910828. [PMID: 34639168 PMCID: PMC8509430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade remarkable progress has been made in enhancing the efficacy of CAR T therapies. However, the clinical benefits are still limited, especially in solid tumors. Even in hematological settings, patients that respond to CAR T therapies remain at risk of relapsing due to several factors including poor T-cell expansion and lack of long-term persistence after adoptive transfer. This issue is even more evident in solid tumors, as the tumor microenvironment negatively influences the survival, infiltration, and activity of T-cells. Limited persistence remains a significant hindrance to the development of effective CAR T therapies due to several determinants, which are encountered from the cell manufacturing step and onwards. CAR design and ex vivo manipulation, including culture conditions, may play a pivotal role. Moreover, previous chemotherapy and lymphodepleting treatments may play a relevant role. In this review, the main causes for decreased persistence of CAR T-cells in patients will be discussed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell exhaustion. The approaches taken so far to overcome these limitations and to create exhaustion-resistant T-cells will be described. We will also examine the knowledge gained from several key clinical trials and highlight the molecular mechanisms determining T-cell stemness, as promoting stemness may represent an attractive approach to improve T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violena Pietrobon
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Lauren Anne Todd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Anghsumala Goswami
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ofir Stefanson
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
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3
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Chronic LCMV Infection Is Fortified with Versatile Tactics to Suppress Host T Cell Immunity and Establish Viral Persistence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101951. [PMID: 34696381 PMCID: PMC8537583 DOI: 10.3390/v13101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the immune regulatory strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), such as Clone 13, were isolated, LCMV infection of mice has served as a valuable model for the mechanistic study of viral immune suppression and virus persistence. The exhaustion of virus-specific T cells was demonstrated during LCMV infection, and the underlying mechanisms have been extensively investigated using LCMV infection in mouse models. In particular, the mechanism for gradual CD8+ T cell exhaustion at molecular and transcriptional levels has been investigated. These studies revealed crucial roles for inhibitory receptors, surface markers, regulatory cytokines, and transcription factors, including PD-1, PSGL-1, CXCR5, and TOX in the regulation of T cells. However, the action mode for CD4+ T cell suppression is largely unknown. Recently, sphingosine kinase 2 was proven to specifically repress CD4+ T cell proliferation and lead to LCMV persistence. As CD4+ T cell regulation was also known to be important for viral persistence, research to uncover the mechanism for CD4+ T cell repression could help us better understand how viruses launch and prolong their persistence. This review summarizes discoveries derived from the study of LCMV in regard to the mechanisms for T cell suppression and approaches for the termination of viral persistence with special emphasis on CD8+ T cells.
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4
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Parga-Vidal L, Behr FM, Kragten NAM, Nota B, Wesselink TH, Kavazović I, Covill LE, Schuller MBP, Bryceson YT, Wensveen FM, van Lier RAW, van Dam TJP, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Hobit identifies tissue-resident memory T cell precursors that are regulated by Eomes. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg3533. [PMID: 34417257 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) constitute a noncirculating memory T cell subset that provides early protection against reinfection. However, how TRM arise from antigen-triggered T cells has remained unclear. Exploiting the TRM-restricted expression of Hobit, we used TRM reporter/deleter mice to study TRM differentiation. We found that Hobit was up-regulated in a subset of LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells located within peripheral tissues during the effector phase of the immune response. These Hobit+ effector T cells were identified as TRM precursors, given that their depletion substantially decreased TRM development but not the formation of circulating memory T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments of Hobit+ effector T cells corroborated their biased contribution to the TRM lineage. Transcriptional profiling of Hobit+ effector T cells underlined the early establishment of TRM properties including down-regulation of tissue exit receptors and up-regulation of TRM-associated molecules. We identified Eomes as a key factor instructing the early bifurcation of circulating and resident lineages. These findings establish that commitment of TRM occurs early in antigen-driven T cell differentiation and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying this differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wesselink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Laura E Covill
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margo B P Schuller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Brogelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Rene A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis J P van Dam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Zhang J, Lyu T, Cao Y, Feng H. Role of TCF-1 in differentiation, exhaustion, and memory of CD8 + T cells: A review. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21549. [PMID: 33913198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) (encoded by the TCF7 gene) is a transcription factor that plays important role during the T cell development and differentiation for T cell to exercise its functions including producing memory T cells. Not only TCF-1 can modulate the T cell development but also exerts various effects on the differentiation and function of mature CD8+ T cells. In addition, it drives the production and maintenance of the immune response of CD8+ T cells after PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy. TCF-1 can serve as a potential target of immunotherapy and may provide promising novel treatment strategies for patients with cancer and infections. Moreover, TCF-1 is a potential biomarker of CD8+ T cell functionality to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in fighting against cancer and infections. Herein, we summarize the role of TCF-1 in T cell development and its applications in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Zhang
- The First Clinical Medicine Faculty, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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Landscape of Exhausted Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells in Chronic LCMV Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108078. [PMID: 32846135 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of chronic infections is the presence of exhausted CD8 T cells, characterized by a distinct transcriptional program compared with functional effector or memory cells, co-expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, and impaired effector function, mainly driven by recurrent T cell receptor engagement. In the context of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice, most studies focused on studying splenic virus-specific CD8 T cells. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of exhausted CD8 T cells isolated from six different tissues during established LCMV infection, using single-cell RNA sequencing. Our data reveal that exhausted cells are heterogeneous, adopt organ-specific transcriptomic profiles, and can be divided into five main functional subpopulations: advanced exhaustion, effector-like, intermediate, proliferating, or memory-like. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that these phenotypes are plastic, suggesting that the tissue microenvironment has a major impact in shaping the phenotype and function of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection.
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7
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Qiu F, Lu W, Ye S, Liu H, Zeng Q, Huang H, Liang CL, Chen Y, Zheng F, Zhang Q, Lu CJ, Dai Z. Berberine Promotes Induction of Immunological Tolerance to an Allograft via Downregulating Memory CD8 + T-Cells Through Altering the Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646831. [PMID: 33643325 PMCID: PMC7907598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiota dysbiosis to transplant rejection while memory T-cells pose a threat to long-term transplant survival. However, it's unclear if the gut microbiome alters the formation and function of alloreactive memory T-cells. Here we studied the effects of berberine, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that is barely absorbed when orally administered, on the gut microbiota, memory T-cells, and allograft survival. In this study, C57BL/6 mice transplanted with islets or a heart from BALB/c mice were treated orally with berberine. Allograft survival was observed, while spleen, and lymph node T-cells from recipient mice were analyzed using a flow cytometer. High-throughput sequencing and qPCR were performed to analyze the gut microbiota. CD8+ T-cells from recipients were cultured with the bacteria to determine potential T-cell memory cross-reactivity to a specific pathogen. We found that berberine suppressed islet allograft rejection, reduced effector CD8+CD44highCD62Llow and central memory CD8+CD44highCD62Lhigh T-cells (TCM), altered the gut microbiota composition and specifically lowered Bacillus cereus abundance. Further, berberine promoted long-term islet allograft survival induced by conventional costimulatory blockade and induced cardiac allograft tolerance as well. Re-colonization of B. cereus upregulated CD8+ TCM cells and reversed long-term islet allograft survival induced by berberine plus the conventional costimulatory blockade. Finally, alloantigen-experienced memory CD8+ T-cells from transplanted recipients rapidly responded to B. cereus in vitro. Thus, berberine prolonged allograft survival by repressing CD8+ TCM through regulating the gut microbiota. We have provided the first evidence that donor-specific memory T-cell generation is linked to a specific microbe and uncovered a novel mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of berberine. This study may be implicated for suppressing human transplant rejection since berberine is already used in clinic to treat intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qiu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihui Lu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaohuang Zeng
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiding Huang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunfang Zhang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Jian Lu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Eomes cannot replace its paralog T-bet during expansion and differentiation of CD8 effector T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008870. [PMID: 32991634 PMCID: PMC7546498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The two T-box transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) are important regulators of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), such as activated CD8 T cells, which are essential in the fight against intracellular pathogens and tumors. Both transcription factors share a great degree of homology based on sequence analysis and as a result exert partial functional redundancy during viral infection. However, the actual degree of redundancy between T-bet and Eomes remains a matter of debate and is further confounded by their distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern in activated CD8 T cells. To directly investigate the functional overlap of these transcription factors, we generated a new mouse model in which Eomes expression is under the transcriptional control of the endogenous Tbx21 (encoding for T-bet) locus. Applying this model, we demonstrate that the induction of Eomes in lieu of T-bet cannot rescue T-bet deficiency in CD8 T cells during acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We found that the expression of Eomes instead of T-bet was not sufficient for early cell expansion or effector cell differentiation. Finally, we show that imposed expression of Eomes after acute viral infection promotes some features of exhaustion but must act in concert with other factors during chronic viral infection to establish all hallmarks of exhaustion. In summary, our results clearly underline the importance of T-bet in guiding canonical CTL development during acute viral infections. According to the World Health Organization infectious diseases kill over 17 million people per year. At the same time highly infectious viral diseases, such as Ebola and COVID-19 that are lacking specific treatments, are emerging to pose additional threats. It is therefore pivotal to precisely understand how our immune system responds towards pathogens to develop new treatment options. Here we have investigated the role of two related molecules, named T-bet and Eomes, that guide the development and function of lymphocytes in their fight against intracellular pathogens. We specifically focused on cytotoxic lymphocytes as these cells dominate the early phase of viral containment. We show that T-bet is essential for the expansion of cytotoxic lymphocytes and equip lymphocytes with the ability to efficiently eliminate virus-infected cells. Hence, our study provides new insights into the importance and specific actions of T-bet during acute viral infections and how this might be harnessed for future therapeutic interventions.
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9
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Vigano S, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Perreau M, Harari A. Cancer and HIV-1 Infection: Patterns of Chronic Antigen Exposure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1350. [PMID: 32714330 PMCID: PMC7344140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of the human immune system is to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens and abnormal patterns, while maintaining self-tolerance. However, when facing highly variable pathogens or antigens very similar to self-antigens, this system can fail in completely eliminating the anomalies, leading to the establishment of chronic pathologies. Prototypical examples of immune system defeat are cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. In both conditions, the immune system is persistently exposed to antigens leading to systemic inflammation, lack of generation of long-term memory and exhaustion of effector cells. This triggers a negative feedback loop where effector cells are unable to resolve the pathology and cannot be replaced due to the lack of a pool of undifferentiated, self-renewing memory T cells. In addition, in an attempt to reduce tissue damage due to chronic inflammation, antigen presenting cells and myeloid components of the immune system activate systemic regulatory and tolerogenic programs. Beside these homologies shared between cancer and HIV-1 infection, the immune system can be shaped differently depending on the type and distribution of the eliciting antigens with ultimate consequences at the phenotypic and functional level of immune exhaustion. T cell differentiation, functionality, cytotoxic potential and proliferation reserve, immune-cell polarization, upregulation of negative regulators (immune checkpoint molecules) are indeed directly linked to the quantitative and qualitative differences in priming and recalling conditions. Better understanding of distinct mechanisms and functional consequences underlying disease-specific immune cell dysfunction will contribute to further improve and personalize immunotherapy. In the present review, we describe relevant players of immune cell exhaustion in cancer and HIV-1 infection, and enumerate the best-defined hallmarks of T cell dysfunction. Moreover, we highlight shared and divergent aspects of T cell exhaustion and T cell activation to the best of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Vigano
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Chen Z, Ji Z, Ngiow SF, Manne S, Cai Z, Huang AC, Johnson J, Staupe RP, Bengsch B, Xu C, Yu S, Kurachi M, Herati RS, Vella LA, Baxter AE, Wu JE, Khan O, Beltra JC, Giles JR, Stelekati E, McLane LM, Lau CW, Yang X, Berger SL, Vahedi G, Ji H, Wherry EJ. TCF-1-Centered Transcriptional Network Drives an Effector versus Exhausted CD8 T Cell-Fate Decision. Immunity 2019; 51:840-855.e5. [PMID: 31606264 PMCID: PMC6943829 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TCF-1 is a key transcription factor in progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells (Tex). Moreover, this Tex cell subset mediates responses to PD-1 checkpoint pathway blockade. However, the role of the transcription factor TCF-1 in early fate decisions and initial generation of Tex cells is unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and lineage tracing identified a TCF-1+Ly108+PD-1+ CD8 T cell population that seeds development of mature Tex cells early during chronic infection. TCF-1 mediated the bifurcation between divergent fates, repressing development of terminal KLRG1Hi effectors while fostering KLRG1Lo Tex precursor cells, and PD-1 stabilized this TCF-1+ Tex precursor cell pool. TCF-1 mediated a T-bet-to-Eomes transcription factor transition in Tex precursors by promoting Eomes expression and drove c-Myb expression that controlled Bcl-2 and survival. These data define a role for TCF-1 in early-fate-bifurcation-driving Tex precursor cells and also identify PD-1 as a protector of this early TCF-1 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Johnson
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P Staupe
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caiyue Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sixiang Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Omar Khan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erietta Stelekati
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Key features and homing properties of NK cells in the liver are shaped by activated iNKT cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16362. [PMID: 31704965 PMCID: PMC6841958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to the clearance of hepatic viral infections is well recognized. The recently discovered heterogeneity of NK cell populations renders them interesting targets for immune interventions. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a key interaction partner for hepatic NK cells. The present study addressed whether characteristics of NK cells in the liver can be shaped by targeting iNKT cells. For this, the CD1d-binding pegylated glycolipid αGalCerMPEG was assessed for its ability to modulate the features of NK cells permanently or transiently residing in the liver. In vivo administration resulted in enhanced functionality of educated and highly differentiated CD27+ Mac-1+ NK cells accompanied by an increased proliferation. Improved liver homing was supported by serum-derived and cellular factors. Reduced viral loads in a mCMV infection model confirmed the beneficial effect of NK cells located in the liver upon stimulation with αGalCerMPEG. Thus, targeting iNKT cell-mediated NK cell activation in the liver represents a promising approach for the establishment of liver-directed immune interventions.
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12
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Abstract
CD8+ T cells are important for the protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumor. In the case of chronic infection or cancer, CD8+ T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This excessive amount of signals often leads CD8+ T cells to gradual deterioration of T cell function, a state called "exhaustion." Exhausted T cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions (cytokine production and killing function), expression of multiple inhibitory receptors (such as PD-1 and LAG3), dysregulated metabolism, poor memory recall response, and homeostatic proliferation. These altered functions are closely related with altered transcriptional program and epigenetic landscape that clearly distinguish exhausted T cells from normal effector and memory T cells. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and cancers, but re-invigoration of exhausted T cells with inhibitory receptor blockade can promote improved immunity and disease outcome. Accumulating evidences support the therapeutic potential of targeting exhausted T cells. However, exhausted T cells comprise heterogenous cell population with distinct responsiveness to intervention. Understanding molecular mechanism of T cell exhaustion is essential to establish rational immunotherapeutic interventions.
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13
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Saeidi A, Zandi K, Cheok YY, Saeidi H, Wong WF, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Yong YK, Larsson M, Shankar EM. T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2569. [PMID: 30473697 PMCID: PMC6237934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections as well as cancer. Exhaustion appears to be often restricted to CD8+ T cells responses in the literature, although CD4+ T cells have also been reported to be functionally exhausted in certain chronic infections. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the transcriptional regulation of T-cell exhaustion is advancing, it is imperative to also explore the central mechanisms that control the altered expression patterns. Targeting metabolic dysfunctions with mitochondrion-targeted antioxidants are also expected to improve the antiviral functions of exhausted virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In addition, it is crucial to consider the contributions of mitochondrial biogenesis on T-cell exhaustion and how mitochondrial metabolism of T cells could be targeted whilst treating chronic viral infections. Here, we review the current understanding of cardinal features of T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections, and have attempted to focus on recent discoveries, potential strategies to reverse exhaustion and reinvigorate optimal protective immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidreza Saeidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean Kong Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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14
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Shehata HM, Murphy AJ, Lee MKS, Gardiner CM, Crowe SM, Sanjabi S, Finlay DK, Palmer CS. Sugar or Fat?-Metabolic Requirements for Immunity to Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1311. [PMID: 29085369 PMCID: PMC5649203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization that an intricate link exists between the metabolic state of immune cells and the nature of the elicited immune responses has brought a dramatic evolution to the field of immunology. We will focus on how metabolic reprogramming through the use of glycolysis and fatty-acid oxidation (sugar or fat) regulates the capacity of immune cells to mount robust and effective immune responses. We will also discuss how fine-tuning sugar and fat metabolism may be exploited as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to fight viral infections or improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Shehata
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clovis Steve Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Attanasio J, Wherry EJ. Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Receptor Pathways in Infectious Disease. Immunity 2017; 44:1052-68. [PMID: 27192569 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 into the cancer clinic highlights the opportunities to manipulate these pathways to treat human disease. Studies in infectious disease have provided key insights into the specific roles of these pathways and the effects of their manipulation. Here, recent studies are discussed that have addressed how major inhibitory and costimulatory pathways play a role in regulating immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Mechanistic insights from studies of infectious disease provide opportunities to further expand our toolkit to treat cancer and chronic infections in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Attanasio
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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NFκB-Pim-1-Eomesodermin axis is critical for maintaining CD8 T-cell memory quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1659-E1667. [PMID: 28193872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608448114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell memory is critical for long-term immunity. However, the factors involved in maintaining the persistence, function, and phenotype of the memory pool are undefined. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is required for the establishment of the memory pool. Here, we show that in T cells transitioning to memory, the expression of high levels of Eomes is not constitutive but rather requires a continuum of cell-intrinsic NFκB signaling. Failure to maintain NFκB signals after the peak of the response led to impaired Eomes expression and a defect in the maintenance of CD8 T-cell memory. Strikingly, we found that antigen receptor [T-cell receptor (TCR)] signaling regulates this process through expression of the NFκB-dependent kinase proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (PIM-1), which in turn regulates NFκB and Eomes. T cells defective in TCR-dependent NFκB signaling were impaired in late expression of Pim-1, Eomes, and CD8 memory. These defects were rescued when TCR-dependent NFκB signaling was restored. We also found that NFκB-Pim-1 signals were required at memory to maintain memory CD8 T-cell longevity, effector function, and Eomes expression. Hence, an NFκB-Pim-1-Eomes axis regulates Eomes levels to maintain memory fitness.
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17
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Laroche-Lefebvre C, Yousefi M, Daudelin JF, Charpentier T, Tarrab E, Klinck R, Lamarre A, Labrecque N, Stäger S, Duplay P. Dok-1 and Dok-2 Regulate the Formation of Memory CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3618-3627. [PMID: 27664281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diverse signals received by CD8+ T cells are integrated to achieve the required magnitude of cell expansion and the appropriate balance of effector/memory CD8+ T cell generation. Notably, the strength and nature of TCR signaling influence the differentiation and functional capacity of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Dok-1 and Dok-2, the two members of the Dok family expressed in T cells, negatively regulate TCR signaling in vitro. However, the role of Dok proteins in modulating T cell function in vivo has not yet studied. We studied the function of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to vaccinia virus infection. Comparison of responses to vaccinia virus expressing OVA peptide SIINFEKL by wild-type and Dok-1/2-/- CD8+ OT-I cells showed that the absence of Dok-1 and Dok-2 slightly reduced the magnitude of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cell expansion. This was not due to reduced proliferation or enhanced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells. Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T cells showed increased cell surface TCR expression following virus infection in vivo and increased expression of granzyme B and TNF upon stimulation with peptide Ag ex vivo. Finally, Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T had a severe defect in survival that resulted in impaired generation of memory CD8+ T cells. These results reveal the critical involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in a negative-feedback loop that prevents overactivation of CD8+ T cells and promotes memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laroche-Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Daudelin
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Roscoe Klinck
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Pascale Duplay
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada;
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18
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Simonetta F, Pradier A, Roosnek E. T-bet and Eomesodermin in NK Cell Development, Maturation, and Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:241. [PMID: 27379101 PMCID: PMC4913100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports give insights into the role of the T-box transcription factors, T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), in NK cell biology. In this mini-review, we recapitulate the initial reports that delineate T-bet and Eomes as master regulators of NK cell development, maturation, and function. We discuss how T-bet and Eomes expression is regulated during NK cell development and peripheral maturation. Furthermore, we summarize the current literature on the role of T-bet and Eomes in the transcriptional regulation of NK cell function and review possible effects of T-box transcription factor anomalies during aging, infection, cancer, and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We discuss how the current data argue in favor of a model of T-bet and Eomes synergy in transcriptional regulation of NK cell function and identify T-box transcription factors as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Simonetta
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Amandine Pradier
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Eddy Roosnek
- Department of Medical Specialties, Division of Hematology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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19
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Karagiannis P, Iriguchi S, Kaneko S. Reprogramming away from the exhausted T cell state. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Lupar E, Brack M, Garnier L, Laffont S, Rauch KS, Schachtrup K, Arnold SJ, Guéry JC, Izcue A. Eomesodermin Expression in CD4+ T Cells Restricts Peripheral Foxp3 Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4742-52. [PMID: 26453746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells polarize into effector Th subsets characterized by signature transcription factors and cytokines. Although T-bet drives Th1 responses and represses the alternative Th2, Th17, and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell fates, the role of the T-bet-related transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) in CD4(+) T cells is less well understood. In this study, we analyze the expression and effects of Eomes in mouse CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We find that Eomes is readily expressed in activated CD4(+) Th1 T cells in vivo. Eomes(+) CD4(+) T cells accumulated in old mice, under lymphopenic conditions in a T cell transfer model of colitis, and upon oral Ag administration. However, despite its expression, genetic deletion of Eomes in CD4(+) T cells did not impact on IFN-γ production nor increase Th2 or Th17 responses. In contrast, Eomes deficiency favored the accumulation of Foxp3(+) cells in old mice, after in vivo differentiation of Eomes-deficient naive CD4(+) T cells, and in response to oral Ag in a cell-intrinsic way. Enforced Eomes expression during in vitro regulatory T cell induction also reduced Foxp3 transcription. Likewise, bystander Eomes-deficient CD4(+) T cells were more efficient at protecting from experimental autoimmune encephalitis compared with wild-type CD4(+) T cells. This enhanced capacity of Eomes-deficient CD4(+) T cells to inhibit EAE in trans was associated with an enhanced frequency of Foxp3(+) cells. Our data identify a novel role for Eomes in CD4(+) T cells and indicate that Eomes expression may act by limiting Foxp3 induction, which may contribute to the association of EOMES to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lupar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Brack
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laure Garnier
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Sophie Laffont
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Katharina S Rauch
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- University Medical Centre, Renal Department, Centre for Clinical Research, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; and Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, D-79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Ana Izcue
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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21
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Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. NATURE REVIEWS. IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26205583 DOI: 10.1038/nri3862.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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23
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Pauken KE, Wherry EJ. Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:265-76. [PMID: 25797516 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death 1: Programmed Cell Death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1:PD-L1) pathway, a central regulator of T cell exhaustion, have been recently shown to be effective for treatment of different cancers. However, clinical responses are mixed, highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms of action of PD-1:PD-L1, the role of this pathway in immunity to different tumors, and the molecular and cellular effects of PD-1 blockade. Here, we review the molecular regulation of T cell exhaustion, placing recent findings on PD-1 blockade therapies in cancer in the context of the broader understanding of the roles of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in T cell exhaustion during chronic infection. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in reversing T cell exhaustion, and outline critical areas of focus for future research, both basic and clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Pauken
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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Chang JT, Wherry EJ, Goldrath AW. Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1104-15. [PMID: 25396352 PMCID: PMC4386685 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity and an important goal of vaccination strategies. Here we highlight advances in the understanding of the diverse T lymphocyte subsets that provide acute and long-term protection from infection. These include new insights into the transcription factors, and the upstream 'pioneering' factors that regulate their accessibility to key sites of gene regulation, as well as metabolic regulators that contribute to the differentiation of effector and memory subsets; ontogeny and defining characteristics of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes; and origins of the remarkable heterogeneity exhibited by activated T cells. Collectively, these findings underscore progress in delineating the underlying pathways that control diversification in T cell responses but also reveal gaps in the knowledge, as well as the challenges that arise in the application of this knowledge to rationally elicit desired T cell responses through vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- 1] Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Chaix J, Nish SA, Lin WHW, Rothman NJ, Ding L, Wherry EJ, Reiner SL. Cutting edge: CXCR4 is critical for CD8+ memory T cell homeostatic self-renewal but not rechallenge self-renewal. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:1013-6. [PMID: 24973450 PMCID: PMC4108510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Central memory (CM) CD8(+) T cells "remember" prior encounters because they maintain themselves through cell division in the absence of ongoing challenge (homeostatic self-renewal), as well as reproduce the CM fate while manufacturing effector cells during secondary Ag encounters (rechallenge self-renewal). We tested the consequence of conditional deletion of the bone marrow homing receptor CXCR4 on antiviral T cell responses. CXCR4-deficient CD8(+) T cells have impaired memory cell maintenance due to defective homeostatic proliferation. Upon rechallenge, however, CXCR4-deficient T cells can re-expand and renew the CM pool while producing secondary effector cells. The critical bone marrow-derived signals essential for CD8(+) T cell homeostatic self-renewal appear to be dispensable to yield self-renewing, functionally asymmetric cell fates during rechallenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chaix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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26
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Shah N, Martin-Antonio B, Yang H, Ku S, Lee DA, Cooper LJN, Decker WK, Li S, Robinson SN, Sekine T, Parmar S, Gribben J, Wang M, Rezvani K, Yvon E, Najjar A, Burks J, Kaur I, Champlin RE, Bollard CM, Shpall EJ. Antigen presenting cell-mediated expansion of human umbilical cord blood yields log-scale expansion of natural killer cells with anti-myeloma activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76781. [PMID: 24204673 PMCID: PMC3800010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important mediators of anti-tumor immunity and are active against several hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Umbilical cord blood (CB) is a promising source of allogeneic NK cells but large scale ex vivo expansion is required for generation of clinically relevant CB-derived NK (CB-NK) cell doses. Here we describe a novel strategy for expanding NK cells from cryopreserved CB units using artificial antigen presenting feeder cells (aAPC) in a gas permeable culture system. After 14 days, mean fold expansion of CB-NK cells was 1848-fold from fresh and 2389-fold from cryopreserved CB with >95% purity for NK cells (CD56+/CD3−) and less than 1% CD3+ cells. Though surface expression of some cytotoxicity receptors was decreased, aAPC-expanded CB-NK cells exhibited a phenotype similar to CB-NK cells expanded with IL-2 alone with respect to various inhibitory receptors, NKG2C and CD94 and maintained strong expression of transcription factors Eomesodermin and T-bet. Furthermore, CB-NK cells formed functional immune synapses with and demonstrated cytotoxicity against various MM targets. Finally, aAPC-expanded CB-NK cells showed significant in vivo activity against MM in a xenogenic mouse model. Our findings introduce a clinically applicable strategy for the generation of highly functional CB-NK cells which can be used to eradicate MM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD56 Antigen/immunology
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Martin-Antonio
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Ku
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laurence J. N. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William K. Decker
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Simon N. Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Gribben
- Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Medical Oncology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katy Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Yvon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amer Najjar
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jared Burks
- Department of Leukemia Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Indreshpal Kaur
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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27
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Iborra S, Ramos M, Arana DM, Lázaro S, Aguilar F, Santos E, López D, Fernández-Malavé E, Del Val M. N-ras couples antigen receptor signaling to Eomesodermin and to functional CD8+ T cell memory but not to effector differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1463-79. [PMID: 23776078 PMCID: PMC3698526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-ras−/− CD8+ T cells have an intrinsic defect in Eomes expression resulting in impaired generation of protective memory cells that can be rescued by enforced Eomes expression. Signals from the TCR that specifically contribute to effector versus memory CD8+ T cell differentiation are poorly understood. Using mice and adoptively transferred T lymphocytes lacking the small GTPase N-ras, we found that N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells differentiate efficiently into antiviral primary effectors but have a severe defect in generating protective memory cells. This defect was rescued, although only partly, by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in vivo. The memory defect correlated with a marked impairment in vitro and in vivo of the antigen-mediated early induction of T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), whereas T-bet was unaffected. Besides N-ras, early Eomes induction in vitro required phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and it was largely insensitive to rapamycin. Consistent with N-ras coupling Eomes to T cell memory, retrovirally enforced expression of Eomes in N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells effectively rescued their memory differentiation. Thus, our study identifies a critical role for N-ras as a TCR-proximal regulator of Eomes for early determination of the CD8+ T cell memory fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Iborra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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