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Yoon JH, Hwang S, Kim JH, Kim GH, Yoo HW, Choi JH. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency through molecular genetic analysis of the CYP21A2 gene. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 29:54-59. [PMID: 38461806 PMCID: PMC10925786 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2346014.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase (21-OHD) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and androgen excess. This study was performed to investigate the clinical utility of prenatal diagnosis of 21-OHD using molecular genetic testing in families at risk. METHODS This study included 27 pregnant women who had previously borne a child with 21-OHD. Fetal tissues were obtained using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. After the genomic DNA was isolated, Sanger sequencing of CYP21A2 and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were performed. The clinical and endocrinological findings were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 39 prenatal genetic tests was performed on 27 pregnant women and their fetal tissues. The mean gestational age at the time of testing was 11.7 weeks for CVS and 17.5 weeks for amniocentesis. Eleven fetuses (28.2%) were diagnosed with 21-OHD. Among them, 10 fetuses (90.9%) harbored the same mutation as siblings who were previously diagnosed with 21-OHD. Among these, 4 fetuses (3 males and 1 female) identified as affected were born alive. All 4 patients have been treated with hydrocortisone, 9α-fludrocortisone, and sodium chloride since a mean of 3.7 days of life. The male patients did not show hyponatremia and dehydration, although they harbored pathogenic variants associated with the salt-wasting type of 21-OHD. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the diagnostic efficacy and clinical consequences of diagnosis by prenatal genetic testing in families at risk for 21-OHD. All patients identified as affected were treated with hydrocortisone and 9α-fludrocortisone early after birth, which can prevent a life-threatening adrenal crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojin Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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De Alcubierre D, Ferrari D, Mauro G, Isidori AM, Tomlinson JW, Pofi R. Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: a walkthrough in endogenous and exogenous alterations. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:1961-1982. [PMID: 37058223 PMCID: PMC10514174 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis exerts many actions on the central nervous system (CNS) aside from stress regulation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in affecting several cognitive functions through the effects on both glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). In this review, we aim to unravel the spectrum of cognitive dysfunction secondary to derangement of circulating levels of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids. METHODS All relevant human prospective and retrospective studies published up to 2022 in PubMed reporting information on HPA disorders, GCs, and cognition were included. RESULTS Cognitive impairment is commonly found in GC-related disorders. The main brain areas affected are the hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex, with memory being the most affected domain. Disease duration, circadian rhythm disruption, circulating GCs levels, and unbalanced MR/GR activation are all risk factors for cognitive decline in these patients, albeit with conflicting data among different conditions. Lack of normalization of cognitive dysfunction after treatment is potentially attributable to GC-dependent structural brain alterations, which can persist even after long-term remission. CONCLUSION The recognition of cognitive deficits in patients with GC-related disorders is challenging, often delayed, or mistaken. Prompt recognition and treatment of underlying disease may be important to avoid a long-lasting impact on GC-sensitive areas of the brain. However, the resolution of hormonal imbalance is not always followed by complete recovery, suggesting irreversible adverse effects on the CNS, for which there are no specific treatments. Further studies are needed to find the mechanisms involved, which may eventually be targeted for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Alcubierre
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Ferrari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Mauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - J W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R Pofi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Mascioli I, Iapadre G, Ingrosso D, Donato GD, Giannini C, Salpietro V, Chiarelli F, Farello G. Brain and eye involvement in McCune-Albright Syndrome: clinical and translational insights. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1092252. [PMID: 37274327 PMCID: PMC10235602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1092252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a rare mosaic (post-zygotic) genetic disorder presenting with a broad continuum clinical spectrum. MAS arises from somatic, activating mutations in the GNAS gene, which induces a dysregulated Gsα-protein signaling in several tissues and an increased production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Overall, MAS is a rare disorder affecting less than 1/100,000 children and, for this reason, data establishing genotype-phenotype correlations remain limited. Affected individuals clinically present with a variable combination of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), extra-skeletal manifestations (including cafeí-au-lait spots) and precocious puberty which might also be associated to broad hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies, and also gastrointestinal and cardiological involvement. Central nervous system (CNS) and eye involvement in MAS are among the less frequently described complications and remain largely uncharacterized. These rare complications mainly include neurodevelopmental abnormalities (e.g., delayed motor development, cognitive and language impairment), CNS anomalies (e.g., Chiari malformation type I) and a wide array of ophthalmological abnormalities often associated with vision loss. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying abnormal neurological development have not been yet fully elucidated. The proposed mechanisms include a deleterious impact of chronically dysregulated Gsα-protein signaling on neurological function, or a secondary (damaging) effect of (antenatal and/or early postnatal) hypercortisolism on early pre- and post-natal CNS development. In this Review, we summarize the main neurological and ophthalmological features eventually associated with the MAS spectrum, also providing a detailed overview of the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mascioli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Di Donato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Cera G, Locantore P, Novizio R, Maggio E, Ramunno V, Corsello A, Policola C, Concolino P, Paragliola RM, Pontecorvi A. Pregnancy and Prenatal Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206156. [PMID: 36294476 PMCID: PMC9605322 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive diseases that may cause cortisol insufficiency together with other hormonal alterations. The most common form is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in which the lack of pituitary negative feedback causes an increase in ACTH and adrenal androgens. Classical forms of CAHs can lead to severe adrenal failure and female virilization. To date, the appropriate management of pregnant CAH patients is still debated regarding appropriate maternal therapy modifications during pregnancy and the risks and benefits of prenatal treatment of the fetus. We conducted a literature search of relevant papers to collect current evidence and experiences on the topic. The most recent and significant articles were selected, and current international guidelines were consulted to update current recommendations and guide clinical practice. Given the lack of randomized clinical trials and other high-quality scientific evidence, the issue is still debated, and great heterogeneity exists in current practice in terms of risk/benefit evaluation and pharmacological choices for pregnancy and prenatal treatment. Glucocorticoid therapy is advised not only in classical CAH patients but also in non-classical, milder forms. The choice of which glucocorticoid to use, and the safety and benefits of dexamethasone therapy aimed at preventing genital virilization are still debated issues. Several advances, however, have been made, especially in terms of fertility and reproduction. This review aims to present the most recent scientific and real-world updates on pregnancy and prenatal management of CAH, with the presentation of various clinical scenarios and specific case-by-case recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cera
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Locantore
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Novizio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Maggio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ramunno
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Policola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Concolino
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Laboratory and Infectiology Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Medical Sciences, Via di S. Alessandro 10, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore—Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Messina V, van’t Westeinde A, Padilla N, Lajic S. First Trimester Dexamethasone Treatment Is Not Associated With Alteration in Resting-state Connectivity at Adolescent or Adult Age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2769-2776. [PMID: 35882216 PMCID: PMC9516042 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prenatal treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) has been used to prevent virilization in females at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Both affected and unaffected girls, as well boys, are treated until the genotype and sex of the fetus is known (gestational weeks 10-12). After that, only affected girls are treated until term. Exposure to a high synthetic glucocorticoid dosage may alter the developmental trajectory of the brain, with alterations in resting-state functional connectivity of the brain at adult age. OBJECTIVE To investigate resting-state functional connectivity in subjects at risk of having CAH, exposed to DEX treatment during the first trimester of fetal life, both in the whole brain and in 3 regions of interest (amygdala, hippocampus, and superior frontal gyrus). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Eighteen participants (8 females) at risk of having CAH, exposed to DEX treatment, and 38 controls (24 females), age range 16 to 26 years, from a single research institute, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain during rest. We used 2 different approaches: an exploratory whole-brain analysis and seed-based analysis. For seed-based analysis, we chose 3 different brain regions (amygdala, hippocampus, and superior frontal gyrus) based on our previous findings and literature evidence. RESULTS We did not observe any differences in functional connectivity during rest, either in the whole brain nor in seed-based connectivity analyses at this adolescent and young adult age. CONCLUSIONS Our results are reassuring; however, future studies on larger samples and with more sensitive methodologies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Messina
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelies van’t Westeinde
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska vägen 8 (S3:03), Karolinska University Hospital, SE- 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Correspondence: Svetlana Lajic, MD, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska vägen 37A, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Karlsson L, Wallensteen L, Nordenström A, Krmar RT, Lajic S. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adults Prenatally Exposed to Dexamethasone Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2481-e2487. [PMID: 35148399 PMCID: PMC9113802 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The clinical use of dexamethasone (DEX) prenatally to reduce virilization of external genitalia in female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is efficient but still controversial. It remains challenging to prevent the excessive exposure of DEX in unborn healthy babies during the first trimester of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE Since endogenous glucocorticoids contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure (BP) and since events during fetal life may program the fetus and affect future metabolic health, the aim of this study was to analyze ambulatory BP measurements in CAH-unaffected children and adults that were prenatally exposed to DEX treatment. METHODS Ambulatory BP measurements were analyzed in 33 (16 female) DEX-treated participants aged 5.1 to 26.3 years (19 participants aged ≤ 18 years) and in 54 (28 female) age- and sex-matched apparently healthy controls aged 5.5 to 25.3 years (27 participants aged ≤ 18 years) with ambulatory normotension. RESULTS Participants' age, height, weight, and body mass index were similar between the DEX-treated group and the control group. Heart rate, 24-hour BP, pulse pressure, and nighttime dipping did not statistically significantly differ between DEX-treated participants and controls. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that prenatal DEX treatment in CAH-unaffected children and adults does not appear to adversely affect ambulatory BP later in life. Our observations need to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael T Krmar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nowotny H, Neumann U, Tardy-Guidollet V, Ahmed SF, Baronio F, Battelino T, Bertherat J, Blankenstein O, Bonomi M, Bouvattier C, Brac de la Perrière A, Brucker S, Cappa M, Chanson P, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Colao A, Cools M, Davies JH, Dörr HG, Fenske WK, Ghigo E, Giordano R, Gravholt CH, Huebner A, Husebye ES, Igbokwe R, Juul A, Kiefer FW, Léger J, Menassa R, Meyer G, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA, Rohayem J, Russo G, Scaroni C, Touraine P, Unger N, Vojtková J, Yeste D, Lajic S, Reisch N. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment for classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency in Europe. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:K17-K24. [PMID: 35235536 PMCID: PMC9010809 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the current medical practice in Europe regarding prenatal dexamethasone (Pdex) treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. DESIGN AND METHODS A questionnaire was designed and distributed, including 17 questions collecting quantitative and qualitative data. Thirty-six medical centres from 14 European countries responded and 30 out of 36 centres were reference centres of the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions, EndoERN. RESULTS Pdex treatment is currently provided by 36% of the surveyed centres. The treatment is initiated by different specialties, that is paediatricians, endocrinologists, gynaecologists or geneticists. Regarding the starting point of Pdex, 23% stated to initiate therapy at 4-5 weeks postconception (wpc), 31% at 6 wpc and 46 % as early as pregnancy is confirmed and before 7 wpc at the latest. A dose of 20 µg/kg/day is used. Dose distribution among the centres varies from once to thrice daily. Prenatal diagnostics for treated cases are conducted in 72% of the responding centres. Cases treated per country and year vary between 0.5 and 8.25. Registries for long-term follow-up are only available at 46% of the centres that are using Pdex treatment. National registries are only available in Sweden and France. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a high international variability and discrepancy in the use of Pdex treatment across Europe. It highlights the importance of a European cooperation initiative for a joint international prospective trial to establish evidence-based guidelines on prenatal diagnostics, treatment and follow-up of pregnancies at risk for CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nowotny
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Neumann
- Centre for Chronic Sick Children, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Tardy-Guidollet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence ‘Développement Génital: du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN’ Université Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Federico Baronio
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Service d’Endocinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Centre, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Blankenstein
- Centre for Chronic Sick Children, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claire Bouvattier
- Service d’Endocrinologie de l’Enfant, GHU Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence ‘Développement Génital: du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN’, Paris, France
| | - Aude Brac de la Perrière
- Fédération d’Endocrinologie, de Diabétologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Hospices Civils des Lyon, Centre National de Référence ‘Développement Génital: du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN’, Lyon, France
| | - Sara Brucker
- Department of Women’s Health, University Women’s Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Unit, Paediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de Hypophyse, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Universita’ Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justin H Davies
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Helmut-Günther Dörr
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Fenske
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angela Huebner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eystein Sverre Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science and KG Jebsen Centre for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Igbokwe
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Léger
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Reference Centre for Rare Diseases of Growth and Development, AP-HP Paris Nord Université de Paris, CHU Robert-Debre, Paris, France
| | - Rita Menassa
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence ‘Développement Génital: du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN’ Université Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Gesine Meyer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Frankfurt Faculty 16 Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Julia Rohayem
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Clinical and Operative Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Paediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Centre for Rare Endocrine and Gynaecological Disorders, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Unger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jarmila Vojtková
- Department of Paediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Diego Yeste
- Paediatric Endocrinology Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Reisch;
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Wang J, Chen F, Zhu S, Li X, Shi W, Dai Z, Hao L, Wang X. Adverse effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure on fetal development. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 151:103619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Claahsen - van der Grinten HL, Speiser PW, Ahmed SF, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Falhammar H, Flück CE, Guasti L, Huebner A, Kortmann BBM, Krone N, Merke DP, Miller WL, Nordenström A, Reisch N, Sandberg DE, Stikkelbroeck NMML, Touraine P, Utari A, Wudy SA, White PC. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia-Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:91-159. [PMID: 33961029 PMCID: PMC8755999 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to chronic overstimulation of the adrenal cortex and accumulation of precursors proximal to the blocked enzymatic step. The most common form of CAH is caused by steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in CYP21A2. Since the last publication summarizing CAH in Endocrine Reviews in 2000, there have been numerous new developments. These include more detailed understanding of steroidogenic pathways, refinements in neonatal screening, improved diagnostic measurements utilizing chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with steroid profiling, and improved genotyping methods. Clinical trials of alternative medications and modes of delivery have been recently completed or are under way. Genetic and cell-based treatments are being explored. A large body of data concerning long-term outcomes in patients affected by CAH, including psychosexual well-being, has been enhanced by the establishment of disease registries. This review provides the reader with current insights in CAH with special attention to these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phyllis W Speiser
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, Feinstein Institute, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Intitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Angela Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara B M Kortmann
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Krone
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David E Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Agustini Utari
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory of Translational Hormone Analytics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390, USA
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10
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Ishii T, Kashimada K, Amano N, Takasawa K, Nakamura-Utsunomiya A, Yatsuga S, Mukai T, Ida S, Isobe M, Fukushi M, Satoh H, Yoshino K, Otsuki M, Katabami T, Tajima T. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (2021 revision). Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 31:116-143. [PMID: 35928387 PMCID: PMC9297175 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a category of disorders characterized by impaired
adrenocortical steroidogenesis. The most frequent disorder of congenital adrenal
hyperplasia is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which is caused by pathogenic variants of
CAY21A2 and is prevalent between 1 in 18,000 and 20,000 in Japan. The
clinical guidelines for 21-hydroxylase deficiency in Japan have been revised twice since a
diagnostic handbook in Japan was published in 1989. On behalf of the Japanese Society for
Pediatric Endocrinology, the Japanese Society for Mass Screening, the Japanese Society for
Urology, and the Japan Endocrine Society, the working committee updated the guidelines for
the diagnosis and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency published in 2014, based on
recent evidence and knowledge related to this disorder. The recommendations in the updated
guidelines can be applied in clinical practice considering the risks and benefits to each
patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishii
- Differences of Sex Development (DSD) and Adrenal Disorders Committee, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Differences of Sex Development (DSD) and Adrenal Disorders Committee, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Naoko Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Yatsuga
- Committee on Mass Screening, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Tokuo Mukai
- Differences of Sex Development (DSD) and Adrenal Disorders Committee, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Differences of Sex Development (DSD) and Adrenal Disorders Committee, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshihiro Tajima
- Committee on Mass Screening, Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
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11
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Sewell R, Buchanan CL, Davis S, Christakis DA, Dempsey A, Furniss A, Kazak AE, Kerlek AJ, Magnusen B, Pajor NM, Pyle L, Pyle LC, Razzaghi H, Schwartz BI, Vogiatzi MG, Nokoff NJ. Behavioral Health Diagnoses in Youth with Differences of Sex Development or Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Compared with Controls: A PEDSnet Study. J Pediatr 2021; 239:175-181.e2. [PMID: 34461062 PMCID: PMC8604751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the odds of a behavioral health diagnosis among youth with differences of sex development (DSD) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) compared with matched controls in the PEDSnet database. STUDY DESIGN All youth with a diagnosis of DSD (n = 1216) or CAH (n = 1647) and at least 1 outpatient encounter were extracted from the PEDSnet database and propensity-score matched on 8 variables (1:4) with controls (n = 4864 and 6588, respectively) using multivariable logistic regression. The likelihood of having behavioral health diagnoses was examined using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Youth with DSD had higher odds of a behavioral health diagnosis (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1; P < .0001) and neurodevelopmental diagnosis (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.0; P < .0001) compared with matched controls. Youth with CAH did not have an increased odds of a behavioral health diagnosis (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9, 1.1; P = .9) compared with matched controls but did have higher odds of developmental delay (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.4; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Youth with DSD diagnosis have higher odds of a behavioral health or neurodevelopmental diagnosis compared with matched controls. Youth with CAH have higher odds of developmental delay, highlighting the need for screening in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Cindy L Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shanlee Davis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dimitri A Christakis
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior & Development, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Anna Furniss
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Adult & Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research & Delivery, Aurora, CO
| | - Anne E Kazak
- Nemours Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science and Thomas Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE
| | - Anna J Kerlek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Brianna Magnusen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Institute for Informatics, Columbus, OH
| | - Nathan M Pajor
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Laura Pyle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hanieh Razzaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Beth I Schwartz
- Nemours Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics and Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wilmington, DE
| | - Maria G Vogiatzi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
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12
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Lee BR, Strobel KM, Chu A. The Neonate with Ambiguous Genitalia. Neoreviews 2021; 22:e241-e249. [PMID: 33795399 DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-4-e241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonates with ambiguous genitalia have various clinical presentations, etiologies, and outcomes, ranging from benign to life-threatening. This review provides a summary of these findings. Some diagnoses may lead to delayed sex assignment. A systematic approach to the evaluation of disorders of sex development can allow for timely treatment and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Katie M Strobel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alison Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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van’t Westeinde A, Zimmermann M, Messina V, Karlsson L, Padilla N, Lajic S. First Trimester DEX Treatment Is Not Associated with Altered Brain Activity During Working Memory Performance in Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5900055. [PMID: 32869847 PMCID: PMC7510958 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) treatment is sometimes used in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) to prevent virilization in female fetuses with CAH. In boys and in fetuses not having CAH, there is no benefit of early DEX treatment and the risks of this therapy must be thoroughly investigated. High doses of prenatal glucocorticoid might alter the developmental trajectory of the brain into adulthood, even for CAH unaffected subjects treated with DEX for a short term during the first trimester. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated brain activation during working memory performance in DEX-treated subjects compared with controls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We tested 18 participants who were exposed to DEX during the first trimester of fetal life but did not have CAH (8 females; mean age 20.78 [standard deviation (SD), 2.67] years) and 40 control participants (24 females; mean age 20.53 [SD, 2.64]) from a single research institute. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 3T scanner during a verbal and visuospatial working memory task. RESULTS We did not observe any differences in brain activity during working memory performance. However, DEX-treated subjects responded faster during the experimental condition of the verbal WM task. CONCLUSIONS First trimester DEX treatment did not seem to result in altered working memory-related brain activity at adult age. Our findings contribute to the risk-benefit assessment of prenatal DEX treatment in the context of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies van’t Westeinde
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Annelies van’t Westeinde, MSc, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeria Messina
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neonatology Norrbacka, Karolinska vägen, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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van’t Westeinde A, Karlsson L, Nordenström A, Padilla N, Lajic S. First-Trimester Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Is Associated With Alterations in Brain Structure at Adult Age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5851472. [PMID: 32497228 PMCID: PMC7304558 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prenatal treatment of human disease is rare. Dexamethasone (DEX) is used in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) to prevent virilization in an affected female fetus. The safety and long-term consequences of prenatal DEX exposure on the brain are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigate whether first-trimester prenatal DEX treatment is associated with alterations in brain structure at adult age, and if these alterations are associated with DNA methylation, mood, and cognitive abilities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging scans, from a single research institute, are compared between 19 (9 women) first-trimester DEX-treated individuals, at risk of CAH but not having CAH, and 43 (26 women) controls (age range, 16.0-26.4 years). RESULTS DEX-treated participants showed bilateral enlargement of the amygdala, increased surface area and volume of the left superior frontal gyrus, and widespread increased radial, mean, and axial diffusivity of white matter, in particular in the superior longitudinal fasciculi and corticospinal tracts. In the DEX-treated group, increased mean and radial diffusivity correlated with increased methylation of the promotor region of the FKBP5 gene. There were no group differences in cognition or in scales assessing depression or anxiety, and the relationship between brain structure and cognition did not differ between DEX-treated and controls. CONCLUSIONS First-trimester prenatal DEX treatment is associated with structural alterations of the brain at adult age, with an accompanying change in gene methylation. The findings add to the safety concerns of prenatal DEX treatment in the context of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies van’t Westeinde
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Annelies van’t Westeinde, MSc, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinskavägen 37A (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Wallensteen L, Karlsson L, Messina V, Nordenström A, Lajic S. Perturbed Beta-Cell Function and Lipid Profile After Early Prenatal Dexamethasone Exposure in Individuals Without CAH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5841246. [PMID: 32433752 PMCID: PMC7343997 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) reduces virilization in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The treatment is effective but may result in long-lasting adverse effects. In this study we explore the effects of DEX on metabolism in individuals not having CAH but treated with DEX during the first trimester of fetal life. METHOD All DEX-treated participants (n = 40, age range 5.1-26.4 years) and controls (n = 75, age range 4.5-26.6 years) were assessed with fasting blood samples to measure blood count, renal function, glucose homeostasis, and serum lipid profiles. RESULTS There were no significant differences between DEX and control participants for birth parameters, weight and height, or body mass index at the time of testing. Analyzing the entire cohort, we found no significant effects of DEX on blood count, renal function, or serum lipid profiles. However, a lower HOMA-β index in the DEX-treated individuals (U = 893.0; P = 0.049) was observed. Post hoc analyses revealed an effect in girls (U = 152.5; P = 0.024) but not in boys (U = 299.5; P = 0.550). The effect on HOMA-β persisted (U = 117.5; P = 0.048) after analyzing data separately in the participants < 16 years of age. In addition, we observed higher plasma glucose levels (F = 14.6; P = 0.001) in the DEX-treated group. The participants ≥ 16 years of age in the DEX-treated group had significantly higher total plasma cholesterol (F = 9.8; P = 0.003) and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (F = 7.4; P = 0,009). CONCLUSION Prenatal DEX exposure in early pregnancy has negative effects on beta-cell function and lipid profile in individuals without CAH already at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Messina
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Dr. Svetlana Lajic, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden,
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16
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Messina V, Hirvikoski T, Karlsson L, Vissani S, Wallensteen L, Ortolano R, Balsamo A, Nordenström A, Lajic S. Good overall behavioural adjustment in children and adolescents with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrine 2020; 68:427-437. [PMID: 32152914 PMCID: PMC7266840 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are treated postnatally with life-long glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy. Although prolonged exposure to GCs may have a negative impact on behaviour, few studies have studied this issue. We therefore investigated behavioural outcomes in male and female children and adolescents with CAH. METHODS An observational study in which Swedish and Italian children and adolescents with CAH identified through neonatal screening for CAH (n = 57, age range 7-17 years) were compared with healthy population controls matched for age and sex (n = 72, age range 7-17 years). Thirteen (eight females) of the fifty-seven children and adolescents with CAH had been treated prenatally with dexamethasone (DEX). Standardised questionnaires for parents and self-report scales for children/adolescents were used to assess behavioural and emotional problems, social anxiety, temperament and scholastic competence. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between CAH patients (not prenatally treated with DEX) and controls on most of the scales measuring adaptive functioning or behavioural problems. However, children with CAH were rated by their parents to have more social problems than controls (Child Behaviour Checklist, CBCL social problems, p = 0.032). In the small group (n = 13) of prenatally DEX-treated cases parents rated their children/adolescents to have more mood problems compared with non-DEX-treated children/adolescents with CAH (CBCL-withdrawn/depressed, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Children/adolescents with CAH showed good overall adjustment. The clinical significance of the parentally perceived increase in social problems in children/adolescents with CAH requires further investigation. The findings underline the importance of psychological support for children/adolescents with a chronic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Messina
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Habilitation & Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Vissani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Ortolano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Krull KR. Dexamethasone and neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28118. [PMID: 31876055 PMCID: PMC6980910 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Krull
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer ControlDepartment of PsychologySt. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee
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18
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Riveline JP, Baz B, Nguewa JL, Vidal-Trecan T, Ibrahim F, Boudou P, Vicaut E, Brac de la Perrière A, Fetita S, Bréant B, Blondeau B, Tardy-Guidollet V, Morel Y, Gautier JF. Exposure to Glucocorticoids in the First Part of Fetal Life is Associated with Insulin Secretory Defect in Adult Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5609147. [PMID: 31665349 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High glucocorticoid levels in rodents inhibit development of beta cells during fetal life and lead to insulin deficiency in adulthood. To test whether similar phenomena occur in humans, we compared beta-cell function in adults who were exposed to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life with that of nonexposed subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted in 16 adult participants exposed to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life and in 16 nonexposed healthy participants with normal glucose tolerance who were matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Exposed participants had been born to mothers who were treated with dexamethasone 1 to 1.5 mg/day from the sixth gestational week (GW) to prevent genital virilization in children at risk of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. We selected offspring of mothers who stopped dexamethasone before the 18th GW following negative genotyping of the fetus. Insulin and glucagon secretion were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and graded intravenous (IV) glucose and arginine tests. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-clamp. RESULTS Age, BMI, and anthropometric characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. Insulinogenic index during OGTT and insulin sensitivity during the clamp were similar in the 2 groups. In exposed subjects, insulin secretion during graded IV glucose infusion and after arginine administration decreased by 17% (P = 0.02) and 22% (P = 0.002), respectively, while glucagon secretion after arginine increased. CONCLUSION Overexposure to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life is associated with lower insulin secretion at adult age, which may lead to abnormal glucose tolerance later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Riveline
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot- Paris VII University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Baz Baz
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nguewa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal-Trecan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fidaa Ibrahim
- Unit of Hormonal Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Boudou
- Unit of Hormonal Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Research Unit, Fernand Widal Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Aude Brac de la Perrière
- Fédération d'endocrinologie Hopital Louis Pradel Groupement Hospitalier Est 28 av Doyen Lepine BRON
| | - Sabrina Fetita
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Bréant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Tardy-Guidollet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Groupement Hospitalier Est 59 Boulevard Pinel Bron, France
| | - Yves Morel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Groupement Hospitalier Est 59 Boulevard Pinel Bron, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot- Paris VII University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Mao-Draayer Y, Thiel S, Mills EA, Chitnis T, Fabian M, Katz Sand I, Leite MI, Jarius S, Hellwig K. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and pregnancy: therapeutic considerations. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:154-170. [PMID: 32080393 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a type of neurological autoimmune disease characterized by attacks of CNS inflammation that are often severe and predominantly affect the spinal cord and optic nerve. The majority of individuals with NMOSD are women, many of whom are of childbearing age. Although NMOSD are rare, several small retrospective studies and case reports have indicated that pregnancy can worsen disease activity and might contribute to disease onset. NMOSD disease activity seems to negatively affect pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, some of the current NMOSD treatments are known to pose risks to the developing fetus and only limited safety data are available for others. Here, we review published studies regarding the relationship between pregnancy outcomes and NMOSD disease activity. We also assess the risks associated with using disease-modifying therapies for NMOSD during the course of pregnancy and breastfeeding. On the basis of the available evidence, we offer recommendations regarding the use of these therapies in the course of pregnancy planning in individuals with NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sandra Thiel
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Fabian
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilana Katz Sand
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Collaer ML, Hines M. No Evidence for Enhancement of Spatial Ability with Elevated Prenatal Androgen Exposure in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:395-411. [PMID: 32052211 PMCID: PMC8784244 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial abilities contribute to life and occupational competencies, and certain spatial skills differ, on average, between males and females, typically favoring males when differences occur. Factors contributing to spatial skills could include prenatal as well as experiential/cultural influences, with biological and social influences likely interacting and difficult to disentangle. This meta-analysis examined the potential influence of prenatal androgen exposure on spatial skill by examining studies of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH involves elevated adrenal androgens prenatally, with overall androgen concentrations higher for females with CAH versus same-sex controls but with little overall difference between males with CAH versus controls. We hypothesized that, if androgens contribute prenatally to neurobehavioral development in humans as in many other species, females with CAH would show spatial enhancement versus control females, but with no definitive hypothesis for males. Meta-analysis of 12 studies examining overall spatial skill and three spatial subcategories failed to support enhanced spatial performance for females with CAH; males with CAH showed lower spatial ability compared to control males, at least for the category of overall spatial skill. Although statistical logic precludes accepting the null hypothesis for females, the meta-analysis failed to support the idea that prenatal exposure to androgens explains spatial gender/sex differences in humans. Alternative explanations for average gender/sex differences in some spatial tasks could include androgen exposure at other times, such as mini-puberty, or different social factors experienced by males and females. We also discuss possible explanations for the different outcomes seen in females versus males with CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Collaer
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Xu L, Lin W, Cai L, Huang H, Liang J, Li L, Zong L, Wang N, Wen J, Chen G. Efficacy and safety of prenatal dexamethasone treatment in offspring at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:109-123. [PMID: 31715010 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of prenatal dexamethasone treatment in offspring at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the clinicaltrials.gov website databases were systematically searched from inception through March 2019. WMD and SMD with 95%CIs were calculated using random or fixed effects models. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in virilization in the DEX-treated group (WMD: -2.39, 95%CI: -3.31,-1.47). No significant differences were found in newborn physical outcomes for birth weight (WMD: 0.09, 95%CI: -0.09, 0.27) and birth length (WMD = 0.27, 95%CI: -0.68, 1.21). Concerning cognitive functions, no significant differences in the domains of psychometric intelligence (SMD: 0.05, 95%CI: -0.74, 0.83), verbal memory (SMD: -0.17, 95%CI: -0.58, 0.23), visual memory (SMD: 0.10, 95%CI: -0.14, 0.34), learning (SMD: -0.02, 95%CI: -0.27, 0.22) and verbal processing (SMD: -0.38, 95%CI: -0.93, 0.17). Regarding behavioural problems, no significant differences in the domains of internalizing problems (SMD: 0.16, 95%CI: -0.49, 0.81), externalizing problems (SMD: 0.07, 95%CI: -0.30, 0.43) and total problems (SMD: 0.14, 95%CI: -0.23, 0.51). With respect to temperament, no significant differences in the domains of emotionality (SMD: 0.13, 95%CI: -0.79, 1.05), activity (SMD: 0.04, 95%CI: -0.32, 0.39), shyness (SMD: 0.25, 95%CI: -0.70, 1.20) and sociability (SMD: -0.23, 95%CI: -0.90, 0.44). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal DEX treatment reduced virilization with no significant differences in newborn physical outcomes, cognitive functions, behavioural problems and temperament. The results need to be interpreted cautiously due to the existence of limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangchun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jixing Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liantao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liyao Zong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nengying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junping Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Scientific research, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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22
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van’t Westeinde A, Karlsson L, Thomsen Sandberg M, Nordenström A, Padilla N, Lajic S. Altered Gray Matter Structure and White Matter Microstructure in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Relevance for Working Memory Performance. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2777-2788. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has been associated with brain structure alterations, but systematic studies are lacking. We explore brain morphology in 37 (21 female) CAH patients and 43 (26 female) healthy controls, aged 16–33 years, using structural magnetic resonance imaging to estimate cortical thickness, surface area, volume, subcortical volumes, and white matter (WM) microstructure. We also report data on a small cohort of patients (n = 8) with CAH, who received prenatal dexamethasone (DEX). Patients with CAH had reduced whole brain volume (4.23%) and altered structure of the prefrontal, parietal, and superior occipital cortex. Patients had reduced mean FA, and reduced RD and MD, but not after correcting for brain volume. The observed regions are hubs of the visuospatial working memory and default mode (DMN) networks. Thickness of the left superior parietal and middle frontal gyri was associated with visuospatial working memory performance, and patients with CAH performed worse on this task. Prenatal treatment with DEX affected brain structures in the parietal and occipital cortex, but studies in larger cohorts are needed. In conclusion, our study suggests that CAH is associated with brain structure alterations, especially in the working memory network, which might underlie the cognitive outcome observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies van’t Westeinde
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Thomsen Sandberg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Division of Neonatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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46,XX DSD due to Androgen Excess in Monogenic Disorders of Steroidogenesis: Genetic, Biochemical, and Clinical Features. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184605. [PMID: 31533357 PMCID: PMC6769793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'differences of sex development' (DSD) refers to a group of congenital conditions that are associated with atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex. Disorders of steroidogenesis comprise autosomal recessive conditions that affect adrenal and gonadal enzymes and are responsible for some conditions of 46,XX DSD where hyperandrogenism interferes with chromosomal and gonadal sex development. Congenital adrenal hyperplasias (CAHs) are disorders of steroidogenesis that mainly involve the adrenals (21-hydroxylase and 11-hydroxylase deficiencies) and sometimes the gonads (3-beta-hydroxysteroidodehydrogenase and P450-oxidoreductase); in contrast, aromatase deficiency mainly involves the steroidogenetic activity of the gonads. This review describes the main genetic, biochemical, and clinical features that apply to the abovementioned conditions. The activities of the steroidogenetic enzymes are modulated by post-translational modifications and cofactors, particularly electron-donating redox partners. The incidences of the rare forms of CAH vary with ethnicity and geography. The elucidation of the precise roles of these enzymes and cofactors has been significantly facilitated by the identification of the genetic bases of rare disorders of steroidogenesis. Understanding steroidogenesis is important to our comprehension of differences in sexual development and other processes that are related to human reproduction and fertility, particularly those that involve androgen excess as consequence of their impairment.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most common enzyme defect associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Glucocorticoid therapy aiming to suppress adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-mediated hyperandrogenemia and to replace glucocorticoid deficiency, if indicated, remains the first line of management in CAH with or without mineralocorticoid replacement therapy and salt supplementation. We review interventions that may address unmet needs in the management of CAH. Although the objective of this review is to highlight some potential benefits of supplemental therapies, the authors do not recommend for or against the use of the reviewed therapies. In the review, the terms 'male' and 'female' refer to 'genetic male (46,XY)' and 'genetic female (46,XX)' respectively. RECENT FINDINGS Supplemental therapies, some of which appear to be promising, attempt to address CAH-associated morbidity but long-term efficacy and safety data are still lacking. SUMMARY We highlight main ideas behind the use of interventions that target an improvement in physiological glucocorticoid replacement, adult height outcome, and management of female genital virilization in CAH.
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25
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McCann-Crosby B, Placencia FX, Adeyemi-Fowode O, Dietrich J, Franciskovich R, Gunn S, Axelrad M, Tu D, Mann D, Karaviti L, Sutton VR. Challenges in Prenatal Treatment with Dexamethasone. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS : PER 2019; 16:186-193. [PMID: 30371037 DOI: 10.17458/per.vol16.2018.mcpa.dexamethasone] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency causes elevated androgen levels, which can lead to virilization of female external genitalia. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing virilization of external genitalia when started prior to 7-9 weeks of gestation in females with classic CAH. However, CAH cannot be diagnosed prenatally until the end of the first trimester. Treating pregnant women with a fetus at risk of developing classic CAH exposes a significant proportion of fetuses unnecessarily, because only 1 in 8 would benefit from treatment. Consequently, prenatal dexamethasone treatment has been met with much controversy due to the potential adverse outcomes when exposed to high-dose steroids in utero. Here, we review the short- and long-term outcomes for fetuses and pregnant women exposed to dexamethasone treatment, the ethical considerations that must be taken into account, and current practice recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie McCann-Crosby
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA, E-mail:
| | - Frank Xavier Placencia
- Section of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oluyemisi Adeyemi-Fowode
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer Dietrich
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Franciskovich
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheila Gunn
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marni Axelrad
- Division of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Duong Tu
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Mann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Simpson JL, Rechitsky S. Prenatal genetic testing and treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:21-23. [PMID: 30611408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Couples at risk for autosomal recessive congenital adrenal hyperplasia often request anticipatory guidance and genetic counseling. Initially, hormones in amniotic fluid were measured to distinguish affected female fetuses from unaffected fetuses. With the molecular era, more-targeted approaches became possible. Prenatal genetic diagnosis via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling was used to determine the need for continuing fetal therapy (dexamethasone), allowing cessation if the fetus was unaffected. Newer methods now allow diagnosis earlier in gestation, further shortening the treatment time for unaffected female fetuses who will not develop genital ambiguity. Preimplantation genetic testing permits transfer only of an unaffected female or male fetus. Analysis of maternal cell-free DNA based on quantitative differences in the amount of allele parental DNA permits affected pregnancies to be differentiated from unaffected pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Leigh Simpson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
| | - Svetlana Rechitsky
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; Reproductive Genetic Innovations, LLC, Northbrook, Illinois
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27
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McDougall J, DeWit DJ, Wright FV. Social anxiety symptoms among youth with chronic health conditions: trajectories and related factors. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:3293-3305. [PMID: 30950664 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1590742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study explored three-year trajectories of social anxiety symptoms among youth with chronic health conditions and investigated factors influencing those trajectories.Methods: Participants (N = 439) were recruited from eight pediatric rehabilitation centers. The Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised measured social anxiety across four time points. Latent Class Growth Analysis was used to study trajectories and logistic regression to identify related factors.Results: A three-class solution was supported: a "high anxiety and stable" group (17.1%), a "moderate anxiety and stable" group (44.4%), and a "low anxiety and stable" group (38.5%). Youth in the "moderate and stable" group were less likely to be male compared to the "low and stable" group. Youth in the "high and stable" group were more likely to have greater cognitive symptoms and less likely to have higher levels of social participation compared to the "low and stable" group. Youth in both the "high and stable" and "moderate and stable" groups were less likely to have high support from classmates or close friends compared to the "low and stable" group. Moreover, both the "high and stable" and "moderate and stable" groups were less likely to have positive family functioning.Conclusion: Youth with chronic conditions belonging to "high and stable" and "moderate and stable" social anxiety trajectories can be distinguished from those in a "low and stable" trajectory using personal, functional, and environmental level variables.Implications for RehabilitationYouth with chronic health conditions are at risk of developing and maintaining moderate to high levels of social anxiety symptoms as they move through adolescence.Compared to youth with "low and stable" social anxiety, those with "moderate and stable" social anxiety are less likely to be male, have high peer support or high family functioning.Compared to youth with "low and stable" social anxiety, those with "high and stable" social anxiety are more likely to have greater cognitive symptoms, and less likely to have high social participation, high peer support, or high family functioning.Rehabilitation and other professionals should not only consider factors that are functional in nature; they should also consider personal and environmental level factors when supporting youth with chronic health conditions who experience social anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette McDougall
- Thames Valley Children's Centre, Research Program, London, ON, Canada.,School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J DeWit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - F Virginia Wright
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Flores-Reséndiz C, Soto-Piña AE, Valdés-Ramos R, Benítez-Arciniega AD, Tlatempa-Sotelo P, Guadarrama-López AL, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Pulido-Alvarado CC. Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Stress Hormones With Cognitive Performance in Mexican Adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 44:208-219. [PMID: 30272242 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and stress hormones are associated with cognitive performance in Mexican adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional study including 139 Mexican adolescents 10-14 years old. Participants were divided into three categories: 0, 1-2, and ≥3 CVD risk factors. These factors included: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) <40 mg/dl; waist circumference (WC) ≥90th percentile for age and sex, systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile for age, sex, and height; and triacylglycerols (TGs) ≥110 mg/dl. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), total cholesterol, cortisol, and plasma catecholamines were measured as well. Furthermore, attention, memory, and executive functions were evaluated using a validated test for Spanish-speaking individuals (Neuropsi). Results Adolescents in the three risk categories did not show significant differences in Neuropsi test performance tasks; however, they presented different lipid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations. TG and VLDL-C were inversely associated with memory (r = -0.19, **p < .01). Multivariate regression analysis showed consistently that TG/HDL-C ratio was inversely related to attention-memory general score (standardized β = -0.99, t = -2.30, p = .023), memory (standardized β = -0.83, t = -2.08, p = .039), and attention-executive functions (standardized β = -1.02, t = -2.42, p = .017). Plasma epinephrine levels presented an inverse and weak relation to the attention-executive functions score (standardized β = -0.18, t = -2.19, p = .030). Conclusions Cognitive performance is not completely dependent on the accumulation of risk factors, but instead on the combination of strong predictors of CVD like waist to height ratio, TG/HDL-C, and VLDL-C. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine have a stronger association with cognition and CVD risk than dopamine and cortisol.
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Karlsson L, Barbaro M, Ewing E, Gomez-Cabrero D, Lajic S. Epigenetic Alterations Associated With Early Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:250-263. [PMID: 30623163 PMCID: PMC6320242 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) reduces virilization in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It has potential short- and long-term risks and has been shown to affect cognitive functions. Here, we investigate whether epigenetic modification of DNA during early developmental stages may be a key mediating mechanism by which prenatal DEX treatment could result in poor outcomes in the offspring. We analyzed genome-wide CD4+ T cell DNA methylation, assessed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array in 29 individuals (mean age = 16.4 ± 5.9 years) at risk for CAH and treated with DEX during the first trimester and 37 population controls (mean age = 17.0 years, SD = 6.1 years). We identified 9672 differentially methylated probes (DMPs) associated with DEX treatment and 7393 DMPs associated with a DEX × sex interaction. DMPs were enriched in intergenic regions located near epigenetic markers for active enhancers. Functional enrichment of DMPs was mostly associated with immune functioning and inflammation but also with nonimmune-related functions. DEX-associated DMPs enriched near single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with inflammatory bowel disease, and DEX × sex-associated DMPs enriched near SNPs associated with asthma. DMPs in genes involved in the regulation and maintenance of methylation and steroidogenesis were identified as well. Methylation in the BDNF, FKBP5, and NR3C1 genes were associated with the performance on several Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition subscales. In conclusion, this study indicates that DNA methylation is altered after prenatal DEX treatment. This finding may have implications for the future health of the exposed individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS L7:05), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (L8:05), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Unit for Computational Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (L8:05), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King’s College, London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, NavarraBiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Speiser PW, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Baskin LS, Conway GS, Merke DP, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Miller WL, Murad MH, Oberfield SE, White PC. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4043-4088. [PMID: 30272171 PMCID: PMC6456929 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective To update the congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency clinical practice guideline published by the Endocrine Society in 2010. Conclusions The writing committee presents updated best practice guidelines for the clinical management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia based on published evidence and expert opinion with added considerations for patient safety, quality of life, cost, and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis W Speiser
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, New York, New York
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heino F L Meyer-Bahlburg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Walter L Miller
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic’s Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- NewYork–Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Perrin C White
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Lajic S, Karlsson L, Nordenström A. Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Long-Term Effects of Excess Glucocorticoid Exposure. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:362-371. [PMID: 29742490 DOI: 10.1159/000485100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with dexamethasone (DEX) has been in use since the mid-1980s and has proven effective at reducing virilization of external genitalia in affected girls. However, multiple experimental studies on animals and clinical studies on humans show that prenatal administration of glucocorticoids may cause unwanted adverse effects which have raised concerns about the long-term safety of the treatment. The long-term outcome of prenatal DEX treatment on cognition has been investigated, but the results are still conflicting. Overall, most of the evidence points towards a negative effect on executive functions where girls seem to be more susceptible than boys. Some effects on social behavior have been observed, but results are still contradictory and treated children are mostly well adapted. Cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic function are still areas to be investigated. Larger studies are warranted to investigate areas other than cognition and behavior and to be able to draw more definitive conclusions about prenatal DEX treatment.
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Slotkin TA, Ko A, Seidler FJ. Does growth impairment underlie the adverse effects of dexamethasone on development of noradrenergic systems? Toxicology 2018; 408:11-21. [PMID: 29935188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are given in preterm labor to prevent respiratory distress but these agents evoke neurobehavioral deficits in association with reduced brain region volumes. To determine whether the neurodevelopmental effects are distinct from growth impairment, we gave developing rats dexamethasone at doses below or within the therapeutic range (0.05, 0.2 or 0.8 mg/kg) at different stages: gestational days (GD) 17-19, postnatal days (PN) 1-3 or PN7-9. In adolescence and adulthood, we assessed the impact on noradrenergic systems in multiple brain regions, comparing the effects to those on somatic growth or on brain region growth. Somatic growth was reduced with exposure in all three stages, with greater sensitivity for the postnatal regimens; brain region growth was impaired to a lesser extent. Norepinephrine content and concentration were reduced depending on the treatment regimen, with a rank order of deficits of PN7-9 > PN1-3 > GD17-19. However, brain growth impairment did not parallel reduced norepinephrine content in magnitude, dose threshold, sex or regional selectivity, or temporal pattern, and even when corrected for reduced brain region weights (norepinephrine per g tissue), the dexamethasone-exposed animals showed subnormal values. Regression analysis showed that somatic growth impairment accounted for an insubstantial amount of the reduction in norepinephrine content, and brain growth impairment accounted for only 12%, whereas specific effects on norepinephrine accounted for most of the effect. The adverse effects of dexamethasone on noradrenergic system development are not simply related to impaired somatic or brain region growth, but rather include specific targeting of neurodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA.
| | - Ashley Ko
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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Karlsson L, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T, Lajic S. Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in the context of at risk CAH pregnancies: Long-term behavioral and cognitive outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018. [PMID: 29529521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is used to prevent prenatal virilization in female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Since treatment has to be started before the genotype of the fetus is known, 7 out of 8 fetuses will be exposed to DEX without benefit. Previously, we have observed negative effects on cognition and behavior in DEX treated children. Here we evaluated neuropsychological functions, psychopathology and autistic traits in non-CAH DEX-treated adults exposed during the first trimester of fetal life (duration 6.2 ± 2.2 weeks). Cognitive functions, psychopathology and autistic traits were compared between DEX-treated subjects (n = 23) and non-exposed controls (n = 58). Cognitive outcome was also evaluated longitudinally for DEX-treated participants. We used neuropsychological tests (Wechsler Scales and the Stroop Interference Test) and questionnaires assessing executive functions (the Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale), psychopathology (the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Ratings Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) and autistic traits (Autism Quota). We did not observe any significant differences in cognition, psychopathology or autistic traits between DEX-treated individuals and population controls. A significant improvement in verbal working memory (p = 0.038) and in impulse inhibition (p = 0.011) was seen when subjects were evaluated longitudinally. In summary, first-trimester DEX-exposed adult individuals do not show any significant neuropsychological deficits nor an increase in anxiety, depression or autistic traits, compared with a control group from the general population. The results also suggest that the observed deficits in executive functioning during childhood may improve with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden; Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Seidler FJ. Developmental neurotoxicity resulting from pharmacotherapy of preterm labor, modeled in vitro: Terbutaline and dexamethasone, separately and together. Toxicology 2018. [PMID: 29524569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terbutaline and dexamethasone are used in the management of preterm labor, often for durations of treatment exceeding those recommended, and both have been implicated in increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We used a variety of cell models to establish the critical stages at which neurodifferentiation is vulnerable to these agents and to determine whether combined exposures produce a worsened outcome. Terbutaline selectively promoted the initial emergence of glia from embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs). The target for terbutaline shifted with developmental stage: at later developmental stages modeled with C6 and PC12 cells, terbutaline had little effect on glial differentiation (C6 cells) but impaired the differentiation of neuronotypic PC12 cells into neurotransmitter phenotypes. In contrast to the specificity shown by terbutaline, dexamethasone affected both neuronal and glial differentiation at all stages, impairing the emergence of both cell types in NSCs but with a much greater impairment for glia. At later stages, dexamethasone promoted glial cell differentiation (C6 cells), while shifting neuronal cell differentiation so as to distort the balance of neurotransmitter phenotypes (PC12 cells). Finally, terbutaline and dexamethasone interacted synergistically at the level of late stage glial cell differentiation, with dexamethasone boosting the ability of terbutaline to enhance indices of glial cell growth and neurite formation while producing further decrements in glial cell numbers. Our results support the conclusion that terbutaline and dexamethasone are directly-acting neuroteratogens, and further indicate the potential for their combined use in preterm labor to worsen neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Miller AJ, Malek R. Management of Pregnancy in a Patient with Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. AACE Clin Case Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.4158/ep171958.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wallensteen L, Karlsson L, Messina V, Gezelius A, Sandberg MT, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T, Lajic S. Evaluation of behavioral problems after prenatal dexamethasone treatment in Swedish children and adolescents at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 2018; 98:219-224. [PMID: 29410007 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is effective in reducing virilization in affected girls, but potential long-term adverse effects are largely unknown. In this report we intended to explore potential side effects of DEX therapy to enhance the adequacy of future risk benefit analyses of DEX treatment. We investigated the long-term effects of first trimester prenatal DEX treatment on behavioral problems and temperament in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. The study included 34 children and adolescents, without CAH, who had been exposed to DEX during the first trimester and 67 untreated controls. Standardized parent-completed questionnaires were used to evaluate adaptive functioning and behavioral/emotional problems (CBCL), social anxiety (SPAI-C-P), and temperament (EAS) in the child. Self-reports were used to assess the children's perception of social anxiety (SASC-R). No statistically significant differences were found between DEX-treated and control children and adolescents, suggesting that, in general, healthy children treated with DEX during early fetal life are well adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Messina
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gezelius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Thomsen Sandberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, KIND, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Karlsson L, Gezelius A, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T, Lajic S. Cognitive impairment in adolescents and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87:651-659. [PMID: 28771762 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired cognition has been reported in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), although the findings have been conflicting. It has been hypothesized that the major causes of the deficits are prenatal hormonal imbalances and/or excessive glucocorticoid treatment. DESIGN An observational study investigating cognition in patients with CAH. PATIENTS A total of 55 patients with CAH and 58 control subjects from the general population, aged 16-33 years. Nine CAH subjects had been treated prenatally with dexamethasone. SETTING Singel research institute. MEASUREMENTS Standardized neuropsychological tests (Wechsler Scales and Stroop Interference Test) and questionnaires (Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale) were used. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients with CAH had impaired performance in tests measuring verbal working memory (P = .024), visual-spatial working memory (P = .005 and P = .003) and inhibition (P = .002). In measures of fluid intelligence/nonverbal logical reasoning, males with CAH performed poorer than control males (P = .033). Patients with salt-wasting CAH performed equally compared to patients with simple virilizing CAH. However, patients with a null genotype performed poorer than patients with a non-null genotype and significantly worse on fluid intelligence/nonverbal logical reasoning (P = .042). Prenatally-treated women performed worse on most cognitive measures than women with CAH not treated prenatally. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CAH had normal psychometric intelligence but impaired executive functions compared with population controls. A null CAH genotype was associated with poorer general cognitive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gezelius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Nouveautés dans l’hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2017; 78 Suppl 1:S21-S30. [PMID: 29157486 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(17)30922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an autosomal recessive disease due to functional abnormalities of adrenal steroid enzymes. The most common form of the disease is due to a 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The classical forms (most severe) are characterized by a deficiency in cortisol and sometimes in aldosterone, which may compromise the vital prognosis of neonates, and by an increase in androgen synthesis, leading to the virilization of girls' external genitalia at birth, followed by clinical signs of hyperandrogenism during childhood and adolescence. Neonatal screening has improved management and reduced morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period, but its performance could be broadly optimised by adjusting the assay techniques or the biomarkers used. The genetic diagnosis is difficult owing to the large genetic heterogeneity of the 6p21.3 region, which contains the CYP21A2 gene, especially with respect to the use of new-generation techniques of sequencing. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible as early as 6 weeks of gestation, but prenatal treatment remains controversial, awaiting results from prospective cohorts evaluating its long-term impact. Since conventional therapies have limitations, new therapies are currently being developed to allow better control of androgen synthesis and a substitutive treatment that respects the physiological rhythm of cortisol secretion, which would limit the development of long-term complications.
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El-Maouche D, Arlt W, Merke DP. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Lancet 2017; 390:2194-2210. [PMID: 28576284 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of autosomal recessive disorders encompassing enzyme deficiencies in the adrenal steroidogenesis pathway that lead to impaired cortisol biosynthesis. Depending on the type and severity of steroid block, patients can have various alterations in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and sex steroid production that require hormone replacement therapy. Presentations vary from neonatal salt wasting and atypical genitalia, to adult presentation of hirsutism and irregular menses. Screening of neonates with elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations for classic (severe) 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the most common type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, is in place in many countries, however cosyntropin stimulation testing might be needed to confirm the diagnosis or establish non-classic (milder) subtypes. Challenges in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia include avoidance of glucocorticoid overtreatment and control of sex hormone imbalances. Long-term complications include abnormal growth and development, adverse effects on bone and the cardiovascular system, and infertility. Novel treatments aim to reduce glucocorticoid exposure, improve excess hormone control, and mimic physiological hormone patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala El-Maouche
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham & Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Laugesen K, Byrjalsen A, Frøslev T, Olsen MS, Sørensen HT. Use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a nationwide Danish cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016825. [PMID: 28947451 PMCID: PMC5623520 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal exposure to excess endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated whether prenatal exposure to exogenous GC is associated with ADHD. DESIGN Nationwide cohort study. SETTING A cohort of 875 996 singletons born alive between 1996 and 2009 in Denmark. Data were obtained from national registries. EXPOSURES We identified children exposed prenatally to GCs, children unexposed prenatally and born to maternal former users, and children unexposed and born to maternal never users. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared ADHD risk in children prenatally exposed to GCs and in children of former GC users with risk in unexposed children of never users. We computed cumulative incidence at 10 years of age and adjusted HRs (aHRs). In addition, we compared exposed children with unexposed siblings in a sibling design. RESULTS We identified 875 996 children, among whom 5319 were prenatally exposed to systemic GCs and 36 780 to local/inhaled GCs. Cumulative incidences of ADHD at 10 years of age were 2.65% in prenatally exposed children and 2.03% in unexposed children of never users. At the general population level, prenatal exposure was associated with ADHD compared with unexposed, with aHR of 1.43(95% CI 1.24 to 1.65) for systemic exposure and 1.23 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.31) for local/inhaled exposure. However, our former user analysis (aHR of 1.25 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.29)) and sibling design (aHR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.20)) indicated that these findings were due to confounding. CONCLUSION This study provides no evidence of a causal association between prenatal exposure to GCs and risk of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Laugesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Byrjalsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Frøslev
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten S Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bachelot A, Grouthier V, Courtillot C, Dulon J, Touraine P. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: update on the management of adult patients and prenatal treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R167-R181. [PMID: 28115464 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is characterized by cortisol and in some cases aldosterone deficiency associated with androgen excess. Goals of treatment are to replace deficient hormones and control androgen excess, while avoiding the adverse effects of exogenous glucocorticoid. Over the last 5 years, cohorts of adults with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency from Europe and the United States have been described, allowing us to have a better knowledge of long-term complications of the disease and its treatment. Patients with CAH have increased mortality, morbidity and risk for infertility and metabolic disorders. These comorbidities are due in part to the drawbacks of the currently available glucocorticoid therapy. Consequently, novel therapies are being developed and studied in an attempt to improve patient outcomes. New management strategies in the care of pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia using fetal sex determination and dexamethasone have also been described, but remain a subject of debate. We focused the present overview on the data published in the last 5 years, concentrating on studies dealing with cardiovascular risk, fertility, treatment and prenatal management in adults with classic CAH to provide the reader with an updated review on this rapidly evolving field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bachelot
- AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, ICAN, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Pierre et Marie CurieUniv Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Grouthier
- AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, ICAN, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Pierre et Marie CurieUniv Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Carine Courtillot
- AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Dulon
- AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Touraine
- AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, ICAN, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Pierre et Marie CurieUniv Paris 06, Paris, France
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42
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Bauer SM. Atopic Eczema: Genetic Associations and Potential Links to Developmental Exposures. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:187-198. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581817701075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE), or atopic dermatitis (AD), is a common inflammatory skin disease with a disrupted epidermal barrier and an allergic immune response. AD/AE is prominently characterized by a symptomatic itch and transient skin lesions. Infants compose a significant percentage affected. Two models have been proposed to explain AD/AE skin pathology: the gut microbiome-focused inside-outside model and the outside-inside model concentrating on the disrupted skin barrier/skin microbiome. Gene disruptions contributing to epidermal structure, as well as those in immune system genes, are implicated. Over 30 genes have been linked to AD/AE with Flg and Tmem79/Matt alterations being common. Other linked disruptions are in the interleukin-1 family of cytokines/receptors and the TH2 gene family of cytokines. Inheritable epigenetic modifications of the genes or associated proteins may also be involved. Skin barrier disruption and the allergic immune response have been the main foci in mechanistic studies of AD/AE, but the role of the environment is becoming more apparent. Thus, an examination of in utero exposures could be very helpful in understanding the heterogeneity of AD/AE. Although research is limited, there is evidence that developmental exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or phthalates may impact disease. Management for AD/AE includes topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, which safely facilitate improvements in select individuals. Disease heterogeneity warrants continued research not only into elucidating disease mechanism(s), via identification of contributing genetic alterations, but also research to understand how/when these genetic alterations occur. This may lead to the cure that those affected by AD/AE eagerly await.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Bauer
- Assistant Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Belmont Abbey College, Belmont, NC, USA
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Lang-Muritano M, Gerster K, Sluka S, Konrad D. Two Siblings with the Same Severe Form of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency But Different Growth and Menstrual Cycle Patterns. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:35. [PMID: 28299309 PMCID: PMC5331061 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most frequent autosomal recessive diseases in Europe. Treatment is a challenge for pediatric endocrinologists. Important parameters to judge the outcome are adult height and menstrual cycle. We report the follow-up from birth to adulthood of two Caucasian sisters with salt-wasting CAH due to the same mutation, homozygosity c.290-13A>G (I2 splice), in the 21-hydroxylase gene. Their adherence to treatment was excellent. Our objective was to distinguish the effects of treatment with hydrocortisone (HC) and fludrocortisone (FC) on final height (FH) from constitutional factors. The older girl (patient 1), who showed virilized genitalia Prader scale III-IV at birth, reached FH within familial target height at 18 years of age. Menarche occurred at the age of 15. Her menstrual cycles were always irregular. Total pubertal growth was normal (29 cm). She showed a growth pattern consistent with constitutional delay. The younger sister (patient 2) was born without masculinization of the genitalia after her mother was treated with dexamethasone starting in the fourth week of pregnancy. She reached FH at 16 years of age. Her adult height is slightly below familial target height. Menarche occurred at the age of 12.5, followed by regular menses. Total pubertal growth was normal (21 cm). The average dose of HC from birth to FH was 16.7 mg/m2 in patient 1 and 16.8 mg/m2 in patient 2. They received FC once a day in doses from 0.05 to 0.1 mg. Under such therapy, growth velocity was normal starting from the age of 2.5 years with an overall average of +0.2 SD in patient 1 and -0.1 SD in patient 2, androstenedione levels were always within normal age range. Similarly, BMI and blood pressure were always normal, no acne and no hirsutism ever appeared. In conclusion, two siblings with the same genetic form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency and excellent adherence to medication showed different growth and menstrual cycle patterns, rather related to constitutional factors than to underlying CAH. In addition, the second patient represents an example of successful in utero glucocorticoid treatment to prevent virilization of the external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karine Gerster
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Susanna Sluka
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Parsa AA, New MI. Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:2-11. [PMID: 27380651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of inherited genetic disorders involving deficiencies in enzymes that convert cholesterol to cortisol within the adrenal cortex. There are five key enzymes involved in the production of cortisol. Of these key enzymes, deficiency of 21-hydroxylase is the most commonly defective enzyme leading to CAH representing more than 90% of cases. The low adrenal cortisol levels associated with CAH affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal negative feedback system leading to increased pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, which overstimulates the adrenal cortex in an attempt to increase cortisol production resulting in a hyperplastic adrenal cortex. The deficiency of enzyme 21-hydroxylase results from mutations or deletions in the CYP21A2 gene found on chromosome 6p. The disorder is transmitted as an autosomal recessive pattern and specific mutations may be correlated to enzymatic compromise of varying degrees, leading to the clinical manifestation of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Parsa
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
| | - Maria I New
- Adrenal Steroid Disorders Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
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45
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Wallensteen L, Zimmermann M, Thomsen Sandberg M, Gezelius A, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T, Lajic S. Sex-Dimorphic Effects of Prenatal Treatment With Dexamethasone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3838-3846. [PMID: 27482827 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dexamethasone (DEX) is used to prevent virilization in female fetuses at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Given that treatment has to be started before the genotype is known, 7 out of 8 fetuses will be exposed to DEX without benefit. OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term cognitive effects of prenatal DEX therapy in healthy (non-CAH) DEX-treated children. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study with patient and control groups from a single research institute. PARTICIPANTS Healthy (non-CAH) DEX-treated subjects (n = 34) and untreated population controls (n = 66) from Sweden, aged 7-17 years. INTERVENTION DEX-treatment used in unborn children at risk of CAH, during first trimester of fetal life. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Standardized neuropsychological tests and questionnaires were used. RESULTS DEX treatment has widespread negative effects in girls. In Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-III scale subtests, we observed significant interactions between DEX and GENDER (coding, P = .044; block design, P = .013; vocabulary, P = .025) and a trend for the subtest digit span (P = .074). All interactions were driven by DEX effects in girls, but not boys, with DEX-treated females showing lower scores than female untreated controls (coding, P = .068, d = 0.66; block design, P = .021, d = 0.81; vocabulary, P = .014, d = 0.84; digit span, P = .001, d = 1.0). Likewise, DEX-treated girls tend to have poorer visual spatial working memory performance than controls (span board test forward: P = .065, d = .80). We observed no effects on long-term memory, handedness, speed of processing, nor self-perceived or parentally reported scholastic performance. CONCLUSIONS Early prenatal DEX exposure affects cognitive functions in healthy girls, ie, children who do not benefit from the treatment. It can therefore not be considered safe to use this therapy in the context of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Thomsen Sandberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gezelius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (L.W., M.Z., M.T.S., A.G., A.N., S.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Women's and Children's Health (T.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ramalhosa F, Soares-Cunha C, Seixal RM, Sousa N, Carvalho AF. The Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Dexamethasone on Gastrointestinal Function in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161750. [PMID: 27584049 PMCID: PMC5008745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antenatal treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids is commonly used in pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery to accelerate tissue maturation. Exposure to glucocorticoids during development has been hypothesized to underlie different functional gastrointestinal (GI) and motility disorders. Herein, we investigated the impact of in utero exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids (iuGC) on GI function of adult rats. Wistar male rats, born from pregnant dams treated with dexamethasone (DEX), were studied at different ages. Length, histologic analysis, proliferation and apoptosis assays, GI transit, permeability and serotonin (5-HT) content of GI tract were measured. iuGC treatment decreased small intestine size and decreased gut transit. However, iuGC had no impact on intestinal permeability. iuGC differentially impacts the structure and function of the GI tract, which leads to long-lasting alterations in the small intestine that may predispose subjects prone to disorders of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ramalhosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Seixal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Franky Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- General Surgery Department, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
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Wallensteen L, Zimmermann M, Sandberg MT, Gezelius A, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T, Lajic S. RETRACTED: Evaluation of behavioral problems after prenatal dexamethasone treatment in Swedish adolescents at risk of CAH. Horm Behav 2016; 85:5-11. [PMID: 27373757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors due to technical errors that have called into question the reliability of the data used to inform the author's conclusions. All data on cognitive and behavioral outcomes in CAH and non–CAH cases, treated or not treated with DEX prenatally, were put into a single Excel database. The authors had in total four different patient groups for each age group (5–6 y, 7–17 y and 18-35 y). The database consisted of 237 cases in total and there were multiple columns for the different outcome measures. When the behavioral data for the sub-cohort described in this paper (first trimester treated non-CAH cases and healthy population controls, age 7–17 y) were copied to another sheet and compressed/modified in preparation for statistical analysis in SPSS, an error occurred. This technological issue caused rows to shift and the data from the different groups got mixed up. In particular, the non–CAH group versus the control group were "contaminated" with cases from the wrong patient group. The authors discovered this mistake when they started to analyse the data from the other sub–groups of patients, the CAH cases and the adult cohort, which was after their original results had already been published in Hormones and Behavior in this manuscript "Evaluation of behavioral problems after prenatal dexamethasone treatment in Swedish adolescents at risk of CAH". It then became apparent that the entire data set was unreliable and needed to be re–analysed which is what has motivated the retraction of this article. The authors have recently completed this re–analysis and the results have been published here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X17300752
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wallensteen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Thomsen Sandberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gezelius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, KIND, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lanshakov DA, Sukhareva EV, Kalinina TS, Dygalo NN. Dexamethasone-induced acute excitotoxic cell death in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a monogenic disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis. To prevent genital ambiguity, in girls, prenatal dexamethasone treatment is administered early in the first trimester. Prenatal genetic diagnosis of CAH and fetal sex determination identify affected female fetuses at risk for genital virilization. Advancements in prenatal diagnosis are owing to improved understanding of the genetic basis of CAH and improved technology. Cloning of the CYP21A2 gene ushered in molecular genetic analysis as the current standard of care. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis allows for targeted treatment and avoids unnecessary treatment of males and unaffected females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Yau
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ahmed Khattab
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria I New
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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50
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Dörr HG, Binder G, Reisch N, Gembruch U, Oppelt PG, Wieacker P, Kratzsch J. Experts' Opinion on the Prenatal Therapy of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency - Guideline of DGKED in cooperation with DGGG (S1-Level, AWMF Registry No. 174/013, July 2015). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015; 75:1232-1238. [PMID: 28435171 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This guideline of the German Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (DGKED) is designed to be experts' opinion on the current concept of prenatal therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH). Several scientific medical societies have also participated in the guideline. It aims to offer guidance to physicians when they counsel affected families about prenatal therapy. Methods: The experts commissioned by the medical societies developed a consensus in an informal process. The consensus was subsequently confirmed by the steering committees of the respective medical societies. Recommendations: Prenatal CAH therapy is an experimental therapy. We recommend designing and using standardized protocols for the prenatal diagnosis, therapy and long-term follow-up of women and children treated prenatally with dexamethasone. If long-term follow-up is not possible, then prenatal therapy should not be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Dörr
- Kinder- und Jugendklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - G Binder
- Univ.-Kinderklinik Tübingen, Sektion Endokrinologie, Tübingen
| | - N Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV. Klinikum der Universität München, München
| | - U Gembruch
- Abteilung für Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin der Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | - P G Oppelt
- Kinder- und Jugendgynäkologie, Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - P Wieacker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster
| | - J Kratzsch
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig
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