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Mahrooz A. Pleiotropic functions and clinical importance of circulating HDL-PON1 complex. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:132-171. [PMID: 38797541 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) functions are mostly mediated through a complex proteome, particularly its enzymes. HDL can provide a scaffold for the assembly of several proteins that affect each other's function. HDL particles, particularly small, dense HDL3, are rich in paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which is an important enzyme in the functionality of HDL, so the antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of HDL are largely attributed to this enzyme. There is an increasing need to represent a valid, reproducible, and reliable method to assay HDL function in routine clinical laboratories. In this context, HDL-associated proteins may be key players; notably PON1 activity (its arylesterase activity) may be a proper candidate because its decreased activity can be considered an important risk factor for HDL dysfunctionality. Of note, automated methods have been developed for the measurement of serum PON1 activity that facilitates its assay in large sample numbers. Arylesterase activity is proposed as a preferred activity among the different activities of PON1 for its assay in epidemiological studies. The binding of PON1 to HDL is critical for the maintenance of its activity and it appears apolipoprotein A-I plays an important role in HDL-PON1 interaction as well as in the biochemical and enzymatic properties of PON1. The interrelationships between HDL, PON1, and HDL's other components are complex and incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss biochemical and clinical evidence considering the interactions of PON1 with HDL and the role of this enzyme as an appropriate biomarker for HDL function as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Bo X, Jiang X, Hao C, Ju C, Qu Y, Dong H. Very high HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with NSTEMI (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) undergoing PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:357. [PMID: 37461001 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in populations with or without cardiovascular disease have shown that very high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the exact relationship between HDL-C levels and long-term prognosis remains unknown in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS This was a post hoc secondary analysis of long-term follow-up results in patients undergoing PCI open-label, observational cohort study. Patients with MI who had undergone PCI were enrolled. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between HDL-C levels and the risk of cardiovascular events. RESULTS A total of 1934 patients with MI undergoing PCI were enrolled in our analysis and our population was divided in 3 groups according to the HDL-C plasma levels: HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (low HDL-C); HDL-C between 40 and 80 mg/ dL (medium HDL-C); and HDL-C > 80 mg/dL (high HDL-C). RCS analysis showed a nonlinear U-shaped association between HDL-C levels and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with NSTEMI with adjusted variables. After adjusting for potential confounders, the follow-up analysis indicated that high risk group had elevated occurrence of MACCE than low risk group (HDL-C 35 and 55 mg/dL) (OR:1.645, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrated that there is a U-shaped association between HDL-C and MACCE in patients with NSTEMI undergoing PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangwei Bo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunshu Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengwei Ju
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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Camps J, Iftimie S, Arenas M, Castañé H, Jiménez-Franco A, Castro A, Joven J. Paraoxonase-1: How a xenobiotic detoxifying enzyme has become an actor in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases and cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110553. [PMID: 37201624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both infectious and non-infectious diseases can share common molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation. External factors, such as bacterial or viral infections, excessive calorie intake, inadequate nutrients, or environmental factors, can cause metabolic disorders, resulting in an imbalance between free radical production and natural antioxidant systems. These factors may lead to the production of free radicals that can oxidize lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, causing metabolic alterations that influence the pathogenesis of the disease. The relationship between oxidation and inflammation is crucial, as they both contribute to the development of cellular pathology. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a vital enzyme in regulating these processes. PON1 is an enzyme that is bound to high-density lipoproteins and protects the organism against oxidative stress and toxic substances. It breaks down lipid peroxides in lipoproteins and cells, enhances the protection of high-density lipoproteins against different infectious agents, and is a critical component of the innate immune system. Impaired PON1 function can affect cellular homeostasis pathways and cause metabolically driven chronic inflammatory states. Therefore, understanding these relationships can help to improve treatments and identify new therapeutic targets. This review also examines the advantages and disadvantages of measuring serum PON1 levels in clinical settings, providing insight into the potential clinical use of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meritxell Arenas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Kunachowicz D, Ściskalska M, Kepinska M. Modulatory Effect of Lifestyle-Related, Environmental and Genetic Factors on Paraoxonase-1 Activity: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2813. [PMID: 36833509 PMCID: PMC9957543 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a calcium-dependent, HDL-bound serum hydrolase active toward a wide variety of substrates. PON1 displays three types of activities, among which lactonase, paraoxonase, arylesterase and phosphotriesterase can be distinguished. Not only is this enzyme a major organophosphate compound detoxifier, but it is also an important constituent of the cellular antioxidant system and has anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic functions. The concentration and activity of PON1 is highly variable among individuals, and these differences can be both of genetic origin and be a subject of epigenetic regulation. Owing to the fact that, in recent decades, the exposure of humans to an increasing number of different xenobiotics has been continuously rising, the issues concerning the role and activity of PON1 shall be reconsidered with particular attention to growing pharmaceuticals intake, dietary habits and environmental awareness. In the following manuscript, the current state of knowledge concerning the influence of certain modifiable and unmodifiable factors, including smoking, alcohol intake, gender, age and genotype variation on PON1 activity, along with pathways through which these could interfere with the enzyme's protective functions, is presented and discussed. Since exposure to certain xenobiotics plays a key role in PON1 activity, the influence of organophosphates, heavy metals and several pharmaceutical agents is also specified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50–556 Wrocław, Poland
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Vavlukis M, Vavlukis A, Krsteva K, Topuzovska S. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in lipid oxidation and atherosclerosis development. Front Genet 2022; 13:966413. [PMID: 36118876 PMCID: PMC9478165 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.966413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is calcium-dependent aryldialkylphosphatase, thought to possess; anti-oxidant, anti-adhesion, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis and anti-apoptosis effects, as well as lipid-modifying properties. Numerous clinical studies have shown associations between different PON1 polymorphisms and different cardiovascular pathologies. The rs622 (c.575A > G) and the rs854560 (c.163A > T) are the most studied PON1 SNPs in the coding region, with rs705381 (− 162A/G), rs854572 (− 909G/C) and rs705379 (− 108C/T) being the most studied SNPs in the regulatory PON1 gene region. The three major PON1 activities are aryldialkylphosphatase, arylesterase and lactonase activity. The different SNPs affect PON1 serum concentrations and enzyme activity, thus leading to pro-/anti-atherogenic effects. In that setting, it is very difficult to establish as to whether the genotype or phenotype of PON1 is primarily associated with cardiovascular risk. Given the current scientific evidence, PON1 genotyping might be reasonable in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vavlukis
- University Clinic for Cardiology, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- *Correspondence: Marija Vavlukis,
| | - Ana Vavlukis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Krsteva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Soflaei SS, Baktashian M, Moghaddam KH, Saberi-Karimian M, Kosari N, Hashemi SM, Mouhebati M, Amini M, Dehghani M, Esmaily H, Ebrahimi M, Falsoleiman H, Nosrati-Tirkani A, Sadabadi F, Ferns GA, Salehi M, Pasdar A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Associação do Genótipo e Fenótipo da Paraoxonase-1 com Angiografia Positiva para Doença Arterial Coronariana. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:593-601. [PMID: 36074479 PMCID: PMC9563872 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamento Tem sido demonstrado que um aumento dos níveis séricos de PON1 é protetor contra vários distúrbios. Foi relatado que vários polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs,
single nucleotide polymorphisms
) do gene PON1 estão associados a níveis e atividade de proteínas enzimáticas séricas. Objetivos Investigar a associação de SNPs do PON1 e atividade da paraoxonase sérica com a doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos Foram estudados 601 pacientes não relacionados submetidos à angiografia coronária, incluindo aqueles com estenose >50% (N=266) e aqueles com estenose <30% (N=335). Os SNPs rs662 e rs840560 do gene da paraoxonase foram determinados utilizando o método ARMS-PCR e o SNP rs705379 foi genotipado utilizando análise de PCR-RFLP. A atividade da paraoxonase sérica foi medida utilizando paraoxon como substrato. O valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados A atividade da paraoxonase sérica não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos de estudo. Após ajuste para idade, sexo, hipertensão, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia, o genótipo GG e o modelo codominante de rs662 foram positivamente associados a uma angiografia positiva (respectivamente, OR = 2,424, IC 95% [1,123-5,233], p <0,05, OR = 1,663, IC 95% [1,086-2,547]). A atividade da paraoxonase sérica foi significativamente maior no alelo G e variante GG do polimorfismo rs662, alelo A e variante AA de rs854560 e alelo C e variante CC de rs705379. A análise de haplótipos mostrou que o haplótipo ATC foi significativamente mais prevalente no grupo com angiografia negativa. A análise entre os grupos indicou que o alelo A de rs662 foi significativamente associado à menor atividade da paraoxonase no grupo com angiografia positiva (p=0,019). Conclusões A presença do alelo G do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs662 está independentemente associada ao aumento do risco de DAC.
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Korkmaz IN, Türkeş C, Demir Y, Öztekin A, Özdemir H, Beydemir Ş. Biological evaluation and in silico study of benzohydrazide derivatives as paraoxonase 1 inhibitors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23180. [PMID: 35916346 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is found in all mammalian species and is a calcium-dependent hydrolytic enzyme. PON1 hydrolyze several substrates, including carbonates, esters, and organophosphates. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the presynthesized benzohydrazide derivatives (1-9) on PON1 activity. Benzohydrazide compounds moderate inhibited PON1 with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 76.04 ± 13.51 to 221.70 ± 13.59 μM and KI values ranging from 38.75 ± 12.21 to 543.50 ± 69.76 μM. Compound 4 (2-amino-4-chlorobenzohydrazide) showed the best inhibition (KI = 38.75 ± 12.21 μM). Molecular docking and ADME-Tox studies of benzohydrazide derivatives were also carried out. In this context, we hope that the results obtained in this study contribute to the determination of the side effects of current and new benzohydrazide-based pharmacological compounds to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Nihan Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Aykut Öztekin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Hasan Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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Otocka-Kmiecik A. Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142842. [PMID: 35889799 PMCID: PMC9318174 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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A targeted multi-omics approach reveals paraoxonase-1 as a determinant of obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:158. [PMID: 34389043 PMCID: PMC8360816 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The multifactorial nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cannot be explained solely by genetic factors. Recent evidence revealed that DNA methylation changes take place at proximal promoters within susceptibility genes. This emphasizes the need for integrating multiple data types to provide a better understanding of the disease’s pathogenesis. One such candidate gene is paraoxonase-1 (PON1). Substantial interindividual differences in PON1 are apparent and could influence disease risk later in life. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the different regulatory aspects of PON1 variability and to examine them in relation to the predisposition to obesity-associated fatty liver disease.
Results A targeted multi-omics approach was applied to investigate the interplay between PON1 genetic variants, promoter methylation, expression profile and enzymatic activity in an adult patient cohort with extensive metabolic and hepatic characterisation including liver biopsy. Alterations in PON1 status were shown to correlate with waist-to-hip ratio and relevant features of liver pathology. Particularly, the regulatory polymorphism rs705379:C > T was strongly associated with more severe liver disease. Multivariable data analysis furthermore indicated a significant association of combined genetic and epigenetic PON1 regulation. This identified relationship postulates a role for DNA methylation as a mediator between PON1 genetics and expression, which is believed to further influence liver disease progression via modifications in PON1 catalytic efficiency. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that vertical data-integration of genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms generated a more in-depth understanding of the molecular basis underlying the development of obesity-associated fatty liver disease. We gained novel insights into how NAFLD classification and outcome are orchestrated, which could not have been obtained by exclusively considering genetic variation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01142-1.
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Trakaki A, Marsche G. Current Understanding of the Immunomodulatory Activities of High-Density Lipoproteins. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060587. [PMID: 34064071 PMCID: PMC8224331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins interact with immune cells, macrophages and endothelial cells - key players of the innate and adaptive immune system. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles seem to have evolved as part of the innate immune system since certain HDL subspecies contain combinations of apolipoproteins with immune regulatory functions. HDL is enriched in anti-inflammatory lipids, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and certain saturated lysophospholipids. HDL reduces inflammation and protects against infection by modulating immune cell function, vasodilation and endothelial barrier function. HDL suppresses immune cell activation at least in part by modulating the cholesterol content in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains (lipid rafts), which play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Acute infections, inflammation or autoimmune diseases lower HDL cholesterol levels and significantly alter HDL metabolism, composition and function. Such alterations could have a major impact on disease progression and may affect the risk for infections and cardiovascular disease. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immune cell modulatory activities of HDL. We focus on newly discovered activities of HDL-associated apolipoproteins, enzymes, lipids, and HDL mimetic peptides.
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Parada-Turska J, Wójcicka G, Beltowski J. Paraoxonase 1 Phenotype and Protein N-Homocysteinylation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090899. [PMID: 32967340 PMCID: PMC7555791 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the high density lipoprotein-associated esterase which inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by metabolizing lipid peroxidation products as well as hydrolyzing proatherogenic metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy), Hcy thiolactone, which otherwise reacts with lysine groups of proteins, thus forming N-Hcy-protein in a process referred to as protein N-homocysteinylation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We examined PON1 status and N-homocysteinylation of serum proteins in patients with RA. Blood was collected from 74 RA patients and 70 control subjects. PON1 activity was measured toward synthetic (paraoxon, phenyl acetate) and natural (Hcy thiolactone) substrates. PON1 protein concentration was measured by ELISA. Total Hcy as well as N-Hcy-protein were measured in serum as well. PON1 activity toward Hcy thiolactone was lower in RA patients than in control subjects which was accompanied by increased concentration of N-Hcy-protein despite normal total Hcy concentration. PON1 protein concentration was unchanged in the RA group, but the specific enzyme activity was reduced. When RA patients were categorized according to the DAS28-ESR score, PON1 concentration and enzymatic activity were lower whereas N-Hcy-protein was higher in those with high disease activity. PON1 activity and Hcy thiolactone were correlated with DAS28-ESR score and myeloperoxidase concentration. In conclusion, RA is associated with deficiency of PON1 activity and increased protein N-homocyseinylation which may contribute to accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Wójcicka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Beltowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-4486500
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Racis M, Stanisławska-Sachadyn A, Sobiczewski W, Wirtwein M, Krzemiński M, Krawczyńska N, Limon J, Rynkiewicz A, Gruchała M. Association of Genes Related to Oxidative Stress with the Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090210. [PMID: 32961879 PMCID: PMC7554836 DOI: 10.3390/life10090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to play a critical role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. In line with this, in a group of 1099 subjects, we determined eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to oxidative stress (PON1 c.575A>G, MPO c.−463G>A, SOD2 c.47T>C, GCLM c.−590C>T, NOS3 c.894G>T, NOS3 c.−786T>C, CYBA c.214C>T, and CYBA c.−932A>G) and assessed the extent of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries based on Gensini score. An increased risk of having a Gensini score in the higher half of the distribution was observed for the PON1 c.575G allele (odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004–1.617, p = 0.046). Next, the genetic risk score (GRS) for the additive effect of the total number of pro-oxidative alleles was assessed. We noted an increase in the risk of having a Gensini score above the median with the maximum number of risk alleles (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.19–5.23, p = 0.014). A univariate Spearman’s test revealed significant correlation between the total number of pro-oxidant alleles (GRS) and the Gensini score (ρ = 0.068, p = 0.03). In conclusion, the PON1 c.575A>G variant and the high number of risk alleles (GRS) were independent risk factors for a high Gensini score. We suggest, however, that GRS might occur as a more valuable component in adding a predictive value to the genetic background of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Racis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +48-58-3461201
| | - Anna Stanisławska-Sachadyn
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (N.K.); (J.L.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobiczewski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Wirtwein
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Michał Krzemiński
- Department of Probability and Biomathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Natalia Krawczyńska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (N.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.-S.); (N.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Andrzej Rynkiewicz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiosurgery, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marcin Gruchała
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (W.S.); (M.G.)
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13
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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14
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Shokri Y, Variji A, Nosrati M, Khonakdar-Tarsi A, Kianmehr A, Kashi Z, Bahar A, Bagheri A, Mahrooz A. Importance of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as an antioxidant and antiatherogenic enzyme in the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 161:108067. [PMID: 32044348 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is involved in the etiology of different diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), liver disorders, kidney diseases, cancers and diabetes mellitus. Antioxidant enzymes play a key role in striking an oxidant-antioxidant balance. Moreover, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that binds with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation, and antioxidant and antiaterogenic properties of this lipoprotein are significantly associated with PON1. Research suggests PON1 contributes to the pathogenesis of certain human diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). The association between PON1 and T2D appear to be reciprocal so that the disease significantly decreases PON1 levels and in turn, the genetics of PON1 may have a role the risk of susceptibility to T2D. Several factors that reduce the activity and concentration of PON1 in patients with T2D include increased glycation and loss-of-function polymorphisms. The genotypic and phenotypic evaluations of PON1 are therefore crucial for assessing the risk of cardiovascular complications in these patients, and strategies for increasing or restoring PON1 levels are useful for reducing or preventing their cardiovascular complications as their main cause of mortality. The present review aimed at discussing and emphasizing the key role of PON1 in T2D as a silent and dangerous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Shokri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atena Variji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mani Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Khonakdar-Tarsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Anvarsadat Kianmehr
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Madical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kashi
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adele Bahar
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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15
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Türkeş C. Investigation of Potential Paraoxonase-I Inhibitors by Kinetic and Molecular Docking Studies: Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:392-402. [PMID: 30819074 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190226162225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic processes in living organisms are closely related to the catalytic activity of enzymes. Changes in enzyme activity cause various diseases e.g., neurological, cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular. Most of the current therapeutic drugs available in clinical utilization function as enzyme inhibitors. OBJECTIVE The main goal of the current study to contribute to this growing drug design area (such as medication discovery and development) by investigating protein-drug interactions. METHODS The paraoxonase-I (PON1) enzyme was purified from human serum by using different and simple chromatographic techniques. Additionally, it was investigated inhibition effects of some chemotherapeutic drugs on the PON1. RESULTS The purification results for PON1 depicted a 3880.83 EU/mg proteins specific activity and the molecular weight was calculated as 43 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These drugs found to strongly inhibit PON1, with IC50 values ranging from 0.222±0.002 to 688.300±0.897 µM. Ki constants for vincristine sulfate, epirubicin hydrochloride, and doxorubicin hydrochloride were determined to be 0.235±0.032 µM, 221.400±29.270 µM, and 913.300±201.000 µM, respectively. CONCLUSION These drugs showed in competitive inhibition. Also, the molecular docking poses of these agents inside the catalytic sites of 1V04 and 3SRE were analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
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16
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Reichert CO, de Macedo CG, Levy D, Sini BC, Monteiro AM, Gidlund M, Maselli LMF, Gualandro SFM, Bydlowski SP. Paraoxonases (PON) 1, 2, and 3 Polymorphisms and PON-1 Activities in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080252. [PMID: 31366068 PMCID: PMC6720480 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, vasoocclusion, and free iron are all features present in sickle cell disease. Paraoxonases (PON) are a family (PON-1, PON-2, PON-3) of antioxidant enzymes with anti-inflammatory action. Here, for the first time, we described PON-1 activities and PON-1, PON-2, PON-3 polymorphisms in patients with sickle cell disease, homozygous for HbSS, compared with healthy controls. (2) Methods: The groups were matched for age and gender. PON-1 activities (arylesterase and paraoxonase) were determined by enzymatic hydrolysis of phenylcetate and paraoxon, respectively. Polymorphisms were determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR). (3) Results: Plasma cholesterol and fractions, ApoA1 and ApoB levels were all decreased in sickle cell disease patients, while anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) antibodies and C-reactive protein were increased. Serum arylesterase activity was lower in sickle cell disease patients when compared with healthy controls. In patients, paraoxonase activity was higher in those with PON-1 RR Q192R polymorphism. In these patients, the increase of serum iron and ferritin levels and transferrin saturation were less pronounced than those observed in patients with QQ or QR polymorphism. No differences were observed with PON-1 L55M, and PON-2 and PON-3 polymorphisms. Multivariate regression analysis showed that transferrin and ferritin concentrations correlated with arylesterase and paraoxonase activities. (4) Conclusions: Both transferrin and ferritin were the main predictors of decreased arylesterase and paraoxonase activities in patients with sickle cell disease. LDL oxidation increased, and RR PON-1 Q192R polymorphism is likely to be a protective factor against oxidative damage in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Garcia de Macedo
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Carnevale Sini
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Moreira Monteiro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magnus Gidlund
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Morganti Ferreira Maselli
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Center of Innovation and Translational Medicine (CIMTRA), Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05360-130 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Mahrooz A, Mackness M, Bagheri A, Ghaffari-Cherati M, Masoumi P. The epigenetic regulation of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as an important enzyme in HDL function: The missing link between environmental and genetic regulation. Clin Biochem 2019; 73:1-10. [PMID: 31351988 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an important antiatherogenic and antioxidant enzyme in the circulation that has been associated with adverse health outcomes particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other metabolic disorders. PON1 is a highly promiscuous enzyme and can hydrolyse a large variety of substrates, however, detailed structure/function studies have concluded that the natural substrates for PON1 are lipophilic lactones. The interindividual variability in PON1 activity has been mainly attributed to genetic determinants; however, it appears that the contribution of epigenetics has been ignored as a result of the lack of adequate research. CONTENT Epigenetic processes, including the histone modifications in the PON1 gene, the methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of the PON1 gene and the microRNA modulation of PON1 expression can be responsible for the under researched gap between the environmental and genetic regulation of PON1. Environmental factors, including diet, pollution and lifestyle-related factors widely differ between individuals and populations and can cause large differences in the distribution of PON1 and it is important to note that their effects may be exerted through the epigenetic processes. This review discusses and emphasizes the importance of the epigenetic regulation of PON1 as a less-studied subject to highlight future research landscapes. SUMMARY Epigenetic regulation is known as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of human diseases, particularly multifactorial diseases such as CVD, which is life-threatening. Due to the importance of PON1 in the functionality of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and its association with CVD, further explorations of its epigenetic regulation using advanced methods such as Methyl-Seq may lead to the identification of new epigenetic contributors that in turn may lead to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mike Mackness
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaffari-Cherati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Parisa Masoumi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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18
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Türkeş C. Investigation of Potential Paraoxonase-I Inhibitors by Kinetic and Molecular Docking Studies: Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Protein Pept Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190226162225 pmid: 30819074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Metabolic processes in living organisms are closely related to the catalytic
activity of enzymes. Changes in enzyme activity cause various diseases e.g., neurological, cancer,
metabolic and cardiovascular. Most of the current therapeutic drugs available in clinical utilization
function as enzyme inhibitors.
Objective:
The main goal of the current study to contribute to this growing drug design area (such
as medication discovery and development) by investigating protein-drug interactions.
Methods:
The paraoxonase-I (PON1) enzyme was purified from human serum by using different
and simple chromatographic techniques. Additionally, it was investigated inhibition effects of some
chemotherapeutic drugs on the PON1.
Results:
The purification results for PON1 depicted a 3880.83 EU/mg proteins specific activity and
the molecular weight was calculated as 43 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. These drugs found to strongly inhibit PON1, with IC50 values ranging from
0.222±0.002 to 688.300±0.897 µM. Ki constants for vincristine sulfate, epirubicin hydrochloride,
and doxorubicin hydrochloride were determined to be 0.235±0.032 µM, 221.400±29.270 µM, and
913.300±201.000 µM, respectively.
Conclusion:
These drugs showed in competitive inhibition. Also, the molecular docking poses of
these agents inside the catalytic sites of 1V04 and 3SRE were analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
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19
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Verde F, Tiloca C, Morelli C, Doretti A, Poletti B, Maderna L, Messina S, Gentilini D, Fogh I, Ratti A, Silani V, Ticozzi N. PON1 is a disease modifier gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: association of the Q192R polymorphism with bulbar onset and reduced survival. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1469-1473. [PMID: 30903418 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the detoxifying enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) to the risk of sporadic ALS. Here, we aimed to assess the role of the coding rs662 (Q192R) SNP as a modifier of ALS phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped a cohort of 409 patients diagnosed with ALS at our Center between 2002 and 2009 (269 males and 140 females; mean age at onset, 58.3 ± 37.5 years). RESULTS We found PON1 to be a disease modifier gene in ALS, with the minor allele G associated both with bulbar onset (30.9% vs. 24.6%, p = 0.013) and independently with reduced survival (OR = 1.38, p = 0.012) under a dominant model. No association was found with gender or age at onset. DISCUSSION As this SNP is known to modify the detoxifying activity of paraxonase 1 with respect to different substrates as well as other activities of the protein, we hypothesize that the identified association might reflect specific motor neuron vulnerability to certain exogenous toxic substances metabolized less efficiently by the 192R alloenzyme, or to detrimental endogenous pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress. Further exploration of this possible metabolic susceptibility could deepen our knowledge of ALS pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tiloca
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Morelli
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Doretti
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maderna
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Messina
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Unit of Bioinformatics and Genomic Statistics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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20
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Karakus N, Yigit S, Duygu F, Barut S, Rustemoglu A, Basol N. Effects of Paraoxonase-1 variants on course of severity and mortality of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Gene 2018; 687:188-192. [PMID: 30465883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-binding protein which defense the body against oxidative stress. To investigate the role of the PON1 gene in CCHF, we screened the genotypes of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (Q192R [rs662] and L55M [rs854560]) in CCHF patients stratified according to course of severity and mortality by using PCR-based RFLP assay. Overall, 132 patients diagnosed as CCHF were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of the three genotypes and two alleles of Q192R and L55M polymorphisms didn't show any statistically significant differences in terms of mortality and disease severity (p > 0.05). Any statistically significant differences were not found between severe and mild and fatal and non-fatal CCHF patients according to seven composite genotypes (p > 0.05). When we analyzed the clinical characteristics of CCHF patients stratified according to PON1gene polymorphisms, any statistically significant differences were not also observed (p > 0.05). Our study showed no possible association between genotypes of PON1 gene Q192R and L55M polymorphisms and CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Karakus
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Medical Biology, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Serbulent Yigit
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Medical Biology, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fazilet Duygu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Saglik Bilimleri University, Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sener Barut
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Aydin Rustemoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Medical Biology, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Nursah Basol
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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21
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Moya C, Máñez S. Paraoxonases: metabolic role and pharmacological projection. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:349-359. [PMID: 29404699 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death in Western countries, with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) playing an important protective role due to their ability to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus relieving vascular subendothelial damage. One of the proteins constituting HDL particles is paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an enzyme able to hydrolyze aryl esters, lactones, and organophosphates. Other closely related paraoxonases are designated as PON2, which is a protein localized inside many different kinds of cells, and PON3, not only present in HDL but also in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well. Given that the amount and the activity of PON1 in human serum are significantly lower in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, enhancing both parameters might contribute to their treatment and prevention. One of the physiologically interesting substrates for the abovementioned hydrolytic cleavage is homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), an atherothrombotic active form of homocysteine. Although it was therefore postulated that PON1 would participate in preventing the HTL-mediated lipid peroxidation, some attention is recently paid to other enzymes, like biphenyl hydrolase-like protein, that seem to more selectively involved in lowering this risk factor. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the role of paraoxonases, especially PON1, by reviewing the latest studies in order to understand both its physiological role and modulation by drugs, nutrients, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moya
- Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Salvador Máñez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, València, Spain. .,Departament de Farmacologia. Universitat de València, Facultat de Farmàcia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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22
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Association of Paraoxonase-1 Q192R (rs662) Single Nucleotide Variation with Cardiovascular Risk in Coffee Harvesters of Central Colombia. J Toxicol 2017; 2017:6913106. [PMID: 29430251 PMCID: PMC5753010 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6913106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-associated antioxidant enzyme, hydrolyzes several organophosphate pesticides and oxidized lipids. The PON1 Q192R polymorphism affects the catalytic efficiency and is considered a risk factor for pesticide intoxication and cardiovascular disease (CVD) but the association is not consistent between individuals or populations. We aimed to study the association of PON1 Q192R polymorphism with CVD risk in coffee harvesters of central Colombia. Demographics were collected from 205 subjects via standardized questionnaires. Lipid profiles and serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were measured by standard procedures. The calculated 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk was used as the cardiovascular risk estimate. Q192R genotype was determined by real-time PCR. Prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and the 10-year ASCVD risk was 33%, 62%, and 22%, respectively. BChE levels were no indicative of recent pesticide exposure, although a positive correlation was observed with BChE and hypercholesterolemia. The Q192R genotype frequencies were 38% (QQ), 44% (QR), and 18% (RR). We found an association of the 192Q genotype with hypertension. The results of this study signal the importance to evaluate the influence and potential interactions of BChE and PON1 192Q allele with known genetic and environmental factors implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD.
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Purg M, Elias M, Kamerlin SCL. Similar Active Sites and Mechanisms Do Not Lead to Cross-Promiscuity in Organophosphate Hydrolysis: Implications for Biotherapeutic Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17533-17546. [PMID: 29113434 PMCID: PMC5724027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate hydrolases are proficient catalysts of the breakdown of neurotoxic organophosphates and have great potential as both biotherapeutics for treating acute organophosphate toxicity and as bioremediation agents. However, proficient organophosphatases such as serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and the organophosphate-hydrolyzing lactonase SsoPox are unable to hydrolyze bulkyorganophosphates with challenging leaving groups such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or venomous agent X, creating a major challenge for enzyme design. Curiously, despite their mutually exclusive substrate specificities, PON1 and diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase) have essentially identical active sites and tertiary structures. In the present work, we use empirical valence bond simulations to probe the catalytic mechanism of DFPase as well as temperature, pH, and mutational effects, demonstrating that DFPase and PON1 also likely utilize identical catalytic mechanisms to hydrolyze their respective substrates. However, detailed examination of both static structures and dynamical simulations demonstrates subtle but significant differences in the electrostatic properties and solvent penetration of the two active sites and, most critically, the role of residues that make no direct contact with either substrate in acting as "specificity switches" between the two enzymes. Specifically, we demonstrate that key residues that are structurally and functionally critical for the paraoxonase activity of PON1 prevent it from being able to hydrolyze DFP with its fluoride leaving group. These insights expand our understanding of the drivers of the evolution of divergent substrate specificity in enzymes with identical active sites and guide the future design of organophosphate hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with challenging leaving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Purg
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics &
Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Shina Caroline Lynn Kamerlin
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ellidag HY, Aydin O, Eren E, Yilmaz N, Gencpinar T, Kucukseymen S, Yilmaz A, Arslan Ince FD. Phenotype distribution of the paraoxonase gene in patients with cardiac disease. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:820-826. [PMID: 28721150 PMCID: PMC5510503 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paraoxonase (PON1) is an enigmatic enzyme with multiple enzymatic properties including arylesterase and lactonase activities besides its ability to hydrolyze the toxic metabolite of parathion, paraoxon. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotype distribution of PON1 in patients with cardiac disease who were classified in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve disease (HVD), heart failure (HF) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) groups and healthy subjects as a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 300 people (100 cardiac surgery (70 CABG and 30 HVD), 70 HF, 30 STEMI patients and 100 healthy controls) were admitted to this study. Individual variations in PON1 were determined using the dual substrate (paraoxon and phenylacetate) method. RESULTS The following phenotype distributions were found in the cardiac disease and control groups: cardiac disease group (n = 200): 48.5% (QQ), 42.5% (QR), 9% (RR) and control group (n = 100): 58% (QQ), 39% (QR), 3% (RR). RR (high activity) phenotypic distribution was more common in the cardiac disease group than in controls (p = 0.04). In particular, the frequency of the RR phenotype was two- to three-fold higher in the STEMI and HF patients compared to the controls as well as CABG and HVD groups. CONCLUSIONS We found a higher percentage of RR phenotype in STEMI and HF patients compared to a large control group as well as compared to two other groups of cardiac disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Yasar Ellidag
- Department of Biochemistry, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Aydin
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Batman, Turkey
| | - Esin Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necat Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tugra Gencpinar
- Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Kucukseymen
- Clinic of Cardiology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Akar Yilmaz
- Clinic of Cardiology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan Ince
- Department of Biochemistry, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Izmir, Turkey
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Blaha-Nelson D, Krüger DM, Szeler K, Ben-David M, Kamerlin SCL. Active Site Hydrophobicity and the Convergent Evolution of Paraoxonase Activity in Structurally Divergent Enzymes: The Case of Serum Paraoxonase 1. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1155-1167. [PMID: 28026940 PMCID: PMC5269640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Serum
paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a native lactonase capable of promiscuously
hydrolyzing a broad range of substrates, including organophosphates,
esters, and carbonates. Structurally, PON1 is a six-bladed β-propeller
with a flexible loop (residues 70–81) covering the active site.
This loop contains a functionally critical Tyr at position 71. We
have performed detailed experimental and computational analyses of
the role of selected Y71 variants in the active site stability and
catalytic activity in order to probe the role of Y71 in PON1’s
lactonase and organophosphatase activities. We demonstrate that the
impact of Y71 substitutions on PON1’s lactonase activity is
minimal, whereas the kcat for the paraoxonase
activity is negatively perturbed by up to 100-fold, suggesting greater
mutational robustness of the native activity. Additionally, while
these substitutions modulate PON1’s active site shape, volume,
and loop flexibility, their largest effect is in altering the solvent
accessibility of the active site by expanding the active site volume,
allowing additional water molecules to enter. This effect is markedly
more pronounced in the organophosphatase activity than the lactonase
activity. Finally, a detailed comparison of PON1 to other organophosphatases
demonstrates that either a similar “gating loop” or
a highly buried solvent-excluding active site is a common feature
of these enzymes. We therefore posit that modulating the active site
hydrophobicity is a key element in facilitating the evolution of organophosphatase
activity. This provides a concrete feature that can be utilized in
the rational design of next-generation organophosphate hydrolases
that are capable of selecting a specific reaction from a pool of viable
substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blaha-Nelson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dennis M Krüger
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klaudia Szeler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moshe Ben-David
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shina Caroline Lynn Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University , S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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AnandBabu K, Bharathidevi SR, Sripriya S, Sen P, Prakash VJ, Bindu A, Viswanathan N, Angayarkanni N. Serum Paraoxonase activity in relation to lipid profile in Age-related Macular Degeneration patients. Exp Eye Res 2016; 152:100-112. [PMID: 27693409 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease causing visual impairment in old age. Oxidative stress is one of the main contributors for the disease progression. Paraoxonase (PON), a HDL-resident antioxidant enzyme which removes oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which is not studied much in AMD. This study assesses the PON activities in relation to the lipid status and genetic variants in AMD patients. In this prospective case-control study, a total of 48 AMD patients and 30 unrelated healthy controls were recruited. The serum oxLDL and Plasma Homocysteine (Hcy) levels were estimated by ELISA. Plasma Homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL) was estimated by HPLC. Serum PON activities were estimated by spectrophotometry. PON gene expression was assessed by qPCR and protein expression by western blot, immunofluorescence and FACS analysis. Two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of PON1, Q192R and L55M variants were checked in the AMD patients and controls and their association with PON activity and lipid levels were determined. Serum paraoxonase (PONase) and thiolactonase (PON-HCTLase) activities were significantly elevated in AMD patients than in controls apart from elevated serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), oxLDL. While serum LDL levels in AMD patients correlate positively with PON HCTLase activity, the serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) correlates with both PONase and PON-HCTLase activities. However, multiple regression analysis showed that, amongst the parameters, only serum TG was a significant risk factor for AMD, after adjusting for demographic parameters as well as cataract. PON2 was significantly increased at the level of gene expression (p = 0.03) as seen in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AMD patients possibly mediated by the transcription factor SP1, that showed 2-fold increase. PON1 and 2 protein expressions also showed significant increase in the PBMC of AMD patients. At serum level, PON1 protein was significantly increased in AMD patients. Cholesterol transporters such as CD36, SR-B1 and ABCA1 gene expressions were also found to be higher (1.5, 1.9 and 2.4-fold respectively) in AMD, though not statistically significant. While the wet AMD (CNV) was found to be associated with increase in oxLDL and serum PONase activity, the dry AMD was associated with increased HDL and serum PON-HCTLase activity. The genotype and allele frequencies of Q192R & L55M were not significantly different between AMD patients and controls. However, altered lipid status and PON activities were associated with the genotype in AMD patients. A higher enzyme activity was observed for the RR genotype of Q192R in the cohort, irrespective of case and control. Thus the PON genotype and phenotype seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannadasan AnandBabu
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - S R Bharathidevi
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Sarangapani Sripriya
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Parveen Sen
- The Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Vadivelu Jaya Prakash
- The Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Appukuttan Bindu
- The Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Natarajan Viswanathan
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
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Sohrab G, Ebrahimof S, Sotoudeh G, Neyestani TR, Angoorani P, Hedayati M, Siasi F. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:249-255. [PMID: 27633135 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1229760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased free radicals production due to hyperglycemia produces oxidative stress in patients with diabetes. Pomegranate juice (PJ) has antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to determine the effects of PJ consumption in oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was a randomized clinical trial performed on 60, 40-65 years old diabetic patients. The patients were randomly allocated either to PJ consumption group or control. Patients in PJ group consumed 200 ml of PJ daily for six weeks. Sex distribution and the mean age were not different between two groups. After six weeks intervention, oxidized LDL and anti-oxidized LDL antibodies decreased and total serum antioxidant capacity and arylesterase activity of paraoxonase increased significantly in the PJ-treated group compared to the control group. Our data have shown that six weeks supplementation of PJ could have favorable effects on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Golbon Sohrab
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition and dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimof
- b Cellular & Molecular Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Giti Sotoudeh
- c Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Tirang Reza Neyestani
- d Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Pooneh Angoorani
- b Cellular & Molecular Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- e Cellular-Molecular Research center , Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fereidoun Siasi
- c Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Sahebkar A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:50-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Scherrer DZ, Zago VHDS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Secolin R, Baracat J, Quintão ECR, Faria ECD. p.Q192R SNP of PON1 seems not to be Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in an Asymptomatic and Normolipidemic Brazilian Population Sample. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:45-52. [PMID: 26039660 PMCID: PMC4523287 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences suggest that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) confers important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties when associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between p.Q192R SNP of PON1, biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic, normolipidemic Brazilian population sample. METHODS We studied 584 volunteers (females n = 326, males n = 258; 19-75 years of age). Total genomic DNA was extracted and SNP was detected in the TaqMan® SNP OpenArray® genotyping platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were determined and PON1 activity was measured using paraoxon as a substrate. High-resolution β-mode ultrasonography was used to measure cIMT and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in a subgroup of individuals (n = 317). RESULTS The presence of p.192Q was associated with a significant increase in PON1 activity (RR = 12.30 (11.38); RQ = 46.96 (22.35); QQ = 85.35 (24.83) μmol/min; p < 0.0001), HDL-C (RR= 45 (37); RQ = 62 (39); QQ = 69 (29) mg/dL; p < 0.001) and apo A-I (RR = 140.76 ± 36.39; RQ = 147.62 ± 36.92; QQ = 147.49 ± 36.65 mg/dL; p = 0.019). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that heterozygous and p.192Q carriers influenced by 58% PON1 activity towards paraoxon. The univariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that p.Q192R SNP was not associated with mean cIMT; as a result, in the multiple regression analysis, no variables were selected with 5% significance. In logistic regression analysis, the studied parameters were not associated with the presence of carotid plaques. CONCLUSION In low-risk individuals, the presence of the p.192Q variant of PON1 is associated with a beneficial plasma lipid profile but not with carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zanetti Scherrer
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isabela Calanca Vieira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Eliane Soler Parra
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Natália Baratella Panzoldo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Fernanda Alexandre
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Jamal Baracat
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
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Eom SY, Yim DH, Lee CH, Choe KH, An JY, Lee KY, Kim YD, Kim H. Interactions between paraoxonase 1 genetic polymorphisms and smoking and their effects on oxidative stress and lung cancer risk in a Korean population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119100. [PMID: 25741997 PMCID: PMC4350985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies in epidemiology have evaluated the effects of gene-environment interaction on oxidative stress, even though this interaction is an important etiologic factor in lung carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of the genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), smoking, and the interaction between the two on lung cancer risk and oxidative stress. Methods This study’s subjects consisted of 416 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and an equal number of matched controls. The GoldenGate assay was used for genotypic analyses of the PON1 gene. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Results The PON1 rs662 AA genotype showed a significantly lower risk of lung cancer than the GG genotype (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36–0.99). The protective effect of the PON1 rs662 AA genotype on lung cancer risk was limited to non-smokers. Lung cancer patients who had the rs662 A allele showed a dose-dependent association between smoking status and oxidative stress markers. Among non-smoking lung cancer patients, urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly lower in individuals with the rs662 GA and AA genotypes than in those with the GG genotype. Furthermore, we found a significant interaction effect between PON1 rs662 and smoking status on urinary 8-OHdG levels in lung cancer patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that the protective effect of PON1 rs662 SNP against lung carcinogenesis and the induction of oxidative stress might be modulated by the interaction between PON1 genetic polymorphisms and tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- Center for Farmers Safety & Health, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- Center for Farmers Safety & Health, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Asbestos Damage Relief Center, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Young An
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kye Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- Center for Farmers Safety & Health, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- Center for Farmers Safety & Health, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Species differences in paraoxonase mediated hydrolysis of several organophosphorus insecticide metabolites. J Toxicol 2015; 2015:470189. [PMID: 25784934 PMCID: PMC4345044 DOI: 10.1155/2015/470189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON1) is a calcium dependent enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate anticholinesterases. PON1 activity is present in most mammals and previous research established that PON1 activity differs depending on the species. These studies mainly used the organophosphate substrate paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Using serum PON1 from different mammalian species, we compared the hydrolysis of paraoxon with the hydrolysis of the active metabolites (oxons) of two additional organophosphorus insecticides, methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos. Paraoxon hydrolysis was greater than that of methyl paraoxon, but the level of activity between species displayed a similar pattern. Regardless of the species tested, the hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos-oxon was significantly greater than that of paraoxon or methyl paraoxon. These data indicate that chlorpyrifos-oxon is a better substrate for PON1 regardless of the species. The pattern of species differences in PON1 activity varied with the change in substrate to chlorpyrifos-oxon from paraoxon or methyl paraoxon. For example, the sex difference observed here and reported elsewhere in the literature for rat PON1 hydrolysis of paraoxon was not present when chlorpyrifos-oxon was the substrate.
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Ben-David M, Sussman JL, Maxwell CI, Szeler K, Kamerlin SCL, Tawfik DS. Catalytic stimulation by restrained active-site floppiness--the case of high density lipoprotein-bound serum paraoxonase-1. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1359-1374. [PMID: 25644661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of membrane-associated enzymes, the mechanism by which membrane binding stabilizes these enzymes and stimulates their catalysis remains largely unknown. Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a lipophilic lactonase whose stability and enzymatic activity are dramatically stimulated when associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Our mutational and structural analyses, combined with empirical valence bond simulations, reveal a network of hydrogen bonds that connect HDL binding residues with Asn168--a key catalytic residue residing >15Å from the HDL contacting interface. This network ensures precise alignment of N168, which, in turn, ligates PON1's catalytic calcium and aligns the lactone substrate for catalysis. HDL binding restrains the overall motion of the active site and particularly of N168, thus reducing the catalytic activation energy barrier. We demonstrate herein that disturbance of this network, even at its most far-reaching periphery, undermines PON1's activity. Membrane binding thus immobilizes long-range interactions via second- and third-shell residues that reduce the active site's floppiness and pre-organize the catalytic residues. Although this network is critical for efficient catalysis, as demonstrated here, unraveling these long-rage interaction networks is challenging, let alone their implementation in artificial enzyme design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Ben-David
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christopher I Maxwell
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-754 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klaudia Szeler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-754 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-754 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dan S Tawfik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Kasprzak MP, Iskra M, Majewski W, Budzyń-Napierała M, Gryszczyńska B, Strzyżewski K, Kasprzak J. PON1 status evaluation in patients with chronic arterial occlusion of lower limbs due to atherosclerosis obliterans. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:1101-8. [PMID: 25624845 PMCID: PMC4296060 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.41348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human paraoxonase (PON1) is a calcium-dependent enzyme physically associated with HDL, and it is believed to contribute to the atheroprotective effect of HDL. The aim of the study was to evaluate PON1 status in patients with atherosclerosis obliterans as an effect of ischemia regarding its activity and phenotype distribution. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis obliterans (AO). The patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of ischemia: moderate (MI), and critical (CI). The ratio of the hydrolysis of salt-stimulated PON1 activity to the hydrolysis of phenylacetate was used to assign individuals to one of three possible phenotypes (low activity - A, medium activity - AB, high activity - B). It was observed that PON1 arylesterase activity was affected by ischemia of the lower limbs depending on its degree. RESULTS The odds ratio and the relative risk analysis showed that the patients with moderate ischemia are much more often characterized by phenotype A than by phenotype B. The low activity phenotype A occurs over twice as often in patients with chronic ischemia of the lower limbs as in individuals from the control group (OR = 2.125; 1.96 to 3.776, p = 0.0143). CONCLUSIONS This study presents the low activity phenotype A in relation to the risk of ischemia of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis and shows the potentially important role of PON1 in conclusion of the process leading to intensification of ischemia degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena P. Kasprzak
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Iskra
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wacław Majewski
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Budzyń-Napierała
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogna Gryszczyńska
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strzyżewski
- Department of General Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Kasprzak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with Pregnancy Pathology, Raszeja Hospital, Poznan, Poland
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Paraoxonase1 genetic polymorphisms in a mixed ancestry African population. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:217019. [PMID: 25477710 PMCID: PMC4248356 DOI: 10.1155/2014/217019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is markedly influenced by coding polymorphisms, Q/R at position 192 and M/L at position 55 of the PON1 gene. We investigated the frequencies of these polymorphisms and their effects on PON1 and antioxidant activities in 844 South African mixed ancestry individuals. Genotyping was done using allele-specific TaqMan technology, PON1 activities were measured using paraoxon and phenylacetate, oxidative status was determined by measuring the antioxidant activities of ferric reducing antioxidant power and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation markers included malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL. The frequencies of Q192R and L55M were 47.6% and 28.8%, respectively, and the most common corresponding alleles were 192R (60.4%) and 55M (82.6%). The Q192 was significantly associated with 5.8 units' increase in PON1 concentration and 15.4 units' decrease in PONase activity after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and diabetes, with suggestion of differential effects by diabetes status. The PON1 L55 variant was associated with none of the measured indices. In conclusion, we have shown that the Q192R polymorphism is a determinant of both PON1 concentration and activity and this association appeared to be enhanced in subjects with diabetes.
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Tavilani H, Fattahi A, Esfahani M, Khodadadi I, Karimi J, Bahrayni E, Vatannejad A, Vaisi-Raygani A, Ghorbani M, Latifi Z. Genotype and phenotype frequencies of paraoxonase 1 in fertile and infertile men. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 60:361-6. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.960624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gugliucci A, Menini T. Paraoxonase 1 and HDL maturation. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:5-13. [PMID: 25261854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the kinetics and function of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is becoming an important issue in atherosclerosis. Low PON1 activity has been consistently linked with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events in the setting of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Recent studies have shown that there is a specific interaction of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-apoAI-PON1 on HDL surface that seems to be germane to atherogenesis. MPO specifically inhibits PON1 and PON1 mitigates MPO effects. Surprisingly, very little is known about the routes by which PON1 gets integrated into HDL or its fate during HDL remodeling in the intravascular space. We have developed a method that assesses PON1 activity in the individual HDL subclasses with the aid of which we have shown that PON1 is present across the HDL particle range and preferentially in HDL3, confirming data from ultracentrifugation (UC) studies. Upon HDL maturation ex vivo PON1 is activated and it shows a flux to both smaller and larger HDL particles as well as to VLDL and sdLDL. At the same time apoE, AI and AII are shifted across particle sizes. PON1 activation and flux across HDL particles are blocked by CETP and LCAT inhibitors. In a group of particles with such a complex biology as HDL, knowledge of the interaction between apo-lipoproteins, lipids and enzymes is key for an increased understanding of the yet multiple unknown features of its function. Solving the HDL paradox will necessitate the development of techniques to explore HDL function that are practical and well adapted to clinical studies and eventually become useful in patient monitoring. The confluence of proteomic, functional studies, HDL subclasses, PON1 assays and zymogram will yield data to draw a more elaborate and comprehensive picture of the function of HDL. It must be noted that all these studies are static and conducted in the fasting state. The crucial phase will be achieved when human kinetic studies (both in the fasting and post-prandial states) on HDL-PON1, apoA-I and lipid fate in the circulation are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Teresita Menini
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
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Shahmohamadnejad S, Vaisi-Raygani A, Shakiba Y, Kiani A, Rahimi Z, Bahrehmand F, Shakiba E, Pourmotabbed T. Association between butyrylcholinesterase activity and phenotypes, paraoxonase192 rs662 gene polymorphism and their enzymatic activity with severity of rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, preliminary report. Clin Biochem 2014; 48:63-9. [PMID: 25179377 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidences indicate that oxidative stress and inflammation are important processes in the development of destructive synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The two major bioscavenger enzymes that are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress are human-butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the relation of BuChE phenotypes and PON-1 Q192R polymorphism with inflammatory markers such as anti-cytroline circulated peptide (CCP)-antibodies, CRP, neopterin, DAS28-CRP in RA patients. DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we examined association of BuChE-phenotypes and activity, PON192rs662 (Q192R) polymorphism and its arylesterase activity (ARE) with systemic-inflammatory-markers and oxidative stress. The present case-control study consisted of 419-RA patients and 398 gender-age-matched unrelated healthy controls from west population of Iran. PON192rs662 polymorphism was detected by real-time-PCR. BuChE phenotype, TAC level, serum BuChE and ARE activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Anti-CCP-antibody and CRP were measured by ELISA and neopterin level was detected by HPLC. We used the EULAR activity criteria to measure DAS28-CRP. RESULTS We found that PON-1-Q192R was associated with severity of RA [remission-to-low and moderate-to-high in dominant Q/Q+Q/R vs. R/R: OR=2.27, p<0.001; codominant Q/Q vs. R/R: OR=1.65, p<0.001 and Q/R vs. R/R: OR=2.12, p=0.003; recessive Q/Q vs. R/R+Q/R: OR=1.79, p=0.032; and allele Q vs. R: OR=1.68, p<0.001] and presence of anti-CCP-antibody (codominant model Q/Q vs. R/R: OR=1.28, p=0.042). The carriers of Q/Q genotype PON-1-Q192R and BuChE non-UU-phenotype had higher ARE activity, serum levels of neopterin, anti-CCP antibody titer and number of tender-joint and lower activity of BuChE and serum level of TAC than that of R/R genotype and BuChE-UU-phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The current findings demonstrate for the first time that there is a link between systemic inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, the PON192rs662-Q allele and BuChE-non-UU-phenotype and their corresponding enzymatic activity which may be considered as a risk factor for the severity of RA for a population in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahmohamadnejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Molecular Diagnostic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Yadola Shakiba
- Molecular Diagnostic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Kiani
- Molecular Diagnostic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrehmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahimi Shakiba
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tayehbeh Pourmotabbed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation underpin most diseases; their mechanisms are inextricably linked. Chronic inflammation is associated with oxidation, anti-inflammatory cascades are linked to decreased oxidation, increased oxidative stress triggers inflammation, and redox balance inhibits the inflammatory cellular response. Whether or not oxidative stress and inflammation represent the cause or consequence of cellular pathology, they contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of noncommunicable diseases (NCD). The incidence of obesity and other related metabolic disturbances are increasing, as are age-related diseases due to a progressively aging population. Relationships between oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and metabolism are, in the broad sense of energy transformation, being increasingly recognized as part of the problem in NCD. In this chapter, we summarize the pathologic consequences of an imbalance between circulating and cellular paraoxonases, the system for scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species and circulating chemokines. They act as inducers of migration and infiltration of immune cells in target tissues as well as in the pathogenesis of disease that perturbs normal metabolic function. This disruption involves pathways controlling lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as metabolically driven chronic inflammatory states that encompass several response pathways. Dysfunction in the endoplasmic reticulum and/or mitochondria represents an important feature of chronic disease linked to oxidation and inflammation seen as self-reinforcing in NCD. Therefore, correct management requires a thorough understanding of these relationships and precise interpretation of laboratory test results.
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Arylesterase phenotype-specific positive association between arylesterase activity and cholinesterase specific activity in human serum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:1422-43. [PMID: 24473115 PMCID: PMC3945546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110201422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Context: Cholinesterase (ChE) specific activity is the ratio of ChE activity to ChE mass and, as a biomarker of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors, has a potential advantage over simple ChE activity. Objective: To examine the association of several potential correlates (serum arylesterase/paraoxonase activity, serum albumin, sex, age, month of blood collection, and smoking) with plasma ChE specific activity. Methods: We analyzed data from 195 cancer-free controls from a nested case-control study, accounting for potential confounding. Results: Arylesterase activity had an independent, statistically significant positive association with ChE specific activity, and its magnitude was the greatest for the arylesterase phenotype corresponding to the QQ PON1192 genotype followed by phenotypes corresponding to QR and RR genotypes. Serum albumin was positively associated with ChE specific activity. Conclusions: Plasma arylesterase activity was positively associated with plasma ChE specific activity. This observation is consistent with protection conferred by a metabolic phenotype resulting in reduced internal dose.
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Molecular dynamics simulation of human serum paraoxonase 1 in DPPC bilayer reveals a critical role of transmembrane helix H1 for HDL association. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 43:35-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Strakovsky RS, Zhang X, Zhou D, Pan YX. The regulation of hepatic Pon1 by a maternal high-fat diet is gender specific and may occur through promoter histone modifications in neonatal rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:170-6. [PMID: 24445041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant (AOX) defense system is critical for combating whole-body oxidative stress, and the present study aimed to determine the consequences of a maternal high-fat (HF) diet on neonatal hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, the expression of AOX genes, as well as epigenetic histone modifications within Pon1, an AOX enzyme. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased and nonesterified fatty acids decreased in offspring of HF-fed dams, while triglycerides increased in male but not female HF offspring when compared to controls (C). Pon1, Pon2, Pon3 and Sod2 were significantly increased in offspring of HF-fed dams when compared to C. However, the increase in Pon1 and Pon3 was only significant in male but not female offspring. When compared to C, the hepatic Pon1 promoter of male and female HF offspring had significantly more acetylated histone H4 as well as dimethylated histone H3 at lysine residue 4, which are both involved in transcriptional activation. Trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine residue 9, which is involved in transcriptional repression, was only associated with genes in females. Results from the present study reveal that a maternal HF diet affects hepatic metabolism in the neonate in a gender-specific manner, and these differences, in association with epigenetic modification of histones, may contribute to the known gender differences in oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Teiber JF, Kramer GL, Haley RW. Methods for measuring serum activity levels of the 192 Q and R isoenzymes of paraoxonase 1 in QR heterozygous individuals. Clin Chem 2013; 59:1251-9. [PMID: 23894162 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.199331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an esterase that hydrolyzes toxic organophosphates and has antioxidative and antiatherogenic properties, contains a common polymorphism at position 192: glutamine (Q) or arginine (R). The Q and R isoenzymes exhibit different physical and protective properties. We describe 2 methods for quantifying their serum activity levels. METHODS We measured serum hydrolytic activity with paraoxon [paraoxonase (PXN) activity], phenylacetate [arylesterase (AE) activity], and diazoxon [diazoxonase (DZN) activity] with standard automated assays. We determined PON1 Q192R genotypes with PCR and Q192R phenotypes using the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios. Interpolation equations were empirically derived to predict the percentage of total PON1 hydrolytic activity due to the Q isoenzyme (%Q) from the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios; %R is 100 - %Q. We estimated Q and R isoenzyme activity levels in sera from 2095 veterans by multiplying AE activity, a measure of total PON1 hydrolytic activity, by %Q and %R. RESULTS In all 2095 samples, the PXN/AE and PXN/DZN ratios predicted Q192R phenotypes with nearly identical accuracy (κ = 0.997). In the 925 QR heterozygotes, the 2 interpolation methods predicted Q and R isoenzyme activity levels with excellent agreement (intraclass correlation 0.94). After excluding a few genotype/phenotype-discordant samples, the percentage of total PON1 activity due to the Q isoenzyme ranged from 22% to 70%. CONCLUSIONS These new interpolation methods allow accurate estimation of PON1 192 Q and R isoenzyme activity levels, increasing specificity and power for studying susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Teiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8874, USA.
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Ozkaya E, Akduman H, Erenberk U, Demir A, Dundaroz MR. Plasma paraoxonase activity and oxidative stress and their relationship to disease severity in children with allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27:13-7. [PMID: 23406590 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of several diseases including allergic rhinitis (AR). In children with AR an antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase (PON1) has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma PON1 activity and plasma total oxidant status (TOS), which are in the form of plasma reactive oxidants, and their association with severity of disease in house-mite-sensitive children with AR. METHODS This study included 66 children with persistent AR and 40 healthy controls aged between 7 and 12 years old. Plasma PON1, TOS, and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured. The nasal symptom scores and body mass index were evaluated at the time of blood collection. RESULTS Mean serum PON1 levels were significantly lower and, TOS levels were higher in the patient group than in the control group (p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.002, respectively). A significant negative correlation was observed between serum levels of PON1 and nasal symptom scores. However, serum levels of TOS were correlated with nasal symptom scores positively. There were no correlations between levels of total IgE and levels of PON1 and TOS levels. CONCLUSION Plasma PON1 and TOS levels may serve as predictors of disease severity in children with AR and both of them appear to be attractive candidates for modulating inflammation in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Ozkaya
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Yamashita J, Iwamura C, Ito T, Narita M, Hara Y, Sasaki T, Masuda D, Takahashi M, Tsuchiya M, Hada K, Ishikawa M, Matsuo T, Ohno Y, Tanaka H, Maruyama H, Ogawa Y, Nakayama T. Paraoxonase-1 suppresses experimental colitis via the inhibition of IFN-γ production from CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:949-60. [PMID: 23772025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, where excessive Th1 cell responses are observed. We performed experiments to identify immunologically bioactive proteins in human plasma and found that paraoxonase (PON)-1, which has esterase activity and is associated with high-density lipoproteins, inhibited the IFN-γ production by both murine and human differentiating Th1 cells. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis was attenuated by the administration of PON-1. The beneficial effects of PON-1 were associated with a reduced ratio of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and decreased production of T cell-related cytokines in the colon. PON-1 inhibited the TCR-induced activation of ERK-MAPK signaling and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in CD4 T cells. Interestingly, an excessive CD4 T cell response was observed in PON-1-deficient mice under physiological and pathological conditions. Additionally, the efficacy of PON-1 or G3C9-C284A (G3C9), which shows a higher esterase activity than PON-1, on colitis was similar to that of an anti-TNF-α mAb, which is a clinically used CD treatment. Moreover, G3C9 more effectively suppressed CD4(+)CD45RB(high) cell transfer-induced chronic colitis in mice than did PON-1, and the efficacy of G3C9 against the colitis was similar to that of the anti-TNF-α mAb. Therefore, PON-1 (or G3C9) administration may be clinically beneficial for CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Martinelli N, Consoli L, Girelli D, Grison E, Corrocher R, Olivieri O. Paraoxonases: ancient substrate hunters and their evolving role in ischemic heart disease. Adv Clin Chem 2013; 59:65-100. [PMID: 23461133 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405211-6.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the role of paraoxonases (PON) in cardiovascular research has increased substantially over the past two decades. These multifaceted and pleiotropic enzymes are encoded by three highly conserved genes (PON1, PON2, and PON3) located on chromosome 7q21.3-22.1. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that PON2 is the ancient gene from which PON1 and PON3 arose via gene duplication. Although PON are primarily lactonases with overlapping, but distinct specificities, their physiologic substrates remain poorly characterized. The most interesting characteristic of PON, however, is their multifunctional roles in various biochemical pathways. These include protection against oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, contribution to innate immunity, detoxification of reactive molecules, bioactivation of drugs, modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and regulation of cell proliferation/apoptosis. In general, PON appear as "hunters" of old and new substrates often involved in athero- and thrombogenesis. Although reduced PON activity appears associated with increased cardiovascular risk, the correlation between PON genotype and ischemic heart disease remains controversial. In this review, we examine the biochemical pathways impacted by these unique enzymes and investigate the potential use of PON as diagnostic tools and their impact on development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Park KW, Park JJ, Kang J, Jeon KH, Kang SH, Han JK, Lee SE, Yang HM, Lee HY, Kang HJ, Koo BK, Oh BH, Park YB, Kim HS. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphism does not affect clopidogrel response variability but is associated with clinical outcome after PCI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52779. [PMID: 23418418 PMCID: PMC3572125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraoxonase (PON) is a high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme with antioxidative and anti-atherogenic property. Its function is associated with coronary artery disease and its activity genetically controlled. We evaluated whether genetic variation of PON-1 is associated with clinical outcome in a large cohort of Korean patients with drug-eluting stents implantation. Methods A total of 1676 patients with drug-eluting stent implantation were enrolled in the prospective CROSS-VERIFY cohort from June 2006 to June 2010. We genotyped the PON1-Q192R gene, measured clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity (OPR), and analyzed lipid profiles. The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis at 12 months. Results PON-1 genotyping data were available in 1336 patients. Since the Q-allele is associated with decreased PON-activity, we analyzed the outcome between patients with QQ/QR (815 patients, 61%) and those with RR-genotype (521 patients, 39%). After adjustment for common cardiac risk factors, the QQ/QR-genotype was an independent predictor of the primary thrombotic endpoint with an 11-fold increased risk (HR 11.6, 95% CI: 1.55–87.0), but not repeat revascularization (HR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78–1.61). The QQ/QR-genotype was not associated with OPR (QQ/QR: 231±86 PRU vs. RR 236±82 PRU, p = 0.342) but higher small-dense LDL levels (1.20±0.12 mg/dL vs. 0.76±0.15 mg/dL, p = 0.027). The increased risk of thrombotic outcomes was more profound in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients compared with non-ACS patients. Conclusion PON1 Q-allele is an independent predictor of worse cardiovascular outcome independent of platelet function and is associated with significantly higher levels of small dense LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehoon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si-Hyuck Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Han
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Mo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bon-Kwon Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Hee Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Bae Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Enzymatic assessment of paraoxonase 1 activity on HDL subclasses: A practical zymogram method to assess HDL function. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Knebel B, Lehr S, Janssen OE, Hahn S, Nitzgen U, Jacob S, Haas J, Muller-Wieland D, Kotzka J. Genetic variants in central metabolic genes influence some but not all relations of inflammatory markers in a collective with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Physiol Biochem 2012; 118:219-29. [PMID: 22738153 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2012.697903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suffer, in addition to reproductive disturbances, from symptoms of the metabolic syndrome like insulin resistance, elevated coronary risk and visceral obesity. Genes with confirmed associations to the metabolic syndrome are also candidate genes for a relationship to metabolic parameters of the PCOS syndrome. The study presented indicates that genetic variants of the transcription factors LXRα or PPARγ and the PON-1 or the IGF-2 cluster are associated with altered metabolic phenotypes in PCOS patients. Next to this the absolute cytokine levels and the relation of certain cytokines to IL2, IL12 or INFγ are depending on the genotype. These observations support the hypothesis that various genetic variants in metabolic relevant genes might not only alter the metabolic characteristics within a cohort of PCOS patients but might also influence the cytokine level and the overall pattern of secreted cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Knebel
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Relationship of human paraoxonase-1 serum activity and genotype with atherosclerosis in individuals from the Deep South. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 21:867-875. [PMID: 21960140 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32834cebc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is synthesized in the liver and is bound to high-density lipoprotein particles in blood. PON1 protects against the development of atherosclerosis by metabolizing proatherogenic-oxidized lipids. The Southeastern USA (excluding Florida) has the country's highest age-adjusted mortality rate of cardiovascular disease. This study determines the association of PON1 status with atherosclerosis in individuals from the Southeastern USA. METHODS Eighty African Americans (40 men, 40 women) and 120 Caucasians (60 men, 60 women) were enrolled from a cardiology practice in Northeastern Mississippi. Serum PON1 activities were determined using diazoxon, paraoxon, and phenyl acetate (PhAc) as substrates. The PON1(192) genotype of each individual was also determined. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to identify the associations of clinical characteristics, serum PON1 activity, and PON1(192) genotype of the study population with atherosclerosis. RESULTS A core model consisting of age, sex, history of smoking, hypertension, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol group was constructed. The maximum-rescaled generalized r(2) value for the core model was 0.35. Addition of PON1 activity assessed by PhAc hydrolysis was the only measure of PON1 enzymatic activity to add significant information to the core model (P=0.0317) with the maximum-rescaled generalized r(2) value increasing to 0.37. Increasing PON1 activity was associated with decreased odds of atherosclerosis. The PON1(192) genotype was not significantly associated with atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Increasing PON1 activity assessed by the hydrolysis of PhAc is associated with decreased odds of atherosclerosis in a group of African American and Caucasian Southerners.
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