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Shao G, Liu Y, Lu L, Wang L, Ji G, Xu H. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of digestive inflammatory cancer transformation: Portulaca oleracea L. as a promising drug. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117999. [PMID: 38447616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat various types of inflammation and tumors of the digestive system. Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), has been used in TCM for thousands of years. The chemical composition of POL is variable and includes flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and organic acids and other classes of natural compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer-transforming effects in the digestive system. AIM OF STUDY In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic role of POL in NASH, gastritis and colitis and their associated cancers, with a focus on the pharmacological properties and potential mechanisms of action of the main natural active compounds in POL. METHODS The information and data on Portulaca oleracea L. and its main active ingredients were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures), Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet. RESULTS Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, EPA, DHA, and melatonin were found to improve NASH and NASH-HCC, while kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin played a therapeutic role in gastritis and gastric cancer. Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, lupeol, vitamin C and melatonin were found to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of colitis and its associated cancers. The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. CONCLUSION The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. However, clinical data describing the mode of action of the naturally active compounds of POL are still lacking. In addition, pharmacokinetic data for POL compounds, such as changes in drug dose and absorption rates, cannot be extrapolated from animal models and need to be measured in patients in clinical trials. On the one hand, a systematic meta-analysis of the existing publications on TCM containing POL still needs to be carried out. On the other hand, studies on the hepatic and renal toxicity of POL are also needed. Additionally, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to validate the therapeutic effects of TCM need to be performed, thus hopefully providing a basis for the validation of the clinical benefits of POL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxuan Shao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
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Li X, Liu C, Zhang R, Li Y, Ye D, Wang H, He M, Sun Y. Biosynthetic deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid causes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and ferroptosis-mediated hepatocyte injury. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107405. [PMID: 38788853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Exogenous omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown to exert beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by the excessive accumulation of lipids and chronic injury in the liver. However, the effect of endogenous DHA biosynthesis on the lipid homeostasis of liver is poorly understood. In this study, we used a DHA biosynthesis-deficient zebrafish model, elovl2 mutant, to explore the effect of endogenously biosynthesized DHA on hepatic lipid homeostasis. We found the pathways of lipogenesis and lipid uptake were strongly activated, while the pathways of lipid oxidation and lipid transport were inhibited in the liver of elovl2 mutants, leading to lipid droplet accumulation in the mutant hepatocytes and NAFLD. Furthermore, the elovl2 mutant hepatocytes exhibited disrupted mitochondrial structure and function, activated endoplasmic reticulum stress, and hepatic injury. We further unveiled that the hepatic cell death and injury was mainly mediated by ferroptosis, rather than apoptosis, in elovl2 mutants. Elevating DHA content in elovl2 mutants, either by the introduction of an omega-3 desaturase (fat1) transgene or by feeding with a DHA-rich diet, could strongly alleviate NAFLD features and ferroptosis-mediated hepatic injury. Together, our study elucidates the essential role of endogenous DHA biosynthesis in maintaining hepatic lipid homeostasis and liver health, highlighting that DHA deficiency can lead to NAFLD and ferroptosis-mediated hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Padiadpu J, Garcia‐Jaramillo M, Newman NK, Pederson JW, Rodrigues R, Li Z, Singh S, Monnier P, Trinchieri G, Brown K, Dzutsev AK, Shulzhenko N, Jump DB, Morgun A. Multi-omic network analysis identified betacellulin as a novel target of omega-3 fatty acid attenuation of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18367. [PMID: 37859621 PMCID: PMC10630881 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies established that supplementing diets with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce hepatic dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but molecular underpinnings of this action were elusive. Herein, we used multi-omic network analysis that unveiled critical molecular pathways involved in ω3 PUFA effects in a preclinical mouse model of western diet induced NASH. Since NASH is a precursor of liver cancer, we also performed meta-analysis of human liver cancer transcriptomes that uncovered betacellulin as a key EGFR-binding protein upregulated in liver cancer and downregulated by ω3 PUFAs in animals and humans with NASH. We then confirmed that betacellulin acts by promoting proliferation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells, inducing transforming growth factor-β2 and increasing collagen production. When used in combination with TLR2/4 agonists, betacellulin upregulated integrins in macrophages thereby potentiating inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, our results suggest that suppression of betacellulin is one of the key mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of ω3 PUFA on NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nolan K Newman
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Jacob W Pederson
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Richard Rodrigues
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Sehajvir Singh
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Philip Monnier
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kevin Brown
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental EngineeringOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling InstituteOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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Spooner MH, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Apperson KD, Löhr CV, Jump DB. Time course of western diet (WD) induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female and male Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292432. [PMID: 37819925 PMCID: PMC10566735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem. Identification of factors contributing to the onset and progression of NAFLD have the potential to direct novel strategies to combat NAFLD. METHODS We examined the time course of western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in age-matched female and male Ldlr-/- mice, with time-points at 1, 4, 8, 20 and 40 weeks on the WD. Controls included Ldlr-/- mice maintained on a purified low-fat diet (LFD) for 1 and 40 weeks. The approach included quantitation of anthropometric, plasma and liver markers of disease, plus hepatic histology, lipids, oxylipins, gene expression and selected metabolites. RESULTS One week of feeding the WD caused a significant reduction in hepatic essential fatty acids (EFAs: 18:2, ω6, 18:3, ω3) which preceded the decline in many C20-22 ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA-derived oxylipins after 4 weeks on the WD. In addition, expression of hepatic inflammation markers (CD40, CD44, Mcp1, Nlrp3, TLR2, TLR4, Trem2) increased significantly in both female & male mice after one week on the WD. These markers continued to increase over the 40-week WD feeding study. WD effects on hepatic EFA and inflammation preceded all significant WD-induced changes in body weight, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oxidative stress status (GSH/GSSG ratio) and histological and gene expression markers of macrosteatosis, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish that feeding Ldlr-/- mice the WD rapidly lowered hepatic EFAs and induced key inflammatory markers linked to NASH. Since EFAs have an established role in inflammation and hepatic inflammation plays a major role in NASH, we suggest that early clinical assessment of EFA status and correcting EFA deficiencies may be useful in reducing NASH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda H. Spooner
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, United States of America
| | - K. Denise Apperson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic fatty liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Currently, there are no therapies for NAFLD that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we examine the rationale for using ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in NAFLD therapy. This focus is based on the finding that NAFLD severity is associated with a reduction of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFAs. Because C20-22 ω3 PUFAs are pleiotropic regulators of cell function, loss of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs has the potential to significantly impact hepatic function. We describe NAFLD prevalence and pathophysiology as well as current NAFLD therapies. We also present evidence from clinical and preclinical studies that evaluated the capacity of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs to treat NAFLD. Given the clinical and preclinical evidence, dietary C20-22 ω3 PUFA supplementation has the potential to decrease human NAFLD severity by reducing hepatosteatosis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda H Spooner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
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Padiadpu J, Spooner MH, Li Z, Newman N, Löhr CV, Apperson KD, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A, Jump DB. Early transcriptome changes associated with western diet induced NASH in Ldlr-/- mice points to activation of hepatic macrophages and an acute phase response. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1147602. [PMID: 37609485 PMCID: PMC10440380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health problem. Identifying early gene indicators contributing to the onset and progression of NAFLD has the potential to develop novel targets for early therapeutic intervention. We report on the early and late transcriptomic signatures of western diet (WD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female and male Ldlr-/- mice, with time-points at 1 week and 40 weeks on the WD. Control Ldlr-/- mice were maintained on a low-fat diet (LFD) for 1 and 40 weeks. Methods The approach included quantitation of anthropometric and hepatic histology markers of disease as well as the hepatic transcriptome. Results Only mice fed the WD for 40 weeks revealed evidence of NASH, i.e., hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. RNASeq transcriptome analysis, however, revealed multiple cell-specific changes in gene expression after 1 week that persisted to 40 weeks on the WD. These early markers of disease include induction of acute phase response (Saa1-2, Orm2), fibrosis (Col1A1, Col1A2, TGFβ) and NASH associated macrophage (NAM, i.e., Trem2 high, Mmp12 low). We also noted the induction of transcripts associated with metabolic syndrome, including Mmp12, Trem2, Gpnmb, Lgals3 and Lpl. Finally, 1 week of WD feeding was sufficient to significantly induce TNFα, a cytokine involved in both hepatic and systemic inflammation. Conclusion This study revealed early onset changes in the hepatic transcriptome that develop well before any anthropometric or histological evidence of NALFD or NASH and pointed to cell-specific targeting for the prevention of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Padiadpu
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Melinda H. Spooner
- Nutrition Program, Colleges of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Nolan Newman
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - K. Denise Apperson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI-NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI-NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, Colleges of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Musso G, Saba F, Cassader M, Gambino R. Lipidomics in pathogenesis, progression and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Recent advances. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101238. [PMID: 37244504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting up to 30% of the general adult population. NAFLD encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and is becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation, as a result of increasing disease prevalence and of the absence of approved treatments. Lipidomic readouts of liver blood and urine samples from experimental models and from NASH patients disclosed an abnormal lipid composition and metabolism. Collectively, these changes impair organelle function and promote cell damage, necro-inflammation and fibrosis, a condition termed lipotoxicity. We will discuss the lipid species and metabolic pathways leading to NASH development and progression to cirrhosis, as well as and those species that can contribute to inflammation resolution and fibrosis regression. We will also focus on emerging lipid-based therapeutic opportunities, including specialized proresolving lipid molecules and macrovesicles contributing to cell-to-cell communication and NASH pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Musso
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesca Saba
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Zhu T, Lu XT, Liu ZY, Zhu HL. Dietary linoleic acid and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids are inversely associated with significant liver fibrosis risk: A nationwide survey. Front Nutr 2022; 9:938645. [PMID: 35958259 PMCID: PMC9360805 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.938645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since no pharmaceuticals have been proven to effectively reduce liver fibrosis, dietary fatty acids may be beneficial as one of the non-pharmaceutical interventions due to their important roles in liver metabolism. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the data from the 2017–2018 cycle of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the associations between the proportion and composition of dietary fatty acid intakes with significant liver fibrosis among US population. The dietary fatty acid consumptions were calculated based on two 24-h dietary recalls. Significant liver fibrosis was diagnosed based on liver stiffness measurement value derived from the vibration controlled transient elastography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the association between dietary fatty acid consumption and significant liver fibrosis risk. Finally, restricted cubic spline analysis was carried out to explore the dose–response between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or linoleic acid intakes and the risk of significant liver fibrosis. The results showed that the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of significant liver fibrosis were 0.34 (0.14–0.84), 0.68 (0.50–0.91), and 0.64 (0.47–0.87) for the highest level of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, dietary PUFA, and linoleic acid intakes compared to the lowest reference, respectively. The sensitivity analysis and restricted cubic spline analysis produced similar results, reinforcing the inverse association of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, PUFA, and linoleic acid consumptions with significant liver fibrosis risk. However, other dietary fatty acids did not show the statistically significant association with significant liver fibrosis. In conclusion, dietary linoleic acid may play a key role in the inverse association between the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio and the risk of significant liver fibrosis. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Šmíd V, Dvořák K, Šedivý P, Kosek V, Leníček M, Dezortová M, Hajšlová J, Hájek M, Vítek L, Bechyňská K, Brůha R. Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and NAFLD. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1336-1349. [PMID: 35147302 PMCID: PMC9134818 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) have been reported to ameliorate the progression of NAFLD in experimental studies; however, clinical trials have yielded contradictory results. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of n-3-PUFA administration on lipid metabolism and the progression of NAFLD in patients with metabolic syndrome. Sixty patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (3.6 g/day n-3-PUFA vs. placebo). During the 1-year follow-up, the patients underwent periodic clinical and laboratory examinations, liver stiffness measurements, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the liver, and plasma lipidomic analyses. After 12 months of n-3-PUFA administration, a significant decrease in serum GGT activity was recorded compared with the placebo group (2.03 ± 2.8 vs. 1.43 ± 1.6; P < 0.05). Although no significant changes in anthropometric parameters were recorded, a significant correlation between the reduction of liver fat after 12 months of treatment-and weight reduction-was observed; furthermore, this effect was clearly potentiated by n-3-PUFA treatment (P < 0.005). In addition, n-3-PUFA treatment resulted in substantial changes in the plasma lipidome, with n-3-PUFA-enriched triacylglycerols and phospholipids being the most expressed lipid signatures. Conclusion: Twelve months of n-3-PUFA treatment of patients with NAFLD patients was associated with a significant decrease in GGT activity, the liver fat reduction in those who reduced their weight, and beneficial changes in the plasma lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Šmíd
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Karel Dvořák
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Šedivý
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Vít Kosek
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Monika Dezortová
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Milan Hájek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Kamila Bechyňská
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radan Brůha
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Oliva ME, Ingaramo P, Vega Joubert MB, Ferreira MDR, D'Alessandro ME. Effects of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed on blood coagulation, endothelial dysfunction and liver fibrosis in an experimental model of Metabolic Syndrome. Food Funct 2021; 12:12407-12420. [PMID: 34797360 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze blood coagulation, endothelial dysfunction and liver fibrosis in an experimental model of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) induced by chronic administration of a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) and to evaluate the effects of chia seed as a therapeutic strategy. Male Wistar rats were fed with a reference diet (RD) - 6 months - or a SRD - 3 months. Then, the last group was randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup continued receiving the SRD for up to 6 months and the other was fed with a SRD where whole chia seed was incorporated as the source of dietary fat for the next 3 months (SRD + CHIA). Results showed that rats fed a SRD for a long period of time develop dyslipidemia, visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic basal state. Hepatic VCAM-1 (main adhesion molecules involved in endothelial dysfunction) expression was significantly increased. In addition, the SRD group presented hepatic steatosis, a significant increase in interstitial collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content. Liver TGF-β1 (a key cytokine involved in fibrogenesis) levels increased and a negative correlation with PPARα protein mass levels was found. The administration of chia seed for 3 months reversed dyslipidemia, visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Platelet count, coagulation parameters and plasma fibrinogen levels were normalized. In the liver tissue, VCAM-1 expression, steatosis, interstitial collagen deposition and the hydroxyproline content decreased. TGF-β1 expression was decreased and this was associated with an increase in the PPARα protein levels. The present study showed new aspects in the progression from liver steatosis to fibrosis in dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats chronically fed a sucrose-rich diet. Chia seed supplementation could be used as a functional food and a potential dietary strategy to prevent or ameliorate disorders related to atherothrombotic cardiovascular events and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Oliva
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, cc242 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Paola Ingaramo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Michelle Berenice Vega Joubert
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, cc242 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Del Rosario Ferreira
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, cc242 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Eugenia D'Alessandro
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, cc242 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective for myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104689118. [PMID: 34675076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104689118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. However, a safe and accessible approach for myopia control and prevention is currently unavailable. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of dietary supplements of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on myopia progression in animal models and on decreases in choroidal blood perfusion (ChBP) caused by near work, a risk factor for myopia in young adults. We demonstrated that daily gavage of ω-3 PUFAs (300 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] plus 60 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) significantly attenuated the development of form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs and mice, as well as of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs. Peribulbar injections of DHA also inhibited myopia progression in form-deprived guinea pigs. The suppression of myopia in guinea pigs was accompanied by inhibition of the "ChBP reduction-scleral hypoxia cascade." Additionally, treatment with DHA or EPA antagonized hypoxia-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in cultured human scleral fibroblasts. In human subjects, oral administration of ω-3 PUFAs partially alleviated the near-work-induced decreases in ChBP. Therefore, evidence from these animal and human studies suggests ω-3 PUFAs are potential and readily available candidates for myopia control.
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Li Y, Xue H, Fang S, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang T, Shi R, Wu J, Ma Y. Time-series metabolomics insights into the progressive characteristics of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:113986. [PMID: 33690095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterized by obstruction of bile flow and can lead to serious liver injury. With sustained damage, cholestasis can progress to cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF), and cirrhosis. Non-invasive, predictive, and reliable metabolites based on the early and progressive stages of CLF are urgently needed. Based on the 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced CLF mouse model, serum metabolic profiling via a time-series strategy with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-LTQ-Orbitrap-based metabolomics, combined with histological progression, was used to find CLF-specific metabolites, and explore their dynamic changes in progressive stages of CLF. Compared to those in the control group, DDC-induced groups showed a substantial elevation in cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis indices. Next, 21 differential serum metabolites were selected and identified between the normal (control) and DDC groups, and 12 of them were greatly altered over time. Among these, taurocholic acid, tauromuricholic acid, LysoPE (20:2), sulfoglycolithocholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid were associated with the progression of the hepatocyte injury index, alanine aminotransferase. More importantly, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, proline, leucine, and linoleic acid were associated with the progression of liver fibrosis index, liver hydroxyproline. Moreover, the differential metabolites that were related to hepatocyte injury and liver fibrosis were further validated in DDC-induced mice at weeks 4 and 8. Overall, this work provides data on differential metabolites for the progressive pathology of CLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haoyu Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Su Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yahang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Jalili M, Hekmatdoost A. Dietary ω-3 fatty acids and their influence on inflammation via Toll-like receptor pathways. Nutrition 2020; 85:111070. [PMID: 33545546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of long-chain, highly unsaturated ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) is considered indispensable for humans. The ω-3 FAs have been known to be anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory dietary factors; however, the modes of action on pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Dietary sources contain various amounts of ω-3 long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) of different lengths and the association between intake of these polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with underlying mechanisms of various immune-related disorders can be of great interest. The potential anti-inflammatory role for ω-3 LCFAs can be explained by modification of lipid rafts, modulation of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that play an important role in the recognition of bacterial infections and ω-3 FAs have been implicated in the modulation of downstream signaling of TLR-4, an important receptor for recognition of gram-negative bacteria. The ω-3 FAs docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid have been investigated in vivo and in vitro for their effects on the nuclear factor-κB activation pathway. Identification of the effects of ω-3 FAs on other key molecular factors like prostaglandins and leukotrienes and their signals may help the recognition and development of medicines to suppress the main mediators and turn on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jalili
- Cell, Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Nutrients, Genetic Factors, and Their Interaction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228761. [PMID: 33228237 PMCID: PMC7699550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries and expose patients to increased risk of hepatic and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition contribute to the risk. An inappropriate diet, rich in refined carbohydrates, especially fructose, and saturated fats, and poor in fibers, polyunsaturated fats, and vitamins is one of the main key factors, as well as the polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3 gene) for NAFLD and the apolipoproteins and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family for the cardiovascular damage. Beyond genetic influence, also epigenetics modifications are responsible for various clinical manifestations of both hepatic and CV disease. Interestingly, data are accumulating on the interplay between diet and genetic and epigenetic modifications, modulating pathogenetic pathways in NAFLD and CV disease. We report the main evidence from literature on the influence of both macro and micronutrients in NAFLD and CV damage and the role of genetics either alone or combined with diet in increasing the risk of developing both diseases. Understanding the interaction between metabolic alterations, genetics and diet are essential to treat the diseases and tailoring nutritional therapy to control NAFLD and CV risk.
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Kartsoli S, Kostara CE, Tsimihodimos V, Bairaktari ET, Christodoulou DK. Lipidomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:436-450. [PMID: 32952872 PMCID: PMC7475773 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i8.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder in Western countries, comprises steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter having the potential to progress to cirrhosis. The transition from isolated steatosis to NASH is still poorly understood, but lipidomics approach revealed that the hepatic lipidome is extensively altered in the setting of steatosis and steatohepatitis and these alterations correlate with disease progression. Recent data suggest that both quantity and quality of the accumulated lipids are involved in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Changes in glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, and fatty acid composition have been described in both liver biopsies and plasma of patients with NAFLD, implicating that specific lipid species are involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. In this article, we summarize the findings of main human lipidomics studies in NAFLD and delineate the currently available information on the pathogenetic role of each lipid class in lipotoxicity and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kartsoli
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Christina E Kostara
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasilis Tsimihodimos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Eleni T Bairaktari
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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Pakiet A, Jakubiak A, Mierzejewska P, Zwara A, Liakh I, Sledzinski T, Mika A. The Effect of a High-Fat Diet on the Fatty Acid Composition in the Hearts of Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030824. [PMID: 32245049 PMCID: PMC7146498 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western diet can lead to alterations in cardiac function and increase cardiovascular risk, which can be reproduced in animal models by implementing a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the mechanism of these alterations is not fully understood and may be dependent on alterations in heart lipid composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an HFD on the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids, as well as of various lipid fractions in the heart, and on heart function. C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD or standard laboratory diet. The FA composition of chow, serum, heart and skeletal muscle tissues was measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cardiac function was evaluated by ultrasonography. Our results showed an unexpected increase in polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and a significant decrease in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) in the heart tissue of mice fed the HFD. For comparison, no such effects were observed in skeletal muscle or serum samples. Furthermore, we found that the largest increase in PUFAs was in the sphingolipid fraction, whereas the largest decrease in MUFAs was in the phospholipid and sphingomyelin fractions. The hearts of mice fed an HFD had an increased content of triacylglycerols. Moreover, the HFD treatment altered aortic flow pattern. We did not find significant changes in heart mass or oxidative stress markers between mice fed the HFD and standard diet. The above results suggest that alterations in FA composition in the heart may contribute to deterioration of heart function. A possible mechanism of this phenomenon is the alteration of sphingolipids and phospholipids in the fatty acid profile, which may change the physical properties of these lipids. Since phospho- and sphingolipids are the major components of cell membranes, alterations in their structures in heart cells can result in changes in cell membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pakiet
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Jakubiak
- Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paulina Mierzejewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agata Zwara
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ivan Liakh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585-230-810
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Lee S, Jeong YK, Lim JW, Kim H. Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Expression of Fibrotic Mediators in Mice With Chronic Pancreatitis. J Cancer Prev 2020; 24:233-239. [PMID: 31950023 PMCID: PMC6951317 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an irreversible progressive disease that destroys exocrine parenchyma, which are replaced by fibrous tissue. As pancreatic fibrosis is a key feature of CP, reducing fibrotic protein content in the pancreas is crucial for preventing CP. Studies suggest that NF-κB facilitates the expression of fibrotic mediators in pancreas and protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) regulates NF-κB activation in stimulated pancreatic acinar cells. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid having anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. It has been shown to inhibit NF-κB activity in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells which is a cellular model of CP. In the present study, we investigated if DHA inhibits expression of fibrotic mediators by reducing PKC-δ and NF-κB expression in mouse pancreatic tissues with CP. Methods For six weeks, mice were weekly induced for acute pancreatitis to develop CP. Furthermore, acute pancreatitis was induced by hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg × 7). Mice were administered DHA (10 μM) via drinking water before and after CP induction. Results Cerulein-induced pancreatic damages like decreased pancreatic weight/total body weight, leukocyte infiltration, necrosis of acinar cells, and vacuolization were found to be inhibited by DHA. Additionally, DHA inhibited cerulein-induced fibrotic mediators like alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin in pancreas. DHA reduced expression of PKC-δ and NF-κB p65 in pancreatic tissues of cerulein-treated mice. Conclusions DHA may be beneficial in preventing CP by suppressing pancreatic expression of fibrotic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sle Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Kyung Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Kunz HE, Dasari S, Lanza IR. EPA and DHA elicit distinct transcriptional responses to high-fat feeding in skeletal muscle and liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E460-E472. [PMID: 31265326 PMCID: PMC6766610 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00083.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert numerous beneficial biological effects and attenuate diet-induced insulin resistance in rodent models. In the present study, the independent, tissue-specific effects of two nutritionally relevant n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were characterized in the context of a high-fat diet (HFD). EPA and DHA supplementation (3.2% of total fat) in 6-mo-old male C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD (60% fat) partially mitigated reductions in insulin sensitivity. At 5 wk, the area above the curve below baseline glucose following an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test was 54.5% lower in HFD than control, whereas HFD + EPA and HFD + DHA showed 27.6% and 17.1% reductions, respectively. At 10 wk, HFD increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity supported by lipid and carbohydrate-based substrates in both liver and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), with little effect of EPA or DHA supplementation. Whole genome transcriptomic analyses revealed HFD-induced transcriptional changes indicative of inflammation and fibrosis in both liver and muscle. Gene set enrichment analyses indicated a downregulation of transcripts associated with extracellular matrix in muscle (family-wise error rate P < 0.01) and liver (P = 0.04) and in transcripts associated with inflammation in muscle (P = 0.03) in HFD + DHA compared with HFD alone. In contrast, EPA appeared to potentiate some proinflammatory effects of the HFD. In the skeletal muscle, DHA increased the expression of stress-responsive genes, whereas EPA upregulated the expression of transcripts related to cell cycle. Therefore, although both EPA and DHA supplementation during HFD partially preserve insulin signaling, they modulate distinct processes, highlighting their unique biological effects in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Carvacrol Downregulates Lysyl Oxidase Expression and Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Rats with Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 35:458-464. [PMID: 33013016 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-019-00845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of carvacrol on the suppression of liver fibrosis progression through targeting lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression. The rats received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally and carvacrol orally for 10 weeks. Liver damage was evaluated by measuring the serum level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase and hepatic oxidative stress parameters including total antioxidant capacity, total thiol group and total oxidant status spectrophotometry and malondialdehyde fluorometrically. Extracellular deposition of collagen was detected using Masson's trichrome standing. Furthermore the gene expression of lysyl oxidase homolog 2 (Loxl2) was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. And then the protein level of LOX was detected in liver tissue by western blot method. Carvacrol administration normalized serum biochemical parameters and improved oxidative stress status in liver homogenate of CCl4 treated rats. Collagen fiber bundles in interlobular spaces were decreased remarkably by carvacrol treatment. Also, carvacrol downregulated hepatic gene expression of Loxl2 and protein level of LOX. Our data clearly revealed that carvacrol suppresses progression of liver fibrosis development via attenuating of liver damage and oxidative stress status as well as via downregulation of hepatic gene expression of Loxl2 and protein level of LOX.
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He J, Hong B, Bian M, Jin H, Chen J, Shao J, Zhang F, Zheng S. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation to attenuate liver fibrosis in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105816. [PMID: 31437794 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been found to have a hepatoprotective effect. In this study, we investigated the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in DHA regulation of liver fibrosis. DHA was found to inhibit hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-LX2 cell viability and downregulate marker proteins of HSC activation. Furthermore, DHA induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in HSCs. Antagonism of PPARγ by GW9662 abrogated the effects of DHA on HSCs. Computer-aided molecular docking predicted that DHA bound to PPARγ via hydrogen bonding with residues Ser289, His323, Tyr473, and His499. We overexpressed Ser289 mutant PPARγ in HSC-LX2 cells and investigated fibrotic marker modulation, and found that DHA effects on HSCs were diminished. Thus, bonding with the Ser289 residue might be indispensable for DHA to activate PPARγ to exert its inhibiting effect on activated HSCs. Last, data from a CCl4-treated mouse model confirmed that PPARγ activation was required for DHA to attenuate liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin He
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Bihong Hong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Mianli Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Junde Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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Jain A, Barve A, Zhao Z, Fetse JP, Liu H, Li Y, Cheng K. Targeted Delivery of an siRNA/PNA Hybrid Nanocomplex Reverses Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2. [PMID: 33072857 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing process with excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the liver. We recently discovered a PCBP2 siRNA that reverses fibrogenesis in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are the key players in liver fibrogenesis. However, targeted delivery of siRNAs to HSCs still remains a challenge. Herein, we developed a new strategy to fabricate a multicomponent nanocomplex using siRNA/PNA hybrid instead of chemically conjugated siRNA, thus increasing the scalability and feasibility of the siRNA nanocomplex for animal studies. We modified the nanocomplex with an insulin growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R)-specific peptide, which specifically binds to activated HSCs. The siRNA nanocomplex shows a controllable size and high serum stability. The nanocomplex also demonstrates high cellular uptake in activated HSCs in vitro and in vivo. Anti-fibrotic activity of the siRNA nanocomplex was evaluated in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Treatment with the PCBP2 siRNA nanocomplex significantly inhibits the mRNA expressions of PCBP2 and type I collagen in fibrotic liver. Histology study revealed that the siRNA nanocomplex efficiently reduces the protein level of type I collagen and reverses liver fibrosis. Our data suggest that the nanocomplex efficiently delivers the siRNA to fibrotic liver and produces a potent anti-fibrotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Jain
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashutosh Barve
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Peter Fetse
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yuanke Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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22
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Garcia-Jaramillo M, Spooner MH, Löhr CV, Wong CP, Zhang W, Jump DB. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female Ldlr -/- mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214387. [PMID: 30943218 PMCID: PMC6447358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and NASH can progress to cirrhosis, primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. As such, NAFLD has emerged as a major public health concern. Herein, we used a lipidomic and transcriptomic approach to identify lipid markers associated with western diet (WD) induced NASH in female mice. METHODS Female mice (low-density lipoprotein receptor null (Ldlr -/-) were fed a reference or WD diet for 38 and 46 weeks. Transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches, coupled with statistical analyses, were used to identify associations between major NASH markers and transcriptomic & lipidomic markers. RESULTS The WD induced all major hallmarks of NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice, including steatosis (SFA, MUFA, MUFA-containing di- and triacylglycerols), inflammation (TNFα), oxidative stress (Ncf2), and fibrosis (Col1A). The WD also increased transcripts associated with membrane remodeling (LpCat), apoptosis & autophagy (Casp1, CtsS), hedgehog (Taz) & notch signaling (Hey1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (S1004A) and cancer (Gpc3). WD feeding, however, suppressed the expression of the hedgehog inhibitory protein (Hhip), and enzymes involved in triglyceride catabolism (Tgh/Ces3, Ces1g), as well as the hepatic abundance of C18-22 PUFA-containing phosphoglycerolipids (GpCho, GpEtn, GpSer, GpIns). WD feeding also increased hepatic cyclooxygenase (Cox1 & 2) expression and pro-inflammatory ω6 PUFA-derived oxylipins (PGE2), as well as lipid markers of oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF2α). The WD suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins (19, 20-DiHDPA) as well as the expression of enzymes involved in fatty epoxide metabolism (Cyp2C, Ephx). CONCLUSION WD-induced NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice was characterized by a massive increase in hepatic neutral and membrane lipids containing SFA and MUFA and a loss of C18-22 PUFA-containing membrane lipids. Moreover, the WD increased hepatic pro-inflammatory oxylipins and suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins. Such global changes in the type and abundance of hepatic lipids likely contributes to tissue remodeling and NASH severity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/genetics
- Female
- Fibrosis/complications
- Fibrosis/genetics
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Lipidomics
- Liver Neoplasms/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melinda H. Spooner
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Anatomic Pathology, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- The Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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23
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Protective effect of cultured bear bile powder against dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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24
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Bargut TCL, Martins FF, Santos LP, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Administration of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids may improve the remodeling and browning in subcutaneous white adipose tissue and thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 482:18-27. [PMID: 30552919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in browning and thermogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we meant to evaluate the effect of EPA and DHA, administered alone or combined, with the activation of browning markers in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), and thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue (BAT). C57BL/6 adult male mice received a control diet or a high-fructose diet (HFru) for eight weeks, but after the first three weeks, HFru was divided into new groups: HFru, HFru + EPA, HFru + DHA, and HFru-EPA + DHA. EPA and DHA diminished adipocyte hypertrophy, recovered markers of browning in sWAT and thermogenic factors in the BAT, and improved gene expressions linked with mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism. Importantly, EPA and DHA administrated alone showed stronger results than the combination of EPA + DHA. The results suggest that EPA and DHA might be useful as adjuvant strategies to treat metabolic-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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25
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Qiu S, Xu H, Lin Z, Liu F, Tan F. The blockade of lipophagy pathway is necessary for docosahexaenoic acid to regulate lipid droplet turnover in hepatic stellate cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:1841-1850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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26
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Musso G, Cassader M, Paschetta E, Gambino R. Bioactive Lipid Species and Metabolic Pathways in Progression and Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:282-302.e8. [PMID: 29906416 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing worldwide, yet there are no effective treatments. A decade has passed since the initial lipidomics analyses of liver tissues from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We have learned that liver cells from patients with NASH have an abnormal lipid composition and that the accumulation of lipids leads to organelle dysfunction, cell injury and death, and chronic inflammation, called lipotoxicity. We review the lipid species and metabolic pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of NASH and potential therapeutic targets, including enzymes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, bioactive sphingolipids and polyunsaturated-derived eicosanoids, and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. We discuss the concept that NASH is a disease that can resolve and the roles of lipid molecules in the resolution of inflammation and regression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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27
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence of efficacy and mechanism of action. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:135-146. [PMID: 29544992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many years it has been known that high doses of long chain omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Over the last three decades, there has also been a wealth of in vitro and in vivo data that has accumulated to suggest that long chain omega-3 fatty acid treatment might be beneficial to decrease liver triacylglycerol. Several biological mechanisms have been identified that support this hypothesis; notably, it has been shown that long chain omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect: a) on bioactive metabolites involved in inflammatory pathways, and b) on alteration of nuclear transcription factor activities such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), involved in inflammatory pathways and liver lipid metabolism. Since the pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) begins with the accumulation of liver lipid and progresses with inflammation and then several years later with development of fibrosis; it has been thought in patients with NAFLD omega-3 fatty acid treatment would be beneficial in treating liver lipid and possibly also in ameliorating inflammation. Meta-analyses (of predominantly dietary studies and small trials) have tended to support the assertion that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in decreasing liver lipid, but recent randomised controlled trials have produced conflicting data. These trials have suggested that omega-3 fatty acid might be beneficial in decreasing liver triglyceride (docosahexanoic acid also possibly being more effective than eicosapentanoic acid) but not in decreasing other features of steatohepatitis (or liver fibrosis). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent evidence regarding biological mechanisms by which long chain omega-3 fatty acids might act to ameliorate liver disease in NAFLD; to consider the recent evidence from randomised trials in both adults and children with NAFLD; and finally to discuss key 'known unknowns' that need to be considered, before planning future studies that are focussed on testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acid treatment in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Scorletti
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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28
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Botchlett R, Wu C. Diet Composition for the Management of Obesity and Obesity-related Disorders. JOURNAL OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND METABOLIC SYNDROME 2018; 3:10-25. [PMID: 30972384 PMCID: PMC6452864 DOI: 10.28967/jdmms.2018.01.18002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Healthy nutrition is essential for prevention of disease and for maintenance or promotion of health; although healthy nutrition remains to be precisely defined. Over the past several decades, various types of nutrients have been functionally validated and considered as critical components of healthy nutrition, which commonly include fiber-enriched carbohydrates, mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, and certain micronutrients. When managing obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases, much attention has been paid to the content of nutrients that is considered as healthy nutrition. Accumulating evidence also suggests that nutrient composition could be more important than the content of individual nutrients in the context of reducing body weight and obesity-associated risk for metabolic diseases. Consistently, it would be more important to focus on diet with differences in nutrient ratios rather than individual type(s) of nutrients in terms of managing obesity and metabolic diseases. In this review, recent advances in dietary management of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases have been discussed. This review also has highlighted several specific diet compositions and their differences in managing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Botchlett
- Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, TX, 78233, USA
- For Correspondence Rachel Botchlett, Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, TX, 78233, USA, , Fax: 210 572 5766
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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29
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Nakamoto K, Shimada K, Harada S, Morimoto Y, Hirasawa A, Tokuyama S. DHA supplementation prevent the progression of NASH via GPR120 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:31-38. [PMID: 29221950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common liver diseases involving chronic accumulation of fat and inflammation, often leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and carcinoma. However, the pathological mechanism for this is unknown. GPR120/FFAR4 has been recognized as a functional fatty acid receptor and an attractive therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the involvement of GPR120/FFAR4 in the pathogenesis of NASH. Mice fed with a 0.1% methionine and choline deficient high-fat (CDAHF) diet showed a significant increase in plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, fatty deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mild fibrosis. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, GPR120/FFAR4 agonist) suppressed the inflammatory cytokines in the liver tissues and prevented fibrosis in the wild type (WT) mice fed CDAHF diet, but not GPR120/FFAR4 deficient (GPR120KO) mice. GPR120KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed increment of the number of crown like structures and the immunoreactivity for F4/80 positive cells, and increased TNF-α mRNA in the liver compared to WT mice fed CDAHF diet. GPR120 KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed more severe liver inflammation than that of WT mice fed CDAHF diet, but not fibrosis. Our findings suggest that DHA supplementation could be prevented the development of NASH via GPR120/FFAR4 signaling. Furthermore, decrease of GPR120/FFAR4 signaling could be facilitated an inflammatory response in the process of NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Koki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuko Morimoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Health Support, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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30
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Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101158. [PMID: 29065507 PMCID: PMC5691774 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated disorders, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic inflammation, dysbiosis, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, are involved in several molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that alter the metabolism. Food habit changes, such as the quality of fatty acids in the diet, are proposed to treat and prevent these disorders. Some studies demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (SFA) are considered detrimental for treating these disorders. A high fat diet rich in palmitic acid, a SFA, is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and it may also increase atherosclerosis parameters. On the other hand, a high intake of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids may promote positive effects, especially on triglyceride levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are effective at limiting the hepatic steatosis process through a series of biochemical events, such as reducing the markers of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, increasing the gene expression of lipid metabolism, decreasing lipogenic activity, and releasing adiponectin. This current review shows that the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA, and especially EPA and DHA, which can be applied as food supplements, may promote effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as on metabolic inflammation, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolism.
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31
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Jang JE, Park HS, Yoo HJ, Baek IJ, Yoon JE, Ko MS, Kim AR, Kim HS, Park HS, Lee SE, Kim SW, Kim SJ, Leem J, Kang YM, Jung MK, Pack CG, Kim CJ, Sung CO, Lee IK, Park JY, Fernández-Checa JC, Koh EH, Lee KU. Protective role of endogenous plasmalogens against hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:416-431. [PMID: 28073164 PMCID: PMC5503808 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in the liver is an important pathogenic mechanism of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Plasmalogens, key structural components of the cell membrane, act as endogenous antioxidants and are primarily synthesized in the liver. However, the role of hepatic plasmalogens in metabolic liver disease is unclear. In this study, we found that hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing plasmalogens, expression of glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (Gnpat; the rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen biosynthesis), and expression of Pparα were lower in mice with NASH caused by accumulation of FC in the liver. Cyclodextrin-induced depletion of FC transactivated Δ-6 desaturase by increasing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 expression in cultured hepatocytes. DHA, the major product of Δ-6 desaturase activation, activated GNPAT, thereby explaining the association between high hepatic FC and decreased Gnpat expression. Gnpat small interfering RNA treatment significantly decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Pparα) expression in cultured hepatocytes. In addition to GNPAT, DHA activated PPARα and increased expression of Pparα and its target genes, suggesting that DHA in the DHA-containing plasmalogens contributed to activation of PPARα. Accordingly, administration of the plasmalogen precursor, alkyl glycerol (AG), prevented hepatic steatosis and NASH through a PPARα-dependent increase in fatty acid oxidation. Gnpat+/- mice were more susceptible to hepatic lipid accumulation and less responsive to the preventive effect of fluvastatin on NASH development, suggesting that endogenous plasmalogens prevent hepatic steatosis and NASH. CONCLUSION Increased hepatic FC in animals with NASH decreased plasmalogens, thereby sensitizing animals to hepatocyte injury and NASH. Our findings uncover a novel link between hepatic FC and plasmalogen homeostasis through GNPAT regulation. Further study of AG or other agents that increase hepatic plasmalogen levels may identify novel therapeutic strategies against NASH. (Hepatology 2017;66:416-431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Sik Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyo Jung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Yeol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - José C. Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,University of Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
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32
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Bargut TCL, Santos LP, Machado DGL, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) vs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): Effects in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fructose diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 123:14-24. [PMID: 28838556 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for many diseases, including those associated with the metabolic syndrome (e.g. insulin resistance and hypertension). Nevertheless, not only their actions are not entirely understood, but also their only effects were not yet elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of EPA and DHA, alone or in combination, on the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism in mice fed a high-fructose diet. METHODS 3-mo-old C57Bl/6 mice were fed a control diet (C) or a high-fructose diet (HFru). After three weeks on the diets, the HFru group was subdivided into four new groups for another five weeks: HFru, HFru+EPA, HFru+DHA, and HFru-EPA+DHA (n=10/group). Besides evaluating biometric and metabolic parameters of the animals, we measured the adipocyte area and performed molecular analyses (inflammation and lipolysis) in the epididymal WAT. RESULTS The HFru group showed adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and uncontrolled lipolysis. The treated animals showed a reversion of adipocyte hypertrophy, inhibition of inflammation with activation of anti-inflammatory mediators, and regularization of lipolysis. Overall, the beneficial effects were more marked with DHA than EPA. CONCLUSION Although the whole-body metabolic effects were similar between EPA and DHA, DHA appeared to be the central actor in WAT metabolism, modulating pro and anti-inflammatory pathways and alleviating adipocytes abnormalities. Therefore, when considering fructose-induced adverse effects in WAT, the most prominent actions were observed with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Basic Science Department, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daiana Guimarães Lopes Machado
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Jump DB, Lytle KA, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a treatment strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:108-125. [PMID: 28723414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obese and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a continuum of chronic liver diseases ranging from benign hepatosteatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Because of its strong association with the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is rapidly becoming a major public health concern worldwide. Surprisingly, there are no FDA approved NAFLD therapies; and current therapies focus on the co-morbidities associated with NAFLD, namely, obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The goal of this review is to provide background on the disease process, discuss human studies and preclinical models that have examined treatment options. We also provide an in-depth rationale for the use of dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3 PUFA) supplements as a treatment option for NAFLD. This focus is based on recent studies indicating that NASH patients and preclinical mouse models of NASH have low levels of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA. This decline in hepatic PUFA may account for the major phenotypic features associated with NASH, including steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Finally, our discussion will address the strengths and limitations of ω3 PUFA supplements use in NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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Lytle KA, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173376. [PMID: 28422962 PMCID: PMC5396882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern in western societies. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. NASH is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is predicted to be the leading cause of liver transplants by 2020. Despite this growing public health concern, there remain no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved NASH treatments. Using Ldlr-/- mice as a preclinical model of western diet (WD)-induced NASH, we previously established that dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6,ω3) attenuated WD-induced NASH in a prevention study. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of DHA supplementation of the WD and a low fat diet to fully reverse NASH in mice with pre-existing disease. Methods Ldlr-/- mice fed the WD for 22 wks developed metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a severe NASH phenotype, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and low hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. These mice were randomized to 5 groups: a baseline group (WDB, sacrificed at 22 wks) and 4 treatments: 1) WD + olive oil (WDO); 2) WD + DHA (WDD); 3) returned to chow + olive oil (WDChO); or 4) returned to chow + DHA (WDChD). The four treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 8 wks. An additional group was maintained on standard laboratory chow (Reference Diet, RD) for the 30-wk duration of the study. Results When compared to the WDB group, the WDO group displayed increased hepatic expression of genes linked to inflammation (Opn, Il1rn, Gdf15), hepatic fibrosis (collagen staining, Col1A1, Thbs2, Lox) reflecting disease progression. Mice in the WDD group, in contrast, had increased hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA and no evidence of NASH progression. MetS and NASH markers in the WDChO or WDChD groups were significantly attenuated and marginally different from the RD group, reflecting disease remission. Conclusion While these studies establish that DHA supplementation of the WD blocks WD-induced NASH progression, DHA alone does not promote full remission of diet-induced MetS or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Ouyang M, Wang Q, Jian Z. MicroRNA-142-3p inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation‑induced apoptosis and fibrosis of cardiomyocytes by targeting high mobility group box 1. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1377-1386. [PMID: 28025989 PMCID: PMC5065300 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may cause the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes as well as cardiac fibrosis, which is characterized as the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and collagen deposition. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have been demonstrated to be involved in myocardial I/R injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. In the present study, mouse cardiomyocyte M6200 cells were treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Our data indicated that H/R treatment led to cell apoptosis, the increased expression of fibrosis-related proteins, namely collagen I, II, III, and fibronectin, as well as the downregulation of miR-142-3p in M6200 cells. Overexpression of miR-142-3p suppressed the H/R-induced apoptosis and fibrosis of M6200 cells. Bioinformatics analysis and a Dual-Luciferase reporter assay further identified high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a direct target gene of miR-142-3p, and miR-142-3p negatively regulated the protein level of HMGB1 in M6200 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of HMGB1 enhanced cell proliferation whereas it inhibited the apoptosis and fibrosis of M6200 cells. In addition, TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling was suggested to be involved in the miR-142-3p/HMGB1-mediated apoptosis and fibrosis of M6200 cells treated with H/R. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrate that miR-142-3p inhibits H/R-induced apoptosis and fibrosis of cardiomyocytes, partly at least, by the direct inhibition of HMGB1 expression. Therefore, these findings have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of H/R-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Geriatric Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Geriatric Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Geriatric Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zaijin Jian
- Geriatric Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Trackman PC. Lysyl Oxidase Isoforms and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Fibrosis and Cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:935-45. [PMID: 26848785 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lysyl oxidase family of enzymes is classically known as being required for connective tissue maturation by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen precursors. The resulting aldehydes then participate in cross-link formation, which is required for normal connective tissue integrity. These enzymes have biological functions that extend beyond this fundamental biosynthetic role, with contributions to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of lysyl oxidases occurs in multiple pathologies including fibrosis, primary and metastatic cancers, and complications of diabetes in a variety of tissues. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the major findings of novel roles for lysyl oxidases in pathologies, and highlights some of the potential therapeutic approaches that are in development and which stem from these new findings. EXPERT OPINION Fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanisms of novel biological functions of this family of proteins, and regarding functions that are independent of their catalytic enzyme activity. However, progress is underway in the development of isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibitors, potential therapeutic antibodies and gaining an increased understanding of both tumor suppressor and metastasis promotion activities. Ultimately, this is likely to lead to novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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Lytle KA, Jump DB. Is Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Ldlr-/- Mice Reversible? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146942. [PMID: 26761430 PMCID: PMC4711955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health burden in western societies. The progressive form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is characterized by hepatosteatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic damage that can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis; risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the scope of NASH, validating treatment protocols (i.e., low fat diets and weight loss) is imperative. Methods We evaluated the efficacy of two diets, a non-purified chow (NP) and purified (low-fat low-cholesterol, LFLC) diet to reverse western diet (WD)-induced NASH and fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Results Mice fed WD for 22–24 weeks developed robust hepatosteatosis with mild fibrosis, while mice maintained on the WD an additional 7–8 weeks developed NASH with moderate fibrosis. Returning WD-fed mice to the NP or LFLC diets significantly reduced body weight and plasma markers of metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia) and hepatic gene expression markers of inflammation (Mcp1), oxidative stress (Nox2), fibrosis (Col1A, LoxL2, Timp1) and collagen crosslinking (hydroxyproline). Time course analyses established that plasma triglycerides and hepatic Col1A1 mRNA were rapidly reduced following the switch from the WD to the LFLC diet. However, hepatic triglyceride content and fibrosis did not return to normal levels 8 weeks after the change to the LFLC diet. Time course studies further revealed a strong association (r2 ≥ 0.52) between plasma markers of inflammation (TLR2 activators) and hepatic fibrosis markers (Col1A, Timp1, LoxL2). Inflammation and fibrosis markers were inversely associated (r2 ≥ 0.32) with diet-induced changes in hepatic ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. Conclusion These studies establish a temporal link between plasma markers of inflammation and hepatic PUFA and fibrosis. Low-fat low-cholesterol diets promote reversal of many, but not all, features associated with WD-induced NASH and fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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