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Yang Y, Yang Y, Li X, Zhang S, Li S, Ren M. Effects of Boron on Fat Synthesis in Porcine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:190-198. [PMID: 37103639 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of boron on porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) survival, cell cycle, and milk fat synthesis. PMECs from boron-treated groups were exposed to 0-80 mmol/L boric acid concentrations. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were performed to assess cell survival and the cell cycle, respectively. Triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in PMECs and culture medium were determined by a triacylglycerol kit while PMECs lipid droplet aggregation was investigated via oil red staining. Milk fat synthesis-associated mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) while its protein expressions were determined by Western blot. Low (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mmol/L) and high (> 10 mmol/L) boron concentrations significantly promoted and inhibited cell viabilities, respectively. Boron (0.3 mmol/L) markedly elevated the abundance of G2/M phase cells. Ten mmol/L boron significantly increased the abundances of G0/G1 and S phase cells, but markedly suppressed G2/M phase cell abundance. At 0.3 mmol/L, boron significantly enhanced ERK phosphorylation while at 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 10 mmol/L, it markedly decreased lipid droplet diameters. Boron (10 mmol/L) significantly suppressed ACACA and SREBP1 protein expressions. The FASN protein levels were markedly suppressed by 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 10 mmol/L boron. Both 1 and 10 mmol/L markedly decreased FASN and SREBP1 mRNA expressions. Ten mmol/L boron significantly decreased PPARα mRNA levels. Low concentrations of boron promoted cell viability, while high concentrations inhibited PMECS viabilities and reduced lipid droplet diameters, which shows the implications of boron in pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, No.9 Donghua Road, Fengyang County, Anhui Province, 233100, People's Republic of China.
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Singh P, Ali SA. Mature white adipocyte plasticity during mammary gland remodelling and cancer. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100123. [PMID: 37771567 PMCID: PMC10522874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland growth and differentiation predominantly rely on stromal-epithelial cellular communication. Specifically, mammary adipocytes play a crucial role in ductal morphogenesis, as well as in the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. The process of lactation entails a reduction in the levels of white adipose tissue associated with the MG, allowing for the expansion of milk-producing epithelial cells. Subsequently, during involution and the regression of the milk-producing unit, adipocyte layers resurface, occupying the vacated space. This dynamic phenomenon underscores the remarkable plasticity and expansion of adipose tissue. Traditionally considered terminally differentiated, adipocytes have recently been found to exhibit plasticity in certain contexts. Unraveling the significance of this cell type within the MG could pave the way for novel approaches to reduce the risk of breast cancer and enhance lactation performance. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of adipocyte trans- and de-differentiation processes holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions targeting cancer, fibrosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related diseases. Additionally, adipocytes may find utility in the realm of regenerative medicine. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in our understanding of MG remodelling, with a specific focus on the tissue-specific functions of adipocytes and their role in the development of cancer. By synthesizing current knowledge in this field, it aims to consolidate our understanding of adipocyte biology within the context of mammary gland biology, thereby fostering further research and discovery in this vital area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Han L, Huang Q, Yang J, Lu W, Hu M, Yang Y, Zhu H, Pang K, Yang G. Proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membranes from small-sized milk fat globules and their function in promoting lipid droplet fusion in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2023; 14:2304-2312. [PMID: 36752527 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03476j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammary epithelial cells, milk fat is synthesized as lipid droplets and secreted in the form of globules. Milk fat globules (MFGs) are covered by a lipid-protein membrane known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). We randomly divided 12 Holstein cows into control and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the CLA group was fed the basal diet + CLA (15 g per kg DM) for 10 days. Cow performance, milk composition, and MFG size were measured daily. On day 10, we extracted MFGM proteins (n = 3) and identified them via quantitative proteomic analysis. We investigated the effects of the MFGM proteins from control and CLA-treated milk on the lipid droplet formation in MAC-T cells. Compared with the control group, the CLA group had reduced milk fat content (3.39 g/100 mL vs. 2.45 g/100 mL) and MFG size parameters (D[4,3] of 3.85 μm vs. 3.37 μm; D[3,2] of 3.24 μm vs. 2.83 μm). The specific surface area (SSA) increased in the CLA group. A total of 361 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the CLA group by iTRAQ quantitative proteomic analysis. Among these proteins, 100 were upregulated and 251 were downregulated (p < 0.05). In MAC-T cells, CLA-MFGM proteins increased the diameter of the lipid droplets to 1.32 μm. CLA-MFGM proteins decreased the proportion of the small lipid droplets (15.33% vs. 47.78%) and increased the proportion of the large lipid droplets (25.04% vs. 11.65%). CLA-MFGM proteins promoted lipid droplet fusion. Therefore, MFGM proteins play an important role in the regulation of the lipid droplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Qixue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - JingNa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Mingyue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Yanbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Heshui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Pang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464399, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
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Pan S, Guo Y, Yu W, Hong F, Qiao X, Zhang J, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP disrupts milk lipid homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114463. [PMID: 38321682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different kinds of environmental contaminants or drugs throughout their lifetimes. The widespread presence of these compounds has raised concerns about the consequent adverse effects on lactating women. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3) is known as a xenobiotic sensor for environmental pollution or drugs. In this study, the model environmental chemical 1, 4-bis [2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene, TCPOBOP (TC), which is a highly specific agonist of CAR, was used to investigate the effects of exogenous exposure on lactation function and offspring health in mice. The results revealed that TC exposure decreased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. This deficiency further compromised lobular-alveolar structures, resulting in alveolar cell apoptosis, as well as premature stoppage of the lactation cycle and aberrant lactation. Furthermore, TC exposure significantly altered the size and number of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that TC exposure inhibits milk lipid synthesis. Additionally, TC exposure interfered with the milk lipid metabolism network, resulting in the inability of TC-exposed mice to efficiently secrete nutrients and feed their offspring. These findings demonstrated that restricted synthesis and secretion of milk lipids would indirectly block mammary gland form and function, which explained the possible reasons for lactation failure and retarded offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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5
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Ross MG, Kobayashi K, Han G, Desai M. Modulation of Milk and Lipid Synthesis and Secretion in a3-Dimensional Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cell Culture Model: Effects of Palmitate and Orlistat. Nutrients 2022; 14:4948. [PMID: 36500977 PMCID: PMC9739267 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk synthesis is impacted by maternal diet, serum composition, and substrate uptake and synthesis by mammary epithelial cells (MECs). The milk of obese/high-fat-diet women has an increased fat content, which promote excess infant weight gain and the risk of childhood/adult obesity. Yet, the knowledge of milk synthesis regulation is limited, and there are no established approaches to modulate human milk composition. We established a 3-dimensional mouse MEC primary culture that recreates the milk production pathway and tested the effects of the major saturated fatty acid in human milk (palmitate) and a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor (orlistat) on triglyceride production. Positive immunostaining confirmed the presence of milk protein and intracellular lipid including milk globules in the cytoplasm and extracellular space. The treatment with palmitate activated "milk" production by MECs (β-casein) and the lipid pathway (as evident by increased protein and mRNA expression). Consistent with these cellular changes, there was increased secretion of milk protein and triglyceride in MEC "milk". The treatment with orlistat suppressed milk triglyceride production. Palmitate increased milk and lipid synthesis, partly via lipoprotein lipase activation. These findings demonstrate the ability to examine MEC pathways of milk production via both protein and mRNA and to modulate select pathways regulating milk composition in MEC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Ross
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Guang Han
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Mina Desai
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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6
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Xuan R, Wang J, Zhao X, Li Q, Wang Y, Du S, Duan Q, Guo Y, Ji Z, Chao T. Transcriptome Analysis of Goat Mammary Gland Tissue Reveals the Adaptive Strategies and Molecular Mechanisms of Lactation and Involution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214424. [PMID: 36430911 PMCID: PMC9693614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how genes precisely regulate lactation physiological activity and the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mammary gland involution, this study investigated the transcriptome characteristics of goat mammary gland tissues at the late gestation (LG), early lactation (EL), peak lactation (PL), late lactation (LL), dry period (DP), and involution (IN) stages. A total of 13,083 differentially expressed transcripts were identified by mutual comparison of mammary gland tissues at six developmental stages. Genes related to cell growth, apoptosis, immunity, nutrient transport, synthesis, and metabolism make adaptive transcriptional changes to meet the needs of mammary lactation. Notably, platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) was screened as a hub gene of the mammary gland developmental network, which is highly expressed during the DP and IN. Overexpression of PDGFRB in vitro could slow down the G1/S phase arrest of goat mammary epithelial cell cycle and promote cell proliferation by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, PDGFRB overexpression can also affect the expression of genes related to apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase family, and vascular development, which is beneficial to the remodeling of mammary gland tissue during involution. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in lactation and mammary gland involution.
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7
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Wang XX, Xie C, Libby AE, Ranjit S, Levi J, Myakala K, Bhasin K, Jones BA, Orlicky DJ, Takahashi S, Dvornikov A, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Adorini L, Kopp JB, Krausz KW, Rosenberg A, McManaman JL, Robertson CE, Ir D, Frank DN, Luo Y, Gonzalez FJ, Gratton E, Levi M. The role of FXR and TGR5 in reversing and preventing progression of Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102530. [PMID: 36209823 PMCID: PMC9638804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common chronic liver disease in the US, partly due to the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The roles of bile acids and their receptors, such as the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, on the development of NASH are not fully clear. C57BL/6J male mice fed a Western diet (WD) develop characteristics of NASH, allowing determination of the effects of FXR and TGR5 agonists on this disease. Here we show that the FXR-TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 prevents progression of WD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as determined by histological and biochemical assays and novel label-free microscopy imaging techniques, including third harmonic generation, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, we show INT-767 decreases liver fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid and cholesterol uptake, as well as liver inflammation. INT-767 markedly changed bile acid composition in the liver and intestine, leading to notable decreases in the hydrophobicity index of bile acids, known to limit cholesterol and lipid absorption. In addition, INT-767 upregulated expression of liver p-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and SIRT3, which are master regulators of mitochondrial function. Finally, we found INT-767 treatment reduced WD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Interestingly, the effects of INT-767 in attenuating NASH were absent in FXR-null mice, but still present in TGR5-null mice. Our findings support treatment and prevention protocols with the dual FXR-TGR5 agonist INT-767 arrest progression of WD-induced NASH in mice mediated by FXR-dependent, TGR5-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- The Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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Huang QX, Yang J, Hu M, Lu W, Zhong K, Wang Y, Yang G, Loor JJ, Han L. Milk fat globule membrane proteins are involved in controlling the size of milk fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid-induced milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9179-9190. [PMID: 36175227 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins surround the triacylglycerol core comprising milk fat globules (MFG). We previously detected a decrease in the size of fat globules during conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced milk fat depression (MFD), and other studies have reported that some MFGM proteins play a central role in regulating mammary cellular lipid droplet size. However, little is known about the relationship between MFD, MFG size, and MFGM proteins in bovine milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of MFGM proteins during MFD induced by CLA. Sixteen mid-lactating Holstein cows (145 ± 24 d in milk) with similar body condition and parity were divided into control and CLA groups over a 10-d period. Cows were fed a basal diet (control, n = 8) or control plus 15 g/kg of dry matter (DM) CLA (n = 8) to induce MFD. Cow performance, milk composition, and MFG size were measured daily. On d 10, MFGM proteins were extracted and identified by quantitative proteomic analysis, and western blotting was used to verify a subset of the identified MFGM proteins. Compared with controls, supplemental CLA did not affect milk production, DM intake, or milk protein and lactose contents. However, CLA reduced milk fat content (3.73 g/100 mL vs. 2.47 g/100 mL) and the size parameters volume-related diameter D[4,3] (3.72 μm vs. 3.35 μm) and surface area-related diameter D[3,2] (3.13 μm vs. 2.80 μm), but increased specific surface area of MFG (1,905 m2/kg vs. 2,188 m2/kg). In total, 177 differentially expressed proteins were detected in milk from cows with CLA-induced MFD, 60 of which were upregulated and 117 downregulated. Correlation analysis showed that MFG size was negatively correlated with various proteins, including XDH and FABP3, and positively correlated with MFG-E8, RAB19, and APOA1. The results provide evidence for an important role of MFGM proteins in regulating MFG diameter, and they facilitate a mechanistic understanding of diet-induced MFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Liqiang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
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9
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Monks J, Orlicky DJ, Libby AE, Dzieciatkowska M, Ladinsky MS, McManaman JL. Perilipin-2 promotes lipid droplet-plasma membrane interactions that facilitate apocrine lipid secretion in secretory epithelial cells of the mouse mammary gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:958566. [PMID: 36158190 PMCID: PMC9500548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.958566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory epithelial cells (sMEC) in mammary glands of lactating animals secrete lipids by a novel apocrine mechanism in which cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) contact and are enveloped by elements of the apical plasma membrane (APM) before being released into the lumen of the gland as membrane bound structures. The molecular properties of LD-APM contacts and the mechanisms regulating LD membrane envelopment and secretion are not fully understood. Perilipin-2 (Plin2) is a constitutive LD protein that has been proposed to tether LD to the APM through formation of a complex with the transmembrane protein, butyrophilin1a1 (BTN) and the redox enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Using mice lacking Plin2 and physiological inhibition of apocrine lipid secretion, we demonstrate that LD-APM contact and envelopment are mechanistically distinct steps that they are differentially regulated by Plin2 and independent of LD secretion. We find that Plin2 is not required for formation of LD-APM contacts. However, it increases the percentage of LD that contact the APM and mediates enlargement of the LD-APM contact zone as LD undergo membrane envelopment. The effects of Plin2 LD-APM interactions are associated with increased abundances of BTN, XOR and Cidea, which are implicated as mediators of LD-APM contact formation, on membranes surrounding secreted LD, and with promotion of glycocalyx remodeling at LD-APM contact sites. We propose that Plin2 does not directly mediate contact between LD and the APM but acts by enhancing molecular interactions that stabilize LD-APM contacts and govern membrane envelopment of LD during apocrine lipid secretion. Plin2 does not appear to significantly affect the lipid content of milk in fully lactating animals, but it does increase lipid secretion at the onset of lactation in primaparous dams, which suggest a role in facilitating apocrine lipid secretion in sMEC during their initial transition to a secretory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew E. Libby
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Monica Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Che L, Xu M, Gao K, Wang L, Yang X, Wen X, Xiao H, Li M, Jiang Z. Mammary tissue proteomics in a pig model indicates that dietary valine supplementation increases milk fat content via increased de novo synthesis of fatty acid. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6213-6223. [PMID: 34760251 PMCID: PMC8565212 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is a major source of energy that determines the growth of neonates. Recently, studies have shown that valine is closely related to lipid metabolism. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary valine supplementation on milk fat synthesis using a pig model. Thirty gilts were allotted to low (LV, total valine:lysine = 0.63:1), medium (MV, total valine:lysine = 0.73:1), and high (HV, total valine:lysine = 0.93:1) valine feeding levels from Day 75 of gestation till farrowing. The results demonstrated that the concentration of milk fat at Days 1, 3, and 7 of lactation in the HV group was higher than that in the MV and LV groups. The HV group had an increased (p < .05) proportion of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids than the other groups. Examination of mammary tissue proteomics in the HV and LV groups revealed 121 differentially expressed proteins (68 upregulated and 53 downregulated in the HV group). The upregulated proteins in the HV group were relevant to some crucial pathways related to milk fat synthesis, including fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, the AMPK signaling pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, the key proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis (ACACA and FASN) were identified, and their expression levels were verified (p < .05) using Western blotting. Our findings revealed that dietary valine supplementation improves milk fat synthesis by modulating the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related proteins in mammary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Che
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengyun Li
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
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11
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He M, Nie X, Wang H, Yan S, Zhang Y. Effects of a High-Grain Diet With a Buffering Agent on Milk Protein Synthesis in Lactating Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696703. [PMID: 34295935 PMCID: PMC8291223 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese dairy industries have developed rapidly, providing consumers with high-quality sources of nutrition. However, many problems have also appeared during the development process, especially the low quality of milk. To improve milk quality, a large amount of concentrated feed is usually added to the diet within a certain period of time, which increases the milk production to a certain extent. However, long-term feeding with high-concentration feed can lead to subacute rumen acidosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of adding a buffer on subacute rumen acidosis, and the improvement of milk production and milk quality. We also aimed to study the mechanism of promoting mammary gland lactation. A total of 12 healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into two groups, they were high-grain diet group (Control) and buffering agent group. To understand the effects of high-grain diets with buffers on amino acids in jugular blood and the effects of amino acids on milk protein synthesis, Milk-Testing™ Milkoscan 4000, commercial kits, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were integrated with the milk protein rate, the amino acid concentration in jugular venous blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR, comparative proteomics, and western blotting to study differentially expressed proteins and amino acids in mammary gland tissues of goats fed high-grain diets. Feeding lactating goats with buffering agent increased the percentage of milk protein in milk, significantly increased the amino acid content of jugular blood (p < 0.05), and increase the amino acid transporter levels in the mammary gland. Compared with the high-grain group, 2-dimensional electrophoresis technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight proteomics analyzer, and western blot analysis further verified that the expression levels of beta casein (CSN2) and lactoferrin (LF) proteins in the mammary glands of lactating goats were higher when fed a high-grain diets and buffers. The mechanism of increased milk protein synthesis was demonstrated to be related to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin He
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xintian Nie
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Sadovnikova A, Garcia SC, Hovey RC. A Comparative Review of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Regulating Lactose Synthesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:197-215. [PMID: 34125363 PMCID: PMC8236052 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is critical for the survival of all mammalian offspring, where its production by a mammary gland is also positively associated with its lactose concentration. A clearer understanding of the factors that regulate lactose synthesis stands to direct strategies for improving neonatal health while also highlighting opportunities to manipulate and improve milk production and composition. In this review we draw a cross-species comparison of the extra- and intramammary factors that regulate lactose synthesis, with a special focus on humans, dairy animals, and rodents. We outline the various factors known to influence lactose synthesis including diet, hormones, and substrate supply, as well as the intracellular molecular and genetic mechanisms. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of lactose synthesis, which remains an important research gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadovnikova
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology, Physician Scientist Training Program, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Sergio C Garcia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Schultz-Pernice I, Engelbrecht LK, Petricca S, Scheel CH, Twigger AJ. Morphological Analysis of Human Milk Membrane Enclosed Structures Reveals Diverse Cells and Cell-like Milk Fat Globules. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:397-408. [PMID: 33394266 PMCID: PMC7960605 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the cellular content of human milk has been a focus in lactation research due to the benefit a potential non-invasive stem cell compartment could provide either to the infant or for therapeutic applications. Despite an increase in the number of studies in this field, fundamental knowledge in regard to milk cell identification and characterisation is still lacking. In this project, we investigated the nature, morphology and content of membrane enclosed structures (MESs) and explored different methods to enrich human milk cells (HMCs) whilst reducing milk fat globule (MFG) content. Using both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence imaging, we confirmed previous reports and showed that nucleated HMCs make up a minority of milk-isolated MESs and are indistinguishable from MFGs without the use of a nuclear stain. HMC heterogeneity was demonstrated by differential uptake of nuclear stains Hoechst 33258 and DRAQ5™ using a novel technique of imaging milk MESs (by embedding them in agar), that enabled examination of both extracellular and intracellular markers. We found that MESs often contain multiple lipid droplets of various sizes and for the first time report that late post-partum human milk contains secretory luminal binucleated cells found across a number of participants. After investigation of different techniques, we found that viably freezing milk cells is an easy and effective method to substantially reduce MFG content of samples. Alternatively, milk MESs can be filtered using a MACS® filter and return a highly viable, though reduced population of milk cells. Using the techniques and findings we've developed in this study; future research may focus on further characterising HMCs and the functional secretory mammary epithelium during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schultz-Pernice
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa K Engelbrecht
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Petricca
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alecia-Jane Twigger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Che L, Xu M, Gao K, Zhu C, Wang L, Yang X, Wen X, Xiao H, Jiang Z, Wu D. Valine increases milk fat synthesis in mammary gland of gilts through stimulating AKT/MTOR/SREBP1 pathway†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:126-137. [PMID: 30985894 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactating mammary glands are among the most active lipogenic organs and provide a large percentage of bioactive lipids and calories for infant growth. The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) valine is known to modulate fatty acids synthesis in adipose tissue; however, its effects on fat metabolism and the underlying mechanisms in mammary glands remain to be determined. Valine supplementation during late pregnancy significantly increased the contents of total milk fat, triglyceride, sphingomyelin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the colostrum of gilts. Further study in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) confirmed that valine upregulated the phosphorylation levels of AKT-activated MTOR and subsequently induced the nuclear accumulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), thus increasing the expression of proteins related to fatty acids synthesis and intracellular triacylglycerol content. Inhibition of AKT/MTOR signaling or silencing of SREBP1 in PMECs downregulates the expression of proteins related to fatty acids synthesis and intracellular triacylglycerol content. Our findings indicated that valine enhanced milk fat synthesis of colostrum in porcine mammary glands via the AKT/MTOR/SREBP1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Shifts in the Holstein dairy cow milk fat globule membrane proteome that occur during the first week of lactation are affected by parity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:81. [PMID: 32695335 PMCID: PMC7367219 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteomes of colostrum and transition milk are rich sources of proteins that are likely important for neonatal calf health. In addition, characterization of these proteomes could also yield valuable information regarding mammary gland physiology of the early postpartum lactating cow. The objectives of this research were to characterize the MFGM proteomes of colostrum and transition milk through sample collections at four timepoints postpartum, including the first milking (M1, colostrum), second milking (M2, transition milk), fourth milking (M4, transition milk), and fourteenth milking (M14, mature milk), and compare these proteomes between multiparous (MP; n = 10) and primiparous (PP; n = 10) Holstein dairy cows. Isolated MFGM proteins were labeled using Tandem Mass tagging and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein identification was completed using MASCOT and Sequest in Proteome Discoverer 2.2. The scaled abundance values were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS to determine the effects of milking (MIL), parity (PAR), and MIL × PAR. The adaptive false-discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P values were determined using PROC MULTTEST. Protein characterization and bioinformatic analysis were completed using a combination of PANTHER, Blast, and Uniprot. Results A total of 104 common proteins were identified in each of the MFGM samples. Statistical analysis revealed that 70.2% of identified proteins were affected by MIL. Of these, 78.1% were lower in M14 compared with M1, including immune-related proteins lactotransferrin, lactadherin and hemopexin. Parity affected 44.2% of proteins. Of the proteins affected by PAR, 84.8% were higher in MP cows compared with PP cows, including apolipoprotein E and histones 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 b. Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member 1A and annexin 5 were higher in samples from PP cows. Milking × parity affected 32.7% of identified proteins, including lactotransferrin, gelsolin, vitamin D binding protein, and S100 proteins. Conclusions This research supports previous findings that the Holstein MFGM proteome changes rapidly during the first week of lactation. In addition, this research identifies the impact of parity on the colostrum and transition milk MFGM proteomes, which may be important for milk-fed calf health or for the identification of protein biomarkers for mammary functionality.
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16
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Han L, Zhang M, Xing Z, Coleman DN, Liang Y, Loor JJ, Yang G. Knockout of butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 ( BTN1A1) alters lipid droplet formation and phospholipid composition in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32637097 PMCID: PMC7333294 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk lipids originate from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) that are synthesized and secreted from mammary epithelial cells by a unique membrane-envelopment process. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is one of the membrane proteins that surrounds LD, but its role in bovine mammary lipid droplet synthesis and secretion is not well known. Methods The objective was to knockout BTN1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluate LD formation, abundance of lipogenic enzymes, and content of cell membrane phospholipid (PL) species. Average LD diameter was determined via Oil Red O staining, and profiling of cell membrane phospholipid species via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Lentivirus-mediated infection of the Cas9/sgRNA expression vector into BMEC resulted in production of a homozygous clone BTN1A1(−/−). The LD size and content decreased following BTN1A1 gene knockout. The mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) was downregulated in the BTN1A1(−/−) clone. Subcellular analyses indicated that BTN1A1 and LD were co-localized in the cytoplasm. BTN1A1 gene knockout increased the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), which resulted in a lower PC/PE ratio. Conclusions Results suggest that BTN1A1 plays an important role in regulating LD synthesis via a mechanism involving membrane phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Danielle N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
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17
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Abstract
Milk-secreting epithelial cells of the mammary gland are functionally specialized for the synthesis and secretion of large quantities of neutral lipids, a major macronutrient in milk from most mammals. Milk lipid synthesis and secretion are hormonally regulated and secretion occurs by a unique apocrine mechanism. Neutral lipids are synthesized and packaged into perilipin-2 (PLIN2) coated cytoplasmic lipid droplets within specialized cisternal domains of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Continued lipid synthesis by ER membrane enzymes and lipid droplet fusion contribute to the large size of these cytoplasmic lipid droplets (5–15 μm in diameter). Lipid droplets are directionally trafficked within the epithelial cell to the apical plasma membrane. Upon contact, a molecular docking complex assembles to tether the droplet to the plasma membrane and facilitate its membrane envelopment. This docking complex consists of the transmembrane protein, butyrophilin, the cytoplasmic housekeeping protein, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase, the lipid droplet coat proteins, PLIN2, and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A. Interactions of mitochondria, Golgi, and secretory vesicles with docked lipid droplets have also been reported and may supply membrane phospholipids, energy, or scaffold cytoskeleton for apocrine secretion of the lipid droplet. Final secretion of lipid droplets into the milk occurs in response to oxytocin-stimulated contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround milk-secreting epithelial cells. The mechanistic details of lipid droplet release are unknown at this time. The final secreted milk fat globule consists of a triglyceride core coated with a phospholipid monolayer and various coat proteins, fully encased in a membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lauric Acid on Lactation Function, Mammary Gland Development, and Serum Lipid Metabolites in Lactating Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030529. [PMID: 32235692 PMCID: PMC7143820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk secreted from mammary glands is an important nutrition source for offspring after parturition. Mammary gland development and lactation ability have important effects on the growth and health of the offspring. Many studies have demonstrated that external factors, including the environment and nutrition influence the development of mammary glands. Lauric acid is a fatty acid that has many nutritional and physiological properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of lauric acid on lactation function and mammary gland development in lactating mice. We found that dietary supplementation of lauric acid during lactation might enhance the mammary development to promote the lactation function of mice. Through the study of mice, we hoped that the results could be applied to animal feed development and animal breeding production. Abstract Our previous studies demonstrated that lauric acid (LA) stimulated mammary gland development during puberty. However, the roles of LA on lactation in mice remain indeterminate. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary LA supplementation on lactation functioning and to study the potential mechanisms during lactation. in vivo, there was no effect of 1% LA dietary supplementation during lactation on the feed intake or body weight of breast-feeding mice. However, maternal LA supplementation significantly expanded the number of mammary gland alveoli of mice during lactation and the average body weight of the offspring, suggesting that LA supplementation enhanced the development and lactation function of the mammary glands. in vitro, 100 μM of LA significantly increased the content of triglycerides (TG) in the cell supernatant of induced HC11 cells, however, with no effect on the expression of the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis. LA also activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. LA dietary supplementation significantly expanded the serum levels of lipid metabolites, including sphingomyelin and other metabolites with the sn-2 position of C12 and sn-1 position of C18 in the TG of the lactating mice. Taken together, dietary supplementation of LA during lactation could promote the lactation function of mice, which might be related to increasing the development of the mammary glands and alternation of serum lipid metabolites. These findings provided more theoretical and experimental basis for the application of lauric acid in the development of mammary glands and lactation function of lactating animals.
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Adipophilin and perilipin 3 positively correlate with total lipid content in human breast milk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 31941931 PMCID: PMC6962152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are secreted into milk as bilayer-coated structures: milk fat globules (MFGs). Adipophilin (ADRP) and perilipin 3 (TIP47) are associated with MFGs in human breast milk; however, the role of these proteins in milk lipid secretion is not fully understood. The study aimed to investigate levels of ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk, their mutual correlations, and dynamics during lactation. Milk samples from 22 healthy lactating women (Caucasian, Central European) were collected at five time points during lactation (1–3, 12–14, 29–30, 88–90 and 178–180 days postpartum). Mass spectrometry-based method was used for quantification of ADRP and TIP47 in the samples. The gravimetric method was used to determine milk total lipid content. We observed distinctive trends in ADRP, TIP47 levels and lipid content in human breast milk during the first six months of lactation. We also found a significant association between lipid content and ADRP, lipid content and TIP47, and ADRP and TIP47 concentrations in breast milk at all sampling points. A mass spectrometry-based method was developed for quantifying ADRP and TIP47 in human breast milk. Strong mutual correlations were found between ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk.
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Cancino-Padilla N, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Garnsworthy PC, Loor JJ, Romero J. Effects of Dietary Vegetable Oils on Mammary Lipid-Related Genes in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010057. [PMID: 31892210 PMCID: PMC7023335 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days (9 weeks), 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid and the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC. Results suggest that long-term dietary monounsaturated and saturated lipids could alter mRNA abundance in MSC from mid-lactating cows. Abstract This study analyzed effects of vegetable oils fed to dairy cows on abundance of genes related to lipid metabolism in milk somatic cells (MSC). During 63 days, 15 cows were allocated to 3 treatments: a control diet with no added lipid the same diet supplemented with olive oil (OO, 30 g/kg DM) or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO, 30 g/kg DM). On days 21, 42 and 63, MSC were obtained from all cows. Relative abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism in MSC from cows fed control on days 42 and 63 was compared with relative abundance at day 21 to evaluate fold-changes. Those genes without changes over the time were selected to analyze effects of OO and HVO. Compared with control, on day 42, PLIN2 and THRSP were upregulated by OO. Compared with control, on day 21, HVO up regulated ACACA, down regulated FABP3, and on day 63 THRSP and FABP4 were down regulated. Dietary oil supplementation (3% DM) had a modest nutrigenomic effect on different biological functions such as acetate and FA activation and intra-cellular transport, lipid droplet formation, and transcription regulation in MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-32-60-98
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile; (C.G.-M.); (N.C.-P.)
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile;
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Philip C. Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Alimentos, Unidad de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Avda. El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile;
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21
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Piccinin E, Morgano A, Peres C, Contursi A, Bertrand-Michel J, Arconzo M, Guillou H, Villani G, Moschetta A. PGC-1α induced browning promotes involution and inhibits lactation in mammary glands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:5011-5025. [PMID: 31154462 PMCID: PMC11105553 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted a fundamental role of PGC-1α in promoting breast cancer progression and metastasis, but the physiological role of this coactivator in the development of mammary glands is still unknown. First, we show that PGC-1α is highly expressed during puberty and involution, but nearly disappeared in pregnancy and lactation. Then, taking advantage of a newly generated transgenic mouse model with a stable and specific overexpression of PGC-1α in mammary glands, we demonstrate that the re-expression of this coactivator during the lactation stage leads to a precocious regression of the mammary glands. Thus, we propose that PGC-1α action is non-essential during pregnancy and lactation, whereas it is indispensable during involution. The rapid preadipocyte-adipocyte transition, together with an increased rate of apoptosis promotes a premature mammary glands involution that cause lactation defects and pup growth retardation. Overall, we provide new insights in the comprehension of female reproductive cycles and lactation deficiency, thus opening new roads for mothers that cannot breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morgano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Facility-MetaboHUB, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Arconzo
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, UMR1331 INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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22
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Ladinsky MS, Mardones GA, Orlicky DJ, Howell KE, McManaman JL. Electron Tomography Revels that Milk Lipids Originate from Endoplasmic Reticulum Domains with Novel Structural Features. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:293-304. [PMID: 31709487 PMCID: PMC7976053 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are dynamically-regulated organelles that originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and function in the storage, trafficking and metabolism of neutral lipids. In mammary epithelial cells (MEC) of lactating animals, intact LD are secreted intact into milk to form milk lipids by a novel apocrine mechanism. The secretion of intact LD and the relatively large amounts of lipid secreted by lactating MEC increase demands on the cellular processes responsible for lipid synthesis and LD formation. As yet these processes are poorly defined due to limited understanding of LD-ER interactions. To overcome these limitations, we used rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution methods in conjunction with 3D electron tomography and high resolution immunolocalization to define interactions between LD with ER in MEC of pregnant and lactating rats. Using these approaches, we identified distinct ER domains that contribute to lipid droplet formation and stabilization and which possess unique features previously unrecognized or not fully appreciated. Our results show nascent lipid droplets within the ER lumen and the association of both forming and mature droplets with structurally unique regions of ER cisternae, characterized by the presence of perilipin-2, a protein implicated in lipid droplet formation, and enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. These data demonstrate that milk lipids originate from LD-ER domains with novel structural features and suggest a mechanism for initial droplet formation in the ER lumen and subsequent maturation of the droplets in association with ER cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Boulder Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdiva, Chile
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn E Howell
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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23
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Redwan EM, Alkarim SA, El-Hanafy AA, Saad YM, Almehdar HA, Uversky VN. Disorder in milk proteins: adipophilin and TIP47, important constituents of the milk fat globule membrane. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1214-1229. [PMID: 30896308 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1592027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs), which are secreted by the epithelial cells of the lactating mammary glands, account for the most of the nutritional value of milk. They are enveloped by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), a complex structure consisting of three phospholipid membrane monolayers and containing various lipids. Depending on the origin of milk, specific proteins accounts for 5-70% of the MFGM mass. Proteome of MFGMs includes hundreds of proteins, with nine major components being adipophilin, butyrophilin, cluster of differentiation 36, fatty acid binding protein, lactadherin, mucin 1, mucin 15, tail-interacting protein 47 (TIP47), and xanthine oxidoreductase. Two of the MFGM components, adipophilin and TIP47, belong to the five-member perilipin family of lipid droplet proteins. Adipophilin is involved in the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and secretion of MFGs. This protein is also related to the formation of other lipid droplets that exist in most cell types, playing an important role in the transport of lipids from ER to the surface of lipid droplets. TIP47 acts as a cytoplasmic sorting factor for mannose 6-phosphate receptors and is recruited to the MFGM. Therefore, both adipophilin and TIP47 are moonlighting proteins, each possessing several unrelated functions. This review focuses on the main functions and specific structural features of adipophilin and TIP47, analyzes similarities and differences of these proteins among different species, and describes these proteins in the context of other members of the perilipin family.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Protein Research Department, Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Alkarim
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr A El-Hanafy
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research & Technology Applications, Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Saad
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Almehdar
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia Moscow Region.,Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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25
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Mather IH, Masedunskas A, Chen Y, Weigert R. Symposium review: Intravital imaging of the lactating mammary gland in live mice reveals novel aspects of milk-lipid secretion. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2760-2782. [PMID: 30471915 PMCID: PMC7094374 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat comprises membrane-coated droplets of neutral lipid, which constitute the predominant source of lipids for survival of the suckling neonate. From the perspective of the dairy industry, they are the basis for the manufacture of butter and essential ingredients in the production of cheese, yogurt, and specialty dairy produce. To provide mechanistic insight into the assembly and secretion of lipid droplets during lactation, we developed novel intravital imaging techniques using transgenic mice, which express fluorescently tagged marker proteins. The number 4 mammary glands were surgically prepared under a deep plane of anesthesia and the exposed glands positioned as a skin flap with intact vascular supply on the stage of a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Lipid droplets were stained by prior exposure of the glands to hydrophobic fluorescent BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) dyes and their formation and secretion monitored by time-lapse subcellular microscopy over periods of 1 to 2 h. Droplets were transported to the cell apex by directed (superdiffusive) motion at relatively slow and intermittent rates (0-2 µm/min). Regardless of size, droplets grew by numerous fusion events during transport and as they were budding from the cell enveloped by apical membranes. Surprisingly, droplet secretion was not constitutive but required an injection of oxytocin to induce contraction of the myoepithelium with subsequent release of droplets into luminal spaces. These novel results are discussed in the context of the current paradigm for milk fat synthesis and secretion and as a template for future innovations in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Roberto Weigert
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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26
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Zwick RK, Rudolph MC, Shook BA, Holtrup B, Roth E, Lei V, Van Keymeulen A, Seewaldt V, Kwei S, Wysolmerski J, Rodeheffer MS, Horsley V. Adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid dynamics underlie mammary gland remodeling after lactation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3592. [PMID: 30181538 PMCID: PMC6123393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes undergo pronounced changes in size and behavior to support diverse tissue functions, but the mechanisms that control these changes are not well understood. Mammary gland-associated white adipose tissue (mgWAT) regresses in support of milk fat production during lactation and expands during the subsequent involution of milk-producing epithelial cells, providing one of the most marked physiological examples of adipose growth. We examined cellular mechanisms and functional implications of adipocyte and lipid dynamics in the mouse mammary gland (MG). Using in vivo analysis of adipocyte precursors and genetic tracing of mature adipocytes, we find mature adipocyte hypertrophy to be a primary mechanism of mgWAT expansion during involution. Lipid tracking and lipidomics demonstrate that adipocytes fill with epithelial-derived milk lipid. Furthermore, ablation of mgWAT during involution reveals an essential role for adipocytes in milk trafficking from, and proper restructuring of, the mammary epithelium. This work advances our understanding of MG remodeling and tissue-specific roles for adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Mail Stop F-8305; RC1 North, 12800 E. 19th Avenue P18-5107, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eve Roth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Vivian Lei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- WELBIO, Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808, route de Lennik, BatC, C6-130, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Victoria Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences and Bekman Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephanie Kwei
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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27
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Blaber EA, Pecaut MJ, Jonscher KR. Spaceflight Activates Autophagy Programs and the Proteasome in Mouse Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102062. [PMID: 28953266 PMCID: PMC5666744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is an unavoidable consequence of exposure to the space environment. Our previous studies showed that mice exposed to space for 13.5 days had decreased glutathione levels, suggesting impairments in oxidative defense. Here we performed unbiased, unsupervised and integrated multi-‘omic analyses of metabolomic and transcriptomic datasets from mice flown aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis. Enrichment analyses of metabolite and gene sets showed significant changes in osmolyte concentrations and pathways related to glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, likely consequences of relative dehydration of the spaceflight mice. However, we also found increased enrichment of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and purine metabolic pathways, concomitant with enrichment of genes associated with autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome. When taken together with a downregulation in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-mediated signaling, our analyses suggest that decreased hepatic oxidative defense may lead to aberrant tRNA post-translational processing, induction of degradation programs and senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in response to the spaceflight environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Blaber
- Universities Space Research Association, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA.
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Karen R Jonscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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CDCP1 drives triple-negative breast cancer metastasis through reduction of lipid-droplet abundance and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6556-E6565. [PMID: 28739932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703791114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is notoriously aggressive with high metastatic potential, which has recently been linked to high rates of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here we report the mechanism of lipid metabolism dysregulation in TNBC through the prometastatic protein, CUB-domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1). We show that a "low-lipid" phenotype is characteristic of breast cancer cells compared with normal breast epithelial cells and negatively correlates with invasiveness in 3D culture. Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, we show that CDCP1 depletes lipids from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) through reduced acyl-CoA production and increased lipid utilization in the mitochondria through FAO, fueling oxidative phosphorylation. These findings are supported by CDCP1's interaction with and inhibition of acyl CoA-synthetase ligase (ACSL) activity. Importantly, CDCP1 knockdown increases LD abundance and reduces TNBC 2D migration in vitro, which can be partially rescued by the ACSL inhibitor, Triacsin C. Furthermore, CDCP1 knockdown reduced 3D invasion, which can be rescued by ACSL3 co-knockdown. In vivo, inhibiting CDCP1 activity with an engineered blocking fragment (extracellular portion of cleaved CDCP1) lead to increased LD abundance in primary tumors, decreased metastasis, and increased ACSL activity in two animal models of TNBC. Finally, TNBC lung metastases have lower LD abundance than their corresponding primary tumors, indicating that LD abundance in primary tumor might serve as a prognostic marker for metastatic potential. Our studies have important implications for the development of TNBC therapeutics to specifically block CDCP1-driven FAO and oxidative phosphorylation, which contribute to TNBC migration and metastasis.
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29
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Smoczyński M. Role of Phospholipid Flux during Milk Secretion in the Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:117-129. [PMID: 28243823 PMCID: PMC5488156 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are produced in the milk-secreting cells in the form of milk fat globules. The chemical properties of these compounds necessitate developing separate processes for effective management of non-polar substances in the polar environment of the cell, not only during their biosynthesis and accumulation in the cell interior and secretion of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets outside the cell, but also during digestion in the offspring. Phospholipids play an important role in these processes. Their characteristic properties make them indispensable for the secretion of milk fat as well as other milk components. This review investigates how these processes depend on the coordinated flux and availability of phospholipids and how the relationship between the surface area (phospholipids) and volume (neutral lipids) of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets must be in biosynthetic balance. The structure formed as a result (i.e. a milk fat globule) is therefore a result of specified structural limitations inside the cell, whose overcoming enables the coordinated secretion of milk components. This structure and its composition also reflects the nutritional demands of the developing infant organism as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Smoczyński
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 7, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
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30
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Is spaceflight-induced immune dysfunction linked to systemic changes in metabolism? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174174. [PMID: 28542224 PMCID: PMC5443495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on its final mission (STS-135) on July 8, 2011. After just under 13 days, the shuttle landed safely at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for the last time. Female C57BL/6J mice flew as part of the Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3 (CBTM-3) payload. Ground controls were maintained at the KSC facility. Subsets of these mice were made available to investigators as part of NASA’s Bio-specimen Sharing Program (BSP). Our group characterized cell phenotype distributions and phagocytic function in the spleen, catecholamine and corticosterone levels in the adrenal glands, and transcriptomics/metabolomics in the liver. Despite decreases in most splenic leukocyte subsets, there were increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related activity. Although there were increases noted in corticosterone levels in both the adrenals and liver, there were no significant changes in catecholamine levels. Furthermore, functional analysis of gene expression and metabolomic profiles suggest that the functional changes are not due to oxidative or psychological stress. Despite changes in gene expression patterns indicative of increases in phagocytic activity (e.g. endocytosis and formation of peroxisomes), there was no corresponding increase in genes related to ROS metabolism. In contrast, there were increases in expression profiles related to fatty acid oxidation with decreases in glycolysis-related profiles. Given the clear link between immune function and metabolism in many ground-based diseases, we propose a similar link may be involved in spaceflight-induced decrements in immune and metabolic function.
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31
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Itabe H, Yamaguchi T, Nimura S, Sasabe N. Perilipins: a diversity of intracellular lipid droplet proteins. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:83. [PMID: 28454542 PMCID: PMC5410086 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are found in a wide variety of cell types and have been recognized as organelles with unique spherical structures. Although LDs are not stable lipid-depots, they are active sites of neutral lipid metabolism, and comprise neutral lipid or cholesterol cores surrounded by phospholipid monolayers containing specialized proteins. However, sizes and protein compositions vary between cell and tissue types. Proteins of the perilipin family have been associated with surfaces of LDs and all carry a conserved 11-mer repeat motif. Accumulating evidence indicates that all perilipins are involved in LD formation and that all play roles in LD function under differing conditions. In this brief review, we summarize current knowledge of the roles of perilipins and lipid metabolizing enzymes in a variety of mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Present address: College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyaka-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Satomi Nimura
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Sasabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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Maurizi G, Poloni A, Mattiucci D, Santi S, Maurizi A, Izzi V, Giuliani A, Mancini S, Zingaretti MC, Perugini J, Severi I, Falconi M, Vivarelli M, Rippo MR, Corvera S, Giordano A, Leoni P, Cinti S. Human White Adipocytes Convert Into “Rainbow” Adipocytes In Vitro. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2887-2899. [PMID: 27987321 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maurizi
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR; Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare Muscoloscheletrica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Stefania Mancini
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Clinica Chirurgia del Pancreas; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Marco Vivarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Transplantation Surgery; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Laboratorio di Patologia Sperimentale; Ancona Italy
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari; Clinica di Ematologia; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Center of Obesity; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona Italy
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REZA AMMT, LEE SJ, SHIWANI S, SINGH NK. Differentiation of bovine mammary epithelial cells in the presence of linolenic acid in combination with thiazolidenediones. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD's) formation is critical for lactation and health and so it could be detrimental in upholding the formation of CLD's in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). We therefore, treated MAC-T cells with differentiation medium containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (100 μM) and thiazolidenediones (TZD's)(10 μM) and observed CLD's formation in cellular cytoplasm with Oil-red-O staining and elution index percentage. We also observed significant up-regulation of adipogenic and down regulation of epithelial markers. In conclusion, 100 μM ALA plus 10 μM TZD's resulted in formation of CLD's and subsequent differentiation of MAC-T cells.
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Monks J, Dzieciatkowska M, Bales ES, Orlicky DJ, Wright RM, McManaman JL. Xanthine oxidoreductase mediates membrane docking of milk-fat droplets but is not essential for apocrine lipid secretion. J Physiol 2016; 594:5899-5921. [PMID: 27357166 PMCID: PMC5063925 DOI: 10.1113/jp272390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) modulates milk lipid secretion and lactation initiation. XOR is required for butyrophilin1a1 clustering in the membrane during milk lipid secretion. XOR mediates apical membrane reorganization during milk lipid secretion. Loss of XOR delays milk fat globule secretion. XOR loss alters the proteome of milk fat globules. ABSTRACT Apocrine secretion is utilized by epithelial cells of exocrine glands. These cells bud off membrane-bound particles into the lumen of the gland, losing a portion of the cytoplasm in the secretion product. The lactating mammary gland secretes milk lipid by this mechanism, and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has long been thought to be functionally important. We generated mammary-specific XOR knockout (MGKO) mice, expecting lactation to fail. Histology of the knockout glands showed very large lipid droplets enclosed in the mammary alveolar cells, but milk analysis showed that these large globules were secreted. Butyrophilin, a membrane protein known to bind to XOR, was clustered at the point of contact of the cytoplasmic lipid droplet with the apical plasma membrane, in the wild-type gland but not in the knockout, suggesting that XOR mediates 'docking' to this membrane. Secreted milk fat globules were isolated from mouse milk of wild-type and XOR MGKO dams, and subjected to LC-MS/MS for analysis of protein component. Proteomic results showed that loss of XOR leads to an increase in cytoplasmic, cytoskeletal, Golgi apparatus and lipid metabolism proteins associated with the secreted milk fat globule. Association of XOR with the lipid droplet results in membrane docking and more efficient retention of cytoplasmic components by the secretory cell. Loss of XOR then results in a reversion to a more rudimentary, less efficient, apocrine secretion mechanism, but does not prevent milk fat globule secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elise S Bales
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Lv Y, Guan W, Qiao H, Wang C, Chen F, Zhang Y, Liao Z. Veterinary Medicine and Omics (Veterinomics): Metabolic Transition of Milk Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Sows from Late Pregnancy to Lactation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:602-16. [PMID: 26484979 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian milk is a key source of lipids, providing not only important calories but also essential fatty acids. Veterinary medicine and omics systems sciences intersection, termed as "veterinomics" here, has received little attention to date but stands to offer much promise for building bridges between human and animal health. We determined the changes in porcine mammary genes and proteomics expression associated with milk triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and secretion from late pregnancy to lactation. TAG content and fatty acid (FA) composition were determined in porcine colostrum (the 1st day of lactation) and milk (the 17th day of lactation). The mammary transcriptome for 70 genes and 13 proteins involved in TAG synthesis and secretion from six sows, each at d -17(late pregnancy), d 1(early lactation), and d 17 (peak lactation) relative to parturition were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. The TAG content and the concentrations of de novo synthesized FAs, saturated FAs, and monounsaturated FAs were higher in milk than in colostrum (p<0.05). Robust upregulation with high relative mRNA abundance was evident during lactation for genes associated with FA uptake (VLDLR, LPL, CD36), FA activation (ACSS2, ACSL3), and intracellar transport (FABP3), de novo FA synthesis (ACACA, FASN), FA elongation (ELOVL1), FA desaturation (SCD, FADS1), TAG synthesis (GPAM, AGPAT1, LPIN1, DGAT1), lipid droplet formation (BTN2A1, XDH, PLIN2), and transcription factors and nuclear receptors (SREBP1, SCAP, INSIG1/2). In conclusion, a wide variety of lipogenic genes and proteins regulate the channeling of FAs towards milk TAG synthesis and secretion in porcine mammary gland tissue. These findings inform future omics strategies to increase milk fat production and lipid profile and attest to the rise of both veterinomics and lipidomics in postgenomics life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Lv
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wutai Guan
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China .,2 National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhen Qiao
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoxian Wang
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Liao
- 1 College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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36
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Mori H, Bhat R, Bruni-Cardoso A, Chen EI, Jorgens DM, Coutinho K, Louie K, Bowen BB, Inman JL, Tecca V, Lee SJ, Becker-Weimann S, Northen T, Seiki M, Borowsky AD, Auer M, Bissell MJ. New insight into the role of MMP14 in metabolic balance. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2142. [PMID: 27478693 PMCID: PMC4950575 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) is involved broadly in organ development through both its proteolytic and signal-transducing functions. Knockout of Mmp14 (KO) in mice results in a dramatic reduction of body size and wasting followed by premature death, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Since the mammary gland develops after birth and is thus dependent for its functional progression on systemic and local cues, we chose it as an organ model for understanding why KO mice fail to thrive. A global analysis of the mammary glands' proteome in the wild type (WT) and KO mice provided insight into an unexpected role of MMP14 in maintaining metabolism and homeostasis. We performed mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics to determine the protein signatures of mammary glands from 7 to 11 days old WT and KO mice and found that KO rudiments had a significantly higher level of rate-limiting enzymes involved in catabolic pathways. Glycogen and lipid levels in KO rudiments were reduced, and the circulating levels of triglycerides and glucose were lower. Analysis of the ultrastructure of mammary glands imaged by electron microscopy revealed a significant increase in autophagy signatures in KO mice. Finally, Mmp14 silenced mammary epithelial cells displayed enhanced autophagy. Applied to a systemic level, these findings indicate that MMP14 is a crucial regulator of tissue homeostasis. If operative on a systemic level, these findings could explain how Mmp14KO litter fail to thrive due to disorder in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mori
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California,Davis,CA,USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA; Calcutta Medical College, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Emily I Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Danielle M Jorgens
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kester Coutinho
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Louie
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Ben Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jamie L Inman
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Tecca
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Lee
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Becker-Weimann
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trent Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Manfred Auer
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Cohick WS. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Effects of insulin on mammary gland differentiation during pregnancy and lactation1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1812-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Abstract
Spaceflight affects numerous organ systems in the body, leading to metabolic dysfunction that may have long-term consequences. Microgravity-induced alterations in liver metabolism, particularly with respect to lipids, remain largely unexplored. Here we utilize a novel systems biology approach, combining metabolomics and transcriptomics with advanced Raman microscopy, to investigate altered hepatic lipid metabolism in mice following short duration spaceflight. Mice flown aboard Space Transportation System -135, the last Shuttle mission, lose weight but redistribute lipids, particularly to the liver. Intriguingly, spaceflight mice lose retinol from lipid droplets. Both mRNA and metabolite changes suggest the retinol loss is linked to activation of PPARα-mediated pathways and potentially to hepatic stellate cell activation, both of which may be coincident with increased bile acids and early signs of liver injury. Although the 13-day flight duration is too short for frank fibrosis to develop, the retinol loss plus changes in markers of extracellular matrix remodeling raise the concern that longer duration exposure to the space environment may result in progressive liver damage, increasing the risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Lu J, Argov-Argaman N, Anggrek J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, Vervoort J, Hettinga KA. The protein and lipid composition of the membrane of milk fat globules depends on their size. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4726-4738. [PMID: 26995123 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In bovine milk, fat globules (MFG) have a heterogeneous size distribution with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 15 µm. Although efforts have been made to explain differences in lipid composition, little is known about the protein composition of MFG membranes (MFGM) in different sizes of MFG. In this study, protein and lipid analyses were combined to study MFG formation and secretion. Two different sized MFG fractions (7.6±0.9 µm and 3.3±1.2 µm) were obtained by centrifugation. The protein composition of MFGM in the large and small MFG fractions was compared using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. The lipid composition and fatty acid composition of MFG was determined using HPLC-evaporative light-scattering detector and gas chromatography, respectively. Two frequently studied proteins in lipid droplet biogenesis, perilipin-2 and TIP47, were increased in the large and small MFG fractions, respectively. In the large MFG fraction, besides perilipin-2, cytoplasmic vesicle proteins (heat shock proteins, 14-3-3 proteins, and Rabs), microfilaments and intermediate filament-related proteins (actin and vimentin), host defense proteins (cathelicidins), and phosphatidylinositol were higher in concentration. On the other hand, cholesterol synthesis enzymes [lanosterol synthase and sterol-4-α-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)], cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine were, besides TIP47, higher in concentration in the small MFG fraction. These results suggest that vesicle proteins, microfilaments and intermediate filaments, cholesterol, and specific phospholipids play an important role in lipid droplet growth, secretion, or both. The observations from this study clearly demonstrated the difference in protein and lipid composition between small and large MFG fractions. Studying the role of these components in more detail in future experiments may lead to a better understanding of fat globule formation and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jeni Anggrek
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toon van Hooijdonk
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Arthur Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Varinli H, Osmond-McLeod MJ, Molloy PL, Vallotton P. LipiD-QuanT: a novel method to quantify lipid accumulation in live cells. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2206-16. [PMID: 26330056 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d059758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are the main storage organelles for triglycerides. Elucidation of lipid accumulation mechanisms and metabolism are essential to understand obesity and associated diseases. Adipogenesis has been well studied in murine 3T3-L1 and human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) preadipocyte cell lines. However, most techniques for measuring LD accumulation are either not quantitative or can be destructive to samples. Here, we describe a novel, label-free LD quantification technique (LipiD-QuanT) to monitor lipid dynamics based on automated image analysis of phase contrast microscopy images acquired during in vitro human adipogenesis. We have applied LipiD-QuanT to measure LD accumulation during differentiation of SGBS cells. We demonstrate that LipiD-QuanT is a robust, nondestructive, time- and cost-effective method compared with other triglyceride accumulation assays based on enzymatic digest or lipophilic staining. Further, we applied LipiD-QuanT to measure the effect of four potential pro- or antiobesogenic substances: DHA, rosiglitazone, elevated levels of D-glucose, and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Our results revealed that 2 µmol/l rosiglitazone treatment during adipogenesis reduced lipid production and caused a negative shift in LD diameter size distribution, but the other treatments showed no effect under the conditions used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Varinli
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan J Osmond-McLeod
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia CSIRO Advanced Materials TCP (Nanosafety), North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter L Molloy
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pascal Vallotton
- CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Sun Y, Luo J, Zhu J, Shi H, Li J, Qiu S, Wang P, Loor JJ. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol accumulation, lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression in goat mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:242-9. [PMID: 26304676 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major energy sources for ruminants and are known to regulate various physiological functions in other species. However, their roles in ruminant milk fat metabolism are still unclear. In this study, goat mammary gland epithelial cells (GMECs) were treated with 3 mmol/L acetate, propionate or butyrate for 24 h to assess their effects on lipogenesis. Data revealed that the content of triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid droplet formation were significantly stimulated by propionate and butyrate. The expression of FABP3, SCD1, PPARG, SREBP1, DGAT1, AGPAT6 and ADRP were upregulated by propionate and butyrate treatment. In contrast, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FASN and LXRα was not affected by propionate, but reduced by butyrate. Acetate had no obvious effect on the content of TAG and lipid droplets but increased the mRNA expression of SCD1 and FABP3 in GMECs. Additionally, it was observed that propionate significantly increased the relative content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C16:1) at the expense of decreased saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0). Butyrate and acetate had no significant effect on fatty acid composition. Overall, the results from this work help enhance our understanding of the regulatory role of SCFAs on goat mammary cell lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Qiu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Shi HB, Yu K, Luo J, Li J, Tian HB, Zhu JJ, Sun YT, Yao DW, Xu HF, Shi HP, Loor JJ. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein promotes lipid accumulation in goat mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6954-64. [PMID: 26298750 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat originates from the secretion of cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) synthesized within mammary epithelial cells. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP; gene symbol PLIN2) is a CLD-binding protein that is crucial for synthesis of mature CLD. Our hypothesis was that ADRP regulates CLD production and metabolism in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) and thus plays a role in determining milk fat content. To understand the role of ADRP in ruminant milk fat metabolism, ADRP (PLIN2) was overexpressed or knocked down in GMEC using an adenovirus system. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that ADRP localized to the surface of CLD. Supplementation with oleic acid (OA) enhanced its colocalization with CLD surface and enhanced lipid accumulation. Overexpression of ADRP increased lipid accumulation and the concentration of triacylglycerol in GMEC. In contrast, morphological examination revealed that knockdown of ADRP decreased lipid accumulation even when OA was supplemented. This response was confirmed by the reduction in mass of cellular TG when ADRP was knocked down. The fact that knockdown of ADRP did not completely eliminate lipid accumulation at a morphological level in GMEC without OA suggests that some other compensatory factors may also aid in the process of CLD formation. The ADRP reversed the decrease of CLD accumulation induced by adipose triglyceride lipase. This is highly suggestive of ADRP promoting triacylglycerol stability within CLD by preventing access to adipose triglyceride lipase. Collectively, these data provide direct in vitro evidence that ADRP plays a key role in CLD formation and stability in GMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China 310018
| | - K Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - J Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100.
| | - J Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - H B Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - J J Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - Y T Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - D W Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - H F Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - H P Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China 712100
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Altamirano GA, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH, Gómez AL, Delconte MB, Kass L. Milk lipid composition is modified by perinatal exposure to bisphenol A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:258-67. [PMID: 25976663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate whether bisphenol A (BPA) modifies the synthesis, composition and/or profile of fatty acids (FAs) in the mammary glands of perinatally exposed animals, pregnant rats were orally exposed to 0, 0.6 or 52 µg BPA/kg/day from gestation day (GD) 9 until weaning. F1 females were bred, and on GD21, lactation day 2 (LD2) and LD10, mammary glands were obtained. On LD10, milk samples were collected, and FA profiles and lipid compositions were established. On GD21 and LD2, BPA exposure delayed mammary alveolar maturation and modified the synthesis of milk fat globules. On LD10, mammary gland histo-architecture was restored; however, the milk of BPA-exposed F1 dams had a FA profile and lipid concentration different from those of the control milk. Furthermore, the body weight gain of BPA52 F2 pups was increased compared with control animals. Thus, perinatal exposure to BPA modifies milk quality, compromising the normal growth of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelén L Gómez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melisa B Delconte
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Prokesch A, Smorlesi A, Perugini J, Manieri M, Ciarmela P, Mondini E, Trajanoski Z, Kristiansen K, Giordano A, Bogner-Strauss JG, Cinti S. Molecular aspects of adipoepithelial transdifferentiation in mouse mammary gland. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2756-66. [PMID: 24898182 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The circular, reversible conversion of the mammary gland during pregnancy and involution is a paradigm of physiological tissue plasticity. The two most prominent cell types in mammary gland, adipocytes and epithelial cells, interact in an orchestrated way to coordinate this process. Previously, we showed that this conversion is at least partly achieved by reciprocal transdifferentiation between mammary adipocytes and lobulo-alveolar epithelial cells. Here, we aim to shed more light on the regulators of mammary transdifferentiation. Using immunohistochemistry with cell type-specific lipid droplet-coating markers (Perilipin1 and 2), we show that cells with an intermediate adipoepithelial phenotype exist during and after pregnancy. Nuclei of cells with similar transitional structural characteristics are highly positive for Elf5, a master regulator of alveologenesis. In cultured adipocytes, we could show that transient and stable ectopic expression of Elf5 induces expression of the milk component whey acidic protein, although the general adipocyte phenotype is not affected suggesting that additional pioneering factors are necessary. Furthermore, the lack of transdifferentiation of adipocytes during pregnancy after clearing of the epithelial compartment indicates that transdifferentiation signals must emanate from the epithelial part. To explore candidate genes potentially involved in the transdifferentiation process, we devised a high-throughput gene expression study to compare cleared mammary fat pads with developing, contralateral controls at several time points during pregnancy. Incorporation of bioinformatic predictions of secretory proteins provides new insights into possible paracrine signaling pathways and downstream transdifferentiation factors. We discuss a potential role for osteopontin (secreted phosphoprotein 1 [Spp1]) signaling through integrins to induce adipoepithelial transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prokesch
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse, Graz, Austria; Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse, Graz, Austria
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Li F, Guo W, Li K, Yu M, Tang W, Wang H, Tian W. Improved fat graft survival by different volume fractions of platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived stem cells. Aesthet Surg J 2015; 35:319-33. [PMID: 25805284 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sju046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of soft-tissue augmentation is offset by the low survival rates of grafted fat tissue. Research shows that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are beneficial to tissue healing. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term effects of different volume fractions of PRP combined with ASCs on fat graft. METHODS ASCs were isolated from human fat tissue, and PRP was obtained from human blood. Cell count kit-8 and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to evaluate the influence of PRP (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%; volume/volume [v/v]) in medium on ASC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation, respectively. A novel lipoinjection consisting of granular fat, PRP, and ASCs was subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice. The grafts were volumetrically and histologically evaluated 10, 30, 60, and 90 days after transplantation. RESULTS The addition of PRP improved ASC proliferation. Expression of adipogenic-related genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, lipoprotein lipase, and adipophilin were up-regulated in PRP-induced ASCs. Compared with other groups, granular fat grafts formed with 20% (v/v) and 30% (v/v) PRP significantly improved residual volumes. More intact adipocytes and capillary formation, but less vacuolization, were observed in the 20% (v/v) and 30% (v/v) PRP groups at 30, 60, and 90 days. However, no significant difference was observed between the 20% (v/v) and 30% (v/v) PRP groups in retaining fat grafts and improving histology. CONCLUSIONS Fat grafting with 20% (v/v) PRP and ASCs constitutes an appropriate transplantation strategy for improving graft survival and provides a potential approach for soft-tissue restoration in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hang Wang
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Dr F. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China. Dr Guo is Associate Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National EngineeringLaboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Associate Professor in the Department of Pedodontics,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr K. Li is a Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Surgeon in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Central Sounth University, Changsha, P.R. China. Dr Yu is an Assistant Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Drs Tang and Wang are Clinical Professors in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China. Dr Tian is Director at the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and the National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; and is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Whitson RJ, Lucia MS, Lambert JR. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) suppresses in vitro angiogenesis through a novel interaction with connective tissue growth factor (CCN2). J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:1424-33. [PMID: 23280549 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and the CCN family member, connective tissue growth factor (CCN2), are associated with cardiac disease, inflammation, and cancer. The precise role and signaling mechanism for these factors in normal and diseased tissues remains elusive. Here we demonstrate an interaction between GDF-15 and CCN2 using yeast two-hybrid assays and have mapped the domain of interaction to the von Willebrand factor type C domain of CCN2. Biochemical pull down assays using secreted GDF-15 and His-tagged CCN2 produced in PC-3 prostate cancer cells confirmed a direct interaction between these proteins. To investigate the functional consequences of this interaction, in vitro angiogenesis assays were performed. We demonstrate that GDF-15 blocks CCN2-mediated tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. To examine the molecular mechanism whereby GDF-15 inhibits CCN2-mediated angiogenesis, activation of αV β3 integrins and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was examined. CCN2-mediated FAK activation was inhibited by GDF-15 and was accompanied by a decrease in αV β3 integrin clustering in HUVEC cells. These results demonstrate, for the first time, a novel signaling pathway for GDF-15 through interaction with the matricellular signaling molecule CCN2. Furthermore, antagonism of CCN2 mediated angiogenesis by GDF-15 may provide insight into the functional role of GDF-15 in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon J Whitson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Saben JL, Bales ES, Jackman MR, Orlicky D, MacLean PS, McManaman JL. Maternal obesity reduces milk lipid production in lactating mice by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase and impairing fatty acid synthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98066. [PMID: 24849657 PMCID: PMC4029960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic and nutrient trafficking adaptations to lactation differ among lean and obese mice fed a high fat (HF) diet. Obesity is thought to impair milk lipid production, in part, by decreasing trafficking of dietary and de novo synthesized lipids to the mammary gland. Here, we report that de novo lipogenesis regulatory mechanisms are disrupted in mammary glands of lactating HF-fed obese (HF-Ob) mice. HF feeding decreased the total levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC), and this effect was exacerbated in obese mice. The relative levels of phosphorylated (inactive) ACC, were elevated in the epithelium, and decreased in the adipose stroma, of mammary tissue from HF-Ob mice compared to those of HF-fed lean (HF-Ln) mice. Mammary gland levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which catalyzes formation of inactive ACC, were also selectively elevated in mammary glands of HF-Ob relative to HF-Ln dams or to low fat fed dams. These responses correlated with evidence of increased lipid retention in mammary adipose, and decreased lipid levels in mammary epithelial cells, of HF-Ob dams. Collectively, our data suggests that maternal obesity impairs milk lipid production, in part, by disrupting the balance of de novo lipid synthesis in the epithelial and adipose stromal compartments of mammary tissue through processes that appear to be related to increased mammary gland AMPK activity, ACC inhibition, and decreased fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Saben
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elise S. Bales
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Giordano A, Smorlesi A, Frontini A, Barbatelli G, Cinti S. White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:R159-71. [PMID: 24468979 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, adipocytes are lipid-laden cells making up the parenchyma of the multi-depot adipose organ. White adipocytes store lipids for release as free fatty acids during fasting periods; brown adipocytes burn glucose and lipids to maintain thermal homeostasis. A third type of adipocyte, the pink adipocyte, has recently been characterised in mouse subcutaneous fat depots during pregnancy and lactation. Pink adipocytes are mammary gland alveolar epithelial cells whose role is to produce and secrete milk. Emerging evidence suggests that they derive from the transdifferentiation of subcutaneous white adipocytes. The functional response of the adipose organ to a range of metabolic and environmental challenges highlights its extraordinary plasticity. Cold exposure induces an increase in the 'brown' component of the organ to meet the increased thermal demand; in states of positive energy balance, the 'white' component expands to store excess nutrients; finally, the 'pink' component develops in subcutaneous depots during pregnancy to ensure litter feeding. At the cell level, plasticity is provided not only by stem cell proliferation and differentiation but also, distinctively, by direct transdifferentiation of fully differentiated adipocytes by the stimuli that induce genetic expression reprogramming and through it a change in phenotype and, consequently function. A greater understanding of adipocyte transdifferentiation mechanisms would have the potential to shed light on their biology as well as inspire novel therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome (browning) and breast cancer (pinking).
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/pathology
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/pathology
- Adipogenesis
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Female
- Humans
- Lactation
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Pigmentation
- Pregnancy
- Sex Characteristics
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/cytology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy and
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Mitrova K, Karpisek M, Durilova M, Dragusin LG, Nevoral J, Bronsky J. Development of high-sensitive ELISA method for detection of adipophilin levels in human colostrum and breast milk. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:255-60. [PMID: 24577896 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop and validate high-sensitive (hs) ELISA method for detection of adipophilin (adipose differentiation-related protein, ADRP) in human breast milk (BM) and to analyze adipophilin levels in BM during 12 months of lactation. METHODS ADRP levels were determined using hsELISA method (Biovendor-Laboratory Medicine, Inc.) in colostrum (D0) and BM of 72 mothers was collected 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following delivery (M1, 3, 6, 12). RESULTS ADRP was detectable in BM up to 12 months of lactation. Mean levels at D0 were 1.98 ± 0.12; M1, 2.83 ± 0.21; M3, 2.39 ± 0.17; M6, 2.57 ± 0.16; and at M12 3.25 ± 0.21 μg/ml. Significantly higher levels of ADRP were found in M1 and M12 when compared to D0 and in M12 when compared to M3 (overall P = 0.0001). No significant correlation was seen between ADRP levels in BM and adiponectin, body weight of infants, their birth length, body weight gain during the first year of life, or BMI of mothers before pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated hsELISA for detection of ADRP in human BM. ADRP was detectable in human BM during the whole 12 months of lactation period and its levels were intraindividually well-conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Mitrova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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50
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Exogenous rhTRX reduces lipid accumulation under LPS-induced inflammation. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e71. [PMID: 24406320 PMCID: PMC3909889 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-regulating molecule, recombinant human thioredoxin (rhTRX) which shows anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation and regulate protein expression levels. LPS-induced reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and NO production were inhibited by exogenous rhTRX. We identified up/downregulated intracellular proteins under the LPS-treated condition in exogenous rhTRX-treated A375 cells compared with non-LPS-treated cells via 2-DE proteomic analysis. Also, we quantitatively measured cytokines of in vivo mouse inflammation models using cytometry bead array. Exogenous rhTRX inhibited LPS-stimulated production of ROI and NO levels. TIP47 and ATP synthase may influence the inflammation-related lipid accumulation by affecting lipid metabolism. The modulation of skin redox environments during inflammation is most likely to prevent alterations in lipid metabolism through upregulation of TIP47 and ATP synthase and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Our results demonstrate that exogenous rhTRX has anti-inflammatory properties and intracellular regulatory activity in vivo and in vitro. Monitoring of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory conditions treated with rhTRX in A375 cells could be useful for diagnosis and follow-up of inflammation reduction related with candidate proteins. These results have a therapeutic role in skin inflammation therapy.
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