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Tyczewska M, Sujka-Kordowska P, Szyszka M, Jopek K, Blatkiewicz M, Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Transcriptome Profile of the Rat Adrenal Gland: Parenchymal and Interstitial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119159. [PMID: 37298112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the adrenal gland plays a decisive role in its proper functioning, both in non-stressful conditions and under the influence of various types of stress. This consists of interactions between all types of cells that make up the organ, including parenchymal and interstitial cells. The amount of available information on this subject in the rat adrenal glands under non-stressful conditions is insufficient; the aim of the research was to determine the expression of marker genes for rat adrenal cells depending on their location. The material for the study consisted of adrenal glands taken from intact adult male rats that were separated into appropriate zones. Transcriptome analysis by means of Affymetrix® Rat Gene 2.1 ST Array was used in the study, followed by real-time PCR validation. Expression analysis of interstitial cell marker genes revealed both the amount of expression of these genes and the zone in which they were expressed. The expression of marker genes for fibroblasts was particularly high in the cells of the ZG zone, while the highest expression of specific macrophage genes was observed in the adrenal medulla. The results of this study, especially with regard to interstitial cells, provide a so far undescribed model of marker gene expression of various cells, both in the cortex and medulla of the sexually mature rat adrenal gland. The interdependence between parenchymal and interstitial cells creates a specific microenvironment that is highly heterogeneous within the gland with respect to some of the interstitial cells. This phenomenon most likely depends on the interaction with the differentiated parenchymal cells of the cortex, as well as the medulla of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sujka-Kordowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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2
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Ectopic localization of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2-expressing cells in the normal human adrenal gland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279682. [PMID: 36584094 PMCID: PMC9803228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp line of demarcation between zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF) has been recently challenged suggesting that this interface is no longer a compartment boundary. We have used immunohistochemical analyses to study the steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) pattern of expression and investigate the remodeling of the adrenal cortex in relation to aging. We analyzed human adrenal glands prepared from 47 kidney donors. No aldosterone-producing micronodules (APMs) were detectable in the younger donors aged between 22-39 but the functional ZG depicted by positive CYP11B2 staining demonstrated a lack of continuity. In contrast, the development of APMs was found in samples from individuals aged 40-70. Importantly, the progressive replacement of CYP11B2-expressing cells in the histological ZG by CYP11B1-expressing cells highlights the remodeling capacity of the adrenal cortex. In 70% of our samples, immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of isolated or clusters of CYP11B2 positive cells in the ZF and zona reticularis. Our data emphasize that mineralocorticoid- and glucocorticoid-producing cells are distributed throughout the cortex and the medulla making the determination of the functional status of a cell or group of cells a unique tool in deciphering the changes occurring in adrenal gland particularly during aging. They also suggest that, in humans, steroidogenic cell phenotype defined by function is a stable feature and thus, the functional zonation might be not solely maintained by cell lineage conversion/migration.
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3
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Beta-Catenin Causes Adrenal Hyperplasia by Blocking Zonal Transdifferentiation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107524. [PMID: 32320669 PMCID: PMC7281829 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway are key drivers of hyperplasia, the gateway for tumor development. In a wide range of tissues, this occurs primarily through enhanced effects on cellular proliferation. Whether additional mechanisms contribute to β-catenin-driven hyperplasia remains unknown. The adrenal cortex is an ideal system in which to explore this question, as it undergoes hyperplasia following somatic β-catenin gain-of-function (βcat-GOF) mutations. Targeting βcat-GOF to zona Glomerulosa (zG) cells leads to a progressive hyperplastic expansion in the absence of increased proliferation. Instead, we find that hyperplasia results from a functional block in the ability of zG cells to transdifferentiate into zona Fasciculata (zF) cells. Mechanistically, zG cells demonstrate an upregulation of Pde2a, an inhibitor of zF-specific cAMP/PKA signaling. Hyperplasia is further exacerbated by trophic factor stimulation leading to organomegaly. Together, these data indicate that β-catenin drives adrenal hyperplasia through both proliferation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Using the adrenal cortex as a model for slow-cycling tissues, Pignatti et al. show that activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway leads to tissue hyperplasia by blocking cellular differentiation/cell-fate commitment, independent of its effects on cellular proliferation.
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4
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Pignatti E, Flück CE. Adrenal cortex development and related disorders leading to adrenal insufficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111206. [PMID: 33607267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult human adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are crucial for life, supporting immune response, glucose homeostasis, salt balance and sexual maturation. It consists of three histologically distinct and functionally specialized zones. The fetal adrenal forms from mesodermal material and produces predominantly adrenal C19 steroids from its fetal zone, which involutes after birth. Transition to the adult cortex occurs immediately after birth for the formation of the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata for aldosterone and cortisol production and continues through infancy until the zona reticularis for adrenal androgen production is formed with adrenarche. The development of this indispensable organ is complex and not fully understood. This article gives an overview of recent knowledge gained of adrenal biology from two perspectives: one, from basic science studying adrenal development, zonation and homeostasis; and two, from adrenal disorders identified in persons manifesting with various isolated or syndromic forms of primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Hammer GD, Basham KJ. Stem cell function and plasticity in the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111043. [PMID: 33058950 PMCID: PMC7736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Taylor MJ, Ullenbruch MR, Frucci EC, Rege J, Ansorge MS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Begum S, Laufer E, Breault DT, Rainey WE. Chemogenetic activation of adrenocortical Gq signaling causes hyperaldosteronism and disrupts functional zonation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:83-93. [PMID: 31738186 DOI: 10.1172/jci127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is produced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) under the control of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII) system. Primary aldosteronism (PA) results from renin-independent production of aldosterone and is a common cause of hypertension. PA is caused by dysregulated localization of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2), which is normally restricted to the ZG. Cyp11b2 transcription and aldosterone production are predominantly regulated by AngII activation of the Gq signaling pathway. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice with Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically in the adrenal cortex. We show that adrenal-wide ligand activation of Gq DREADD receptors triggered disorganization of adrenal functional zonation, with induction of Cyp11b2 in glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata cells. This result was consistent with increased renin-independent aldosterone production and hypertension. All parameters were reversible following termination of DREADD-mediated Gq signaling. These findings demonstrate that Gq signaling is sufficient for adrenocortical aldosterone production and implicate this pathway in the determination of zone-specific steroid production within the adrenal cortex. This transgenic mouse also provides an inducible and reversible model of hyperaldosteronism to investigate PA therapeutics and the mechanisms leading to the damaging effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily C Frucci
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Laufer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Disabled-2: a positive regulator of the early differentiation of myoblasts. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:493-508. [PMID: 32607799 PMCID: PMC7431403 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dab2 is an adaptor protein and a tumor suppressor. Our previous study has found that Dab2 was expressed in early differentiating skeletal muscles in mouse embryos. In this study, we determined the role of Dab2 in the skeletal muscle differentiation using C2C12 myoblasts in vitro and Xenopus laevis embryos in vivo. The expression of Dab2 was increased in C2C12 myoblasts during the formation of myotubes in vitro. Knockdown of Dab2 expression in C2C12 myoblasts resulted in a reduction of myotube formation, whereas the myotube formation was enhanced upon overexpression of Dab2. Re-expression of Dab2 in C2C12 myoblasts with downregulated expression of Dab2 restored their capacity to form myotubes. Microarray profiling and subsequent network analyses on the 155 differentially expressed genes after Dab2 knockdown showed that Mef2c was an important myogenic transcription factor regulated by Dab2 through the p38 MAPK pathway. It was also involved in other pathways that are associated with muscular development and functions. In Xenopus embryos developed in vivo, XDab2 was expressed in the myotome of somites where various myogenic markers were also expressed. Knockdown of XDab2 expression with antisense morpholinos downregulated the expression of myogenic markers in somites. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide solid evidence to show that Dab2 is a positive regulator of the early myoblast differentiation.
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8
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Göppner C, Orozco IJ, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Soria AH, Hübner CA, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC, Jentsch TJ. Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4678. [PMID: 31615979 PMCID: PMC6794291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary aldosteronism (PA) can be caused by mutations in several ion channel genes but mouse models replicating this condition are lacking. We now show that almost all known PA-associated CLCN2 mutations markedly increase ClC-2 chloride currents and generate knock-in mice expressing a constitutively open ClC-2 Cl− channel as mouse model for PA. The Clcn2op allele strongly increases the chloride conductance of zona glomerulosa cells, provoking a strong depolarization and increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Clcn2op mice display typical features of human PA, including high serum aldosterone in the presence of low renin activity, marked hypertension and hypokalemia. These symptoms are more pronounced in homozygous Clcn2op/op than in heterozygous Clcn2+/op mice. This difference is attributed to the unexpected finding that only ~50 % of Clcn2+/op zona glomerulosa cells are depolarized. By reproducing essential features of human PA, Clcn2op mice are a valuable model to study the pathological mechanisms underlying this disease. Mutations in the chloride channel ClC-2 have been found in primary aldosteronism (PA). Here, Göppner et al. generate transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of ClC-2 that displays increased chloride currents like patient mutations, and find it recapitulates the key pathological features of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Göppner
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian J Orozco
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja B Hoegg-Beiler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey H Soria
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabio L Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany. .,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany. .,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Retinoic acid receptor α as a novel contributor to adrenal cortex structure and function through interactions with Wnt and Vegfa signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14677. [PMID: 31605007 PMCID: PMC6789122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of secondary arterial hypertension. Mutations in different genes increase aldosterone production in PA, but additional mechanisms may contribute to increased cell proliferation and aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) development. We performed transcriptome analysis in APA and identified retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) signaling as a central molecular network involved in nodule formation. To understand how RARα modulates adrenal structure and function, we explored the adrenal phenotype of male and female Rarα knockout mice. Inactivation of Rarα in mice led to significant structural disorganization of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, with increased adrenal cortex size in female mice and increased cell proliferation in males. Abnormalities of vessel architecture and extracellular matrix were due to decreased Vegfa expression and modifications in extracellular matrix components. On the molecular level, Rarα inactivation leads to inhibition of non-canonical Wnt signaling, without affecting the canonical Wnt pathway nor PKA signaling. Our study suggests that Rarα contributes to the maintenance of normal adrenal cortex structure and cell proliferation, by modulating Wnt signaling. Dysregulation of this interaction may contribute to abnormal cell proliferation, creating a propitious environment for the emergence of specific driver mutations in PA.
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10
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Hadjidemetriou I, Mariniello K, Ruiz-Babot G, Pittaway J, Mancini A, Mariannis D, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Parvanta L, Drake WM, Chung TT, Abdel-Aziz TE, DiMarco A, Palazzo FF, Wierman ME, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, King PJ, Guasti L. DLK1/PREF1 marks a novel cell population in the human adrenal cortex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105422. [PMID: 31265901 PMCID: PMC6736711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex governs fundamental metabolic processes though synthesis of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoids and androgens. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that the cortex undergoes a self-renewal process and that capsular/subcapsular stem/progenitor cell pools differentiate towards functional steroidogenic cells supporting the dynamic centripetal streaming of adrenocortical cells throughout life. We previously demonstrated that the Notch atypical ligand Delta-like homologue 1 (DLK1)/preadipocyte factor 1 (PREF1) is expressed in subcapsular Sf1 and Shh-positive, CYP11B1-negative and CYP11B2-partially positive cortical progenitor cells in rat adrenals, and that secreted DLK1 can modulate GLI1 expression in H295R cells. Here we show that the human adrenal cortex remodels with age to generate clusters of relatively undifferentiated cells expressing DLK1. These clusters (named DLK1-expressing cell clusters or DCCs) increased with age in size and were found to be different entities to aldosterone-producing cell clusters, another well-characterized and age-dependent cluster structure. DLK1 was markedly overexpressed in adrenocortical carcinomas but not in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Thus, this data identifies a novel cell population in the human adrenal cortex and might suggest a yet-to be identified role of DLK1 in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hadjidemetriou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Pittaway
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Demetris Mariannis
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Laila Parvanta
- Department of Surgery, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - William M Drake
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Teng-Teng Chung
- Department of Endocrinology, University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, NW1 2PG, London, UK
| | - Tarek Ezzat Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Endocrinology, University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, NW1 2PG, London, UK
| | - Aimee DiMarco
- Department of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fausto F Palazzo
- Department of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter J King
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1029-1056. [PMID: 30007283 PMCID: PMC6236434 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several germline and somatic ion channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and detection of cell clusters that can be responsible for excess aldosterone production, as well as the isolation of autoantibodies activating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have rapidly advanced the understanding of the biology of primary aldosteronism (PA), particularly that of APA. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to discuss how discoveries of the last decade could affect histopathology analysis and clinical practice. The structural remodeling through development and aging of the human adrenal cortex, particularly of the zona glomerulosa, and the complex regulation of aldosterone, with emphasis on the concepts of zonation and channelopathies, will be addressed. Finally, the diagnostic workup for PA and its subtyping to optimize treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
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12
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Takizawa N, Tanaka S, Oe S, Koike T, Yoshida T, Hirahara Y, Matsuda T, Yamada H. Involvement of DHH and GLI1 in adrenocortical autograft regeneration in rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14542. [PMID: 30266964 PMCID: PMC6162278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral adrenalectomy forces the patient to undergo glucocorticoid replacement therapy and bear a lifetime risk of adrenal crisis. Adrenal autotransplantation is considered useful to avoid adrenal crisis and glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, the basic process of regeneration in adrenal autografts is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the essential regeneration factors in rat adrenocortical autografts, with a focus on the factors involved in adrenal development and steroidogenesis, such as Hh signalling. A remarkable renewal in cell proliferation and increase in Cyp11b1, which encodes 11-beta-hydroxylase, occurred in adrenocortical autografts from 2-3 weeks after autotransplantation. Serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were almost recovered to sham level at 4 weeks after autotransplantation. The adrenocortical autografts showed increased Dhh expression at 3 weeks after autotransplantation, but not Shh, which is the only Hh family member to have been reported to be expressed in the adrenal gland. Increased Gli1 expression was also found in the regenerated capsule at 3 weeks after autotransplantation. Dhh and Gli1 might function in concert to regenerate adrenocortical autografts. This is the first report to clearly show Dhh expression and its elevation in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Takizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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13
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Targeted disruption of the Kcnj5 gene in the female mouse lowers aldosterone levels. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:145-156. [PMID: 29222092 PMCID: PMC6365593 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone is released from adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells and plays an important role in Na and K homoeostasis. Mutations in the human inwardly rectifying K channel CNJ type (KCNJ) 5 (KCNJ5) gene encoding the G-coupled inwardly rectifying K channel 4 (GIRK4) cause abnormal aldosterone secretion and hypertension. To better understand the role of wild-type (WT) GIRK4 in regulating aldosterone release, we have looked at aldosterone secretion in a Kcnj5 knockout (KO) mouse. We found that female but not male KO mice have reduced aldosterone levels compared with WT female controls, but higher levels of aldosterone after angiotensin II (Ang-II) stimulation. These differences could not be explained by sex differences in aldosterone synthase (Cyp11B2) gene expression in the mouse adrenal. Using RNAseq analysis to compare WT and KO adrenals, we showed that females also have a much larger set of differentially expressed adrenal genes than males (395 compared with 7). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of this gene set suggested that peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) nuclear receptors regulated aldosterone production and altered signalling in the female KO mouse, which could explain the reduced aldosterone secretion. We tested this hypothesis in H295R adrenal cells and showed that the selective PPARα agonist fenofibrate can stimulate aldosterone production and induce Cyp11b2. Dosing mice in vivo produced similar results. Together our data show that Kcnj5 is important for baseline aldosterone secretion, but its importance is sex-limited at least in the mouse. It also highlights a novel regulatory pathway for aldosterone secretion through PPARα that may have translational potential in human hyperaldosteronism.
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14
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Scortegagna M, Berthon A, Settas N, Giannakou A, Garcia G, Li JL, James B, Liddington RC, Vilches-Moure JG, Stratakis CA, Ronai ZA. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah1 regulates adrenal gland organization and aldosterone secretion. JCI Insight 2017; 2:97128. [PMID: 29212953 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Elevated secretion of aldosterone resulting from primary aldosteronism (PA) is a key driver of secondary hypertension. Here, we report an unexpected role for the ubiquitin ligase Siah1 in adrenal gland development and PA. Siah1a-/- mice exhibit altered adrenal gland morphology, as reflected by a diminished X-zone, enlarged medulla, and dysregulated zonation of the glomerulosa as well as increased aldosterone levels and aldosterone target gene expression and reduced plasma potassium levels. Genes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis and cAMP signaling are upregulated in the adrenal glands of Siah1a-/- mice, while genes related to retinoic acid signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis are downregulated. Loss of Siah1 leads to increased expression of the Siah1 substrate PIAS1, an E3 SUMO protein ligase implicated in the suppression of LXR, a key regulator of cholesterol levels in the adrenal gland. In addition, SIAH1 sequence variants were identified in patients with PA; such variants impaired SIAH1 ubiquitin ligase activity, resulting in elevated PIAS1 expression. These data identify a role for the Siah1-PIAS1 axis in adrenal gland organization and function and point to possible therapeutic targets for hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikolaos Settas
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas Giannakou
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guillermina Garcia
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian James
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert C Liddington
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - José G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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15
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Kobuke K, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ohno H, Itcho K, Yoshii Y, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Calneuron 1 Increased Ca 2+ in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Aldosterone Production in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2017; 71:125-133. [PMID: 29109191 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone production is initiated by angiotensin II stimulation and activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling. In aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) cells, the activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling is independent of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. The purpose of our study was to clarify molecular mechanisms of aldosterone production related to Ca2+ signaling. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the CALN1 gene encoding calneuron 1 had the strongest correlation with CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) among genes encoding Ca2+-binding proteins in APA. CALN1 modulation and synthetic or fluorescent compounds were used for functional studies in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells. CALN1 expression was 4.4-fold higher in APAs than nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. CALN1 expression colocalized with CYP11B2 expression as investigated using immunohistochemistry in APA and zona glomerulosa of male rats fed by a low-salt diet. CALN1 expression was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by using GFP-fused CALN1, CellLight ER-RFP, and the corresponding antibodies. CALN1-overexpressing HAC15 cells showed increased Ca2+ in the ER and cytosol fluorescence-based studies. Aldosterone production was potentiated in HAC15 cells by CALN1 expression, and dose-responsive inhibition with TMB-8 showed that CALN1-mediated Ca2+ storage in ER involved sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase. The silencing of CALN1 decreased Ca2+ in ER, and abrogated angiotensin II- or KCNJ5 T158A-mediated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells. Increased CALN1 expression in APA was associated with elevated Ca2+ storage in ER and aldosterone overproduction. Suppression of CALN1 expression prevented angiotensin II- or KCNJ5 T158A-mediated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells, suggesting that CALN1 is a potential therapeutic target for excess aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kobuke
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Kenji Oki
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.).
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Haruya Ohno
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Kiyotaka Itcho
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Yoko Yoshii
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Noboru Hattori
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
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16
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Vanderriele PE, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. Review of Markers of Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Cells. Hypertension 2017; 70:867-874. [PMID: 28947616 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Vanderriele
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy (T.M.S., B.C., P.-E.V., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.) and Division of Endocrinology (C.E.G.-S.), G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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17
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Bandulik S. Of channels and pumps: different ways to boost the aldosterone? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:332-360. [PMID: 27862984 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is a major factor controlling the salt and water balance and thereby also the arterial blood pressure. Accordingly, primary aldosteronism (PA) characterized by an inappropriately high aldosterone secretion is the most common form of secondary hypertension. The physiological stimulation of aldosterone synthesis in adrenocortical glomerulosa cells by angiotensin II and an increased plasma K+ concentration depends on a membrane depolarization and an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ activity. Recurrent gain-of-function mutations of ion channels and transporters have been identified in a majority of cases of aldosterone-producing adenomas and in familial forms of PA. In this review, the physiological role of these genes in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and the altered function of the mutant proteins as well are described. The specific changes of the membrane potential and the cellular ion homoeostasis in adrenal cells expressing the different mutants are compared, and their impact on autonomous aldosterone production and proliferation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bandulik
- Medical Cell Biology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
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18
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Ball JP, Syed M, Marañon RO, Hall ME, KC R, Reckelhoff JF, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. Role and Regulation of MicroRNAs in Aldosterone-Mediated Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1859-1874. [PMID: 28368454 PMCID: PMC5460923 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by excess aldosterone (ALDO) secretion independent of the renin-angiotensin system and accounts for approximately 10% of hypertension cases. Excess ALDO that is inappropriate for salt intake status causes cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms that trigger the onset and progression of ALDO-mediated cardiac injury are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in diverse cardiac abnormalities, yet very little is known about their regulation and role in ALDO-mediated cardiac injury. To elucidate the regulation of miRNAs in ALDO-mediated cardiac injury, we performed a time-series analysis of left ventricle (LV) miRNA expression. Uninephrectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ALDO (0.75 µg/h) infusion and SALT (1.0% NaCl/0.3% KCl) in the drinking water for up to 8 weeks. ALDO/SALT time dependently modulated the expression of multiple miRNAs in the LV. miR-21 was the most upregulated miRNA after 2 weeks of treatment and remained elevated until the end of the study. To elucidate the role of miR-21 in ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac injury, miR-21 was downregulated by using antagomirs in ALDO/SALT-treated rats. miR-21 downregulation exacerbated ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac hypertrophy, expression of fibrosis marker genes, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, OH-proline content, and cardiac dysfunction. These results suggest that ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac miR-21 upregulation may be a compensatory mechanism that mitigates ALDO/SALT-mediated cardiac deleterious effects. We speculate that miR-21 supplementation would have beneficial effects in reverting or mitigating cardiac injury and dysfunction in patients with primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana P. Ball
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Maryam Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Rodrigo O. Marañon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Michael E. Hall
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Roshan KC
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Jane F. Reckelhoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Licy L. Yanes Cardozo
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Damian G. Romero
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Cardio-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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19
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P53/Rb inhibition induces metastatic adrenocortical carcinomas in a preclinical transgenic model. Oncogene 2017; 36:4445-4456. [PMID: 28368424 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. Pan-genomic analyses identified p53/Rb and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways as main contributors to the disease. However, isolated β-catenin constitutive activation failed to induce malignant progression in mouse adrenocortical tumors. Therefore, there still was a need for a relevant animal model to study ACC pathogenesis and to test new therapeutic approaches. Here, we have developed a transgenic mice model with adrenocortical specific expression of SV40 large T-antigen (AdTAg mice), to test the oncogenic potential of p53/Rb inhibition in the adrenal gland. All AdTAg mice develop large adrenal carcinomas that eventually metastasize to the liver and lungs, resulting in decreased overall survival. Consistent with ACC in patients, adrenal tumors in AdTAg mice autonomously produce large amounts of glucocorticoids and spontaneously activate WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway during malignant progression. We show that this activation is associated with downregulation of secreted frizzled related proteins (Sfrp) and Znrf3 that act as inhibitors of the WNT signaling. We also show that mTORC1 pathway activation is an early event during neoplasia expansion and further demonstrate that mTORC1 pathway is activated in ACC patients. Preclinical inhibition of mTORC1 activity induces a marked reduction in tumor size, associated with induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation that results in normalization of corticosterone plasma levels in AdTAg mice. Altogether, these data establish AdTAg mice as the first preclinical model for metastatic ACC.
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20
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Pignatti E, Leng S, Carlone DL, Breault DT. Regulation of zonation and homeostasis in the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:146-155. [PMID: 27619404 PMCID: PMC5235909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The adult adrenal cortex is organized into concentric zones, each specialized to produce distinct steroid hormones. Cellular composition of the cortex is highly dynamic and subject to diverse signaling controls. Cortical homeostasis and regeneration rely on centripetal migration of steroidogenic cells from the outer to the inner cortex, which is accompanied by direct conversion of zona glomerulosa (zG) into zona fasciculata (zF) cells. Given the important impact of tissue structure and growth on steroidogenic function, it is essential to understand the mechanisms governing adrenal zonation and homeostasis. Towards this end, we review the distinctions between each zone by highlighting their morphological and ultra-structural features, discuss key signaling pathways influencing zonal identity, and evaluate current evidence for long-term self-renewing stem cells in the adult cortex. Finally, we review data supporting zG-to-zF transdifferentiation/direct conversion as a major mechanism of adult cortical renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sining Leng
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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21
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Drelon C, Berthon A, Sahut-Barnola I, Mathieu M, Dumontet T, Rodriguez S, Batisse-Lignier M, Tabbal H, Tauveron I, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Pointud JC, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Vainio S, Shan J, Sacco S, Schedl A, Stratakis CA, Martinez A, Val P. PKA inhibits WNT signalling in adrenal cortex zonation and prevents malignant tumour development. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12751. [PMID: 27624192 PMCID: PMC5027289 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortex physiology relies on functional zonation, essential for production of aldosterone by outer zona glomerulosa (ZG) and glucocorticoids by inner zona fasciculata (ZF). The cortex undergoes constant cell renewal, involving recruitment of subcapsular progenitors to ZG fate and subsequent lineage conversion to ZF identity. Here we show that WNT4 is an important driver of WNT pathway activation and subsequent ZG differentiation and demonstrate that PKA activation prevents ZG differentiation through WNT4 repression and WNT pathway inhibition. This suggests that PKA activation in ZF is a key driver of WNT inhibition and lineage conversion. Furthermore, we provide evidence that constitutive PKA activation inhibits, whereas partial inactivation of PKA catalytic activity stimulates β-catenin-induced tumorigenesis. Together, both lower PKA activity and higher WNT pathway activity lead to poorer prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patients. These observations suggest that PKA acts as a tumour suppressor in the adrenal cortex, through repression of WNT signalling. The adrenal cortex undergoes functional zonation to generate an outer zona glomerulosa (ZG) and inner zona fasciculata (ZF), but how this is regulated at a molecular level is unclear. Here, the authors show that ZG differentiation is stimulated by WNT signalling and that PKA blocks WNT signalling to allow ZF differentiation and also prevents WNT-induced cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Drelon
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Annabel Berthon
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France.,Developmental Endocrine Oncology and Genetics, Section on Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1103, USA
| | | | - Mickaël Mathieu
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Rodriguez
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Endocrinologie, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Houda Tabbal
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Igor Tauveron
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Endocrinologie, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.,Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Seppo Vainio
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, InfoTech Oulu, Center for cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jingdong Shan
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, InfoTech Oulu, Center for cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sonia Sacco
- Inserm UMR1091, CNRS UMR 7277, Institute of Biology Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Andreas Schedl
- Inserm UMR1091, CNRS UMR 7277, Institute of Biology Valrose, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Developmental Endocrine Oncology and Genetics, Section on Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1103, USA
| | - Antoine Martinez
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Val
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, F-63171 Aubière Cedex, France
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22
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Vinson GP. Functional Zonation of the Adult Mammalian Adrenal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:238. [PMID: 27378832 PMCID: PMC4908136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard model of adrenocortical zonation holds that the three main zones, glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis each have a distinct function, producing mineralocorticoids (in fact just aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and androgens respectively. Moreover, each zone has its specific mechanism of regulation, though ACTH has actions throughout. Finally, the cells of the cortex originate from a stem cell population in the outer cortex or capsule, and migrate centripetally, changing their phenotype as they progress through the zones. Recent progress in understanding the development of the gland and the distribution of steroidogenic enzymes, trophic hormone receptors, and other factors suggests that this model needs refinement. Firstly, proliferation can take place throughout the gland, and although the stem cells are certainly located in the periphery, zonal replenishment can take place within zones. Perhaps more importantly, neither the distribution of enzymes nor receptors suggest that the individual zones are necessarily autonomous in their production of steroid. This is particularly true of the glomerulosa, which does not seem to have the full suite of enzymes required for aldosterone biosynthesis. Nor, in the rat anyway, does it express MC2R to account for the response of aldosterone to ACTH. It is known that in development, recruitment of stem cells is stimulated by signals from within the glomerulosa. Furthermore, throughout the cortex local regulatory factors, including cytokines, catecholamines and the tissue renin-angiotensin system, modify and refine the effects of the systemic trophic factors. In these and other ways it more and more appears that the functions of the gland should be viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its component parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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23
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Tauber P, Aichinger B, Christ C, Stindl J, Rhayem Y, Beuschlein F, Warth R, Bandulik S. Cellular Pathophysiology of an Adrenal Adenoma-Associated Mutant of the Plasma Membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase ATP2B3. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2489-99. [PMID: 27035656 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are a main cause for primary aldosteronism leading to arterial hypertension. Physiologically, aldosterone production in the adrenal gland is stimulated by angiotensin II and high extracellular potassium. These stimuli lead to a depolarization of the plasma membrane and, as a consequence, an increase of intracellular Ca(2+). Mutations of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase ATP2B3 have been found in APAs with a prevalence of 0.6%-3.1%. Here, we investigated the effects of the APA-associated ATP2B3(Leu425_Val426del) mutation in adrenocortical NCI-H295R and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Ca(2+) measurements revealed a higher basal Ca(2+) level in cells expressing the mutant ATP2B3. This rise in intracellular Ca(2+) was even more pronounced under conditions with high extracellular Ca(2+) pointing to an increased Ca(2+) influx associated with the mutated protein. Furthermore, cells with the mutant ATP2B3 appeared to have a reduced capacity to export Ca(2+) suggesting a loss of the physiological pump function. Surprisingly, expression of the mutant ATP2B3 caused a Na(+)-dependent inward current that strongly depolarized the plasma membrane and compromised the cytosolic cation composition. In parallel to these findings, mRNA expression of the cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 2 (aldosterone synthase) was substantially increased and aldosterone production was enhanced in cells overexpressing mutant ATP2B3. In summary, the APA-associated ATP2B3(Leu425_Val426del) mutant promotes aldosterone production by at least 2 different mechanisms: 1) a reduced Ca(2+) export due to the loss of the physiological pump function; and 2) an increased Ca(2+) influx due to opening of depolarization-activated Ca(2+) channels as well as a possible Ca(2+) leak through the mutated pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Tauber
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - B Aichinger
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - C Christ
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - J Stindl
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Y Rhayem
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - F Beuschlein
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - R Warth
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - S Bandulik
- Medical Cell Biology (P.T., B.A., C.C., J.S., R.W., S.B.), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (Y.R., F.B.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary aldosteronism is a major cause of hypertension; aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) cause about half of primary aldosteronism; idiopathic hyperplasia of adrenal glomerulosa cells are responsible for the rest. A surprising variety of mutations have recently been identified in ion channels and pumps in a significant number of APA. The present review addresses histological and molecular aspects of APA and the surrounding adrenal. RECENT FINDINGS Specific antibodies against the CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 enzymes, the last enzyme in aldosterone and cortisol synthesis, respectively, allow for the first time study of the steroidogenic capabilities of cells within the APA and adjacent adrenal. Cells expressing CYP11B2 may be scattered and/or in clusters throughout the normal adrenal zona glomerulosa. APA differ widely in the number of cells expressing CYP11B2; some did not express it at all, but were surrounded by cells, some in clusters or micronodules, that expressed CYP11B2. Some APAs also comprised cells expressing both CYP11B1 and CYP17A1. In some samples, analysis of the tissue adjacent to APA detected ion channel and pump mutations heretofore associated only with APA. SUMMARY APAs have a complex structure and expression of steroidogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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25
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Sanders K, Mol JA, Kooistra HS, Slob A, Galac S. New Insights in the Functional Zonation of the Canine Adrenal Cortex. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:741-50. [PMID: 27108660 PMCID: PMC4913559 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of adrenal steroidogenesis is that the production of aldosterone or cortisol depends on the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11β-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP11B1), respectively. However, this has never been studied in dogs, and in some species, a single CYP11B catalyzes both cortisol and aldosterone formation. Analysis of the canine genome provides data of a single CYP11B gene which is called CYP11B2, and a large sequence gap exists near the so-called CYP11B2 gene. OBJECTIVES To investigate the zonal expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the canine adrenal cortex and to determine whether dogs have 1 or multiple CYP11B genes. ANIMALS Normal adrenal glands from 10 healthy dogs. METHODS Zona fasciculata (zF) and zona glomerulosa (zG) tissue was isolated by laser microdissection. The mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and their major regulators was studied with RT-qPCR. Southern blot was performed to determine whether the sequence gap contains a CYP11B gene copy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17). RESULTS Equal expression (P = .62) of the so-called CYP11B2 gene was found in the zG and zF. Southern blot revealed a single gene. CYP17 expression (P = .05) was significantly higher in the zF compared with the zG, which was confirmed with IHC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We conclude that there is only 1 CYP11B gene in canine adrenals. The zone-specific production of aldosterone and cortisol is probably due to zone-specific CYP17 expression, which makes it an attractive target for selective inhibition of cortisol synthesis without affecting mineralocorticoid production in the zG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Slob
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Geng X, Yan L, Dong J, Liang Y, Deng Y, Li T, Luo T, Lin H, Zhang S. Role of Nox2 and p22phox in Persistent Postoperative Hypertension in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Patients after Adrenalectomy. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:2395634. [PMID: 27057164 PMCID: PMC4771902 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2395634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), producing the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone, commonly causes secondary hypertension, which often persists after unilateral adrenalectomy. Although persistent hypertension was correlated with residual hormone aldosterone, the in vivo mechanism remains unclear. NADPH oxidase is the critical cause of aldosterone synthesis in vitro. Nox2 and p22phox comprise the NADPH oxidase catalytic core, serving to initiate a reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade that may participate in the pathology. mRNAs of seven NADPH oxidase isoforms in APA were evaluated by RT-PCR and Q-PCR and their proteins by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. NADPH oxidase activity was also detected. Nox2 and p22phox were especially abundant in APA. Particularly higher Nox2 and p22phox gene and protein levels were seen in APA than controls. Significant correlations between Nox2 mRNA and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA (R = 0.66, P < 0.01) and Nox2 protein and baseline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) (R = 0.503, P < 0.01) were detected in APA; however, none were found between p22phox mRNA, CYP11B2 mRNA, p22phox protein, and baseline PAC. Importantly, we found that Nox2 localized specifically in hyperplastic zona glomerulosa cells. In conclusion, our results highlight that Nox2 and p22phox may be directly involved in pathological aldosterone production and zona glomerulosa cell proliferation after APA resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Geng
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yajuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Tongfeng Luo
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hailun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- *Shaoling Zhang:
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27
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Gioco F, Seccia TM, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Rossi GP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Adrenal histopathology in primary aldosteronism: is it time for a change? Hypertension 2015; 66:724-30. [PMID: 26238443 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gioco
- From the Clinica dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (F.G., T.M.S., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.), Division of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine (C.E.G.-S.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- From the Clinica dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (F.G., T.M.S., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.), Division of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine (C.E.G.-S.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Clinica dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (F.G., T.M.S., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.), Division of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine (C.E.G.-S.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- From the Clinica dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (F.G., T.M.S., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.), Division of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine (C.E.G.-S.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Clinica dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (F.G., T.M.S., G.P.R.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.P.G.-S.), Division of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine (C.E.G.-S.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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28
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Schimmer BP, Cordova M. Corticotropin (ACTH) regulates alternative RNA splicing in Y1 mouse adrenocortical tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:5-11. [PMID: 25281401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stimulatory effect of ACTH on gene expression is well documented and is thought to be a major mechanism by which ACTH maintains the functional and structural integrity of the gland. Previously, we showed that ACTH regulates the accumulation of over 1200 transcripts in Y1 adrenal cells, including a cluster with functions in alternative splicing of RNA. On this basis, we postulated that some of the effects of ACTH on the transcription landscape of Y1 cells are mediated by alternative splicing. In this study, we demonstrate that ACTH regulates the alternative splicing of four transcripts - Gnas, Cd151, Dab2 and Tia1. Inasmuch as alternative splicing potentially affects transcripts from more than two-thirds of the mouse genome, we suggest that these findings are representative of a genome-wide effect of ACTH that impacts on the mRNA and protein composition of the adrenal cortex.
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29
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Fernandes-Rosa FL, Amar L, Tissier F, Bertherat J, Meatchi T, Zennaro MC, Boulkroun S. Functional histopathological markers of aldosterone producing adenoma and somatic KCNJ5 mutations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:220-6. [PMID: 25617716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current pathological diagnosis of Aldosterone Producing Adenoma (APA) is limited to the description of nodules and/or hyperplasia in the resected adrenal gland, independent of their functional characteristics. The aim of our study was to characterize histopathological markers to confirm the presence and identify the sites of aldosterone production and to discriminate KCNJ5-related APA. We investigated 18 adrenals with APA and 15 with non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI) for expression of Disabled-2 and GIRK4, two markers of zona glomerulosa (ZG), and 77 adrenals with APA with known mutational status for GIRK4 expression. Two-thirds of APA and only one NFAI exhibited both GIRK4 and Disabled-2 membrane staining, allowing to correctly classify 79% of adenomas. Remarkably, 28/32 APA with KCNJ5 mutations exhibited lower GIRK4 expression in APA relative to peritumoral ZG. This was highly specific for KCNJ5 mutations, indicating that GIRK4 immunohistochemistry might be used for initial screening of the somatic mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luiz Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Amar
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France; Inserm, U1016, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France; Inserm, U1016, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Tchao Meatchi
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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30
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Bandulik S, Tauber P, Lalli E, Barhanin J, Warth R. Two-pore domain potassium channels in the adrenal cortex. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:1027-42. [PMID: 25339223 PMCID: PMC4428839 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The physiological control of steroid hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex depends on the function of potassium channels. The "two-pore domain K(+) channels" (K2P) TWIK-related acid sensitive K(+) channel 1 (TASK1), TASK3, and TWIK-related K(+) channel 1 (TREK1) are strongly expressed in adrenocortical cells. They confer a background K(+) conductance to these cells which is important for the K(+) sensitivity as well as for angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent stimulation of aldosterone and cortisol synthesis. Mice with single deletions of the Task1 or Task3 gene as well as Task1/Task3 double knockout mice display partially autonomous aldosterone synthesis. It appears that TASK1 and TASK3 serve different functions: TASK1 affects cell differentiation and prevents expression of aldosterone synthase in the zona fasciculata, while TASK3 controls aldosterone secretion in glomerulosa cells. TREK1 is involved in the regulation of cortisol secretion in fasciculata cells. These data suggest that a disturbed function of K2P channels could contribute to adrenocortical pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Bandulik
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany,
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31
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Monticone S, Viola A, Rossato D, Veglio F, Reincke M, Gomez-Sanchez C, Mulatero P. Adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism: towards a standardised protocol. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:296-303. [PMID: 24831990 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism comprises subtypes that need different therapeutic strategies. Adrenal vein sampling is recognised by Endocrine Society guidelines as the only reliable way to correctly diagnose the subtype of primary aldosteronism. Unfortunately, despite being the gold-standard procedure, no standardised procedure exists either in terms of performance or interpretation criteria. In this Personal View, we address several questions that clinicians are presented with when considering adrenal vein sampling. For each of these questions we provide responses based on the available evidence, and opinions based on our experience. In particular, we discuss the most appropriate way to prepare the patient, whether adrenal vein sampling can be avoided for some subgroups of patients, the use of ACTH (1-24) during the procedure, the most appropriate criteria for interpretation of adrenal vein cannulation and lateralisation, the use of contralateral suppression, and strategies to improve success rates of adrenal vein sampling in centres with little experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monticone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Viola
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Denis Rossato
- Service of Radiology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Veglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Celso Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common and curable form of secondary hypertension. It is caused in the majority of cases by either unilateral aldosterone overproduction due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) or by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Recent advances in genome technology have allowed researchers to unravel part of the genetic abnormalities underlying the development of APA and familial hyperaldosteronism. Recurrent somatic mutations in genes coding for ion channels (KCNJ5 and CACNA1D) and ATPases (ATP1A1 and ATP2B3) regulating intracellular ionic homeostasis and cell membrane potential have been identified in APA. Similar germline mutations of KCNJ5 were identified in a severe familial form of PA, familial hyperaldosteronism type 3 (FH3), whereas de novo germline CACNA1D mutations were found in two cases of hyperaldosteronism associated with a complex neurological disorder. These results have allowed a pathophysiological model of APA development to be established. This model involves modifications in intracellular ionic homeostasis and membrane potential, accounting for ∼50% of all tumors, associated with specific gender differences and severity of PA. In this review, we describe the different genetic abnormalities associated with PA and discuss the mechanisms whereby they lead to increased aldosterone production and cell proliferation. We also address some of the foreseeable consequences that genetic knowledge may contribute to improve diagnosis and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France INSERMUMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FranceUniversity Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
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Ahn M, Moon C, Park C, Kim J, Sim KB, Shin T. Transient activation of an adaptor protein, disabled-2, in rat spinal cord injury. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:56-61. [PMID: 25432322 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that disabled-2 (Dab-2), a cytosolic adaptor protein, was expressed in inflammatory and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral cryoinjury. Here, to determine the pattern of Dab-2 expression in a clip compression-induced rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model, the protein level and localization of Dab-2 in the spinal cord were investigated in rats with SCI using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting revealed that the expression of both the 75- and 100-kDa isoforms of Dab-2 peaked significantly in the spinal cord after clip compression injury 7 days post-injury compared to sham controls, and declined slightly thereafter. Immunohistochemistry revealed weak Dab-2 immunostaining in some neurons, glial cells, and ependymal cells in the spinal cords of the control animals, compared to staining in the macrophages and reactive astrocytes in lesions of the SCI animals. Overall, these findings suggest that both isoforms of Dab-2 are transiently upregulated in response to SCI and that the increased expression of Dab-2 is associated with the early activation of macrophages and astrogliosis in the course of CNS inflammation.
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Monticone S, Satoh F, Viola A, Fischer E, Vonend O, Bernini G, Lucatello B, Quinkler M, Ronconi V, Morimoto R, Kudo M, Degenhart C, Gao X, Carrara D, Willenberg HS, Rossato D, Mengozzi G, Riester A, Paci E, Iwakura Y, Burrello J, Maccario M, Giacchetti G, Veglio F, Ito S, Reincke M, Mulatero P. Aldosterone suppression on contralateral adrenal during adrenal vein sampling does not predict blood pressure response after adrenalectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4158-66. [PMID: 25119314 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the only reliable means to distinguish between aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, the two most common subtypes of primary aldosteronism (PA). AVS protocols are not standardized and vary widely between centers. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to retrospectively investigate whether the presence of contralateral adrenal (CL) suppression of aldosterone secretion was associated with improved postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for PA. SETTING The study was carried out in eight different referral centers in Italy, Germany, and Japan. PATIENTS From 585 consecutive AVS in patients with confirmed PA, 234 procedures met the inclusion criteria and were used for the subsequent analyses. RESULTS Overall, 82% of patients displayed contralateral suppression. This percentage was significantly higher in ACTH stimulated compared with basal procedures (90% vs 77%). The CL ratio was inversely correlated with the aldosterone level at diagnosis and, among AVS parameters, with the lateralization index (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). The absence of contralateral suppression was not associated with a lower rate of response to adrenalectomy in terms of both clinical and biochemical parameters, and patients with CL suppression underwent a significantly larger reduction in the aldosterone levels after adrenalectomy. CONCLUSIONS For patients with lateralizing indices of greater than 4 (which comprised the great majority of subjects in this study), CL suppression should not be required to refer patients to adrenalectomy because it is not associated with a larger blood pressure reduction after surgery and might exclude patients from curative surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monticone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension (S.M., A.V., J.B., F.V., P.M.), Department of Medical Sciences, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (B.L., M.M.), Department of Medical Sciences, and Department of Radiology (D.R.), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (F.S., R.M., M.K., Y.I., S.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (E.F., A.R., M.R.), Campus Innenstadt, and Institut für Klinische Radiologie (C.D.), Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany; Departments of Nephrology (O.V., X.G.) and Endocrinology and Diabetology (H.S.D.), Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.B., D.C.), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical Endocrinology (M.Q.), Charité Campus Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin and Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, 10627 Berlin, Germany; Division of Endocrinology (V.R., E.P., G.G.), Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-GM Lancisi G Salesi, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Angiotensin II triggers expression of the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa-specific 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme through de novo protein synthesis of the orphan nuclear receptors NGFIB and NURR1. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3880-94. [PMID: 25092869 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00852-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) is an enzyme crucial for steroid synthesis. Two different 3β-HSD isoforms exist in humans. Classically, HSD3B2 was considered the principal isoform present in the adrenal. However, we recently showed that the alternative isoform, HSD3B1, is expressed specifically within the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG), where aldosterone is produced, raising the question of why this isozyme needs to be expressed in this cell type. Here we show that in both human and mouse, expression of the ZG isoform 3β-HSD is rapidly induced upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. AngII is the key peptide hormone regulating the capacity of aldosterone synthesis. Using the human adrenocortical H295R cells as a model system, we show that the ZG isoform HSD3B1 differs from HSD3B2 in the ability to respond to AngII. Mechanistically, the induction of HSD3B1 involves de novo protein synthesis of the nuclear orphan receptors NGFIB and NURR1. The HSD3B1 promoter contains a functional NGFIB/NURR1-responsive element to which these proteins bind in response to AngII. Knockdown of these proteins and overexpression of a dominant negative NGFIB both reduce the AngII responsiveness of HSD3B1. Thus, the AngII-NGFIB/NURR1 pathway controls HSD3B1. Our work reveals HSD3B1 as a new regulatory target of AngII.
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36
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Qi X, Velarde-Miranda C, Plonczynski MW, Parker CR, Rainey W, Satoh F, Maekawa T, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Gomez-Sanchez EP. Development of monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:111-7. [PMID: 24325867 PMCID: PMC3939805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The final enzymes in the biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol are by the cytochrome P450 CYP11B2 and CYP11B1, respectively. The enzymes are 93% homologous at the amino acid level and specific antibodies have been difficult to generate. 2. Mice and rats were immunized with multiple peptides conjugated to various immunogenic proteins and monoclonal antibodies were generated. The only peptide sequences that generated specific antibodies were amino acids 41-52 for the CYP11B2 and amino acids 80-90 for the CYP11B1 enzyme. 3. The mouse monoclonal CYP11B2-41 was specific and sensitive for use in western blots and produced specific staining of the zona glomerulosa of normal adrenal glands. The rat monoclonal CYP11B1-80 also detected a single band by western blot and detected only the zona fasciculata. Triple immunofluorescence of the adrenal demonstrated that the CYP11B1 and the CYP11B2 did not co-localize, while as expected the CYP11B1 co-localized with the 17α-hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA.
| | - Xin Qi
- Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - C Richard Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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37
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Berthon A, Drelon C, Ragazzon B, Boulkroun S, Tissier F, Amar L, Samson-Couterie B, Zennaro MC, Plouin PF, Skah S, Plateroti M, Lefèbvre H, Sahut-Barnola I, Batisse-Lignier M, Assié G, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Bertherat J, Martinez A, Val P. WNT/β-catenin signalling is activated in aldosterone-producing adenomas and controls aldosterone production. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:889-905. [PMID: 24087794 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the main cause of secondary hypertension, resulting from adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) or bilateral hyperplasia. Here, we show that constitutive activation of WNT/β-catenin signalling is the most frequent molecular alteration found in 70% of APA. We provide evidence that decreased expression of the WNT inhibitor SFRP2 may be contributing to deregulated WNT signalling and APA development in patients. This is supported by the demonstration that mice with genetic ablation of Sfrp2 have increased aldosterone production and ectopic differentiation of zona glomerulosa cells. We further show that β-catenin plays an essential role in the control of basal and Angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion, by activating AT1R, CYP21 and CYP11B2 transcription. This relies on both LEF/TCF-dependent activation of AT1R and CYP21 regulatory regions and indirect activation of CYP21 and CYP11B2 promoters, through increased expression of the nuclear receptors NURR1 and NUR77. Altogether, these data show that aberrant WNT/β-catenin activation is associated with APA development and suggest that WNT pathway may be a good therapeutic target in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Berthon
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bandulik S, Tauber P, Penton D, Schweda F, Tegtmeier I, Sterner C, Lalli E, Lesage F, Hartmann M, Barhanin J, Warth R. Severe hyperaldosteronism in neonatal Task3 potassium channel knockout mice is associated with activation of the intraadrenal renin-angiotensin system. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2712-22. [PMID: 23698720 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Task3 K(+) channels are highly expressed in the adrenal cortex and contribute to the angiotensin II and K(+) sensitivity of aldosterone-producing glomerulosa cells. Adult Task3(-/-) mice display a partially autonomous aldosterone secretion, subclinical hyperaldosteronism, and salt-sensitive hypertension. Here, we investigated the age dependence of the adrenal phenotype of Task3(-/-) mice. Compared with adults, newborn Task3(-/-) mice displayed a severe adrenal phenotype with strongly increased plasma levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, and progesterone. This adrenocortical dysfunction was accompanied by a modified gene expression profile. The most strongly up-regulated gene was the protease renin. Real-time PCR corroborated the strong increase in adrenal renin expression, and immunofluorescence revealed renin-expressing cells in the zona fasciculata. Together with additional factors, activation of the local adrenal renin system is probably causative for the severely disturbed steroid hormone secretion of neonatal Task3(-/-) mice. The changes in gene expression patterns of neonatal Task3(-/-) mice could also be relevant for other forms of hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Bandulik
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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39
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Zhao Z, Pompey S, Dong H, Weng J, Garuti R, Michaely P. S-nitrosylation of ARH is required for LDL uptake by the LDL receptor. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1550-1559. [PMID: 23564733 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor (LDLR) relies upon endocytic adaptor proteins for internalization of lipoproteins. The results of this study show that the LDLR adaptor autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein (ARH) requires nitric oxide to support LDL uptake. Nitric oxide nitrosylates ARH at C199 and C286, and these posttranslational modifications are necessary for association of ARH with the adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) component of clathrin-coated pits. In the absence of nitrosylation, ARH is unable to target LDL-LDLR complexes to coated pits, resulting in poor LDL uptake. The role of nitric oxide on LDLR function is specific for ARH because inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity impairs ARH-supported LDL uptake but has no effect on other LDLR-dependent lipoprotein uptake processes, including VLDL remnant uptake and dab2-supported LDL uptake. These findings suggest that cells that depend upon ARH for LDL uptake can control which lipoproteins are internalized by their LDLRs through changes in nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Shanica Pompey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Hongyun Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Rita Garuti
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Peter Michaely
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX.
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40
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Yates R, Katugampola H, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Meimaridou E, Hughes C, Metherell L, Guasti L, King P. Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:239-312. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Drelon C, Berthon A, Ragazzon B, Tissier F, Bandiera R, Sahut-Barnola I, de Joussineau C, Batisse-Lignier M, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Bertherat J, Martinez A, Val P. Analysis of the role of Igf2 in adrenal tumour development in transgenic mouse models. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44171. [PMID: 22952916 PMCID: PMC3429465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortical carcinomas (ACC) are rare but aggressive tumours associated with poor prognosis. The two most frequent alterations in ACC in patients are overexpression of the growth factor IGF2 and constitutive activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Using a transgenic mouse model, we have previously shown that constitutive active β-catenin is a bona fide adrenal oncogene. However, although all these mice developed benign adrenal hyperplasia, malignant progression was infrequent, suggesting that secondary genetic events were required for aggressive tumour development. In the present paper, we have tested IGF2 oncogenic properties by developing two distinct transgenic mouse models of Igf2 overexpression in the adrenal cortex. Our analysis shows that despite overexpression levels ranging from 7 (basal) to 87 (ACTH-induced) fold, Igf2 has no tumour initiating potential in the adrenal cortex. However, it induces aberrant accumulation of Gli1 and Pod1-positive progenitor cells, in a hedgehog-independent manner. We have also tested the hypothesis that Igf2 may cooperate with Wnt signalling by mating Igf2 overexpressing lines with mice that express constitutive active β-catenin in the adrenal cortex. We show that the combination of both alterations has no effect on tumour phenotype at stages when β-catenin-induced tumours are benign. However, there is a mild promoting effect at later stages, characterised by increased Weiss score and proliferation. Formation of malignant tumours is nonetheless a rare event, even when Igf2 expression is further increased by ACTH treatment. Altogether these experiments suggest that the growth factor IGF2 is a mild contributor to malignant adrenocortical tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Drelon
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Sahut-Barnola
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Endocrinologie, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
| | - Pierre Val
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS UMR 6293, GReD, Aubière, France
- Inserm U1103, GReD, Aubière, France
- * E-mail:
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El Wakil A, Bandulik S, Guy N, Bendahhou S, Zennaro MC, Niehrs C, Mari B, Warth R, Barhanin J, Lalli E. Dkk3 is a component of the genetic circuitry regulating aldosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4922-9. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nishimoto K, Rigsby CS, Wang T, Mukai K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, Seki T. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed transcripts in rat adrenal zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1755-63. [PMID: 22374966 PMCID: PMC3320243 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa (zG), the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, whereas glucocorticoids are produced in adjacent zona fasciculata (zF). However, the cellular mechanisms controlling the zonal development and the differential hormone production (i.e. functional zonation) are poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms, we defined zone-specific transcripts in this study. Eleven-week-old male rats were used and adrenal tissues were collected from zG and zF using laser-capture microdissection. RNA was isolated, biotin labeled, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina microarray chips. The microarray data were compared by fold change calculations. In zG, 235 transcripts showed more than a 2-fold up-regulation compared to zF with statistical significance. Similarly, 231 transcripts showed up-regulation in zF. The microarray findings were validated using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining on selected transcripts, including Cyp11b2 (zG/zF: 214.2x), Rgs4 (68.4x), Smoc2 (49.3x), and Mia1 (43.1x) in zG as well as Ddah1 (zF/zG 16.2x), Cidea (15.5x), Frzb (9.5x), and Hsd11b2 (8.3x) in zF. The lists of transcripts obtained in the current study will be an invaluable tool for the elucidation of cellular mechanisms leading to zG and zF functional zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Laufer E, Kesper D, Vortkamp A, King P. Sonic hedgehog signaling during adrenal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:19-27. [PMID: 22020162 PMCID: PMC3288303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been speculated for a number of years that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays an important role in adrenal development. Over the past two years several reports have described the expression and function of Shh pathway genes in the adrenal cortex, using primarily mouse models. The key findings are that Shh signals produced by a population of partially differentiated cortical cells located in the outer cortex/zona glomerulosa are received by non-cortical mesenchymal cells located predominantly in the overlying capsule. This signal is required for growth of both the capsule and the cortex, but not for cortical zonation or steroidogenic cell differentiation. Using molecular genetic tools to define the adrenocortical cell lineages that are descended from both Shh signaling and receiving cells, both capsule and cortical cells were found to have properties of adrenocortical stem and/or progenitor cells. Here we place these observations within the context of prior studies on adrenal development, postnatal adrenal maintenance and adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Laufer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP. Mutations of the potassium channel KCNJ5 causing aldosterone-producing adenomas: one or two hits? Hypertension 2011; 59:196-7. [PMID: 22203746 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O. Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection-progress and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1300-31. [PMID: 21893135 PMCID: PMC7103316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary hypertension. The detection of primary aldosteronism is of particular importance, not only because it provides an opportunity for a targeted treatment (surgical for APA and medical with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for BAH), but also because it has been extensively demonstrated that patients affected by PA are more prone to cardiovascular events and target organ damage than essential hypertensives. According to the Endocrine Society Guidelines diagnosis of PA is made following a rigorous flow-chart comprising screening, confirmation/exclusion testing and subtype diagnosis. In the present review we describe briefly the published diagnostic strategies of the Guidelines, highlighting new evidence that has become recently available and discuss issues that still need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Vázquez-Carretero MD, García-Miranda P, Calonge ML, Peral MJ, Ilundáin AA. Regulation of Dab2 expression in intestinal and renal epithelia by development. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:354-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boulkroun S, Samson-Couterie B, Dzib JFG, Lefebvre H, Louiset E, Amar L, Plouin PF, Lalli E, Jeunemaitre X, Benecke A, Meatchi T, Zennaro MC. Adrenal Cortex Remodeling and Functional Zona Glomerulosa Hyperplasia in Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension 2010; 56:885-92. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheerazed Boulkroun
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Benoit Samson-Couterie
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - José-Felipe Golib Dzib
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Estelle Louiset
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Laurence Amar
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Pierre-François Plouin
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Enzo Lalli
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Arndt Benecke
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Tchao Meatchi
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., B.S.-C., L.A., P.-F.P., X.J., T.M., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (J.-F.G.D., A.B.), Bures sur Yvette, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (H.L., E.Lo.), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen (H.L., E.Lo.)
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Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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