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Zhao Z, Ma R, Ma Y, Zhao L, Wang L, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang X. Discovery of Nine Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors from Coptis chinensis Using Virtual Screening, Bioactivity Evaluation, and Binding Studies. Molecules 2024; 29:2304. [PMID: 38792165 PMCID: PMC11123979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify multiple alkaloids in Coptis chinensis that demonstrate inhibitory activity against DPP-4 and systematically evaluate their activity and binding characteristics. A combined strategy that included molecular docking, a DPP-4 inhibition assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and a molecular dynamics simulation technique was employed. The results showed that nine alkaloids in Coptis chinensis directly inhibited DPP-4, with IC50 values of 3.44-53.73 μM. SPR-based binding studies revealed that these alkaloids display rapid binding and dissociation characteristics when interacting with DPP-4, with KD values ranging from 8.11 to 29.97 μM. A molecular dynamics analysis revealed that equilibrium was rapidly reached by nine DPP-4-ligand systems with minimal fluctuations, while binding free energy calculations showed that the ∆Gbind values for the nine test compounds ranged from -31.84 to -16.06 kcal/mol. The most important forces for the binding of these alkaloids with DPP-4 are electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces. Various important amino acid residues, such as Arg125, His126, Phe357, Arg358, and Tyr547, were involved in the inhibition of DPP-4 by the compounds, revealing a mechanistic basis for the further optimization of these alkaloids as DPP-4 inhibitors. This study confirmed nine alkaloids as direct inhibitors of DPP-4 and characterized their binding features, thereby providing a basis for further research and development on novel DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruonan Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuqing Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lele Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
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Kim H, Huang Y, Zhao N, Wang YH, Sakhamuri S, Chopra S, Hooshdaran N, Sriram R, Aggarwal R, Evans MJ. In Vivo Profiling with 18F-YJH08 Reveals Diverse Tissue Patterns of Antagonist/Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:704-709. [PMID: 35049307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Demonstrating target engagement in vivo is an important milestone in drug development, both to establish on target, on tissue interactions but also to identify potentially undesirable off tissue binding. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a long-studied yet vexing drug target that has recently re-emerged as a potential druggable driver of many solid tumor types including breast and prostate cancer, and several antagonists are currently in early phase clinical trials. Since GR is also ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, understanding antagonist/GR interactions in normal tissues and tumor is crucial to defining a therapeutic index. Herein, we demonstrate that the GR radioligand 18F-YJH08 can map drug/GR engagement in vivo. Profiling target engagement in vivo showed that the GR antagonists RU486 (mifepristone) and CORT125281 engaged GR in fewer normal tissues compared to ORIC-101 or the agonist dexamethasone. Furthermore, 18F-YJH08 detected GR in human prostate cancer tumor models and measured receptor binding by RU486. In summary, these data show for the first time that antagonist/GR interactions can be measured in vivo with 18F-YJH08, a finding with clinical relevance as GR antagonists and 11C-YJH08 are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sasank Sakhamuri
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shalini Chopra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nima Hooshdaran
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Lu J, Wang L, Zhou S, Zhou C, Xie L, Chen J, Tang D, Tian X, Xie D, Ding J, Wang T, Yu Q, Ding J, Shao F. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo and Positive-Controlled Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Multiple Oral Doses of Cetagliptin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2946-2958. [PMID: 34965609 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties, safety and tolerability of cetagliptin. METHODS Forty-eight healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Three cohorts were investigated in sequential order: 50, 100 and 200 mg cetagliptin. Positive control (sitagliptin 100mg) was designed as open label. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. RESULTS Following multiple oral doses, cetagliptin was rapidly absorbed and reached peak plasma concentrations after approximately 1.0-1.5 h. Plasma cetagliptin concentrations increased at a rate greater than dose. Accumulation of cetagliptin was modest, and steady state was generally achieved at day 5. Doses ≥ 50 mg of cetagliptin administered once daily will result in sustained DPP-4 inhibition (≥ 80%). The EC50 of DPP-4 inhibition for cetagliptin (5.29 ng/mL) was lower than that of sitagliptin (7.03 ng/mL). Active GLP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the cetagliptin groups by 2.3 to 3.1fold at day 1 and 3.1 to 3.6 fold at steady state compared with that of placebo, and active GLP-1 concentrations were increased with increasing dose. Compared with sitagliptin, doses ≥ 100 mg QD of cetagliptin produced postprandial increases in active GLP-1 level and induced to long-lasting glucose-lowering efficacy. Across all doses of cetagliptin studied, cetagliptin was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Cetagliptin demonstrates the great potential for treatment with type 2 diabetes patients based on the inhibition of DPP-4, the increase in GLP-1 and insulin, the decrease in glucose, and might more effective in DPP-4 inhibition than sitagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmiao Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Tang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xusheng Tian
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daosheng Xie
- Beijing noahpharm Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Juping Ding
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- CGeneTech (Suzhou, China) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Emmerich CH, Gamboa LM, Hofmann MCJ, Bonin-Andresen M, Arbach O, Schendel P, Gerlach B, Hempel K, Bespalov A, Dirnagl U, Parnham MJ. Improving target assessment in biomedical research: the GOT-IT recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:64-81. [PMID: 33199880 PMCID: PMC7667479 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Academic research plays a key role in identifying new drug targets, including understanding target biology and links between targets and disease states. To lead to new drugs, however, research must progress from purely academic exploration to the initiation of efforts to identify and test a drug candidate in clinical trials, which are typically conducted by the biopharma industry. This transition can be facilitated by a timely focus on target assessment aspects such as target-related safety issues, druggability and assayability, as well as the potential for target modulation to achieve differentiation from established therapies. Here, we present recommendations from the GOT-IT working group, which have been designed to support academic scientists and funders of translational research in identifying and prioritizing target assessment activities and in defining a critical path to reach scientific goals as well as goals related to licensing, partnering with industry or initiating clinical development programmes. Based on sets of guiding questions for different areas of target assessment, the GOT-IT framework is intended to stimulate academic scientists' awareness of factors that make translational research more robust and efficient, and to facilitate academia-industry collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Martinez Gamboa
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martine C J Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc Bonin-Andresen
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Arbach
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SPARK-Validation Fund, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schendel
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katja Hempel
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anton Bespalov
- PAASP GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry & Pharmacy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Xu X, Goyal N, Costell MH, Roethke T, James CH, Thorneloe KS, Patterson J, Stoy P, Goodman K, Sprecher DL, Behm DJ. Identification of a Human Whole Blood-Based Endothelial Cell Impedance Assay for Assessing Clinical Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Target Engagement Ex Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:436-443. [PMID: 33376150 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels expressed on pulmonary endothelial cells are activated by elevated pulmonary vascular pressure, resulting in endothelial shape change, pulmonary barrier disruption, and edema. As such, TRPV4 blocker GSK2798745 was recently investigated in phase I/IIa trials to reduce pulmonary edema caused by heart failure (HF). In the absence of a suitable TRPV4 target engagement biomarker, we hypothesized that an ex vivo assay could be used to predict pharmacological activity at the intended site of action (endothelial cells) of subjects. In this assay, the ability of GSK2798745 to block TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790-induced impendence reduction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the presence of human whole blood was assessed. Blood from healthy volunteers drawn 1-12 hours after single or repeated dose of GSK2798745 (5 mg) inhibited GSK1016790-induced impedance reduction by ≥85%. Similarly, blood samples from 16 subjects with HF dosed with GSK2798745 (2.4 mg) inhibited GSK1016790-induced HUVEC impedance reduction by ≥58% 1-24 hours after single dosing and ≥78% 1-24 hours after 7 days of repeated dosing. No inhibition was detected using blood from placebo subjects. Using matched GSK2798745 plasma levels, a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship was calculated as 2.9 nM IC50, consistent with the 6.5 nM IC50 of GSK2798745 obtained from a rat in vivo PK/PD model of pulmonary edema after correcting for rat-to-human differences. These results indicate that circulating levels of GSK2798745 in the recently completed phase I/IIa trials were sufficient to block TRPV4 in lung vascular endothelial cells to a large extent, supporting this dosing regimen for assessing efficacy in HF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the absence of a suitable target engagement biomarker, we developed an ex vivo assay to predict the pharmacological activity of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) blocker GSK2798745 in healthy volunteers and subjects with heart failure (HF) from phase I/IIa trials. The potency values from the ex vivo assay were consistent with those predicted from a rat in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of pulmonary edema, strongly suggesting that circulating levels of GSK2798745 were sufficient to robustly block TRPV4, supporting use of GSK2798745 for assessing efficacy in HF.
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6
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Patel M, Bueters T. Can quantitative pharmacology improve productivity in pharmaceutical research and development? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1111-1114. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1776257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayankbhai Patel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tjerk Bueters
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Jin X, Kim E, Huh KY, Hwang I, Cho JY, Yu KS, Lee S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a fixed-dose combination of gemigliptin/metformin sustained release 25/500 mg compared to the loose combination in healthy male subjects. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2020; 28:43-54. [PMID: 32274380 PMCID: PMC7136079 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2020.28.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fixed-dose combination (FDC) of gemigliptin/metformin can improve the medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of gemigliptin and metformin were compared between FDC and the corresponding loose combination under fasted and fed states. A two-part, randomized, open label, single-dose, two-way crossover study was conducted in healthy male subjects. Under fasted (part 1) or fed (part 2) state, 2 FDC tablets of gemigliptin/metformin sustained release (SR) 25/500 mg or loose combination with one tablet of gemigliptin 50 mg and two tablets of metformin extended release (XR) 500 mg were orally administered in each period with a 7-day washout. Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours to determine the drug concentration and the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) activity. The concentration-time profiles of gemigliptin and metformin were similar between FDC and loose combination in both the fasted and fed states. Geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals of FDC to loose combination for area under the concentration-time curve and maximum plasma concentration of gemigliptin and metformin were within the bioequivalence range (0.8–1.25) in both states. DPP-4 activity-time profiles of FDC were comparable to that of the loose combination, showing similar area under the DPP-4 inhibition-time curve and maximum DPP-4 inhibition between FDC and loose combination, regardless of the fasted or fed state. In conclusion, the PK/PD characteristics of gemigliptin and metformin were similar in FDC tablets and loose combination both in fasted and fed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyou Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eunwoo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ki Young Huh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Inyoung Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Maynard J, Hart P. The Opportunities and Use of Imaging to Measure Target Engagement. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:127-136. [PMID: 31885303 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219897270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lack of efficacy and poor safety outcomes are deemed to be the greatest causes of clinical failure of novel therapeutics. The use of biomarkers that give accurate information on target engagement, providing confidence that pharmacological activity in the target organ is being achieved, is key in optimizing clinical success. Without a measurement of target engagement, it can be very difficult to discern the basis for any lack of efficacy of a drug molecule within the pharmaceutical industry. Target engagement can be measured in both an in vitro and in vivo setting, and in recent years imaging measurements have been used frequently in drug discovery and development to assess target engagement and receptor occupancy in both human and animal models. From this perspective, we assess and look at the advancements in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging to demonstrate the enormous potential that imaging has as an application to provide a greater understanding of target engagement with a correlative therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippa Hart
- Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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9
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Regulatory perspective of biomarker bioanalysis during drug development. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:607-610. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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10
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarkers in Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:435-449. [PMID: 31347063 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry, proteomics, protein bioanalytical approaches, and biochemistry have led to a rapid evolution and expansion in the area of mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery and development. The last decade has also seen significant progress in establishing accepted definitions, guidelines, and criteria for the analytical validation, acceptance and qualification of biomarkers. These advances have coincided with a decreased return on investment for pharmaceutical research and development and an increasing need for better early decision making tools. Empowering development teams with tools to measure a therapeutic interventions impact on disease state and progression, measure target engagement and to confirm predicted pharmacodynamic effects is critical to efficient data-driven decision making. Appropriate implementation of a biomarker or a combination of biomarkers can enhance understanding of a drugs mechanism, facilitate effective translation from the preclinical to clinical space, enable early proof of concept and dose selection, and increases the efficiency of drug development. Here we will provide descriptions of the different classes of biomarkers that have utility in the drug development process as well as review specific, protein-centric, mass spectrometry-based approaches for the discovery of biomarkers and development of targeted assays to measure these markers in a selective and analytically precise manner.
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Chen JF, Chang CM, Kuo MC, Tung SC, Tsao CF, Tsai CJ. Impact of baseline body mass index status on glucose lowering and weight change during sitagliptin treatment for type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:8-14. [PMID: 27498072 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of sitagliptin in Taiwanese diabetic subjects with different baseline BMI status. METHODS This was a single-center, hospital-based, retrospective chart review in subjects (n=1874) with type 2 diabetes who received sitagliptin. Subjects were classified into subgroups depending upon their baseline BMI by Taiwan national weight classification: normal (BMI<24kg/m(2)) (n=504), overweight (BMI: 24-27kg/m(2)) (n=615), and obese (BMI⩾27kg/m(2)) (n=755). Changes in HbA1c and weight were evaluated over a 12month treatment period. RESULTS For all three groups, the HbA1c levels declined over the first three months by about 8%, and subsequently plateaued for the next nine months. Obese subjects were slower in reducing HbA1c compared with normal and overweight subjects (P<0.05), but at nine months the reduction was similar across groups. Mean body weight increased over the first nine months of sitagliptin therapy in subjects with normal BMI (57.12-58.30kg), but there was no change in mean body weight in the overweight group. After three months the obese groups had significantly greater loss in body weight compared with the normal group. CONCLUSIONS Baseline BMI status may influence the reduction of HbA1c levels within the first six months of sitagliptin therapy and affect weight change after three months. Being obese was associated with an initial lag in HbA1c reduction and greater weight loss compared with normal and overweight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Fu Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Min Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chun Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chen Tung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Feng Tsao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jen Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC.
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Krishna R, Addy C, Tatosian D, Glasgow XS, Gendrano Iii IN, Robberechts M, Haazen W, de Hoon JN, Depré M, Martucci A, Peng JZ, Johnson-Levonas AO, Wagner JA, Stoch SA. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Omarigliptin, a Once-Weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor, After Single and Multiple Doses in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56:1528-1537. [PMID: 27225334 PMCID: PMC5111764 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of omarigliptin, a novel once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor, were assessed following single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Absorption was rapid, and food did not influence single-dose PK. Accumulation was minimal, and steady state was reached after 2 to 3 weeks. Weekly (area under the curve) AUC and Cmax displayed dose proportionality within the dose range studied at steady state. The average renal clearance of omarigliptin was ∼2 L/h. DPP-4 inhibition ranged from ∼77% to 89% at 168 hours following the last of 3 once-weekly doses over the dose range studied. Omarigliptin resulted in ∼2-fold increases in weighted average postprandial active GLP-1. Omarigliptin acts by stabilizing active GLP-1, which is consistent with its mechanism of action as a DPP-4 inhibitor. Administration of omarigliptin was generally well tolerated in healthy subjects, and both the PK and PD profiles support once-weekly dosing. A model-based assessment of QTc interval risk from the single ascending dose study predicted a low risk of QTc prolongation within the likely clinical dose range, a finding later confirmed in a thorough QT trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Addy
- HMR Weight Management Services, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J N de Hoon
- U.Z. Gasthuisberg Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Depré
- U.Z. Gasthuisberg Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
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Tatosian DA, Cardillo Marricco N, Glasgow XS, DeGroot B, Dunnington K, George L, Gendrano IN, Johnson-Levonas AO, Swearingen D, Kauh E. A Thorough QTc Study Confirms Early Pharmacokinetics/QTc Modeling: A Supratherapeutic Dose of Omarigliptin, a Once-Weekly DPP-4 Inhibitor, Does Not Prolong the QTc Interval. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5:383-92. [PMID: 27627194 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Omarigliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor being developed as a once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes. This double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 3-period balanced crossover study definitively evaluated the effects of a supratherapeutic omarigliptin dose on QTc interval. Population-specific correction of QT interval (QTcP) was used for the primary analysis. Healthy subjects (n = 60) were enrolled and received treatments separated by a ≥4-week washout: (1) single-dose 25 mg omarigliptin (day 1), single-dose 175 mg omarigliptin (day 2); (2) placebo (day 1) followed by single-dose 400 mg moxifloxacin (day 2); (3) placebo (days 1 and 2). Day 2 QTcP intervals were analyzed. The primary hypothesis was supported if the 90%CIs for the least-squares mean differences between omarigliptin 175 mg and placebo in QTcP interval change from baseline were all < 10 milliseconds at every postdose point on day 2. The upper bounds of the 90%CIs for the differences (omarigliptin-placebo) in QTcP change from baseline for omarigliptin 175 mg were < 10 milliseconds at all postdose times on day 2. In conclusion, a supratherapeutic dose of omarigliptin does not prolong the QTcP interval to a clinically meaningful degree relative to placebo, confirming the results of the earlier concentration-QTc analysis.
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Chen X, Zhao Q, Hou Y, Jiang J, Zhong W, Wang W, Yao X, Li L, Fang J, Zhang F, Hu P. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, short term efficacy and safety of RCT-18, a novel BLyS/APRIL fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:41-52. [PMID: 26917504 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM RCT-18 is a recombinant fusion protein that interferes with the selection and survival of mature B-lymphocytes by inhibiting B-lymphocyte stimulator and a proliferation-inducing ligand. METHODS This single blind, randomized, placebo controlled, clinical pharmacological study explored the short term efficacy and safety of RCT-18 in 21 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with three different dosing regimens. The pharmacological behaviour of RCT-18 was also characterized through a six level biomarker cascade approach to identify potential predictors for clinical responses. RESULTS Nine out of 10 patients (>80%) experienced moderate to good EULAR response at the end of 3 months with once or twice weekly doses of 180 mg RCT-18, whereas weekly administration of 360 mg RCT-18 or placebo, however, only resulted in moderate improvement in one patient in each group. Absence of IgM-type rheumatoid factor reduction, recovery of IgM 2 weeks after drug cessation, lack of decrease in the count of CD27(+) B-lymphocytes and a DAS28 change from baseline <6 in 4-6 weeks after the treatment initiation may indicate poor clinical response. No anti-drug antibody of RCT-18 was detected. The active treatments were well tolerated, although more mild to moderate infections were reported in patients receiving RCT-18. CONCLUSION The study results support further development of RCT-18 in RA patients and provide important information for future dose selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Yong Hou
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Wen Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | | | | | - Lin Li
- RC Biotechnologies, Ltd., Yantai
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
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Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Multiple-dose Administration of Omarigliptin, a Once-weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, in Obese Participants With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Ther 2016; 38:516-30. [PMID: 26869191 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Omarigliptin (MK-3102) is a potent, oral, long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor approved in Japan and in global development as a once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of omarigliptin in obese participants with and without T2DM. METHODS This was a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of 50-mg omarigliptin administered once weekly for 4 weeks. Participants included 24 obese but otherwise healthy subjects (panel A; omarigliptin, n = 18; placebo, n = 6) and 8 obese patients with T2DM (treatment naive, hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% and ≤ 10.0% [panel B]; omarigliptin, n = 6; placebo, n = 2). Participants were 45 to 65 years of age with a body mass index of ≥ 30 and ≤ 40 kg/m(2). Blood sampling occurred at select time points, depending on the study panel, to evaluate the PK properties of omarigliptin, DPP-4 activity, active glucagon-like peptide 1 levels, and plasma glucose concentrations. Body weight was an exploratory end point. Due to sparse sampling in panel A, a thorough PK analysis was performed in obese patients with T2DM (panel B) only. PD analyses were performed in the overall study population (pooled panels A and B). FINDINGS PK profiles in obese participants with and without T2DM were similar to those observed in nonobese reference subjects (historical data). Steady state was achieved after 1 or 2 weekly doses in obese participants with and without T2DM. In obese patients with T2DM, omarigliptin was rapidly absorbed, with a median Tmax of 1 to 2.5 hours (days 1 and 22). Compared with those in reference subjects, the geometric mean ratios (95% CI) (Obese T2DM/reference) for steady-state plasma AUC0-168h, Cmax, and C168h were 0.80 (0.65-0.98), 0.86 (0.53-1.41), and 1.08 (0.88-1.33), respectively. Trough DPP-4 activity was inhibited by ~90%; postprandial (PP) 4-hour weighted mean active GLP-1 concentrations were increased ~2-fold; and PP glucose was significantly reduced with omarigliptin versus placebo in the pooled population. Omarigliptin was generally well-tolerated in the pooled population, and there were no hypoglycemic events. Consistent with other DPP-4 inhibitors, omarigliptin had no effect on body weight in this short-duration study. IMPLICATIONS The administration of omarigliptin was generally well-tolerated in obese participants with and without T2DM, and the favorable PK and PD profiles support once-weekly dosing. Omarigliptin may provide an important once-weekly treatment option for patients with T2DM. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01088711.
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Zhao X, Modur V, Carayannopoulos LN, Laterza OF. Biomarkers in Pharmaceutical Research. Clin Chem 2015; 61:1343-53. [PMID: 26408531 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers are important tools in drug development and are used throughout pharmaceutical research. CONTENT This review focuses on molecular biomarkers in drug development. It contains sections on how biomarkers are used to assess target engagement, pharmacodynamics, safety, and proof-of-concept. It also covers the use of biomarkers as surrogate end points and patient selection/companion diagnostics and provides insights into clinical biomarker discovery and biomarker development/validation with regulatory implications. To survey biomarkers used in drug development--acknowledging that many pharmaceutical development biomarkers are not published--we performed a focused PubMed search employing "biomarker" and the names of the largest pharmaceutical companies as keywords and filtering on clinical trials and publications in the last 10 years. This yielded almost 500 entries, the majority of which included disease-related (approximately 60%) or prognostic/predictive (approximately 20%) biomarkers. A notable portion (approximately 8%) included HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) testing, highlighting the utility of biomarkers for patient selection. The remaining publications included target engagement, safety, and drug metabolism biomarkers. Oncology, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis were the areas with the most citations, followed by diabetes and Alzheimer disease. SUMMARY Judicious biomarker use can improve pharmaceutical development efficiency by helping to select patients most appropriate for treatment using a given mechanism, optimize dose selection, and provide earlier confidence in accelerating or discontinuing compounds in clinical development. Optimal application of biomarker technology requires understanding of candidate drug pharmacology, detailed modeling of biomarker readouts relative to pharmacokinetics, rigorous validation and qualification of biomarker assays, and creative application of these elements to drug development problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Modur
- Translational Medicine, Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA
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Park SI, Lee H, Oh J, Lim KS, Jang IJ, Kim JA, Jung JH, Yu KS. A fixed-dose combination tablet of gemigliptin and metformin sustained release has comparable pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability profiles to separate tablets in healthy subjects. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:729-36. [PMID: 25678778 PMCID: PMC4324327 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s75980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In type 2 diabetes mellitus, fixed-dose combination (FDC) can provide the complementary benefits of correction of multiple pathophysiologic defects such as dysfunctions in glycemic or metabolic control while improving compliance compared with separate tablets taken together. The objective of the study reported here was to compare the pharmacodynamic (PD), pharmacokinetic (PK), and tolerability profiles of gemigliptin and extended-release metformin (metformin XR) between FDC and separate tablets. METHODS A randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-way, two-period, crossover study was conducted in 28 healthy male volunteers. Two FDC tablets of gemigliptin/metformin 25/500 mg or separate tablets of gemigliptin (50 mg ×1) and metformin XR (500 mg ×2) were orally administered in each period. Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours post-dose to determine dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) activity using spectrophotometric assay and concentrations of gemigliptin and metformin using tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of FDC to separate tablet formulations and their 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare the PD and PK parameters between the two formulations. Tolerability was assessed throughout the study. RESULTS The plasma DPP-4 activity-time curves of the FDC and the separate tablets almost overlapped, leading to a GMR (90% CI) of the FDC to separate tablets for the plasma DPP-4 activity and its maximum inhibition of 1.00 (0.97-1.04) and 0.92 (0.82-1.05), respectively. Likewise, all of the GMRs (90% CIs) of FDC to separate tablets for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum plasma concentration of gemigliptin and metformin fell entirely within the conventional bioequivalence range of 0.80-1.25. Both the FDC and separate tablets were well tolerated. CONCLUSION The PD, PK, and tolerability profiles of gemigliptin and metformin XR in FDC and separate tablets were found to be comparable. The FDC tablet of gemigliptin and metformin sustained release can be a convenient therapeutic option in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus requiring a combination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-In Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Clinical Trials Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Oh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Lim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA University School of Medicine and CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abou-Gharbia M, Childers WE. Discovery of Innovative Therapeutics: Today’s Realities and Tomorrow’s Vision. 2. Pharma’s Challenges and Their Commitment to Innovation. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5525-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401564r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery
Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Wayne E. Childers
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery
Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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Mass spectrometry-based biomarkers in drug development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:341-59. [PMID: 24952191 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry, proteomics, protein bioanalytical approaches, and biochemistry have led to a rapid evolution and expansion in the area of mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery and development. The last decade has also seen significant progress in establishing accepted definitions, guidelines, and criteria for the analytical validation, acceptance, and qualification of biomarkers. These advances have coincided with a decreased return on investment for pharmaceutical research and development and an increasing need for better early decision making tools. Empowering development teams with tools to measure a therapeutic interventions impact on disease state and progression, measure target engagement, and to confirm predicted pharmacodynamic effects is critical to efficient data-driven decision making. Appropriate implementation of a biomarker or a combination of biomarkers can enhance understanding of a drugs mechanism, facilitate effective translation from the preclinical to clinical space, enable early proof of concept and dose selection, and increase the efficiency of drug development. Here we will provide descriptions of the different classes of biomarkers that have utility in the drug development process as well as review specific, protein-centric, mass spectrometry-based approaches for the discovery of biomarkers and development of targeted assays to measure these markers in a selective and analytically precise manner.
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Type 2 diabetes family histories, body composition and fasting glucose levels: a cross-section analysis in healthy sedentary male and female. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 42:681-90. [PMID: 24427747 PMCID: PMC3881614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes type 2 is a world wide spread disease with a multifactorial pathogenetic evolution. Various factors like obesity, physical inactivity and poor lifestyle habits contribute to its development. The aim of this study was to verify if in young healthy sedentary male and female there is positive correlation between family history to type 2 diabetes and an increase in body weight and fat mass, or alterations in basal glycemia values. METHODS Totally183 male and 237 female healthy sedentary subjects were analysed in 2012, in Italy. They were divided in three groups: FH(+) with first degree family history, FH(++) with second degree family history and FH(-) with no family history. Anthropometrics, body composition and blood parameters were assessed. RESULTS Male had the highest BMI values (P<0.01). FH(+) and FH(++) had increased waist and hip circumferences and body weight (P<0.005 for men, P<0.0001 for women), body mass index (P< 0.0001 in both sexes), waist-hip ratio (P< 0.05 for men and women) and triceps skinfold (P< 0.0005 for both sexes). Obesity incidence was higher in FH(+) and FH(++) compared to control groups. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms family history to diabetes type 2 as a risk factor for the development of the illness, mainly in a case of first degree of FH. Preventive interventions are necessary to promote significant life-style changes, such as increased physical activity and controlled quantity and quality of food intake.
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Kim BH, Kim SE, Kang D, Lim KS, Kim JR, Jang IJ, Shin SG, Yoon SH, Cho JY, Yu KS. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of biomarker response to sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:113-25. [PMID: 23510190 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models can be useful tools in new drug development and also optimal drug therapy in patients. This study was designed to develop a PK/PD model of sitagliptin based on the physiology of incretin. The PK/PD data included information derived from two different studies. Study 1 was conducted as a one-sequence, three-period, repeated-dose, dose escalation (sitagliptin 25, 50 and 100 mg q.d.) design in twelve healthy volunteers. Study 2 was a first-in-man study for the newly developed dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in healthy volunteers. In study 1, blood samples were collected to measure sitagliptin concentrations, DPP-4 activity and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations. In study 2, only data from the 'placebo group' were used, and blood samples were collected to measure DPP-4 activity, active GLP-1 concentrations and glucose concentrations. A PK/PD analysis was conducted using a non-linear mixed effects modelling approach. Sitagliptin pharmacokinetics was modelled using a two-compartment model with first-order absorption. Changes in DPP-4 inhibition were linked to the PK model using a sigmoid Emax model, whereas the active GLP-1 changes were explained using an indirect response model; this model incorporated the glucose and DPP-4 inhibition models. The PK/PD model developed adequately described the changes in sitagliptin concentration, DPP-4 inhibition and active GLP-1 concentration in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Gladman M, Cudkowicz M, Zinman L. Enhancing clinical trials in neurodegenerative disorders: lessons from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2013; 25:735-42. [PMID: 23160423 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32835a309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review article is focused on strategies that may enhance clinical trial efficiency in neurodegenerative disorders, as demonstrated within the research field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). RECENT FINDINGS Unravelling ALS pathophysiology will result in an increased number of candidate therapeutics. Recent ALS clinical trials have employed novel study designs that expedite the drug development process and limit sample size, including futility, lead-in, selection, adaptive and sequential designs. The search for sensitive and specific biomarkers in ALS continues to develop, and they are essential in accelerating the drug discovery process. Several candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging and electrophysiological biomarkers have been recently described in ALS, and some have been successfully employed as secondary outcome measures in clinical trials. The advent of web-based technologies has provided a complementary platform to expedite clinical trials, through electronic data capture, teleconferencing and online registries. In addition, the formation of ALS consortia has enhanced collaborative multicentre studies. SUMMARY ALS research studies have employed novel strategies to accelerate the efficiency and pace of drug discovery. The importance of adapting to novel measures that enhance study efficiency is not unique to ALS and can be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases in search of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gladman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Medical School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Halade GV, Jin YF, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9: a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:32-40. [PMID: 23562601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant cause of congestive heart failure. Additional and novel strategies that improve our ability to predict, diagnose, or treat remodeling are needed. Numerous groups have explored single and multiple biomarker strategies to identify diagnostic prognosticators of remodeling progression, which will improve our ability to promptly and accurately identify high-risk individuals. The identification of better clinical indicators should further lead to more effective prediction and timely treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) is one potential biomarker for cardiac remodeling, as demonstrated by both animal models and clinical studies. In animal MI models, MMP-9 expression significantly increases and is linked with inflammation, diabetic microvascular complications, extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis, and cardiac dysfunction. Clinical studies have also established a relationship between MMP-9 and post-MI remodeling and mortality, making MMP-9 a viable candidate to add to the multiple biomarker list. By definition, a proximal biomarker shows a close relationship with its target disease, whereas a distal biomarker exhibits non-targeted disease modifying outcomes. In this review, we explore the ability of MMP-9 to serve as a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation. We summarize the current molecular basis and clinical platform that allow us to include MMP-9 as a biomarker in both categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States
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25
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Araki E, Kawamori R, Inagaki N, Watada H, Hayashi N, Horie Y, Sarashina A, Thiemann S, von Eynatten M, Dugi K, Woerle HJ. Long-term safety of linagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:364-71. [PMID: 23163910 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In a phase III study conducted among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), linagliptin 5 and 10 mg showed clinically meaningful improvements in glycaemic parameters after 12 and 26 weeks compared with placebo and voglibose, respectively. This extension study assessed long-term tolerability of linagliptin over 52 weeks. METHODS Japanese patients with T2DM who completed either phase of a 12-week/26-week study comparing linagliptin monotherapy with placebo or voglibose were eligible to enrol. In the extension study, the comparator groups switched to linagliptin 5 or 10 mg, while the linagliptin groups maintained dosage. RESULTS In all, 540 patients received at least one dose of linagliptin 5 or 10 mg and 494 completed the extension. Long-term treatment with linagliptin was well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of special interest and serious AEs occurred in small percentages of patients. Drug-related AEs occurred in 10.2 and 10.6% of patients in the linagliptin 5- and 10-mg groups, respectively, and discontinuations due to drug-related AEs occurred in 1.1 and 0.7%, respectively. Only one (0.4%) patient in each dose group experienced investigator-defined hypoglycaemia during the treatment period (both events were non-severe). Body weight was not clinically altered in either group. The glycated haemoglobin A1c profiles over time were similar with linagliptin 5 and 10 mg. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence for the safety and tolerability of oral linagliptin at either 5 or 10 mg for up to 52 weeks for the treatment of Japanese patients with T2DM, without clinically relevant increase in the risk of hypoglycaemia or weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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Gong JP, Schulz S, Hyslop T, Waldman SA. GUCY2C molecular staging personalizes colorectal cancer patient management. Biomark Med 2012; 6:339-48. [PMID: 22731908 PMCID: PMC3477399 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the most significant prognostic and predictive marker in the management of colorectal cancer patients is cancer cells in regional lymph nodes, approximately 30% of patients whose lymph nodes are ostensibly free of tumor cells by histopathology ultimately develop recurrent disease reflecting occult metastases. Molecular techniques utilizing highly specific markers and ultra-sensitive detection technologies have emerged as powerful staging platforms to establish prognosis and predict responsiveness to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. This review describes the evolution of the tumor suppressor GUCY2C as a prognostic and predictive molecular biomarker that quantifies occult tumor burden in regional lymph nodes for staging patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian P Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wang A, Dorso C, Kopcho L, Locke G, Langish R, Harstad E, Shipkova P, Marcinkeviciene J, Hamann L, Kirby MS. Potency, selectivity and prolonged binding of saxagliptin to DPP4: maintenance of DPP4 inhibition by saxagliptin in vitro and ex vivo when compared to a rapidly-dissociating DPP4 inhibitor. BMC Pharmacol 2012; 12:2. [PMID: 22475049 PMCID: PMC3373380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors have clinical benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by increasing levels of glucose-lowering incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), a peptide with a short half life that is secreted for approximately 1 hour following a meal. Since drugs with prolonged binding to their target have been shown to maximize pharmacodynamic effects while minimizing drug levels, we developed a time-dependent inhibitor that has a half-life for dissociation from DPP4 close to the duration of the first phase of GLP-1 release. RESULTS Saxagliptin and its active metabolite (5-hydroxysaxagliptin) are potent inhibitors of human DPP4 with prolonged dissociation from its active site (Ki = 1.3 nM and 2.6 nM, t1/2 = 50 and 23 minutes respectively at 37°C). In comparison, both vildagliptin (3.5 minutes) and sitagliptin ( < 2 minutes) rapidly dissociated from DPP4 at 37°C. Saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin are selective for inhibition of DPP4 versus other DPP family members and a large panel of other proteases, and have similar potency and efficacy across multiple species.Inhibition of plasma DPP activity is used as a biomarker in animal models and clinical trials. However, most DPP4 inhibitors are competitive with substrate and rapidly dissociate from DPP4; therefore, the type of substrate, volume of addition and final concentration of substrate in these assays can change measured inhibition. We show that unlike a rapidly dissociating DPP4 inhibitor, inhibition of plasma DPP activity by saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin in an ex vivo assay was not dependent on substrate concentration when substrate was added rapidly because saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin dissociate slowly from DPP4, once bound. We also show that substrate concentration was important for rapidly dissociating DPP4 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Saxagliptin and its active metabolite are potent, selective inhibitors of DPP4, with prolonged dissociation from its active site. They also demonstrate prolonged inhibition of plasma DPP4 ex vivo in animal models, which implies that saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin would continue to inhibit DPP4 during rapid increases in substrates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Wang
- Departments of Metabolic Diseases - Diabetes, Pennington NJ 08534, USA
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Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Waldman SA. Molecular staging individualizing cancer management. J Surg Oncol 2012; 105:468-74. [PMID: 22441898 PMCID: PMC3312802 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the most important prognostic and predictive marker in colorectal cancer is tumor cells in lymph nodes, approximately 30% of patients who are node-negative die from occult metastases. Molecular staging employing specific markers and sensitive detection technologies has emerged as a powerful platform to assess prognosis in node-negative colon cancer. Integrating molecular staging into algorithms that individualize patient management will require validation and the definition of relationships between occult tumor cells, prognosis, and responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mejia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson Unviersity,
| | - Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson Unviersity,
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson Unviersity,
| | | | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson Unviersity,
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Gibbs JP, Fredrickson J, Barbee T, Correa I, Smith B, Lin SL, Gibbs MA. Quantitative model of the relationship between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition and response: meta-analysis of alogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin efficacy results. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 52:1494-505. [PMID: 22162539 DOI: 10.1177/0091270011420153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition is a well- characterized treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this model-based meta-analysis was to describe the time course of HbA1c response after dosing with alogliptin (ALOG), saxagliptin (SAXA), sitagliptin (SITA), or vildagliptin (VILD). Publicly available data involving late-stage or marketed DPP-4 inhibitors were leveraged for the analysis. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was performed to describe the relationship between DPP-4 inhibition and mean response over time. Plots of the relationship between metrics of DPP-4 inhibition (ie, weighted average inhibition [WAI], time above 80% inhibition, and trough inhibition) and response after 12 weeks of daily dosing were evaluated. The WAI was most closely related to outcome, although other metrics performed well. A model was constructed that included fixed effects for placebo and drug and random effects for intertrial variability and residual error. The relationship between WAI and outcome was nonlinear, with an increasing response up to 98% WAI. Response to DPP-4 inhibitors could be described with a single drug effect. The WAI appears to be a useful index of DPP-4 inhibition related to HbA1c. Biomarker to response relationships informed by model-based meta-analysis can be leveraged to support study designs including optimization of dose, duration of therapy, and patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gibbs
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Krishna R, Wagner JA. Applications of 'decisionable' biomarkers in cardiovascular drug development. Biomark Med 2011; 4:815-27. [PMID: 21133701 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are now increasingly employed in drug development for decision-making. New targets and candidate drugs should not only have drug-like properties (i.e., be 'drugable'), but the supporting biomarker platform should be 'decisionable'. For example, biomarkers for target engagement have supported the biologic plausibility for novel mechanisms and have aided in accelerated proof of concept. In many other circumstances, biomarkers have aided in the elucidation of mechanisms of action and disease progression. In this article, decisonable biomarker principles that aid in decision-making within the realm of early discovery through to clinical proof of concept are discussed. Case studies of applications of both target engagement and disease-related biomarkers are illustrated in the field of cardiovascular drug discovery and translational development. We propose that biomarkers, if prospectively implemented in an early development program, have the potential to accelerate drug development, facilitate the design of informative trials and dose selection for accelerated development, and establish an overall increase in probability of developmental success and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Krishna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Ganesalingam J, Bowser R. The application of biomarkers in clinical trials for motor neuron disease. Biomark Med 2010; 4:281-97. [PMID: 20406070 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest and research into disease-related biomarkers has greatly accelerated over the last 10 years. The potential clinical benefits for disease-specific biomarkers include a more rapid and accurate disease diagnosis, and potential reduction in size and duration of clinical drug trials, which would speed up drug development. The application of biomarkers into the clinical arena of motor neuron disease should both determine if a drug hits its proposed target and whether the drug alters the course of disease. This article will highlight the progress made in discovering suitable biomarker candidates from a variety of sources, including imaging, neurophysiology and proteomics. For biomarkers to have clinical utility, specific criteria must be satisfied. While there has been tremendous effort to discover biomarkers, very few have been translated to the clinic. The bottlenecks in the biomarker pipeline will be highlighted as well as lessons that can be learned from other disciplines, such as oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeban Ganesalingam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK
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The role of pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling in drug discovery and development. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:923-8. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Waldman SA. Molecular staging estimates occult tumor burden in colorectal cancer. Adv Clin Chem 2010; 52:19-39. [PMID: 21275338 PMCID: PMC7012399 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(10)52007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells in regional lymph nodes are a key prognostic marker of survival and predictive marker of response to adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. However, clinicopathologic techniques to detect lymph node metastases remain imperfect, and approximately 30% of patients with lymph nodes negative by histology (pN0) develop recurrent disease, reflecting occult metastases that escape detection. These observations underscore an unmet clinical need for accurate approaches to identify occult nodal metastases in colorectal cancer patients. GUCY2C is a receptor whose expression normally is restricted to intestinal epithelial cells, but is universally overexpressed by colorectal cancer cells. A prospective, multicenter, blinded clinical trial established the prognostic utility of GUCY2C qRT-PCR to detect occult nodal metastases in pN0 colorectal cancer patients. Molecular staging revealed that approximately 13% of pN0 patients were free of cancer cells, while approximately 87% had GUCY2C results that suggested occult metastases. The presence of occult nodal metastases was the most powerful independent predictor of time to recurrence and disease-free survival. These observations establish the utility of molecular detection of occult nodal metastases for assessing prognostic risk in pN0 colorectal cancer patients. Advancing GUCY2C into staging paradigms in clinical laboratories will require validation in independent patient populations, definition of the relationship between the quantity of occult tumor metastases and risk, and determination of the utility of GUCY2C qRT-PCR to identify pN0 patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mejia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David S. Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Waldman SA. GUCY2C reverse transcriptase PCR to stage pN0 colorectal cancer patients. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:777-85. [PMID: 19895223 PMCID: PMC2810399 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The most important prognostic marker of survival and predictive marker of response to adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients is tumor cells in regional lymph nodes. Despite their importance, standard techniques to assess nodal metastases remain imperfect, as approximately 30% of patients with histology-negative lymph nodes (pN0) die of recurrent disease, reflecting occult metastases that escape detection. These observations highlight the clinical need for novel, accurate approaches to detect occult lymph node metastases in patients with colon cancer. GUCY2C is a biomarker whose expression normally is restricted to intestinal cells, but is near universally overexpressed by colorectal cancer cells. Recently, a prospective, multicenter, blinded clinical trial demonstrated for the first time that the prognostic utility of GUCY2C quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR to detect occult lymph node metastases in pN0 colorectal cancer patients. Molecular staging revealed that approximately 13% of pN0 patients were free of tumor cells, while approximately 87% had GUCY2C results that suggested occult metastases. The presence of occult lymph node metastases was the strongest independent predictor of time to recurrence and disease-free survival. These observations establish the utility of molecular detection of occult lymph node metastases for estimating prognostic risk in pN0 colorectal cancer patients. Advancing this molecular diagnostic into staging paradigms in clinical laboratories will require validation in independent patient populations, definition of the relationship between the quantity of occult tumor metastases and risk, and determination of the utility of GUCY2C qRT-PCR to identify pN0 patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mejia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Terry Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David S Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA, Tel.: +1 215 955 6086
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases impose enormous social and economic burdens on both individual citizens and on society as a whole. Clinical indicators such as high blood pressure, blood cholesterol and obesity have had some utility in identifying those who are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there remains an urgent need for sensitive and specific indicators, preferably acquired through minimally invasive means, to help stratify patients for more personalized health care. As such, there has been a steadily growing interest in searching for 'omic' biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Historically, the transition of cardiac biomarker discovery to implementation has been a lengthy and somewhat unregulated process. Recent technological advancements, as well as concurrent efforts by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (United States) and Health Canada to establish policies and guidelines in the 'omic' arena, have helped propel the discovery and validation of biomarkers forward. The present paper provides perspective on current strategies in the biomarker development pathway, as well as the potential limitations associated with each step from discovery to clinical uptake. Canadian biomarker studies now underway illustrate the possibilities for assessment of risk, diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy, and for the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lin
- NCE CECR Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure
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Siskos AP, Katsila T, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Tamvakopoulos C. Simultaneous Absolute Quantification of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptides GIP1−42 and GIP3−42 in Mouse Plasma by LC/ESI-MS/MS: Preclinical Evaluation of DP-IV Inhibitors. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3487-96. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros P. Siskos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
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