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Owolabi AI, Corbett RC, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. Positive interplay between FFAR4/GPR120, DPP-IV inhibition and GLP-1 in beta cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis in obese high fat fed mice. Peptides 2024; 177:171218. [PMID: 38621590 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor-120 (GPR120; FFAR4) is a free fatty acid receptor, widely researched for its glucoregulatory and insulin release activities. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic advantage of FFAR4/GPR120 activation using combination therapy. C57BL/6 mice, fed a High Fat Diet (HFD) for 120 days to induce obesity-diabetes, were subsequently treated with a single daily oral dose of FFAR4/GPR120 agonist Compound A (CpdA) (0.1μmol/kg) alone or in combination with sitagliptin (50 mg/kg) for 21 days. After 21-days, glucose homeostasis, islet morphology, plasma hormones and lipids, tissue genes (qPCR) and protein expression (immunocytochemistry) were assessed. Oral administration of CpdA improved glucose tolerance (34% p<0.001) and increased circulating insulin (38% p<0.001). Addition of CpdA with the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, sitagliptin, further improved insulin release (44%) compared to sitagliptin alone and reduced fat mass (p<0.05). CpdA alone (50%) and in combination with sitagliptin (89%) induced marked reductions in LDL-cholesterol, with greater effects in combination (p<0.05). All treatment regimens restored pancreatic islet and beta-cell area and mass, complemented with significantly elevated beta-cell proliferation rates. A marked increase in circulating GLP-1 (53%) was observed, with further increases in combination (38%). With treatment, mice presented with increased Gcg (proglucagon) gene expression in the jejunum (130% increase) and ileum (120% increase), indicative of GLP-1 synthesis and secretion. These data highlight the therapeutic promise of FFAR4/GPR120 activation and the potential for combined benefit with incretin enhancing DPP-IV inhibitors in the regulation of beta cell proliferation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Owolabi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - R C Corbett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - A M McKillop
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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2
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Heinecke F, Fornes D, Capobianco E, Flores Quiroga JP, Labiano M, Faletti AG, Jawerbaum A, White V. Intestinal alterations and mild glucose homeostasis impairments in the offspring born to overweight rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 587:112201. [PMID: 38494045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The gut plays a crucial role in metabolism by regulating the passage of nutrients, water and microbial-derived substances to the portal circulation. Additionally, it produces incretins, such as glucose-insulinotropic releasing peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like derived peptide 1 (GLP1, encoded by gcg gene) in response to nutrient uptake. We aimed to investigate whether offspring from overweight rats develop anomalies in the barrier function and incretin transcription. We observed pro-inflammatory related changes along with a reduction in Claudin-3 levels resulting in increased gut-permeability in fetuses and offspring from overweight rats. Importantly, we found decreased gip mRNA levels in both fetuses and offspring from overweight rats. Differently, gcg mRNA levels were upregulated in fetuses, downregulated in female offspring and unchanged in male offspring from overweight rats. When cultured with high glucose, intestinal explants showed an increase in gip and gcg mRNA levels in control offspring. In contrast, offspring from overweight rats did not exhibit any response in gip mRNA levels. Additionally, while females showed no response, male offspring from overweight rats did exhibit an upregulation in gcg mRNA levels. Furthermore, female and male offspring from overweight rats showed sex-dependent anomalies when orally challenged with a glucose overload, returning to baseline glucose levels after 120 min. These results open new research questions about the role of the adverse maternal metabolic condition in the programming of impairments in glucose homeostasis, enteroendocrine function and gut barrier function in the offspring from overweight mothers and highlight the importance of a perinatal maternal healthy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Heinecke
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremias Pablo Flores Quiroga
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Labiano
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia G Faletti
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Dontamsetti KD, Pedrosa‐Suarez LC, Aktar R, Peiris M. Sensing of luminal contents and downstream modulation of GI function. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13083. [PMID: 38779131 PMCID: PMC11109814 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The luminal environment is rich in macronutrients coming from our diet and resident microbial populations including their metabolites. Together, they have the capacity to modulate unique cell surface receptors, known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Along the entire length of the gut epithelium, enteroendocrine cells express GPCRs to interact with luminal contents, such as GPR93 and the calcium sensing receptor to sense proteins, FFA2 and GPR84 to sense fatty acids, and SGLT1 and T1R to sense carbohydrates. Nutrient-receptor interaction causes the release of hormonal stores such as glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin, which further regulate gut function. Existing data show the role of luminal components and microbial fermentation products on gut function. However, there is a lack of understanding in the mechanistic interactions between diet-derived luminal components and microbial products and nutrient-sensing receptors and downstream gastrointestinal modulation. This review summarizes current knowledge on various luminal components and describes in detail the range of nutrients and metabolites and their interaction with nutrient receptors in the gut epithelium and the emerging impact on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Devi Dontamsetti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura Camila Pedrosa‐Suarez
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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4
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Ambrogi M, Vezina CM. Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346087. [PMID: 38736751 PMCID: PMC11082347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a resilient barrier and orchestrate defensive and reparative mechanisms to maintain tissue stability. This review focuses on gut and airway epithelia, which are positioned where the body interfaces with the outside world. We review the many signaling pathways and mechanisms by which epithelial cells at the interface respond to invading pathogens to mount an innate immune response and initiate adaptive immunity and communicate with other cells, including resident microbiota, to heal damaged tissue and maintain homeostasis. We compare and contrast how airway and gut epithelial cells detect pathogens, release antimicrobial effectors, collaborate with macrophages, Tregs and epithelial stem cells to mount an immune response and orchestrate tissue repair. We also describe advanced research models for studying epithelial communication and behaviors during inflammation, tissue injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Patil M, Casari I, Warne LN, Falasca M. G protein-coupled receptors driven intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 reprogramming for obesity: Hope or hype? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116245. [PMID: 38340396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
'Globesity' is a foremost challenge to the healthcare system. The limited efficacy and adverse effects of available oral pharmacotherapies pose a significant obstacle in the fight against obesity. The biology of the leading incretin hormone glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been highly captivated during the last decade owing to its multisystemic pleiotropic clinical outcomes beyond inherent glucoregulatory action. That fostered a pharmaceutical interest in synthetic GLP-1 analogues to tackle type-2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and related complications. Besides, mechanistic insights on metabolic surgeries allude to an incretin-based hormonal combination strategy for weight loss that emerged as a forerunner for the discovery of injectable 'unimolecular poly-incretin-agonist' therapies. Physiologically, intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells (EECs) are the prominent endogenous source of GLP-1 peptide. Despite comprehending the potential of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to stimulate endogenous GLP-1 secretion, decades of translational GPCR research have failed to yield regulatory-approved endogenous GLP-1 secretagogue oral therapy. Lately, a dual/poly-GPCR agonism strategy has emerged as an alternative approach to the traditional mono-GPCR concept. This review aims to gain a comprehensive understanding by revisiting the pharmacology of a few potential GPCR-based complementary avenues that have drawn attention to the design of orally active poly-GPCR agonist therapy. The merits, challenges and recent developments that may aid future poly-GPCR drug discovery are critically discussed. Subsequently, we project the mechanism-based therapeutic potential and limitations of oral poly-GPCR agonism strategy to augment intestinal GLP-1 for weight loss. We further extend our discussion to compare the poly-GPCR agonism approach over invasive surgical and injectable GLP-1-based regimens currently in clinical practice for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Patil
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Leon N Warne
- Little Green Pharma, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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6
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Ramasamy I. Physiological Appetite Regulation and Bariatric Surgery. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1347. [PMID: 38546831 PMCID: PMC10932430 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a common metabolic disorder and a threat to health as it is associated with numerous complications. Lifestyle modifications and caloric restriction can achieve limited weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an effective way of achieving substantial weight loss as well as glycemic control secondary to weight-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that an anorexigenic gut hormone response following bariatric surgery contributes to weight loss. Understanding the changes in gut hormones and their contribution to weight loss physiology can lead to new therapeutic treatments for weight loss. Two distinct types of neurons in the arcuate hypothalamic nuclei control food intake: proopiomelanocortin neurons activated by the anorexigenic (satiety) hormones and neurons activated by the orexigenic peptides that release neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (hunger centre). The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus integrates hormonal inputs from the gut and adipose tissue (the anorexigenic hormones cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, leptin, and others) and orexigeneic peptides (ghrelin). Replicating the endocrine response to bariatric surgery through pharmacological mimicry holds promise for medical treatment. Obesity has genetic and environmental factors. New advances in genetic testing have identified both monogenic and polygenic obesity-related genes. Understanding the function of genes contributing to obesity will increase insights into the biology of obesity. This review includes the physiology of appetite control, the influence of genetics on obesity, and the changes that occur following bariatric surgery. This has the potential to lead to the development of more subtle, individualised, treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Ramasamy
- Department of Blood Sciences, Conquest Hospital, Hastings TN37 7RD, UK
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Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1272955. [PMID: 38027512 PMCID: PMC10662325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome. EECs are hormone-producing cells expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium and have been leveraged by pharmaceuticals like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), terzepatide (Mounjaro), and retatrutide (Phase 2) for diabetes and weight control, and linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and visceral pain. This review focuses on role of intestinal EECs to communicate signals from the gut lumen to the brain. Canonically, EECs communicate information about the intestinal environment through a variety of hormones, dividing EECs into separate classes based on the hormone each cell type secretes. Recent studies have revealed more diverse hormone profiles and communication modalities for EECs including direct synaptic communication with peripheral neurons. EECs known as neuropod cells rapidly relay signals from gut to brain via a direct communication with vagal and primary sensory neurons. Further, this review discusses the complex information processing machinery within EECs, including receptors that transduce intraluminal signals and the ion channel complement that govern initiation and propagation of these signals. Deeper understanding of EEC physiology is necessary to safely treat devastating and pervasive conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie K. Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariana A. Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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McKillop AM, Miskelly MG, Moran BM, Flatt PR. Incretins play an important role in FFA4/GPR120 regulation of glucose metabolism by GW-9508. Life Sci 2023; 318:121475. [PMID: 36754346 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the role of GPR120 in glucose metabolism and incretin regulation from enteroendocrine L- and K-cells with determination of the cellular localisation of GPR120 in intestinal tissue and clonal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)/Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) cell lines. MAIN METHODS Anti-hyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and incretin secreting properties of the GPR120 agonist, GW-9508 were explored in combination with oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (GTT) in lean, diabetic and incretin receptor knockout mice. Cellular localisation of GPR120 was assessed by double immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS Compared to intraperitoneal injection, oral administration of GW-9508 (0.1 μmol/kg body weight) together with glucose reduced the glycaemic excursion by 22-31 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and enhanced glucose-induced insulin release by 30 % (p < 0.01) in normal mice. In high fat fed diabetic mice, orally administered GW-9508 lowered plasma glucose by 17-27 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and augmented insulin release by 22-39 % (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). GW-9508 had no effect on the responses of GLP-1 receptor knockout mice and GIP receptor knockout mice. Consistent with this, oral GW-9508 increased circulating total GLP-1 release by 39-44 % (p < 0.01) and total GIP by 37-47 % (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) after 15 and 30 min in lean NIH Swiss mice. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated GPR120 expression on mouse enteroendocrine L- and K-cells, GLUTag cells and pGIP/Neo STC-1 cells. SIGNIFICANCE GPR120 is expressed on intestinal L- and K-cells and stimulates GLP-1/GIP secretory pathways involved in mediating enhanced insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance, following oral GW-9508. These novel data strongly support the development of potent and selective GPR120 agonists as an effective therapeutic approach for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine M McKillop
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Michael G Miskelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian M Moran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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9
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Samovski D, Jacome-Sosa M, Abumrad NA. Fatty Acid Transport and Signaling: Mechanisms and Physiological Implications. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:317-337. [PMID: 36347219 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-032122-030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are components of plasma membranes and an efficient fuel source and also serve as metabolic regulators through FA signaling mediated by membrane FA receptors. Impaired tissue FA uptake has been linked to major complications of obesity, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Fatty acid interactions with a membrane receptor and the initiation of signaling can modify pathways related to nutrient uptake and processing, cell proliferation or differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors. Here, we review the major membrane receptors involved in FA uptake and FA signaling. We focus on two types of membrane receptors for long-chain FAs: CD36 and the G protein-coupled FA receptors FFAR1 and FFAR4. We describe key signaling pathways and metabolic outcomes for CD36, FFAR1, and FFAR4 and highlight the parallels that provide insight into FA regulation of cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Samovski
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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An analysis of intestinal morphology and incretin-producing cells using tissue optical clearing and 3-D imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17530. [PMID: 36266531 PMCID: PMC9584944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing permits detailed evaluation of organ three-dimensional (3-D) structure as well as that of individual cells by tissue staining and autofluorescence. In this study, we evaluated intestinal morphology, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and enteroendocrine cells, such as incretin-producing cells, in reporter mice by intestinal 3-D imaging. 3-D intestinal imaging of reporter mice using optical tissue clearing enabled us to evaluate both detailed intestinal morphologies and cell numbers, villus length and crypt depth in the same samples. In disease mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice, the results of 3-D imaging using tissue optical clearing in this study was consistent with those of 2-D imaging in previous reports and could added the new data of intestinal morphology. In analysis of incretin-producing cells of reporter mice, we could elucidate the number, the percentage, and the localization of incretin-producing cells in intestine and the difference of those between L cells and K cells. Thus, we established a novel method of intestinal analysis using tissue optical clearing and 3-D imaging. 3-D evaluation of intestine enabled us to clarify not only detailed intestinal morphology but also the precise number and localization of IECs and incretin-producing cells in the same samples.
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11
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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12
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Guccio N, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide-A Postprandial Hormone with Unharnessed Metabolic Potential. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:21-44. [PMID: 35609956 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is released from the upper small intestine in response to food intake and contributes to the postprandial control of nutrient disposition, including of sugars and fats. Long neglected as a potential therapeutic target, the GIPR axis has received increasing interest recently, with the emerging data demonstrating the metabolically favorable outcomes of adding GIPR agonism to GLP-1 receptor agonists in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review examines the physiology of the GIP axis, from the mechanisms underlying GIP secretion from the intestine to its action on target tissues and therapeutic development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Guccio
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
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13
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Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A acts in the intestine to promote white adipose tissue energy storage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:224. [PMID: 35017517 PMCID: PMC8752770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 A (HNF4A) controls the metabolic features of several endodermal epithelia. Both HNF4A and HNF4G are redundant in the intestine and it remains unclear whether HNF4A alone controls intestinal lipid metabolism. Here we show that intestinal HNF4A is not required for intestinal lipid metabolism per se, but unexpectedly influences whole-body energy expenditure in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Deletion of intestinal HNF4A caused mice to become DIO-resistant with a preference for fat as an energy substrate and energetic changes in association with white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging. Intestinal HNF4A is crucial for the fat-induced release of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), while the reintroduction of a stabilized GIP analog rescues the DIO resistance phenotype of the mutant mice. Our study provides evidence that intestinal HNF4A plays a non-redundant role in whole-body lipid homeostasis and points to a non-cell-autonomous regulatory circuit for body-fat management. HNF4A is a nuclear receptor that regulates liver lipid homeostasis. Here the authors show that HNF4A is not required for intestinal lipid metabolism but controls energy expenditure under diet induced obesity through the fat-induced release of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
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15
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Zhao YF. Free fatty acid receptors in the endocrine regulation of glucose metabolism: Insight from gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:956277. [PMID: 36246919 PMCID: PMC9554507 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.956277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is primarily controlled by pancreatic hormones, with the coordinated assistance of the hormones from gastrointestine and adipose tissue. Studies have unfolded a sophisticated hormonal gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interaction network, which essentially maintains glucose homeostasis in response to the changes in substrates and nutrients. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are the important substrates that are involved in glucose metabolism. FFAs are able to activate the G-protein coupled membrane receptors including GPR40, GPR120, GPR41 and GPR43, which are specifically expressed in pancreatic islet cells, enteroendocrine cells as well as adipocytes. The activation of FFA receptors regulates the secretion of hormones from pancreas, gastrointestine and adipose tissue to influence glucose metabolism. This review presents the effects of the FFA receptors on glucose metabolism via the hormonal gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interactions and the underlying intracellular mechanisms. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic drugs targeting FFA receptors for the treatment of abnormal glucose metabolism such as type 2 diabetes mellitus is summarized.
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16
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Kiyobayashi S, Murakami T, Harada N, Fujimoto H, Murata Y, Fujita N, Hamamatsu K, Ikeguchi-Ogura E, Hatoko T, Lu X, Yamane S, Inagaki N. Noninvasive Evaluation of GIP Effects on β-Cell Mass Under High-Fat Diet. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:921125. [PMID: 35909510 PMCID: PMC9326491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.921125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM) has an importance in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-targeted imaging has emerged as a promising tool for BCM evaluation. While glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is known to be involved in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, the effect of GIP on BCM is still controversial. In this study, we investigated indium 111 (111In)-labeled exendin-4 derivative ([Lys12(111In-BnDTPA-Ahx)]exendin-4) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) as a tool for evaluation of longitudinal BCM changes in HFD-induced obese mice, at the same time we also investigated the effects of GIP on BCM in response to HFD using GIP-knockout (GIP-/-) mice. 111In-exendin-4 SPECT/CT was able to distinguish control-fat diet (CFD)-fed mice from HFD-fed mice and the pancreatic uptake values replicated the BCM measured by conventional histological methods. Furthermore, BCM expansions in HFD-fed mice were demonstrated by time-course changes of the pancreatic uptake values. Additionally, 111In-exendin-4 SPECT/CT demonstrated the distinct changes in BCM between HFD-fed GIP-/- (GIP-/-+HFD) and wild-type (WT+HFD) mice; the pancreatic uptake values of GIP-/-+HFD mice became significantly lower than those of WT+HFD mice. The different changes in the pancreatic uptake values between the two groups preceded those in fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Taken together with the finding of increased β-cell apoptosis in GIP-/-+HFD mice compared with WT+HFD mice, these data indicated that GIP has preferable effects on BCM under HFD. Therefore, 111In-exendin-4 SPECT/CT can be useful for evaluating increasing BCM and the role of GIP in BCM changes under HFD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Kiyobayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency of Health, Safety and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keita Hamamatsu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hatoko
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xuejing Lu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuya Inagaki,
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17
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Young RL, Page AJ. The secretion of total and acyl ghrelin from the mouse gastric mucosa: Role of nutrients and the lipid chemosensors FFAR4 and CD36. Peptides 2021; 146:170673. [PMID: 34627956 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the nutrient-mediated modulation of total ghrelin (TG) and acyl ghrelin (AG) secretion from the mouse gastric mucosa, and the role of long-chain fatty acid chemosensors, FFAR4 and CD36, in lipid-mediated modulation of TG and AG release. METHODS Ex-vivo experiments were conducted using mouse gastric mucosa to examine the effects of nutrients (D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, peptone (mixture of oligopeptides & single amino acids), D-mannitol, α-linolenic acid and fat emulsion (intralipid)) on TG and AG secretion. Additionally, inhibition of FFAR4 and CD36 on α-linolenic acid and intralipid-mediated regulation of TG and AG secretion was assessed. RESULTS TG and AG secretion were unaffected by glucose and D-mannitol. Peptone stimulated the release of TG and AG. In contrast, L-phenylalanine reduced AG secretion only. Intralipid reduced TG secretion and stimulated AG secretion, and α-linolenic acid reduced AG release, without affecting TG mobilisation. Modulation of ghrelin secretion by lipids occurred in an FFAR4 and CD36-independent manner. CONCLUSION Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient-specific manner by proteins and lipids, with TG and AG displaying independent responses to the same stimuli. In addition, FFAR4 and CD36 do not participate in modulation of TG and AG secretion by α-linolenic acid and intralipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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18
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Morrow NM, Hanson AA, Mulvihill EE. Distinct Identity of GLP-1R, GLP-2R, and GIPR Expressing Cells and Signaling Circuits Within the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703966. [PMID: 34660576 PMCID: PMC8511495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells directly integrate signals of nutrient content within the gut lumen with distant hormonal responses and nutrient disposal via the production and secretion of peptides, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). Given their direct and indirect control of post-prandial nutrient uptake and demonstrated translational relevance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, malabsorption and cardiometabolic disease, there is significant interest in the locally engaged circuits mediating these metabolic effects. Although several specific populations of cells in the intestine have been identified to express endocrine receptors, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and αβ and γδ T-cells (Glp1r+) and smooth muscle cells (Glp2r+), the definitive cellular localization and co-expression, particularly in regards to the Gipr remain elusive. Here we review the current state of the literature and evaluate the identity of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gipr expressing cells within preclinical and clinical models. Further elaboration of our understanding of the initiating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) circuits engaged locally within the intestine and how they become altered with high-fat diet feeding can offer insight into the dysregulation observed in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center CRCHUM-Pavillion R, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Effects of Delayed-Release Olive Oil and Hydrolyzed Pine Nut Oil on Glucose Tolerance, Incretin Secretion and Appetite in Humans. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103407. [PMID: 34684407 PMCID: PMC8538272 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential synergistic effects of olive oil releasing 2-oleoylglycerol and hydrolyzed pine nut oil containing 20% pinolenic acid on GLP-1 secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and appetite in healthy individuals, when delivered to the small intestine as potential agonists of GPR119, FFA1 and FFA4. METHODS Nine overweight/obese individuals completed three 6-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in a crossover design. At -30 min, participants consumed either: no oil, 6 g of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), or a combination of 3 g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3 g olive oil (PNO-OO) in delayed-release capsules. Repeated measures of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, subjective appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability were done. RESULTS PNO-FFA augmented GLP-1 secretion from 0-360 min compared to no oil and PNO-OO (p < 0.01). GIP secretion was increased from 240-360 min after both PNO-FFA and PNO-OO versus no oil (p < 0.01). Both oil treatments suppressed subjective appetite by reducing hunger and prospective food consumption and increasing satiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In support of previous findings, 6 g of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil enhanced postprandial GLP-1 secretion and reduced appetite. However, no synergistic effect of combining hydrolyzed pine nut oil and olive oil on GLP-1 secretion was observed. These results need further evaluation in long-term studies including effects on bodyweight and insulin sensitivity.
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20
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Murata Y, Harada N, Kishino S, Iwasaki K, Ikeguchi-Ogura E, Yamane S, Kato T, Kanemaru Y, Sankoda A, Hatoko T, Kiyobayashi S, Ogawa J, Hirasawa A, Inagaki N. Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit long-chain triglyceride-induced GIP secretion through GPR120-dependent inhibition of CCK. iScience 2021; 24:102963. [PMID: 34466786 PMCID: PMC8382997 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) intake strongly stimulates GIP secretion from enteroendocrine K cells and induces obesity and insulin resistance partly due to GIP hypersecretion. In this study, we found that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) inhibit GIP secretion after single LCT ingestion and clarified the mechanism underlying MCT-induced inhibition of GIP secretion. MCTs reduced the CCK effect after single LCT ingestion in wild-type (WT) mice, and a CCK agonist completely reversed MCT-induced inhibition of GIP secretion. In vitro studies showed that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) inhibit long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-stimulated CCK secretion and increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations through inhibition of GPR120 signaling. Long-term administration of MCTs reduced obesity and insulin resistance in high-LCT diet-fed WT mice, but not in high-LCT diet-fed GIP-knockout mice. Thus, MCT-induced inhibition of GIP hypersecretion reduces obesity and insulin resistance under high-LCT diet feeding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hatoko
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sakura Kiyobayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Corresponding author
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21
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Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH. The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:5-29. [PMID: 34310013 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH2 ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Berland C, Small DM, Luquet S, Gangarossa G. Dietary lipids as regulators of reward processes: multimodal integration matters. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:693-705. [PMID: 34148784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of energy-dense and palatable diets in the modern food environment tightly contributes to the obesity pandemic. The reward circuit participates to the regulation of body homeostasis by integrating energy-related signals with neural substrates encoding cognitive and motivational components of feeding behaviors. Obesity and lipid-rich diets alter dopamine (DA) transmission leading to reward dysfunctions and food overconsumption. Recent reports indicate that dietary lipids can act, directly and indirectly, as functional modulators of the DA circuit. This raises the possibility that nutritional or genetic conditions affecting 'lipid sensing' mechanisms might lead to maladaptations of the DA system. Here, we discuss the most recent findings connecting dietary lipid sensing with DA signaling and its multimodal influence on circuits regulating food-reward processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Berland
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France; Department of Medicine, The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Department of Psychiatry, and the Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
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23
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Tian M, Wu Z, Heng J, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Novel advances in understanding fatty acid-binding G protein-coupled receptors and their roles in controlling energy balance. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:187-199. [PMID: 34027989 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases have been recognized as the main factors that endanger human health worldwide. Most of these metabolic syndromes develop when the energy balance in the body is disrupted. Energy balance depends upon the systemic regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Fatty acid-binding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells involved in energy homeostasis regulation. In this review, the distribution and biological functions of fatty acid-binding GPCRs are summarized, particularly with respect to the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue. A systematic understanding of the physiological functions of the fatty acid-binding GPCRs involved in energy homeostasis regulation will help in identifying novel pharmacological targets for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- M. Tian, Z. Wu, J. Heng, F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. F. Chen, W. Guan, and S. Zhang are with the College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, and the Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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FFAR from the Gut Microbiome Crowd: SCFA Receptors in T1D Pathology. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050302. [PMID: 34064625 PMCID: PMC8151283 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a novel determinant of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this context, major gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are considered to be an important link between the host and gut microbiome. We, along with other laboratories, have explored how SCFAs and their cognate receptors affect various metabolic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Though gut microbiome and SCFA-level changes have been reported in T1D and in mouse models of the disease, the role of SCFA receptors in T1D remains under explored. In this review article, we will highlight the existing and possible roles of these receptors in T1D pathology. We conclude with a discussion of SCFA receptors as therapeutic targets for T1D, exploring an exciting new potential for novel treatments of glucometabolic disorders.
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Fujiwara Y, Yamane S, Harada N, Ikeguchi-Ogura E, Usui R, Nakamura T, Iwasaki K, Suzuki K, Yabe D, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells in response to long-chain fatty acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G617-G626. [PMID: 33533304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells (traditionally known as L cells) in response to luminal nutrients that potentiates insulin secretion. Augmentation of endogenous GLP-1 secretion might well represent a novel therapeutic target for diabetes treatment in addition to the incretin-associated drugs currently in use. In this study, we found that PPG cells substantially express carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8), which has been reported to inhibit inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) binding to the IP3 receptor and subsequent Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal cells. In vitro experiments using STC-1 cells demonstrated that Car8 knockdown increases long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. This effect was reduced in the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor; in addition, Car8 knockdown increased the intracellular Ca2+ elevation caused by α-linolenic acid, indicating that CAR8 exerts its effect on GLP-1 secretion via the PLC/IP3/Ca2+ pathway. Car8wdl null mutant mice showed significant increase in GLP-1 response to oral corn oil administration compared with that in wild-type littermates, with no significant change in intestinal GLP-1 content. These results demonstrate that CAR8 negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from PPG cells in response to LCFAs, suggesting the possibility of augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study focused on the physiological significance of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) in GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells. We found an inhibitory role of CAR8 in LCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to diabetes and obesity through augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Usui
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Lu VB, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Nutrient-Induced Cellular Mechanisms of Gut Hormone Secretion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030883. [PMID: 33803183 PMCID: PMC8000029 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can assess the nutrient composition of ingested food. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms in specialised epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, the enteroendocrine cells, trigger the release of gut hormones that provide important local and central feedback signals to regulate nutrient utilisation and feeding behaviour. The evidence for nutrient-stimulated secretion of two of the most studied gut hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), along with the known cellular mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells recruited by nutrients, will be the focus of this review. The mechanisms involved range from electrogenic transporters, ion channel modulation and nutrient-activated G-protein coupled receptors that converge on the release machinery controlling hormone secretion. Elucidation of these mechanisms will provide much needed insight into postprandial physiology and identify tractable dietary approaches to potentially manage nutrition and satiety by altering the secreted gut hormone profile.
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Mishra S, Rajput MS, Rathore D, Dahima R. Ligand and structure-based computational designing of multi-target molecules directing FFAR-1, FFAR-4 and PPAR-G as modulators of insulin receptor activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6974-6988. [PMID: 33648410 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1892528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multi-agent therapies are an important treatment modality in many diseases based on the assumption that combining agents may result in increased therapeutic benefit by overcoming the mechanism of resistance and providing superior efficiency. Extensively validated 3D pharmacophore models for free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR-1), free fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR-4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-G (PPAR-G) was developed. The pharmacophore model for FFAR-1 (r2 = 0.98, q2 = 0.90) and PPAR-G (r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.88) suggested that one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor, three aromatic rings, and two hydrophobic groups arranged in 3D space are essential for the binding affinity of FFAR-1 and PPAR-G inhibitors. Similarly, the pharmacophore model for FFAR-4 (r2 = 0.92, q2 = 0.87) suggested that the presence of a hydrogen bond acceptor, one negative atom, two aromatic rings, and three hydrophobic groups plays a vital role in the binding of an inhibitor of FFAR-4. These pharmacophore models allowed searches for novel FFAR-1, PPAR-G, and FFAR-4 triple inhibitors from multi-conformer 3D databases (Asinex). Finally, the twenty-five best hits were selected for molecular docking, to study the interaction of their complexes with all the proteins and final binding orientations of these molecules. After molecular docking, ten hits have been predicted to possess good binding affinity as per the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) calculation for FFAR-1, FFAR-4, and PPAR-G which can be further investigated for its experimental in-vitro/in-vivo anti-diabetic activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mithun Singh Rajput
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devashish Rathore
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Dahima
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Ghislain J, Poitout V. Targeting lipid GPCRs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus - progress and challenges. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:162-175. [PMID: 33495605 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that are designed to increase insulin secretion either directly target β-cells or indirectly target gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which release hormones that modulate insulin secretion (for example, incretins). Given that β-cells and EECs both express a large array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate insulin secretion, considerable research and development efforts have been undertaken to design therapeutic drugs targeting these GPCRs. Among them are GPCRs specific for free fatty acid ligands (lipid GPCRs), including free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1, otherwise known as GPR40), FFA2 (GPR43), FFA3 (GPR41) and FFA4 (GPR120), as well as the lipid metabolite binding glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor (GPR119). These lipid GPCRs have demonstrated important roles in the control of islet and gut hormone secretion. Advances in lipid GPCR pharmacology have led to the identification of a number of synthetic agonists that exert beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical studies. Yet, translation of these promising results to the clinic has so far been disappointing. In this Review, we present the physiological roles, pharmacology and clinical studies of these lipid receptors and discuss the challenges associated with their clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Croze ML, Guillaume A, Ethier M, Fergusson G, Tremblay C, Campbell SA, Maachi H, Ghislain J, Poitout V. Combined Deletion of Free Fatty-Acid Receptors 1 and 4 Minimally Impacts Glucose Homeostasis in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6128704. [PMID: 33543237 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The free fatty-acid receptors FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, respectively. Although GPR120 and GPR40 share similar ligands, few studies have addressed possible interactions between these 2 receptors in the control of glucose homeostasis. Here we generated mice deficient in gpr120 (Gpr120KO) or gpr40 (Gpr40KO), alone or in combination (Gpr120/40KO), and metabolically phenotyped male and female mice fed a normal chow or high-fat diet. We assessed insulin secretion in isolated mouse islets exposed to selective GPR120 and GPR40 agonists singly or in combination. Following normal chow feeding, body weight and energy intake were unaffected by deletion of either receptor, although fat mass increased in Gpr120KO females. Fasting blood glucose levels were mildly increased in Gpr120/40KO mice and in a sex-dependent manner in Gpr120KO and Gpr40KO animals. Oral glucose tolerance was slightly reduced in male Gpr120/40KO mice and in Gpr120KO females, whereas insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were unaffected. In hyperglycemic clamps, the glucose infusion rate was lower in male Gpr120/40KO mice, but insulin and c-peptide levels were unaffected. No changes in glucose tolerance were observed in either single or double knock-out animals under high-fat feeding. In isolated islets from wild-type mice, the combination of selective GPR120 and GPR40 agonists additively increased insulin secretion. We conclude that while simultaneous activation of GPR120 and GPR40 enhances insulin secretion ex vivo, combined deletion of these 2 receptors only minimally affects glucose homeostasis in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L Croze
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Ethier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Grace Fergusson
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hasna Maachi
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Croze ML, Flisher MF, Guillaume A, Tremblay C, Noguchi GM, Granziera S, Vivot K, Castillo VC, Campbell SA, Ghislain J, Huising MO, Poitout V. Free fatty acid receptor 4 inhibitory signaling in delta cells regulates islet hormone secretion in mice. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101166. [PMID: 33484949 PMCID: PMC7873385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintenance of glucose homeostasis requires the precise regulation of hormone secretion from the endocrine pancreas. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4/GPR120) is a G protein-coupled receptor whose activation in islets of Langerhans promotes insulin and glucagon secretion and inhibits somatostatin secretion. However, the contribution of individual islet cell types (α, β, and δ cells) to the insulinotropic and glucagonotropic effects of GPR120 remains unclear. As gpr120 mRNA is enriched in somatostatin-secreting δ cells, we hypothesized that GPR120 activation stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion via inhibition of somatostatin release. METHODS Glucose tolerance tests were performed in mice after administration of selective GPR120 agonist Compound A. Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion were measured in static incubations of isolated mouse islets in response to endogenous (ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) and/or pharmacological (Compound A and AZ-13581837) GPR120 agonists. The effect of Compound A on hormone secretion was tested further in islets isolated from mice with global or somatostatin cell-specific knock-out of gpr120. Gpr120 expression was assessed in pancreatic sections by RNA in situ hybridization. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium dynamics in response to pharmacological GPR120 agonists were measured specifically in α, β, and δ cells in intact islets using cAMPER and GCaMP6 reporter mice, respectively. RESULTS Acute exposure to Compound A increased glucose tolerance, circulating insulin, and glucagon levels in vivo. Endogenous and/or pharmacological GPR120 agonists reduced somatostatin secretion in isolated islets and concomitantly demonstrated dose-dependent potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion. Gpr120 was enriched in δ cells. Pharmacological GPR120 agonists reduced cAMP and calcium levels in δ cells but increased these signals in α and β cells. Compound A-mediated inhibition of somatostatin secretion was insensitive to pertussis toxin. The effect of Compound A on hormone secretion was completely absent in islets from mice with either global or somatostatin cell-specific deletion of gpr120 and partially reduced upon blockade of somatostatin receptor signaling by cyclosomatostatin. CONCLUSIONS Inhibitory GPR120 signaling in δ cells contributes to both insulin and glucagon secretion in part by mitigating somatostatin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L Croze
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcus F Flisher
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Vivot
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent C Castillo
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Acute effects of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil on glucose tolerance, incretins, ghrelin and appetite in healthy humans. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:2169-2179. [PMID: 33059911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACGROUND & AIM Pinolenic acid, a major component (~20%) of pine nut oil, is a dual agonist of the free fatty acid receptors, FFA1 and FFA4, which may regulate release of incretins and ghrelin from the gut. Here, we investigated the acute effects of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules, on glucose tolerance, insulin, incretin and ghrelin secretion, and appetite. METHODS In two cross-over studies, we evaluated 3 g unhydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-TG) or 3 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in eight healthy, non-obese subjects (study 1), and 3 g PNO-FFA or 6 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in ten healthy, overweight/obese subjects (study 2) in both studies given in delayed-release capsules 30 min prior to a 4-h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Outcomes were circulating levels of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability during OGTT. RESULTS Both 3 g PNO-FFA in study 1 and 6 g PNO-FFA in study 2 markedly increased GLP-1 levels (p < 0.001) and attenuated ghrelin levels (p < 0.001) during the last 2 h of the OGTT compared with no oil. In study 2, these effects of PNO-FFA were accompanied by an increased satiety and fullness (p < 0.03), and decreased prospective food consumption (p < 0.05). PNO-FFA caused only small reductions in glucose and insulin levels during the first 2 h of the OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that PNO-FFA delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules may reduce appetite by augmenting GLP-1 release and attenuating ghrelin secretion in the late postprandial state. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBERS NCT03062592 and NCT03305367.
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Zhao YF, Li XC, Liang XY, Zhao YY, Xie R, Zhang LJ, Zhang XC, Chen C. GPR120 Regulates Pancreatic Polypeptide Secretion From Male Mouse Islets via PLC-Mediated Calcium Mobilization. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5900686. [PMID: 32877513 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is expressed in pancreatic islets, but its specific cell distribution and function have not been fully established. In this study, a GPR120-IRES-EGFP knockin (KI) mouse was generated to identify GPR120-expressing cells with enhanced green fluorescence proteins (EGFP). EGFP-positive cells collected from KI mouse islets by flow cytometry had a significantly higher expression of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) evidenced by reverse transcriptase (RT)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Single-cell RT-PCR and immunocytochemical double staining also demonstrated the coexpression of GPR120 with PP in mouse islets. The GPR120-specific agonist TUG-891 significantly increased plasma PP levels in mice. TUG-891 significantly increased PP levels in islet medium in vitro, which was markedly attenuated by GPR120 small interfering RNA treatment. TUG-891-stimulated PP secretion in islets was fully blocked by pretreatment with YM-254890 (a Gq protein inhibitor), U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor), or thapsigargin (an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depletion), respectively. TUG-891 triggered the increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in PP cells, which was also eliminated by YM-254890, U73122, or thapsigargin. GPR120 gene expression was significantly reduced in islets of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. TUG-891-stimulated PP secretion was also significantly diminished in vivo and in vitro in HFD-induced obese mice compared with that in normal-chow diet control mice. In summary, this study demonstrated that GPR120 is expressed in mouse islet PP cells and GPR120 activation stimulated PP secretion via the Gq/PLC-Ca2+ signaling pathway in normal-chow diet mice but with diminished effects in HFD-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Lipid photosensitizers for suppression of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in obese with type 2 diabetes. Biomaterials 2020; 246:119977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kanemaru Y, Harada N, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Yamane S, Ikeguchi E, Murata Y, Kiyobayashi S, Hatoko T, Inagaki N. Absence of GIP secretion alleviates age-related obesity and insulin resistance. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:13-20. [PMID: 31977316 PMCID: PMC7040458 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocine K cells after nutrient ingestion. Fat strongly induces GIP secretion, and GIP hypersecretion is involved in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Aging also induces GIP hypersecretion, but its effect on body weight gain and insulin sensitivity remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GIP on age-related body weight gain and insulin resistance using GIP-knockout homozygous (GIP-/-) and heterozygous (GIP+/-) mice, which have entirely absent and 50% reduced GIP secretion compared to wild-type (WT) mice, respectively. Under 12% fat-containing normal diet feeding condition, body weight was significantly lower in GIP-/- mice compared to that in WT and GIP+/- mice from 38 weeks of age, while there was no significant difference between WT and GIP+/- mice. Visceral and s.c. fat mass were also significantly lower in GIP-/- mice compared to those in WT and GIP+/- mice. During oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose levels did not differ among the three groups. Insulin levels were significantly lower in GIP-/- mice than those in WT and GIP+/- mice. During insulin tolerance test, GIP-/- mice showed higher insulin sensitivity than that of WT and GIP+/- mice. Adiponectin mRNA levels were increased and leptin mRNA levels tended to be decreased in adipose tissue of GIP-/- mice. These results demonstrate that GIP is involved in age-related obesity and insulin resistance and that inhibition of GIP secretion alleviates age-related fat mass gain and insulin resistance under carbohydrate-based diet feeding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sakura Kiyobayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hatoko
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Inagaki:
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Reimann F, Diakogiannaki E, Hodge D, Gribble FM. Cellular mechanisms governing glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion. Peptides 2020; 125:170206. [PMID: 31756367 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut hormone secreted from the upper small intestine, which plays an important physiological role in the control of glucose metabolism through its incretin action to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion. GIP has also been implicated in postprandial lipid homeostasis. GIP is secreted from enteroendocrine K-cells residing in the intestinal epithelium. K-cells sense a variety of components found in the gut lumen following food consumption, resulting in an increase in plasma GIP signal dependent on the nature and quantity of ingested nutrients. We review the evidence for an important role of sodium-coupled glucose uptake through SGLT1 for carbohydrate sensing, of free-fatty acid receptors FFAR1/FFAR4 and the monoacyl-glycerol sensing receptor GPR119 for lipid detection, of the calcium-sensing receptor CASR and GPR142 for protein sensing, and additional modulation by neurotransmitters such as somatostatin and galanin. These pathways have been identified through combinations of in vivo, in vitro and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleftheria Diakogiannaki
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl Hodge
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Rosas-Pérez AM, Honma K, Goda T. Sustained effects of resistant starch on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in the small intestine. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:572-580. [PMID: 31976784 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1711362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption has beneficial effects on health, such as reduced postprandial blood glucose levels. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a 14-day diet containing RS on α-glucosidase activity and the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in rats. We examined whether the effects of RS persist when the rats were shifted to a control diet. The results suggest that RS consumption reduces α-glucosidase activity and Mgam, Si and Sglt1 mRNA levels in the proximal jejunum. In addition, RS consumption appeared to influence the serum GIP level, up to 2 days after the animals were shifted to a control diet. To our knowledge, this is the first report that RS has a sustained effect on gut hormone expression and the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in the proximal jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aratza M Rosas-Pérez
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazue Honma
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinao Goda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Yanagimachi T, Fujita Y, Takeda Y, Honjo J, Yokoyama H, Haneda M. Receptor-Mediated Bioassay Reflects Dynamic Change of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide by Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Treatment in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32390941 PMCID: PMC7193081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We recently observed a greater increase in plasma levels of bioactive glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) than glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) using the receptor-mediated bioassays in the subjects with normal glycemic tolerance (NGT) treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which may be unappreciated using conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) during oral glucose tolerance test. Thus, we determined incretin levels in addition to glucagon level using the bioassays in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with or without treatment of DPP-4 inhibitor, to evaluate whether these assays can accurately measure bioactivity of these peptides. Methods: We performed single meal tolerance test (MTT) by using a cookie meal (carbohydrate 75.0 g, protein 8.0 g, fat 28.5 g) in the subjects with NGT (n = 9), the subjects with T2DM treated without DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 7) and the subjects with T2DM treated with DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 10). All subjects fasted for 10-12 h before the MTT, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. We used the cell lines stably cotransfected with human-form GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptor, and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-inducible luciferase expression construct for the bioassays. We measured active GIP, active GLP-1, and glucagon by the bioassays. To evaluate the efficacy of bioassay, we measured identical samples via ELISA kits. Results: During the single MTT study, postprandial active GIP bioassay levels of T2DM with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment were drastically higher than those of NGT and T2DM without DPP-4 inhibitor, although the DPP-4 inhibitor-treated group showed moderate increase of active GIPELISA and active GLP-1 bioassay , while active GLP-1 bioassay levels of T2DM subjects without DPP-4 inhibitor were comparable to those of NGT subjects. During the serial MTT, administration of DPP-4 inhibitor significantly increased active GIP bioassay levels, but not active GLP-1 bioassay . Conclusions: In comparison to conventional ELISA, receptor-mediated bioassay reflects dynamic change of GIP polypeptide by DPP-4 inhibitor treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihiro Fujita
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Honjo
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Internal Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Martin AM, Sun EW, Keating DJ. Mechanisms controlling hormone secretion in human gut and its relevance to metabolism. J Endocrinol 2019; 244:R1-R15. [PMID: 31751295 PMCID: PMC6892457 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The homoeostatic regulation of metabolism is highly complex and involves multiple inputs from both the nervous and endocrine systems. The gut is the largest endocrine organ in our body and synthesises and secretes over 20 different hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are dispersed throughout the gut epithelium. These hormones include GLP-1, PYY, GIP, serotonin, and CCK, each of whom play pivotal roles in maintaining energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Some are now the basis of several clinically used glucose-lowering and weight loss therapies. The environment in which these enteroendocrine cells exist is also complex, as they are exposed to numerous physiological inputs including ingested nutrients, circulating factors and metabolites produced from neighbouring gut microbiome. In this review, we examine the diverse means by which gut-derived hormones carry out their metabolic functions through their interactions with different metabolically important organs including the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and brain. Furthermore, we discuss how nutrients and microbial metabolites affect gut hormone secretion and the mechanisms underlying these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Martin
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emily W Sun
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Correspondence should be addressed to D J Keating:
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Liu P, Ma S, Yan C, Qin X, Zhao P, Li Q, Cui Y, Li M, Du L. Discovery of Small-Molecule Sulfonamide Fluorescent Probes for GPR120. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15235-15239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Siyue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chongzheng Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaojun Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Sankoda A, Harada N, Kato T, Ikeguchi E, Iwasaki K, Yamane S, Murata Y, Hirasawa A, Inagaki N. Free fatty acid receptors, G protein-coupled receptor 120 and G protein-coupled receptor 40, are essential for oil-induced gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1430-1437. [PMID: 31002464 PMCID: PMC6825923 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a key role in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. GIP is strongly secreted from enteroendocrine K cells by oil ingestion. G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120 and GPR40 are two major receptors for long chain fatty acids, and are expressed in enteroendocrine K cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the two receptors on oil-induced GIP secretion using GPR120- and GPR40-double knockout (DKO) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global knockout mice of GPR120 and GPR40 were crossbred to generate DKO mice. Oral glucose tolerance test and oral corn oil tolerance test were carried out. For analysis of the number of K cells and gene expression in K cells, DKO mice were crossbred with GIP-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice in which visualization and isolation of K cells can be achieved. RESULTS Double knockout mice showed normal glucose-induced GIP secretion, but no GIP secretion by oil. We then investigated the number of K cells and gene characteristics in K cells isolated from GIP-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice. Deficiency of both receptors did not affect the number of K cells in the small intestine or expression of GIP messenger ribonucleic acid in K cells. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the expression of the genes associated with lipid absorption or GIP secretion in K cells between wild-type and DKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Oil-induced GIP secretion is triggered by the two major fatty acid receptors, GPR120 and GPR40, without changing K-cell number or K-cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery ScienceGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Quesada-López T, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Morón-Ros S, Campderrós L, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F. GPR120 controls neonatal brown adipose tissue thermogenic induction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E742-E750. [PMID: 31361546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive induction of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is essential for the survival of mammals after birth. We show here that G protein-coupled receptor protein 120 (GPR120) expression is dramatically induced after birth in mouse BAT. GPR120 expression in neonatal BAT is the highest among GPR120-expressing tissues in the mouse at any developmental stage tested. The induction of GPR120 in neonatal BAT is caused by postnatal thermal stress rather than by the initiation of suckling. GPR120-null neonates were found to be relatively intolerant to cold: close to one-third did not survive at 21°C, but all such pups survived at 25°C. Heat production in BAT was significantly impaired in GPR120-null pups. Deficiency in GPR120 did not modify brown adipocyte morphology or the anatomical architecture of BAT, as assessed by electron microscopy, but instead impaired the expression of uncoupling protein-1 and the fatty acid oxidation capacity of neonatal BAT. Moreover, GPR120 deficiency impaired fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression in BAT and reduced plasma FGF21 levels. These results indicate that GPR120 is essential for neonatal adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Quesada-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha Morón-Ros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Campderrós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
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Lee E, Miedzybrodzka EL, Zhang X, Hatano R, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Fujimoto K, Uematsu S, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Vidal-Puig A, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Miki T. Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Leptin-Deficient Lepob/ob Mice Exhibit Increased Circulating GIP Levels Produced by Different Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184448. [PMID: 31509948 PMCID: PMC6769670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) possesses pro-adipogenic action, the suppression of the GIP hypersecretion seen in obesity might represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of obesity. However, the mechanism of GIP hypersecretion remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated GIP secretion in two mouse models of obesity: High-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and leptin-deficient Lepob/ob mice. In DIO mice, plasma GIP was increased along with an increase in GIP mRNA expression in the lower small intestine. Despite the robust alteration in the gut microbiome in DIO mice, co-administration of maltose and the α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) miglitol induced the microbiome-mediated suppression of GIP secretion. The plasma GIP levels of Lepob/ob mice were also elevated and were suppressed by fat transplantation. The GIP mRNA expression in fat tissue was not increased in Lepob/ob mice, while the expression of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was increased. Fat transplantation suppressed the expression of IL-1Ra. The plasma IL-1Ra levels were positively correlated with the plasma GIP levels. Accordingly, although circulating GIP levels are increased in both DIO and Lepob/ob mice, the underlying mechanisms differ, and the anti-obesity actions of α-GIs and leptin sensitizers may be mediated partly by the suppression of GIP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Targeting GPCRs Activated by Fatty Acid-Derived Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:915-929. [PMID: 31377146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied drug targets, because of their diversity, cell-specific expression, and druggable sites accessible at the cell surface. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that targeting GPCRs activated by fatty acid-derived lipids may have potential to improve glucose homeostasis and reduce complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite the discontinued development of fasiglifam (TAK-875), the first FFA1 agonist to reach late-stage clinical trials, lipid-sensing receptors remain a viable target, albeit with a need for further characterization of their binding mode, intracellular signaling, and toxicity. Herein, we analyze general discovery trends, various signaling pathways, as well as possible challenges following activation of GPCRs that have been validated clinically to control blood glucose levels.
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Murata Y, Harada N, Yamane S, Iwasaki K, Ikeguchi E, Kanemaru Y, Harada T, Sankoda A, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Joo E, Poudyal H, Inagaki N. Medium-chain triglyceride diet stimulates less GIP secretion and suppresses body weight and fat mass gain compared with long-chain triglyceride diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E53-E64. [PMID: 30990747 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00200.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine K cells and potentiates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. GIP also enhances long-chain triglyceride (LCT) diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Long-term intake of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet is known to induce less body weight and fat mass gain than that of LCT diet. However, the effect of MCT diet feeding on GIP secretion and the effect of GIP on body weight and fat mass under MCT diet-feeding condition are unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of single MCT oil administration on GIP secretion and compared the effect of long-term MCT and LCT diet on body weight and fat mass gain in wild-type (WT) and GIP-knockout (GIP KO) mice. Single administration of LCT oil induced GIP secretion but that of MCT oil did not in WT mice. Long-term intake of LCT diet induced GIP hypersecretion and significant body weight and fat mass gain compared with that of control fat (CF) diet in WT mice. In contrast, MCT diet did not induce GIP hypersecretion, and MCT diet-fed mice showed smaller increase in body weight and fat mass gain compared with CF diet-fed mice. In GIP KO mice, body weight and fat mass were markedly attenuated in LCT diet-fed mice but not in MCT diet-fed mice. Our results suggest that long-term intake of MCT diet stimulates less GIP secretion and suppresses body weight and fat mass gain compared with that of LCT diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takanari Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hemant Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Activation of GPR120 promotes the metastasis of breast cancer through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:260-270. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lee EY, Zhang X, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Taknaka T, Furusawa K, Jomori T, Fujimoto K, Uematsu S, Miki T. Gut carbohydrate inhibits GIP secretion via a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:267-276. [PMID: 30400014 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of carbohydrate-induced secretion of the two incretins namely glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are considered to be mostly similar. However, we found that mice exhibit opposite secretory responses in response to co-administration of maltose plus an α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (maltose/miglitol), stimulatory for GLP-1, as reported previously, but inhibitory for GIP. Gut microbiota was shown to be involved in maltose/miglitol-induced GIP suppression, as the suppression was attenuated in antibiotics (Abs)-treated mice and abolished in germ-free mice. In addition, maltose/miglitol administration increased plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), carbohydrate-derived metabolites, in the portal vein. GIP suppression by maltose/miglitol was not observed in mice lacking a SCFA receptor Ffar3, but it was normally seen in Ffar2-deficient mice. Similar to maltose/miglitol administration, co-administration of glucose plus a sodium glucose transporter inhibitor phloridzin (glucose/phloridzin) induced GIP suppression, which was again cancelled by Abs treatment. In conclusion, oral administration of carbohydrates with α-glucosidase inhibitors suppresses GIP secretion through a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taknaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Furusawa
- Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahito Jomori
- Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:45-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Luminal chemosensing is a term used to describe how small molecules in the gut lumen interact with the host through surface receptors or via transport into the submucosa. In this review, we have summarized recent advances of understanding luminal chemosensing in the gastroduodenal mucosa, with a particular emphasis on how chemosensing affects mucosal protective responses and the metabolic syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS In the past decade, data have supported the hypothesis that gut luminal chemosensing not only is important for the local or remote regulation of gut function but also contributes to the systemic regulation of metabolism, energy balance and food intake. We have provided examples of how luminal nutrients such as long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), endogenous compounds such as bile acids, bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activate cognate receptors expressed on key effector cells such as enteroendocrine cells and inflammatory cells in order to profoundly affect organ function through the initiation or suppression of inflammatory pathways, altering gut barrier function and nutrient uptake, altering gut motility and visceral pain pathways, and preventing mucosal injury. SUMMARY These recent discoveries in this area have provided new possibilities for identifying novel molecular targets for the treatment of mucosal injury, metabolic disorders and abnormal visceral sensation. Understanding luminal chemosensory mechanisms may help to identify novel molecular targets for the treatment and prevention of mucosal injury, metabolic disorders and abnormal visceral sensation.
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Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Distribution and Stimulus Secretion Coupling of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Intestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1603-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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