1
|
Augsburger P, Liimatta J, Flück CE. Update on Adrenarche-Still a Mystery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1403-1422. [PMID: 38181424 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenarche marks the timepoint of human adrenal development when the cortex starts secreting androgens in increasing amounts, in healthy children at age 8-9 years, with premature adrenarche (PA) earlier. Because the molecular regulation and significance of adrenarche are unknown, this prepubertal event is characterized descriptively, and PA is a diagnosis by exclusion with unclear long-term consequences. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched the literature of the past 5 years, including original articles, reviews, and meta-analyses from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, using search terms adrenarche, pubarche, DHEAS, steroidogenesis, adrenal, and zona reticularis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Numerous studies addressed different topics of adrenarche and PA. Although basic studies on human adrenal development, zonation, and zona reticularis function enhanced our knowledge, the exact mechanism leading to adrenarche remains unsolved. Many regulators seem involved. A promising marker of adrenarche (11-ketotestosterone) was found in the 11-oxy androgen pathway. By current definition, the prevalence of PA can be as high as 9% to 23% in girls and 2% to 10% in boys, but only a subset of these children might face related adverse health outcomes. CONCLUSION New criteria for defining adrenarche and PA are needed to identify children at risk for later disease and to spare children with a normal variation. Further research is therefore required to understand adrenarche. Prospective, long-term studies should characterize prenatal or early postnatal developmental pathways that modulate trajectories of birth size, early postnatal growth, childhood overweight/obesity, adrenarche and puberty onset, and lead to abnormal sexual maturation, fertility, and other adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Augsburger
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jani Liimatta
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Kuopio Pediatric Research Unit (KuPRU), University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang Y, Laprocina K, Zheng HS, Huang CCJ. Current insight into the transient X-zone in the adrenal gland cortex. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:297-339. [PMID: 38408801 PMCID: PMC11023618 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models have been widely used in the study of adrenal gland development and diseases. The X-zone is a unique structure of the mouse adrenal gland and lineage-tracing studies show that the X-zone is a remnant of the fetal adrenal cortex. Although the X-zone is considered analogous to the fetal zone in the human adrenal cortex, the functional significance of the X-zone has remained comparatively more obscure. The X-zone forms during the early postnatal stages of adrenal development and regresses later in a remarkable sexually dimorphic fashion. The formation and regression of the X-zone can be different in mice with different genetic backgrounds. Mouse models with gene mutations, hormone/chemical treatments, and/or gonadectomy can also display an aberrant development of the X-zone or alternatively a dysregulated X-zone regression. These models have shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating the development and regression of these unique adrenocortical cells. This review paper briefly describes the development of the adrenal gland including the formation and regression processes of the X-zone. It also summarizes and lists mouse models that demonstrate different X-zone phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Karly Laprocina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huifei Sophia Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim SH, Son GH, Seok JY, Chun SK, Yun H, Jang J, Suh YG, Kim K, Jung JW, Chung S. Identification of a novel class of cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors and its implications in a therapeutic strategy for hypercortisolism. Life Sci 2023; 325:121744. [PMID: 37127185 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulation of adrenocortical steroid (corticosteroids) biosynthesis leads to pathological conditions such as Cushing's syndrome. Although several classes of steroid biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed to treat cortisol overproduction, limitations such as insufficient efficacy, adverse effects, and/or tolerability still remain. The present study aimed to develop a new class of small molecules that inhibit cortisol production, and investigated their putative modes of action. MAIN METHODS We screened an in-house chemical library with drug-like chemical scaffolds using human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells. We then evaluated and validated the effects of the selected compounds at multiple regulatory steps of the adrenal steroidogenic pathway. Finally, genome-wide RNA expression analysis coupled with gene enrichment analysis was conducted to infer possible action mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS A subset of benzimidazolylurea derivatives, including a representative compound (designated as CJ28), inhibited both basal and stimulated production of cortisol and related intermediate steroids. CJ28 attenuated the mRNA expression of multiple genes involved in steroidogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, CJ28 significantly attenuated de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, which contributed to its suppression of cortisol production. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a novel chemical scaffold that exerts inhibitory effects on cortisol and cholesterol biosynthesis via coordinated transcriptional silencing of gene expression networks. Our findings also reveal an additional adrenal-directed pharmacological strategy for hypercortisolism involving a combination of inhibitors targeting steroidogenesis and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Seok
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu M, Chen H, Dai H, Wang Y, Li J, Tian F, Li Z, Ge RS. Effects of bis (2-butoxyethyl) phthalate on adrenocortical function in male rats in puberty partially via down-regulating NR5A1/NR4A1/NR4A2 pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2419-2433. [PMID: 35762508 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates may interfere with the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex. Bis (2-butoxyethyl) phthalate (BBOP) is a phthalate containing oxygen atoms in the alcohol moiety. In this study, 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with BBOP (0, 10, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. BBOP did not affect the weight of body and adrenal glands. BBOP significantly reduced serum corticosterone levels at 250 and 500 mg/kg, and lowered aldosterone level at 500 mg/kg without affecting adrenocorticotropic hormone. BBOP did not alter the thickness of the adrenal cortex. BBOP significantly down-regulated the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes (Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp21, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2, Nr5a1, Nr4a1, and Nr4a2) and proteins, and antioxidant enzymes (Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, and Cat) and their proteins, while up-regulating the expression of Mc2r and Agtr1a at various doses. BBOP reduced the phosphorylation of AKT1, AKT2, and ERK1/2, as well as the levels of SIRT1 and PGC1α without affecting the phosphorylation of AMPK. BBOP significantly induced the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis rate in H295R cells at 100 μM and higher after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, male rats exposed to BBOP in puberty have significant reduction of steroid biosynthesis with a potential mechanism that is involved in the decrease in the phosphorylation of AKT1, AKT2, ERK1/2, as well as SIRT1 and PGC1α and increase in ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqiong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haipeng Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuhong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongrong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clay MR, Pinto EM, Fishbein L, Else T, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K. Pathological and Genetic Stratification for Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1159-1169. [PMID: 34850906 PMCID: PMC8947319 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy that affects patients across the age spectrum. Although the overall survival in patients with ACC is poor, there is significant heterogeneity in terms of outcomes, presentation, and underlying genetic drivers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review is based on the evidence collected from primary research studies, expert reviews, and published guidelines. The studies were identified through PubMed search with key words "adrenocortical carcinoma," "prognosis," "pathology," and "genetics." The PubMed search was complemented by authors' expertise, research, and clinical experience in the field of ACC. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Identification of biomarkers has been critical to gain better insight into tumor behavior and to guide therapeutic approach to patients. Tumor stage, resection status, and Ki67 are pathological tumor characteristics that have been identified as prognosticators in patients with ACC. Cortisol excess also correlates with worse prognosis. Clinical and histopathological characteristics help stratify patient outcomes, yet still up to 25% of patients have a different outcome than predicted. To bridge this gap, comprehensive genomic profiling studies have characterized additional profiles that correlate with clinical outcomes. In addition, studies of clinically applicable molecular markers are under way to further stratify outcomes in patients with ACC tumors. CONCLUSIONS Clinical predictors in combination with pathological markers play a critical role in the approach to patients with ACC. Recent advances in genetic prognosticators will help extend the stratification of these tumors and contribute to a personalized therapeutic approach to patients with ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine at Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emilia M Pinto
- Department of Pathology; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine at Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine at Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Correspondence: Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades, DO, Endocrinology MS8106, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abobaker H, Omer NA, Hu Y, Idriss AA, Zhao R. In ovo injection of betaine promotes adrenal steroidogenesis in pre-hatched chicken fetuses. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101871. [PMID: 35487119 PMCID: PMC9170934 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosterone is critical for the maturation and survival of chicken fetus around hatching. Betaine is used as a feed additive in poultry industry to promote growth and mitigate stress. However, it remains unknown whether betaine could affect adrenal corticosterone synthesis in pre-hatching chicken fetuses. In this study, betaine (2.5 mg/egg) was injected into developing chicken fetuses at d 11 of incubation (E11) and its impact on adrenal steroidogenesis was investigated at day 19 (E19). Plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in betaine-treated fetuses, together with increased adrenal expression of melanocortin 2 receptor and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Accordingly, the corticosterone biosynthetic enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2, as well as cholesterol biosynthesis or regulation-related genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and low-density lipoprotein receptor, were all significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in betaine group. Meanwhile, steroidogenic factor-1 and glucocorticoid receptor were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced, whereas expression of dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome gene, a nuclear receptor known as a repressor of adrenal steroidogenesis, was significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated. Betaine significantly (P < 0.05) increased adrenal expression of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation, such as S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase, betaine-homocysteine-methyltransferase, methionine adenosyl transferase and DNA methyltransferases, yet the promoter regions of most steroidogenic genes were significantly (P < 0.05) hypomethylated. These results indicate that in ovo injection of betaine promotes adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in chicken fetuses before hatching, which involves alterations in DNA methylation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheng JA, Bales NJ, Myers SA, Bautista AI, Roueinfar M, Hale TM, Handa RJ. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601939. [PMID: 33519393 PMCID: PMC7838595 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can further result in long-term alterations in neuropeptide and neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system, as well as glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the periphery. Together, these changes can potentially lead to a disruption in neuroendocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic functions in adulthood. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the HPA axis and its development. We will also examine the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disruption of the normal fetal environment which becomes a major risk factor for many neurodevelopmental pathologies in adulthood, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julietta A. Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Natalie J. Bales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sage A. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna I. Bautista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mina Roueinfar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Taben M. Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nunes-Souza E, Silveira ME, Mendes MC, Nagashima S, de Paula CBV, da Silva GGVC, Barbosa GS, Martins JB, de Noronha L, Lenzi L, Barbosa JRS, Donin RDF, de Moura JF, Custódio G, Machado-Souza C, Lalli E, de Figueiredo BC. From adrenarche to aging of adrenal zona reticularis: precocious female adrenopause onset. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1212-1220. [PMID: 33112833 PMCID: PMC7774755 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adaptive changes in DHEA and sulfated-DHEA (DHEAS) production from adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) have been observed in normal and pathological conditions. Here we used three different cohorts to assess timing differences in DHEAS blood level changes and characterize the relationship between early blood DHEAS reduction and cell number changes in women ZR. MATERIALS AND METHODS DHEAS plasma samples (n = 463) were analyzed in 166 healthy prepubertal girls before pubarche (<9 years) and 324 serum samples from 268 adult females (31.9-83.8 years) without conditions affecting steroidogenesis. Guided by DHEAS blood levels reduction rate, we selected the age range for ZR cell counting using DHEA/DHEAS and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), tumor suppressor and cell stress marker, immunostaining, and hematoxylin stained nuclei of 14 post-mortem adrenal glands. RESULTS We confirmed that overweight girls exhibited higher and earlier DHEAS levels and no difference was found compared with the average European and South American girls with a similar body mass index (BMI). Adrenopause onset threshold (AOT) defined as DHEAS blood levels <2040 nmol/L was identified in >35% of the females >40 years old and associated with significantly reduced ZR cell number (based on PTEN and hematoxylin signals). ZR cell loss may in part account for lower DHEA/DHEAS expression, but most cells remain alive with lower DHEA/DHEAS biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The timely relation between significant reduction of blood DHEAS levels and decreased ZR cell number at the beginning of the 40s suggests that adrenopause is an additional burden for a significant number of middle-aged women, and may become an emergent problem associated with further sex steroids reduction during the menopausal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle Nunes-Souza
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mônica Evelise Silveira
- Laboratório Central de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monalisa Castilho Mendes
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Seigo Nagashima
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Guilherme Vieira Cavalcante da Silva
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Silva Barbosa
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Julia Belgrowicz Martins
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Noronha
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luana Lenzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Renato Sales Barbosa
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Danilow Fachin Donin
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira de Moura
- Pós Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Departamento de Patologia Básica – UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Custódio
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Bonald Cavalcante de Figueiredo
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence should be addressed to B C de Figueiredo:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karsli T, Jain VG, Mhanna M, Wu Q, Pepkowitz SH, Chandler DW, Shekhawat PS. Assessment of adrenal function at birth using adrenal glucocorticoid precursor to product ratios to predict short-term neonatal outcomes. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:767-772. [PMID: 31645056 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most neonatal outcomes in neonates are related to normal adrenal gland function. Assessment of adrenal function in a sick preterm neonate remains a challenge, thus we hypothesized that adrenal steroid precursors to their product ratios have a direct relationship with neonatal outcomes. METHODS We studied demographics of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in 99 mother-infant pairs (24-41 weeks) and assayed 7 glucocorticoid precursors in the cortisol biosynthesis/degradation pathway. We correlated antenatal factors and short-term neonatal outcomes with these precursors and their ratios to assess maturity of individual enzymes. RESULTS We found no correlation between cortisol levels with antenatal factors and outcomes. Antenatal steroid use impacted several cortisol precursors. 17-OH pregnenolone-to-cortisol ratio at birth was the best predictor of short-term neonatal outcomes, such as hypotension, RDS, IVH and PDA. A cord blood 17-OH pregnenolone:cortisol ratio of <0.21 predicts which neonate will have a normal outcome with a high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS Maternal factors and antenatal steroids impact neonatal adrenal function and leads to maturation of adrenal function. 17-OH pregnenolone:cortisol ratio and not cortisol is the best predictor of adrenal function. Adrenal function can be assessed by evaluating the profile of adrenal steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijen Karsli
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Viral G Jain
- Perinatal Research Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maroun Mhanna
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Prem S Shekhawat
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into Leydig-like cells with defined molecular compounds. Hum Cell 2020; 33:318-329. [PMID: 32034722 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
95% of the body's testosterone is produced by the Leydig Cells (LCs) in adult testis, and LC functional degradation can cause testosterone deficiency ultimately leading towards hypogonadism. The transplantation of LCs derived from stem cells is a very promising therapy to overcome the testosterone deficiency. The isolated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) were identified by flow cytometry and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used for the differentiated Leydig-like cell identification. The comparisons of the testosterone levels, gene expression levels, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) productions were performed through radioimmunoassay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and cAMP assay kit, respectively. Here, it is stated that our isolated human UMSCs, which could positively express CD29, CD44, CD59, CD90, CD105, and CD166 but negatively express CD34 as well as could be differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes, could be differentiated into Leydig-like cells (UMSC-LCs) using a novel differentiation method based on molecular compounds. The enrichment UMSC-LCs could secrete testosterone into the medium supernatant and produce considerable cAMP at the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH), and positively expressed LC lineage-typical markers LHCGR, SCARB1, SATR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1, HSD17B3, and SF-1 as well as negatively expressed mesenchymal stem cell typical markers CD29, CD44, and CD105. The expression levels of NR3C4, PDGFRA, and NR3A1 in UMSC-LCs were higher than those of UMSCs and were comparable with LCs. These results illuminated that UMSCs could be differentiated into Leydig-like cells using the defined molecular compounds, which might further support MSC-derived Leydig cell transplantation therapy for testosterone insufficiency.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kia F, Sarafoglou K, Mooganayakanakote Siddappa A, Roberts KD. Partial gonadal dysgenesis associated with a pathogenic variant of PBX1 transcription factor. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:e227986. [PMID: 31302614 PMCID: PMC6626438 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A term neonate was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for respiratory distress, hypotonia and atypical genitalia. Significant findings included a small phallic structure, labial folds, no palpable gonads and two perineal openings. Pelvic ultrasound showed uterine didelphys and a gonad in the right inguinal canal. The right gonad was removed during diagnostic laparoscopy with microscopic evaluation showing infantile testicular tissue and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation showed only XY signal suggesting that the removed gonad was a male-developed testis. Infant was 46,XY, SRY probe positive. The parents chose a female sex assignment prior to gonadectomy. The infant had respiratory insufficiency and central hypotonia that persisted on discharge. Whole exome sequencing showed a heterozygous pathogenic variant of the PBX1 gene. This variant encodes the pre-B-cell leukaemia homeobox PBX transcription factor and has been associated with malformations and severe hypoplasia or aplasia of multiple organs including lungs and gonads. Whole exome sequencing was crucial in providing a unifying diagnosis for this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaaz Kia
- OBGYN, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kari D Roberts
- Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Li C, Ji W, Wang L, Chen X, Zhao S, Xu Z, Ge R, Guo X. Differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells into Leydig-like cells with molecular compounds. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5956-5969. [PMID: 31293077 PMCID: PMC6714210 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) are the primary source of testosterone in the testis, and testosterone deficiency caused by LC functional degeneration can lead to male reproductive dysfunction. LC replacement transplantation is a very promising approach for this disease therapy. Here, we report that human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be differentiated into Leydig-like cells using a novel differentiation method based on molecular compounds. The isolated human ADSCs expressed positive CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105, negative CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR using flow cytometry, and had the capacity of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs derived Leydig-like cells (ADSC-LCs) acquired testosterone synthesis capabilities, and positively expressed LC lineage-specific markers LHCGR, STAR, SCARB1, SF-1, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1 and HSD17B3 as well as negatively expressed ADSC specific markers CD29, CD44, CD59 and CD105. When ADSC-LCs labelled with lipophilic red dye (PKH26) were injected into rat testes which were selectively eliminated endogenous LCs using ethylene dimethanesulfonate (EDS, 75 mg/kg), the transplanted ADSC-LCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testes, and accelerate the recovery of blood testosterone levels and testis weights. These results demonstrated that ADSCs could be differentiated into Leydig-like cells by few defined molecular compounds, which might lay the foundation for further clinical application of ADSC-LC transplantation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Ji
- Department of Gastroenetrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Shenzhi Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Zhangye Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Renshan Ge
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into Leydig-like cells with molecular compounds. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:220. [PMID: 30833541 PMCID: PMC6399252 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leydig cells (LCs) play crucial roles in producing testosterone, which is critical in the regulation of male reproduction and development. Low levels of testosterone will lead to male hypogonadism. LC transplantation is a promising alternative therapy for male hypogonadism. However, the source of LCs limits this strategy for clinical applications. Thus far, others have reported that LCs can be derived from stem cells by gene transfection, but the safe and effective induction method has not yet been reported. Here, we report that Leydig-like cells can be derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a novel differentiation protocol based on molecular compounds. The iPSCs-derived Leydig-like cells (iPSC-LCs) acquired testosterone synthesis capabilities, had the similar gene expression profiles with LCs, and positively expressed Leydig cell lineage-specific protein markers LHCGR, STAR, SCARB1, SF-1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, and HSD17B3 as well as negatively expressed iPSC-specific markers NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. When iPSC-LCs labeled with lipophilic red dye (PKH26) were transplanted into rat testes that were selectively eliminated endogenous LCs using EDS (75 mg/kg), the transplanted iPSC-LCs could survive and function in the interstitium of testes, and accelerate the recovery of serum testosterone levels and testis weights. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the iPSCs were able to be differentiated into Leydig-like cells by few defined molecular compounds, which may lay the safer groundwork for further clinical application of iPSC-LCs for hypogonadism.
Collapse
|
14
|
Theiler-Schwetz V, Zaufel A, Schlager H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Fickert P, Zollner G. Bile acids and glucocorticoid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:243-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
15
|
Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1029-1056. [PMID: 30007283 PMCID: PMC6236434 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several germline and somatic ion channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and detection of cell clusters that can be responsible for excess aldosterone production, as well as the isolation of autoantibodies activating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have rapidly advanced the understanding of the biology of primary aldosteronism (PA), particularly that of APA. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to discuss how discoveries of the last decade could affect histopathology analysis and clinical practice. The structural remodeling through development and aging of the human adrenal cortex, particularly of the zona glomerulosa, and the complex regulation of aldosterone, with emphasis on the concepts of zonation and channelopathies, will be addressed. Finally, the diagnostic workup for PA and its subtyping to optimize treatment are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baquedano MS, Belgorosky A. Human Adrenal Cortex: Epigenetics and Postnatal Functional Zonation. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:331-340. [PMID: 29742513 DOI: 10.1159/000487995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adrenal cortex, involved in adaptive responses to stress, fluid homeostasis, and secondary sexual characteristics, arises from a tightly regulated development of a zone and cell type-specific secretory pattern. However, the molecular mechanisms governing adrenal zonation, particularly postnatal zona reticularis development, which produce adrenal androgens in a lifetime-specific manner, remain poorly understood. Epigenetic events, including DNA and histone modifications as well as regulation by noncoding RNAs, are crucial in establishing or maintaining the expression pattern of specific genes and thus contribute to the stability of a specific differentiation state. Emerging evidence points to epigenetics as another regulatory layer that could contribute to establishing the adrenal zone-specific pattern of enzyme expression. Here, we outline the developmental milestones of the human adrenal cortex, focusing on current advances and understanding of epigenetic regulation of postnatal functional zonation. Numerous questions remain to be addressed emphasizing the need for additional investigations to elucidate the role of epigenetics in the human adrenal gland. Ultimately, improved understanding of the epigenetic factors involved in adrenal development and function could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Baba T, Otake H, Inoue M, Sato T, Ishihara Y, Moon JY, Tsuchiya M, Miyabayashi K, Ogawa H, Shima Y, Wang L, Sato R, Yamazaki T, Suyama M, Nomura M, Choi MH, Ohkawa Y, Morohashi KI. Ad4BP/SF-1 regulates cholesterol synthesis to boost the production of steroids. Commun Biol 2018; 1:18. [PMID: 30271905 PMCID: PMC6123728 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Housekeeping metabolic pathways such as glycolysis are active in all cell types. In addition, many types of cells are equipped with cell-specific metabolic pathways. To properly perform their functions, housekeeping and cell-specific metabolic pathways must function cooperatively. However, the regulatory mechanisms that couple metabolic pathways remain largely unknown. Recently, we showed that the steroidogenic cell-specific nuclear receptor Ad4BP/SF-1, which regulates steroidogenic genes, also regulates housekeeping glycolytic genes. Here, we identify cholesterogenic genes as the targets of Ad4BP/SF-1. Further, we reveal that Ad4BP/SF-1 regulates Hummr, a candidate mediator of cholesterol transport from endoplasmic reticula to mitochondria. Given that cholesterol is the starting material for steroidogenesis and is synthesized from acetyl-CoA, which partly originates from glucose, our results suggest that multiple biological processes involved in synthesizing steroid hormones are governed by Ad4BP/SF-1. To our knowledge, this study provides the first example where housekeeping and cell-specific metabolism are coordinated at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otake
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miki Inoue
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ju-Yeon Moon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Megumi Tsuchiya
- Nuclear Dynamics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyabayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Nuclear Dynamics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahimachi 67, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcritomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gotlieb N, Albaz E, Shaashua L, Sorski L, Matzner P, Rosenne E, Amram B, Benbenishty A, Golomb E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Regeneration of Functional Adrenal Tissue Following Bilateral Adrenalectomy. Endocrinology 2018; 159:248-259. [PMID: 29059290 PMCID: PMC5761594 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that after complete bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX), no adrenal tissue will redevelop and adrenal hormone levels will remain low and unaffected by stress. However, anecdotal observations in animals and in patients suggest that under some unknown circumstances the opposite can occur. Herein, we studied whether adrenalectomized rats can develop an alternative source of systemic corticosterone after complete bilateral ADX with minimal replacement therapy. Male and female rats underwent either a standard ADX, in which the glands were removed with minimal surrounding adipose tissue, or an extensive ADX, in which glands were removed with most surrounding adipose tissue. Excised glands were histologically tested for completeness, and corticosterone replacement was nullified within 1 to 3 weeks postoperatively. In four experiments and in both excision approaches, some rats gradually reestablished baseline corticosterone levels and stress response in a time-dependent manner, but differences were observed in the reestablishing rates: 80% in standard ADX vs 20% in extensive ADX. Upon searching for the source of corticosterone secretion, we were surprised to find functional macroscopic foci of adrenocortical tissue without medullary tissue, mostly proximal to the original location. Chronic stress accelerated corticosterone level reestablishment. We hypothesized that underlying this phenomenon were preexisting ectopic microscopic foci of adrenocortical-like tissue or a few adrenal cells that were pre-embedded in surrounding tissue or detached from the excised gland upon removal. We concluded that adrenalectomized animals may develop compensatory mechanisms and suggest that studies employing ADX consider additional corticosterone supplementation, minimize stress, and verify the absence of circulating corticosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gotlieb
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ely Albaz
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pini Matzner
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ella Rosenne
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Benjamin Amram
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amit Benbenishty
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Golomb
- Institute of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Significance of dopamine D 1 receptor signalling for steroidogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15120. [PMID: 29123220 PMCID: PMC5680317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are expected to be both a revolutionary cell source for regenerative medicine and a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying human cell development in vitro. In the present study, we tried to elucidate the steroidogenic differentiation processes using hiPSC-derived intermediate mesoderm (IM) that is known to be the origin of the human adrenal cortex and gonads. We first performed chemical screening to identify small molecules that induce steroidogenic differentiation of IM cells expressing Odd-skipped related 1 (OSR1), an early IM marker. We identified cabergoline as an inducer of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for adrenogonadal steroidogenesis. Although cabergoline is a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist, additional experiments showed that cabergoline exerted effects as a low-affinity agonist of D1 receptors by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Further analysis of OSR1+ cells transfected with steroidogenic factor-1/adrenal 4 binding protein revealed that D1 receptor agonist upregulated expression of various steroidogenic enzymes and increased secretion of steroid hormones synergistically with adrenocorticotropic hormone. These results suggest the importance of dopamine D1 receptor signalling in steroidogenic differentiation, which contributes to effective induction of steroidogenic cells from hiPSCs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Neural differentiation potential of sympathoadrenal progenitors derived from fresh and cryopreserved neonatal porcine adrenal glands. Cryobiology 2016; 73:152-61. [PMID: 27539465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells are thought to have the potential in the treatment of severe neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, sympathoadrenal progenitors expressing specific markers of neural crest derivatives and capable to differentiate into neurons were discovered in adult bovine and human adrenal glands, but there was no reported data on cryopreservation of sympathoadrenal progenitors. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural differentiation potential of sympathoadrenal progenitors derived from fresh and cryopreserved neonatal porcine adrenal glands. Considering impact of various initial state of frozen biomaterial on cell recovery, we carried out a comparative estimation of cryopreservation outcome both for adrenal tissue fragments and isolated primary cells. The estimation consisted of determining cell yield, viability, ability to adhere, proliferate and differentiate in vitro. Cells isolated from the fresh adrenal glands were cultured until confluence. A formation of sympathoadrenal progenitors-embedded spherical cell colonies, whose cells are differentiated then into βIII-tubulin-positive cells with neuron-like morphology, was observed on the monolayer. The colonies were well preserved after cryopreservation of cell culture with a cooling rate of 1 °C/min in the cryoprotectant media containing 5-15% of dimethylsulfoxide. Adrenal tissue fragments were cryopreserved in the presence of 10% dimethylsulfoxide at the cooling rates of 0.3; 1: 5; 40 and > 100 °C/min. Sympathoadrenal progenitors were recovered after cryopreservation with 0.3 °C/min cooling rate but not higher.
Collapse
|
21
|
Martinez-Arguelles DB, Papadopoulos V. Prenatal phthalate exposure: epigenetic changes leading to lifelong impact on steroid formation. Andrology 2016; 4:573-84. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Martinez-Arguelles
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - V. Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Inoue M, Shima Y, Miyabayashi K, Tokunaga K, Sato T, Baba T, Ohkawa Y, Akiyama H, Suyama M, Morohashi KI. Isolation and Characterization of Fetal Leydig Progenitor Cells of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1222-33. [PMID: 26697723 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and adult Leydig cells develop in mammalian prenatal and postnatal testes, respectively. In mice, fetal Leydig cells (FLCs) emerge in the interstitial space of the testis at embryonic day 12.5 and thereafter increase in number, possibly through differentiation from progenitor cells. However, the progenitor cells have not yet been identified. Previously, we established transgenic mice in which FLCs are labeled strongly with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Interestingly, fluorescence-activated cell sorting provided us with weakly EGFP-labeled cells as well as strongly EGFP-labeled FLCs. In vitro reconstruction of fetal testes demonstrated that weakly EGFP-labeled cells contain FLC progenitors. Transcriptome from the 2 cell populations revealed, as expected, marked differences in the expression of genes required for growth factor/receptor signaling and steroidogenesis. In addition, genes for energy metabolisms such as glycolytic pathways and the citrate cycle were activated in strongly EGFP-labeled cells, suggesting that metabolism is activated during FLC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Inoue
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shima
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyabayashi
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kaori Tokunaga
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takashi Baba
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Ken-ichirou Morohashi
- Division of Molecular Life Science (M.I., Y.S., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Systems Life Science; Department of Molecular Biology (Y.S., K.M., K.T., T.B., K.-i.M.), Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation; and Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives (Y.O.), Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and Department of Orthopaedics (H.A.), Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inomata A, Sasano H. Practical approaches for evaluating adrenal toxicity in nonclinical safety assessment. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:125-32. [PMID: 26441474 PMCID: PMC4588206 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland has characteristic morphological and biochemical features that render it particularly susceptible to the actions of xenobiotics. As is the case with other endocrine organs, the adrenal gland is under the control of upstream organs (hypothalamic-pituitary system) in vivo, often making it difficult to elucidate the mode of toxicity of a test article. It is very important, especially for pharmaceuticals, to determine whether a test article-related change is caused by a direct effect or other associated factors. In addition, antemortem data, including clinical signs, body weight, food consumption and clinical pathology, and postmortem data, including gross pathology, organ weight and histopathologic examination of the adrenal glands and other related organs, should be carefully monitored and evaluated. During evaluation, the following should also be taken into account: (1) species, sex and age of animals used, (2) metabolic activation by a cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) and (3) physicochemical properties and the metabolic pathway of the test article. In this review, we describe the following crucial points for toxicologic pathologists to consider when evaluating adrenal toxicity: functional anatomy, blood supply, hormone production in each compartment, steroid biosynthesis, potential medulla-cortex interaction, and species and gender differences in anatomical features and other features of the adrenal gland which could affect vulnerability to toxic effects. Finally practical approaches for evaluating adrenal toxicity in nonclinical safety studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Inomata
- Tsukuba Drug Safety, Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessments Core Function Unit, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The adrenal gland consists of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla. Molecular mechanisms controlling differentiation and growth of the adrenal gland have been studied in detail using mouse models. Knowledge also came from investigations of genetic disorders altering adrenal development and/or function. During embryonic development, the adrenal cortex acquires a structural and functional zonation in which the adrenal cortex is divided into three different steroidogenic zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding adrenal zonation. Recent lineage tracing experiments have accumulated evidence for a centripetal differentiation of adrenocortical cells from the subcapsular area to the inner part of the adrenal cortex. Understanding of the mechanism of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) development was stimulated by knowledge of adrenal gland development. ACC is a rare cancer with a very poor overall prognosis. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin as well as the IGF2 signaling plays an important role in ACC development. Studies examining rare genetic syndromes responsible for familial ACT have played an important role in identifying genetic alterations in these tumors (like TP53 or CTNNB1 mutations as well as IGF2 overexpression). Recently, genomic analyses of ACT have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as chromosomal and methylation alterations in ACT and exome sequencing allowed to describe the mutational landscape of these tumors. This progress leads to a new classification of these tumors, opening new perspectives for the diagnosis and prognostication of ACT. This review summarizes current knowledge of adrenocortical development, growth, and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martinez-Arguelles DB, Papadopoulos V. Mechanisms mediating environmental chemical-induced endocrine disruption in the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25788893 PMCID: PMC4349159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to hundreds of man-made chemicals that pollute the environment in addition to multiple therapeutic drug treatments administered throughout life. Some of these chemicals, known as endocrine disruptors (EDs), mimic endogenous signals, thereby altering gene expression, influencing development, and promoting disease. Although EDs are eventually removed from the market or replaced with safer alternatives, new evidence suggests that early-life exposure leaves a fingerprint on the epigenome, which may increase the risk of disease later in life. Epigenetic changes occurring in early life in response to environmental toxicants have been shown to affect behavior, increase cancer risk, and modify the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Thus, exposure to an ED or combination of EDs may represent a first hit to the epigenome. Only limited information is available regarding the effect of ED exposure on adrenal function. The adrenal gland controls the stress response, blood pressure, and electrolyte homeostasis. This endocrine organ therefore has an important role in physiology and is a sensitive target of EDs. We review herein the effect of ED exposure on the adrenal gland with particular focus on in utero exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylehyl) phthalate. We discuss the challenges associated with identifying the mechanism mediating the epigenetic origins of disease and availability of biomarkers that may identify individual or population risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles and Vassilios Papadopoulos, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room C10-148, Montréal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada e-mail: ;
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles and Vassilios Papadopoulos, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room C10-148, Montréal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada e-mail: ;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nusrin S, Tong SKH, Chaturvedi G, Wu RSS, Giesy JP, Kong RYC. Regulation of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 steroidogenic genes by hypoxia-inducible miR-10b in H295R cells. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:344-351. [PMID: 24768260 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown that hypoxia affects cortisol and aldosterone production in vivo, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating the steroidogenic genes of these steroid hormones are still poorly known. MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that control diverse biological processes and this study describes the identification and validation of the hypoxia-inducible microRNA, miR-10b, as a negative regulator of the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 steroidogenic genes in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Using the human TaqMan Low Density miRNA Arrays, we determined the miRNA expression patterns in H295R cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and in cells overexpressing the human HIF-1α. Computer analysis using three in silico algorithms predicted that the hypoxia-inducible miR-10b molecule targets CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNAs. Gene transfection studies of luciferase constructs containing the 3'-untranslated region of CYP11B1 or CYP11B2, combined with miRNA overexpression and knockdown experiments provide compelling evidence that CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNAs are likely targets of miR-10b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraia Nusrin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Steve K H Tong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - G Chaturvedi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Rudolf S S Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Richard Y C Kong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baba T, Otake H, Sato T, Miyabayashi K, Shishido Y, Wang CY, Shima Y, Kimura H, Yagi M, Ishihara Y, Hino S, Ogawa H, Nakao M, Yamazaki T, Kang D, Ohkawa Y, Suyama M, Chung BC, Morohashi KI. Glycolytic genes are targets of the nuclear receptor Ad4BP/SF-1. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3634. [PMID: 24727981 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies in transcription factors can lead to the loss of certain types of cells and tissue. The steroidogenic tissue-specific nuclear receptor Ad4BP/SF-1 (NR5A1) is one such gene, because mice in which this gene is disrupted fail to develop the adrenal gland and gonads. However, the specific role of Ad4BP/SF-1 in these biological events remains unclear. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to show that nearly all genes in the glycolytic pathway are regulated by Ad4BP/SF-1. Suppression of Ad4BP/SF-1 by small interfering RNA reduces production of the energy carriers ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, as well as lowers expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. Together, these observations may explain tissue dysgenesis as a result of Ad4BP/SF-1 gene disruption in vivo. Considering the function of estrogen-related receptor α, the present study raises the possibility that certain types of nuclear receptors regulate sets of genes involved in metabolic pathways to generate energy carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otake
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyabayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yurina Shishido
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- 1] Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan [2] Present address: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yuichi Shima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Nuclear Dynamics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- 1] Nuclear Dynamics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Iwaoka 588-2, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Bon-Chu Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yuzhik EI, Proskurnyak LP, Nazarova GG. Dynamics of morphophysiological charateristics in female water voles (Arvicola amphibius L.) during pregnancy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Krill KT, Gurdziel K, Heaton JH, Simon DP, Hammer GD. Dicer deficiency reveals microRNAs predicted to control gene expression in the developing adrenal cortex. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:754-68. [PMID: 23518926 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-protein-coding RNAs that are an important means of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Deletion of Dicer, a key miRNA processing enzyme, is embryonic lethal in mice, and tissue-specific Dicer deletion results in developmental defects. Using a conditional knockout model, we generated mice lacking Dicer in the adrenal cortex. These Dicer-knockout (KO) mice exhibited perinatal mortality and failure of the adrenal cortex during late gestation between embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) and E18.5. Further study of Dicer-KO adrenals demonstrated a significant loss of steroidogenic factor 1-expressing cortical cells that was histologically evident as early as E16.5 coincident with an increase in p21 and cleaved-caspase 3 staining in the cortex. However, peripheral cortical proliferation persisted in KO adrenals as assessed by staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. To further characterize the embryonic adrenals from Dicer-KO mice, we performed microarray analyses for both gene and miRNA expression on purified RNA isolated from control and KO adrenals of E15.5 and E16.5 embryos. Consistent with the absence of Dicer and the associated loss of miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation, we observed an up-regulation of a small subset of adrenal transcripts in Dicer-KO mice, most notably the transcripts coded by the genes Nr6a1 and Acvr1c. Indeed, several miRNAs, including let-7, miR-34c, and miR-21, that are predicted to target these genes for degradation, were also markedly down-regulated in Dicer-KO adrenals. Together these data suggest a role for miRNA-mediated regulation of a subset of genes that are essential for normal adrenal growth and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Krill
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sonoyama T, Sone M, Honda K, Taura D, Kojima K, Inuzuka M, Kanamoto N, Tamura N, Nakao K. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells into steroid-producing cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4336-45. [PMID: 22778223 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been reports of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into steroid-producing cells, the differentiation of human ES/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into steroid-producing cells has not been reported. The purpose of our present study was to establish a method for inducing differentiation of human ES/iPS cells into steroid-producing cells. The first approach we tried was embryoid body formation and further culture on adherent plates. The resultant differentiated cells expressed mRNA encoding the steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450-containing enzyme (CYP)-11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19, and secreted progesterone was detected in the cell medium. However, expression of human chorionic gonadotropin was also detected, suggesting the differentiated cells were trophoblast like. We next tried a multistep approach. As a first step, human ES/iPS cells were induced to differentiate into the mesodermal lineage. After 7 d of differentiation induced by 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor), the human ES/iPS cells had differentiated into fetal liver kinase-1- and platelet derived growth factor receptor-α-expressing mesodermal lineage cells. As a second step, plasmid DNA encoding steroidogenic factor-1, a master regulator of steroidogenesis, was introduced into these mesodermal cells. The forced expression of steroidogenic factor-1 and subsequent addition of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate induced the mesodermal cells to differentiate into the steroidogenic cell lineage, and expression of CYP21A2 and CYP11B1, in addition to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1, was detected. Moreover, secreted cortisol was detected in the medium, but human chorionic gonadotropin was not. These findings indicate that the steroid-producing cells obtained through the described multistep method are not trophoblast like; instead, they exhibit characteristics of adrenal cortical cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Sonoyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The main function of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is to degrade cAMP, a ubiquitous second messenger. Therefore, PDEs can function as prime regulators of cAMP/PKA-dependent processes such as steroidogenesis. Until recently, the roles of the PDE8 family have been largely unexplored, presumably due to the lack of a selective inhibitor. This review focuses on recent reports about the regulatory roles of the PDE8 family in adrenal steroidogenesis, as well as the inhibitory properties and specificity of a new PDE8-selective inhibitor, PF-04957325. We also describe a method of measuring urinary corticosterone levels in vivo as a minimally invasive way of monitoring the stress level in a mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-C L Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Effect of acute heat stress on rat adrenal cortex — a morphological and ultrastructural study. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe stereological structure of rat adrenal gland was analysed by light and electron microscopy after an acute (60 min) exposure to high ambient temperature (38°C). Under these conditions a significant increase in plasma corticotrophin (ACTH), serum corticosterone and aldosterone levels were observed. Histological and stereological investigation at light microscopy showed significant decrease in volume density of capsule and zona glomerulosa, increase in volume of fasciculata cells, and decrease of numerical density of zona fasciculata cells and mean diameter of blood vessels. At the ultrastructural level, volume density of nuclei and mitochondria of zona glomerulosa cells were significantly increased and that of lipid droplets decreased. Volume density of mitochondria of fasciculata cells was significantly increased, while number of lipid droplets per µm2 of cell was reduced. In the cells of zona reticularis significant increase in the number of lipid droplets was found. The response of zona glomerulosa may be interpreted as immediate reaction to dehydration, while alterations detected in zona fasciculata, which were less extensive, were related to purely stressogenic effects of high ambiental temperature.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ouyang J, Hu D, Wang B, Shi T, Ma X, Li H, Wang X, Zhang X. Differential effects of down-regulated steroidogenic factor-1 on basal and angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:671-5. [PMID: 21169726 DOI: 10.3275/7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is responsible for the final step in aldosterone synthesis and is importantly regulated by angiotensin-II (Ang II) through diverse pathways. However, under pathological conditions, such as in hyperaldosteronism, the regulation becomes disordered. The transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is important in regulating the endocrine system and is overexpressed in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), a common cause of hyperaldosteronism. Overexpression of SF-1 has been extensively studied, but little in-depth information is available regarding the effects of inhibitory SF-1 on CYP11B2 and Ang II. In this paper, we have investigated the roles of down-regulated SF-1 in basal and Ang II-induced CYP11B2 expression using SF-1-specific short hairpin RNA. Inhibitory SF-1 was found to decrease the sensitivity of CYP11B2 and aldosterone to Ang II stimulation, whereas a down-regulation of SF-1 enhanced basal CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone production in H295R cells. Considering these differential effects of SF-1 on aldosterone production, these results might provide a new insight into the understanding of hyperaldosteronism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ouyang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kroiss M, Reuss M, Kühner D, Johanssen S, Beyer M, Zink M, Hartmann MF, Dhir V, Wudy SA, Arlt W, Sbiera S, Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Sunitinib Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Alters Steroidogenesis by Down-Regulation of HSD3B2 in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:27. [PMID: 22654799 PMCID: PMC3356136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib is used in the treatment of several solid tumors. Animal experiments pointed to an adrenotoxic effect of sunitinib. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of key targets of sunitinib in human adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) tumor samples and investigated its in vitro effects in ACC cell lines. We carried out immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF-R2) in 157 ACC samples and nine normal adrenal glands. VEGF and VEGF-R2 protein were expressed in 72 and 99% of ACC samples, respectively. Using NCI-H295 and SW13 ACC cell lines, we investigated the effects of sunitinib on cell proliferation. Sunitinib reduced dose-dependently cell viability of both NCI-H295 and SW13 cells (SW13: 0.1 μM 96 ± 7%, 1 μM 90 ± 9%*, 5 μM 62 ± 6%*, controls 100 ± 9%; *p < 0.05). To determine sunitinib effects on steroidogenesis, we measured steroid hormones in cell culture supernatant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We observed a pronounced decrease of cortisol secretion (1 μM 90.1 ± 1.5%*, 5 μM 57.2 ± 0.3%*, controls 100 ± 2.4%) and a concomitant increase in the DHEA/4-androstenedione and 17-hydroxypregnenolone/17-hydroxyprogesterone ratios, indicating specific inhibition of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2). In yeast microsomes transformed with HSD3B2, no direct inhibition of HSD3B2 by sunitinib was detected. Sunitinib induced down-regulation of HSD3B2 mRNA and protein in ACC cell lines (mRNA: 1 μM 44 ± 16%*; 5 μM 22 ± 2%*; 10 μM 19 ± 4%*; protein: 1 μM 82 ± 8%; 5 μM 63 ± 8%*; 10 μM 55 ± 9%*). CYP11B1 was down-regulated at mRNA but not at protein level and CYP11A1 remained unchanged. In conclusion, target molecules of sunitinib are expressed in the vast majority of ACC samples. Sunitinib exhibits anti-proliferative effects in vitro, and appears to specifically block adrenal steroidogenesis by down-regulation of HSD3B2, rendering it a promising option for treatment of ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Reuss
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kühner
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Johanssen
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Beyer
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Zink
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela F. Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Centre of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGieß en, Germany
| | - Vivek Dhir
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Stefan A. Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Centre of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGieß en, Germany
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Allolio
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mazilu JK, McCabe ERB. Moving toward personalized cell-based interventions for adrenal cortical disorders: part 1--Adrenal development and function, and roles of transcription factors and signaling proteins. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:72-9. [PMID: 21764344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of an individual's own cells into functional differentiated cells to replace an organ's lost function would be a personalized approach to therapeutics. In this two part series, we will describe the progress toward establishing functional transdifferentiated adrenal cortical cells. In this article (Part 1), we describe adrenal development and function, and discuss genes involved in these processess and selected for use in our pilot studies of transdifferentiation that are presented in the second article (Part 2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime K Mazilu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare heterogeneous neoplasm with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and a poor prognosis. Previous studies have identified overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and constitutive activation of β-catenin as key factors involved in the development of adrenocortical carcinoma. Most patients present with steroid hormone excess, for example Cushing syndrome or virilization, or abdominal mass effects, but a growing proportion of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (currently >15%) is initially diagnosed incidentally. No general consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic measures for adrenocortical carcinoma exists, but collaborative efforts, such as international conferences and networks, including the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT), have substantially advanced the field. In patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma, a thorough endocrine and imaging work-up is recommended to guide the surgical approach aimed at complete resection of the tumor. To establish an adequate basis for treatment decisions, pathology reports include the Weiss score to assess malignancy, the resection status and the Ki67 index. As recurrence is frequent, close follow-up initially every 3 months is mandatory. Most patients benefit from adjuvant mitotane treatment. In metastatic disease, mitotane is the cornerstone of initial treatment, and cytotoxic drugs should be added in case of progression. Results of a large phase III trial in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma are anticipated for 2011 and will hopefully establish a benchmark therapy. New targeted therapies, for example, IGF-1 receptor inhibitors, are under investigation and may soon improve current treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Suda N, Shibata H, Kurihara I, Ikeda Y, Kobayashi S, Yokota K, Murai-Takeda A, Nakagawa K, Oya M, Murai M, Rainey WE, Saruta T, Itoh H. Coactivation of SF-1-mediated transcription of steroidogenic enzymes by Ubc9 and PIAS1. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2266-77. [PMID: 21467194 PMCID: PMC3100613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is a nuclear orphan receptor, which is essential for adrenal development and regulation of steroidogenic enzyme expression. SF-1 is posttranslationally modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1), thus mostly resulting in attenuation of transcription. We investigated the role of sumoylation enzymes, Ubc9 and protein inhibitors of activated STAT1 (PIAS1), in SF-1-mediated transcription of steroidogenic enzyme genes in the adrenal cortex. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that both Ubc9 and PIAS1 interacted with SF-1. Transient transfection assays in adrenocortical H295R cells showed Ubc9 and PIAS1 potentiated SF-1-mediated transactivation of reporter constructs containing human CYP17, CYP11A1, and CYP11B1 but not CYP11B2 promoters. Reduction of endogenous Ubc9 and PIAS1 by introducing corresponding small interfering RNA significantly reduced endogenous CYP17, CYP11A1, and CYP11B1 mRNA levels, indicating that they normally function as coactivators of SF-1. Wild type and sumoylation-inactive mutants of Ubc9 and PIAS1 can similarly enhance the SF-1-mediated transactivation of the CYP17 gene, indicating that the coactivation potency of Ubc9 and PIAS1 is independent of sumoylation activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SF-1, Ubc9, and PIAS1 were recruited to an endogenous CYP17 gene promoter in the context of chromatin in vivo. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed that SF-1, Ubc9, and PIAS1 were expressed in the nuclei of the human adrenal cortex. In cortisol-producing adenomas, the expression pattern of SF-1 and Ubc9 were markedly increased, whereas that of PIAS1 was decreased compared with adjacent normal adrenals. These results showed the physiological roles of Ubc9 and PIAS1 as SF-1 coactivators beyond sumoylation enzymes in adrenocortical steroidogenesis and suggested their possible pathophysiological roles in human cortisol-producing adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjujku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ishimoto H, Jaffe RB. Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the feto-placental unit. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:317-55. [PMID: 21051591 PMCID: PMC3365797 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Continuous efforts have been devoted to unraveling the biophysiology and development of the human fetal adrenal cortex, which is structurally and functionally unique from other species. It plays a pivotal role, mainly through steroidogenesis, in the regulation of intrauterine homeostasis and in fetal development and maturation. The steroidogenic activity is characterized by early transient cortisol biosynthesis, followed by its suppressed synthesis until late gestation, and extensive production of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate, precursors of placental estrogen, during most of gestation. The gland rapidly grows through processes including cell proliferation and angiogenesis at the gland periphery, cellular migration, hypertrophy, and apoptosis. Recent studies employing modern technologies such as gene expression profiling and laser capture microdissection have revealed that development and/or function of the fetal adrenal cortex may be regulated by a panoply of molecules, including transcription factors, extracellular matrix components, locally produced growth factors, and placenta-derived CRH, in addition to the primary regulator, fetal pituitary ACTH. The role of the fetal adrenal cortex in human pregnancy and parturition appears highly complex, probably due to redundant and compensatory mechanisms regulating these events. Mounting evidence indicates that actions of hormones operating in the human feto-placental unit are likely mediated by mechanisms including target tissue responsiveness, local metabolism, and bioavailability, rather than changes only in circulating levels. Comprehensive study of such molecular mechanisms and the newly identified factors implicated in adrenal development should help crystallize our understanding of the development and physiology of the human fetal adrenal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishimoto
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Premature pubarche, or the development of pubic hair before the age of 8 in girls or 9 in boys, is most commonly caused by premature adrenarche. Adrenarche is the maturation of the adrenal zona reticularis in both boys and girls, resulting in the development of pubic hair, axillary hair, and adult apocrine body odor. Although originally thought to be a benign variant of normal development, premature adrenarche has been associated with insulin resistance and the later development of metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. Although further studies are needed to confirm these relationships, the case presented herein argues for periodic assessment of children at risk. Indeed, recognition of these associations may allow for early preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hoivik EA, Bjanesoy TE, Mai O, Okamoto S, Minokoshi Y, Shima Y, Morohashi KI, Boehm U, Bakke M. DNA methylation of intronic enhancers directs tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic factor 1/adrenal 4 binding protein (SF-1/Ad4BP). Endocrinology 2011; 152:2100-12. [PMID: 21343250 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1/adrenal 4 binding protein (SF-1/Ad4BP) is an essential regulator of endocrine development and function, and the expression of the corresponding gene (sf-1/ad4bp) is precisely regulated in a time- and tissue-dependent manner. We previously demonstrated that the basal promoter of sf-1/ad4bp is controlled by DNA methylation and that its methylation status reflects the expression pattern of SF-1/Ad4BP. Recently, three intronic enhancers were identified in the sf-1/ad4bp gene that target SF-1/Ad4BP expression to the fetal adrenal (FAdE; fetal adrenal-specific enhancer), to pituitary gonadotropes (PGE; pituitary gonadotrope-specific enhancer), and to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHE; ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus-specific enhancer). Here, we demonstrate that the activity of these enhancers is correlated with their DNA methylation status. We show that they are hypomethylated in tissues where they are active and generally hypermethylated in tissues where they are not active. Furthermore, we demonstrate in transient transfection experiments that forced DNA methylation represses reporter gene activity driven by these enhancers. These data directly demonstrate a functional significance for the enhancers' methylation status. Intriguingly, further analyses of the basal promoter in gonadotropes revealed that it is methylated in these cells, in contrast to other SF-1/Ad4BP-expressing tissues. Consistent with this, sf-1/ad4bp is transcribed from an alternative promoter in gonadotropes. Taken together, our experiments show that the tissue-specific expression of SF-1/Ad4BP is epigenetically regulated and identify tissue-specific differentially methylated regions within the sf-1/ad4bp locus that are essential for its transcriptional control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erling A Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. Adrenal peripheral oscillator in generating the circadian glucocorticoid rhythm. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1220:71-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
42
|
Sethuraman C, Parker MJ, Quarrel O, Rutter S, de Krijger RR, Drut R, Cohen MC. Bilateral absence of adrenal glands: a case series that expands the spectrum of associations and highlights the difficulties in prenatal diagnosis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2011; 30:137-43. [PMID: 21391755 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2010.519573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal agenesis (AA) defined by the complete absence of development of adrenals is a rare anomaly, which is documented mainly in experimental animals and less frequently in human subjects in the literature. This study was aimed at describing the varied phenotype of this condition in two stillborn and one termination of pregnancy fetuses and two neonates, the associated abnormalities and the difficulties encountered to achieve the prenatal diagnosis. Five cases with AA diagnosed at post-mortem examination were selected and their characteristics were analyzed. The detection of this unusual condition has usually been made as an incidental discovery at post-mortem examination. None of the cases described in this series had been diagnosed at prenatal ultrasonography. Respiratory distress was the commonest clinical presentation in the liveborn. Maternal diabetes was associated with one case. Anomalies of kidneys, lungs, spleen, and blood vessels were associated with two of the cases. No gonadal abnormalities were detected in any of the cases. These cases illustrate the varied clinical presentation of this rare condition and confirm the difficulty in achieving a prenatal diagnosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Tsai LCL, Shimizu-Albergine M, Beavo JA. The high-affinity cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 8B controls steroidogenesis in the mouse adrenal gland. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:639-48. [PMID: 21187369 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the phosphodiesterase 8B (PDE8) family of phosphodiesterases have been largely unexplored because of the unavailability of selective pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we report a novel function of PDE8B as a major regulator of adrenal steroidogenesis using a genetically ablated PDE8B mouse model as well as cell lines treated with either a new PDE8-selective inhibitor or a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) construct against PDE8B. We demonstrate that PDE8B is highly enriched in mouse adrenal fasciculata cells, and show that PDE8B knockout mice have elevated urinary corticosterone as a result of adrenal hypersensitivity toward adrenocorticotropin. Likewise, ablation of PDE8B mRNA transcripts by an shRNA construct potentiates steroidogenesis in the commonly used Y-1 adrenal cell line. We also observed that the PDE8-selective inhibitor (PF-04957325) potentiates adrenocorticotropin stimulation of steroidogenesis by increasing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in both primary isolated adrenocortical cells and Y-1 cells. It is noteworthy that PDE8s have their greatest control under low adrenocorticotropin-stimulated conditions, whereas other higher K(m) PDE(s) modulate steroidogenesis more effectively when cells are fully stimulated. Finally, both genetic ablation of PDE8B and long-term pharmacological inhibition of PDE8s cause increased expression of steroidogenic enzymes. We conclude that PDE8B is a major regulator of one or more pools of cAMP that promote steroidogenesis via both short- and long-term mechanisms. These findings further suggest PDE8B as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several different adrenal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Lisa Tsai
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lucki NC, Sewer MB. The interplay between bioactive sphingolipids and steroid hormones. Steroids 2010; 75:390-9. [PMID: 20138078 PMCID: PMC2854287 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate various physiological processes including development, reproduction, and metabolism. These regulatory molecules are synthesized from cholesterol in endocrine organs - such as the adrenal glands and gonads - via a multi-step enzymatic process that is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Steroidogenesis is induced by trophic peptide hormones primarily via the activation of a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. However, other signaling molecules, including cytokines and growth factors, control the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway. More recently, sphingolipids, including ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and sphingosine, have been found to modulate steroid hormone secretion at multiple levels. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the mechanisms by which sphingolipids regulate steroidogenesis. In addition, we discuss how steroid hormones control sphingolipid metabolism. Finally, we outline evidence supporting the emerging role of bioactive sphingolipids in various nuclear processes and discuss a role for nuclear sphingolipid metabolism in the control of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Lucki
- School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marion B. Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0704, La Jolla, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schimmer BP, White PC. Minireview: steroidogenic factor 1: its roles in differentiation, development, and disease. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1322-37. [PMID: 20203099 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, also called Ad4BP, encoded by the NR5A1 gene) is an essential regulator of endocrine development and function. Initially identified as a tissue-specific transcriptional regulator of cytochrome P450 steroid hydroxylases, studies of both global and tissue-specific knockout mice have demonstrated that SF-1 is required for the development of the adrenal glands, gonads, and ventromedial hypothalamus and for the proper functioning of pituitary gonadotropes. Many genes are transcriptionally regulated by SF-1, and many proteins, in turn, interact with SF-1 and modulate its activity. Whereas mice with heterozygous mutations that disrupt SF-1 function have only subtle abnormalities, humans with heterozygous SF-1 mutations can present with XY sex reversal (i.e. testicular failure), ovarian failure, and occasionally adrenal insufficiency; dysregulation of SF-1 has been linked to diseases such as endometriosis and adrenocortical carcinoma. The current state of knowledge of this important transcription factor will be reviewed with a particular emphasis on the pioneering work on SF-1 by the late Keith Parker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Schimmer
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hoivik EA, Lewis AE, Aumo L, Bakke M. Molecular aspects of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:27-39. [PMID: 19616058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, also called Ad4BP and NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor with critical roles in steroidogenic tissues, as well as in the brain and pituitary. In particular, SF-1 has emerged as an essential regulator of adrenal and gonadal functions and development. In the last few years, our knowledge on SF-1 has increased considerably at all levels, from the gene to the protein, and on its specific roles in different physiological processes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on SF-1 with focus on the parameters that control the transcriptional capacity of SF-1 and the mechanisms that ensure proper stage- and tissue-specific expression of the gene encoding SF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erling A Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 9, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
SUMO and ubiquitin modifications during steroid hormone synthesis and function. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:54-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0380054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones control many aspects of animal physiology and behaviour. They are highly regulated, among other mechanisms, by post-translational modifications of the transcription factors involved in their synthesis and response. In the present review, we will focus on the influence of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) and ubiquitin modifications on the function of transcription factors involved in adrenal cortex formation, steroidogenesis and the hormonal response.
Collapse
|
49
|
Expression of ghrelin in human fetal adrenal glands and paraadrenal nerve ganglions. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009; 47:25-8. [DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
50
|
Waldmann J, Slater EP, Langer P, Buchholz M, Ramaswamy A, Walz MK, Schmid KW, Feldmann G, Bartsch DK, Fendrich V. Expression of the transcription factor snail and its target gene twist are associated with malignancy in pheochromocytomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1997-2005. [PMID: 19412634 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the best known functions of the zinc-finger transcription factor Snail is to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Twist, a target genes of Snail, is known to promote the development of distant metastases in mice. Increasing evidence suggests that EMT plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastatic spread. METHODS Snail, Twist, and E-cadherin expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 12 malignant and 35 benign pheochromocytomas (PCC). Data were correlated with clinical characteristics and genetics. RESULTS We found Snail expression in 13 (28%) of 47 primary PCC samples. Twist was expressed in 31 (66%) of 47 cases. Only one of 47 PCC showed E-cadherin expression. We observed Snail expression in 7 (58%) of 12 malignant PCC, whereas only 6 (17%) of 35 apparently benign PCC revealed Snail expression (P = 0.01). Furthermore, 11 (92%) of 12 malignant PCC, but only 20 (57%) of 35 benign PCC, revealed Twist expression (P = 0.03). Interestingly, all five metastases showed Snail and Twist expression. In normal adrenal medulla, Snail, Twist, and E-cadherin expression could not be detected. CONCLUSIONS We describe for the first time that EMT markers Snail and Twist are expressed in PCC and that their expression is associated with malignancy. Our study supports a role for EMT in the malignant transformation of PCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Waldmann
- Department of Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|