1
|
Persaud K, Zhao Q, Owusu-Akyaw A, Rameshwar P, Goldsmith LT, Morelli SS. Expression of glucocorticoid and androgen receptors in bone marrow-derived hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic murine endometrial cells. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:255-268. [PMID: 35717521 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether bone marrow (BM)-derived cells engrafting the murine endometrium express the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and androgen receptor (AR). Recent data demonstrate that BM is a long-term source of multiple hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic endometrial cell types. Important roles for glucocorticoids and androgens in regulating endometrial functions, including decidualization and early embryo attachment/invasion, have very recently emerged. Whether endometrial cells of BM origin express glucocorticoid or ARs has not been previously studied. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Basic science laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Wild-type C57BL/6J male mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and syngeneic wild-type C57BL/6J female mice aged 6-9 weeks. INTERVENTION(S) Murine bone marrow transplant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Bone marrow cells were harvested from adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice and subjected to flow cytometry to identify the percentage of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells expressing GR or AR. Uterine tissue sections from lethally irradiated syngeneic adult female C57BL/6 mice that had been recipients of BM transplants from adult male transgenic donor mice ubiquitously expressing GFP were studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed in the uterine tissue sections of the recipient mice at 5, 9, and 12 months after transplant using specific anti-GR, anti-AR, anti-GFP, anti-CD45 (pan leukocyte marker), and anti-F4/80 (murine macrophage marker) primary antibodies. Confocal laser microscopy was used to localize and quantitate BM-derived (GFP+) cell types in the endometrial stromal and epithelial compartments and determine whether BM-derived cell types in the murine endometrium express GR or AR. RESULT(S) Hematopoietic cells comprised 93.6%-96.6% of all cells in the BM, of which 98.1% ± 0.2% expressed GR and 92.2% ± 4.4% expressed AR. Nonhematopoietic cells comprised 0.4%-1.3% of BM, of which 52.8% ± 5.9% expressed GR and 48.9% ± 3.4% expressed AR. After BM transplant, the proportion of cells originating from BM in the endometrial stromal compartment increased over time, reaching 13.5% ± 2.3% at 12 months after transplant. In the epithelial compartments, <1% of the cells were of BM origin at 12 months after transplant. Most (60%-72%) GR+ and/or AR+ BM-derived cells in the stroma were hematopoietic (CD45+) cells, of which 37%-51% were macrophages. Nonetheless, 28%-33% of GR+ cells, and 28%-40% of AR+ BM-derived cells, were nonhematopoietic (CD45-) stromal cells of BM origin. CONCLUSION(S) A substantial number of BM-derived cells express GR and AR, suggesting a role for these cells in both glucocorticoid-regulated and androgen-regulated endometrial functions, such as proliferation and/or decidualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Persaud
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
| | - Qingshi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Amma Owusu-Akyaw
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Laura T Goldsmith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sara S Morelli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Demirel E, Sabouni R, Chandra N, Slayden OD, Archer DF. The Plasminogen Activator System, Glucocorticoid, and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in the Primate Endometrium During Artificial Menstrual Cycles. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1001-1019. [PMID: 34796470 PMCID: PMC8863636 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a key mechanism in fibrinolysis and tissue remodeling, the plasminogen activator system has been suggested in the process of endometrial shedding and tissue remodeling. Previous studies have explored the role of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors as well as elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in shaping the morphology of the endometrium. This study investigates the distribution and concentrations of the mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 within the endometrial stroma, glandular, and endothelial cells of the primate endometrium during artificial menstrual cycles. Our immunohistochemistry quantification shows mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are ubiquitously distributed within the macaque endometrium with their patterns of expression following similar fluctuations to urokinase and tissue plasminogen activators particularly within the endometrial vasculature. These proteins are present in endometrial vasculature in high levels during the proliferative phase, decreasing levels during the secretory phase followed by rising levels in the menstrual phase. These similarities could suggest overlapping pathways and interactions between the plasminogen activator system and the steroid receptors within the endometrium. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids and the role of plasminogen activators in endometrial breakdown, the glucocorticoid receptor may be contributing to stabilizing the endometrium by regulating plasminogen activators during the proliferative phase and menstruation. Furthermore, given the anti-mineralocorticoid properties of certain anti-androgenic progestins and their reduced unscheduled uterine bleeding patterns, the mineralocorticoid receptor may be involved in unscheduled endometrial bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Demirel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Reem Sabouni
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Neelima Chandra
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ov D Slayden
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - David F Archer
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Noncanonical functions of glucocorticoids: A novel role for glucocorticoids in performing multiple beneficial functions in endometrial stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:612. [PMID: 34120144 PMCID: PMC8197759 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress has a negative impact on many fertility-related functions; thus, the recent decline in female fertility seems to be at least partially associated with increased stress. The secretion of glucocorticoids is a typical endocrine response to chronic stress and indirectly reduces uterine receptivity through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. However, in addition to its well-known canonical role, the direct effects of chronic stress-induced glucocorticoids on various uterine functions and their underlying molecular mechanisms are complex and have not yet been revealed. Recent studies have found that resident stem cell deficiency is responsible for the limited regenerative potential of the endometrium (the innermost lining of the uterine cavity) during each menstrual cycle, which subsequently increases infertility rates. In this context, we hypothesized that stress-induced glucocorticoids directly damage endometrial stem cells and consequently negatively affect endometrial reconstruction, which is important for uterine receptivity. In addition to its well-known canonical roles, we identified for the first time that cortisol, the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid in humans, directly suppresses the multiple beneficial functions (self-renewal, transdifferentiation, and migratory potential) of human endometrial stem cells through its functional receptor, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Glucocorticoids inhibit well-known survival signals, such as the PI3K/Akt and FAK/ERK1/2 pathways. More importantly, we also found that immobilization of stress-induced glucocorticoids suppresses the various beneficial functions of tissue resident stem cells in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the direct effects of glucocorticoids on the regenerative capacity of endometrial stem cells, and the findings will facilitate the development of more promising therapeutic approaches to increase female fertility.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lira-Albarrán S, Vega CC, Durand M, Rangel C, Larrea F. Functional genomic analysis of the human receptive endometrium transcriptome upon administration of mifepristone at the time of follicle rupture. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:88-96. [PMID: 30796948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of progesterone withdrawal on gene transcription in receptive endometrium by the administration of a single dose of 50 mg of the anti-progesterone receptor mifepristone (MFP) at the time of follicle rupture (FR). Six volunteer ovulatory women were studied, taking endometrial biopsies of three control and three MFP-treated women on days LH+2 (C-LH+2) and LH+7 (T-MFP), respectively. The biopsies were prepared for RNA isolation or histological and immunohistochemistry studies. The genomic data from 14 women (C-LH+7) were included as a historical control. The functional genomic analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that MFP interfered negatively with the bio-functions decidualization of uterus and implantation of blastocyst and embryo. The results of this study confirm but also give new information on how MFP affects endometrial gene expression when administered at the time of FR and the dose used in emergency contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Lira-Albarrán
- Departmento de Biología de La Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Claudia C Vega
- Departmento de Biología de La Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Marta Durand
- Departmento de Biología de La Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México, 14080, México
| | - Claudia Rangel
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Ciudad de México, 14610, México
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departmento de Biología de La Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Ciudad de México, 14080, México.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vahrenkamp JM, Yang CH, Rodriguez AC, Almomen A, Berrett KC, Trujillo AN, Guillen KP, Welm BE, Jarboe EA, Janat-Amsbury MM, Gertz J. Clinical and Genomic Crosstalk between Glucocorticoid Receptor and Estrogen Receptor α In Endometrial Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 22:2995-3005. [PMID: 29539426 PMCID: PMC5870123 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors are simultaneously active in many tissues and are capable of altering each other's function. Estrogen receptor α (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are expressed in the uterus, and their ligands have opposing effects on uterine growth. In endometrial tumors with high ER expression, we surprisingly found that expression of GR is associated with poor prognosis. Dexamethasone reduced normal uterine growth in vivo; however, this growth inhibition was abolished in estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia. We observed low genomic-binding site overlap when ER and GR are induced with their respective ligands; however, upon simultaneous induction they co-occupy more sites. GR binding is altered significantly by estradiol with GR recruited to ER-bound loci that become more accessible upon estradiol induction. Gene expression responses to co-treatment were more similar to estradiol but with additional regulated genes. Our results suggest phenotypic and molecular interplay between ER and GR in endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Yang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adriana C Rodriguez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aliyah Almomen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristofer C Berrett
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Katrin P Guillen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Bryan E Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Elke A Jarboe
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Margit M Janat-Amsbury
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Leo B, Esnal-Zufiaurre A, Collins F, Critchley HO, Saunders PT. Immunoprofiling of human uterine mast cells identifies three phenotypes and expression of ERβ and glucocorticoid receptor. F1000Res 2017; 6:667. [PMID: 28620462 PMCID: PMC5461902 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11432.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human mast cells (MCs) are long-lived tissue-resident immune cells characterised by granules containing the proteases chymase and/or tryptase. Their phenotype is modulated by their tissue microenvironment. The human uterus has an outer muscular layer (the myometrium) surrounding the endometrium, both of which play an important role in supporting a pregnancy. The endometrium is a sex steroid target tissue consisting of epithelial cells (luminal, glandular) surrounded by a multicellular stroma, with the latter containing an extensive vascular compartment as well as fluctuating populations of immune cells that play an important role in regulating tissue function. The role of MCs in the human uterus is poorly understood with little known about their regulation or the impact of steroids on their differentiation status. The current study had two aims: 1) To investigate the spatial and temporal location of uterine MCs and determine their phenotype; 2) To determine whether MCs express receptors for steroids implicated in uterine function, including oestrogen (ERα, ERβ), progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoids (GR). Methods: Tissue samples from women (n=46) were used for RNA extraction (n=26) or fixed (n=20) for immunohistochemistry. Results: Messenger RNAs encoded by TPSAB1 (tryptase) and CMA1 (chymase) were detected in endometrial tissue homogenates. Immunohistochemistry revealed the relative abundance of tryptase MCs was myometrium>basal endometrium>functional endometrium. We show for the first time that uterine MCs are predominantly of the classical MC subtypes: (positive, +; negative, -) tryptase+/chymase- and tryptase+/chymase+, but a third subtype was also identified (tryptase-/chymase+). Tryptase+ MCs were of an ERβ+/ERα-/PR-/GR+ phenotype mirroring other uterine immune cell populations, including natural killer cells. Conclusions: Endometrial tissue resident immune MCs have three protease-specific phenotypes. Expression of both ERβ and GR in MCs mirrors that of other immune cells in the endometrium and suggests that MC function may be altered by the local steroid microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Leo
- MRC Centres for Inflammation Research and Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Frances Collins
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hilary O.D. Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Philippa T.K. Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Leo B, Esnal-Zufiaurre A, Collins F, Critchley HO, Saunders PT. Immunoprofiling of human uterine mast cells identifies three phenotypes and expression of ERβ and glucocorticoid receptor. F1000Res 2017; 6:667. [PMID: 28620462 PMCID: PMC5461902 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11432.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human mast cells (MCs) are long-lived tissue-resident immune cells characterised by granules containing the proteases chymase and/or tryptase. Their phenotype is modulated by their tissue microenvironment. The human uterus has an outer muscular layer (the myometrium) surrounding the endometrium, both of which play an important role in supporting a pregnancy. The endometrium is a sex steroid target tissue consisting of epithelial cells (luminal, glandular) surrounded by a multicellular stroma, with the latter containing an extensive vascular compartment as well as fluctuating populations of immune cells that play an important role in regulating tissue function. The role of MCs in the human uterus is poorly understood with little known about their regulation or the impact of steroids on their differentiation status. The current study had two aims: 1) To investigate the spatial and temporal location of uterine MCs and determine their phenotype; 2) To determine whether MCs express receptors for steroids implicated in uterine function, including oestrogen (ERα, ERβ), progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoids (GR). Methods: Tissue samples from women (n=46) were used for RNA extraction or fixed for immunohistochemistry. Results: Messenger RNAs encoded by TPSAB1 (tryptase) and CMA1 (chymase) were detected in endometrial tissue homogenates. Immunohistochemistry revealed the relative abundance of tryptase MCs was myometrium>basal endometrium>functional endometrium. We show for the first time that uterine MCs are predominantly of the classical MC subtypes: (positive, +; negative, -) tryptase+/chymase- and tryptase+/chymase+, but a third subtype was also identified (tryptase-/chymase+). Tryptase+ MCs were of an ERβ+/ERα-/PR-/GR+ phenotype mirroring other uterine immune cell populations, including natural killer cells. Conclusions: Endometrial tissue resident immune MCs have three protease-specific phenotypes. Expression of both ERβ and GR in MCs mirrors that of other immune cells in the endometrium and suggests that MC function may be altered by the local steroid microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Leo
- MRC Centres for Inflammation Research and Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Frances Collins
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hilary O.D. Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Philippa T.K. Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Funghi L, Damiani F, Yen CF, Lee CL, Lombardi A, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ, Marcolongo P, Petraglia F, Arcuri F. Expression and regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in first trimester human decidua cells: Implication in preeclampsia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:163-170. [PMID: 27544778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are implicated in successful blastocyst implantation, whereas alterations in glucocorticoid levels are associated with various pregnancy disorders including preeclampsia. Tissue concentration of active glucocorticoids depends on the expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). This study investigated the contribution of first trimester decidua to glucocorticoid availability at the fetal-maternal interface by assessing the expression and regulation of 11β-HSD in human first trimester decidual tissues and cells and by evaluating 11β-HSD levels in preeclamptic vs. gestational age-matched decidua. 11β-HSD1 was the predominant isoform in first trimester decidua. In vitro, decidual cell 11β-HSD1 levels and enzymatic activity were up-regulated by ovarian steroids and inflammatory cytokines. Higher levels of 11β-HSD1 were found in preeclamptic decidua compared to controls. The present study indicates the predominance of 11β-HSD oxoreductase isoform in early decidua. Observations that ovarian hormones and inflammatory cytokines up-regulate 11β-HSD1, together with increased 11β-HSD1 expression in preeclampsia, highlight a role for decidual cells in controlling biologically active glucocorticoids in early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Funghi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Damiani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chih-Feng Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Long Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Annalia Lombardi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Frederick Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Felice Arcuri
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vienonen A, Miettinen S, Bläuer M, Martikainen PM, Tomás E, Heinonen PK, Ylikomi T. Expression of Nuclear Receptors and Cofacotrs in Human Endometrium and Myometrium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:104-12. [PMID: 14980312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of nuclear receptors and cofactors in human endometrium and myometrium in proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS Multiprobe ribonuclease protection assay and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were used to quantitate mRNA levels of steroid receptors, vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoic acid receptors (RAR), and cofactors AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer-1), CBP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein), pCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor), TIF2 (transcription intermediary factor-2), N-CoR (nuclear receptor corepressor), and SMRT (silencing mediator of repressed transcription). Cyclin A expression was analyzed to determine the proliferation status of the tissues. RESULTS The expression of androgen receptor, estrogen receptors alpha and beta, progesterone receptor, and RARalpha followed cyclin A expression. There was more abundant expression in the proliferative phase endometrium than in the secretory phase endometrium. Glucocorticoid receptor, VDR, RARbeta, and RARgamma were stably expressed during the menstrual cycle in both endometrium and myometrium. Cofactors N-CoR, SMRT, pCAF, CBP, TIF2, AIB1, and p300 mRNAs were expressed in all samples in both endometrium and myometrium. N-CoR, pCAF, AIB1, and p300 appeared not to be regulated when comparing proliferative and secretory phases of the cycle. Individual differences were found in the expression levels of both nuclear receptors and cofactors. CONCLUSION The menstrual cycle-dependent regulation of nuclear receptor expression was more apparent in the endometrium than in the myometrium, whereas cofactor expression was not cycle dependent. There were individual differences in the expression levels of different receptors and cofactors. In hormonal therapy these differences might result in different responses, depending on the patient as well as the ligand used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vienonen
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grandi G, Mueller MD, Papadia A, Kocbek V, Bersinger NA, Petraglia F, Cagnacci A, McKinnon B. Inflammation influences steroid hormone receptors targeted by progestins in endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 117:30-8. [PMID: 27371899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease characterised by the growth of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells outside the uterus creating a chronic inflammatory environment that further contributes to disease progression. The first choice treatment for endometriosis is currently progestin mediated hormone modulation. In addition to their progestogenic activity however, progestins also have the potential to bind to other nuclear receptors influencing their local activity on endometriotic cells. This local activity will be dependent on the steroid hormone receptor expression that occurs in endometrial cells in a chronic inflammatory environment. We therefore aimed to quantify receptors targeted by progestins in endometrial stromal cells after exposure to inflammation. Using primary endometrial stromal cells isolated from women with endometriosis we examined the mRNA and protein expression of the progesterone receptors A and B, membrane progesterone receptors 1 and 2, androgen receptors, mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors after exposure to the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The results indicate that both cytokines reduced the expression of progesterone receptors and increased the expression of the glucocorticoid receptors in the endometrial stromal cells. The change in expression of progestin targets in endometrial stromal cells in an inflammatory environment could contribute to the progesterone resistance observed in endometriotic cells and ultimately influence the design of hormonal therapies aimed at treating this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Grandi
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Vida Kocbek
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Nick A Bersinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Policlinico "Santa Maria delle Scotte", Department of Molecular and Development Medicine, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Angelo Cagnacci
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Brett McKinnon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, Berne CH-3010, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maybin JA, Critchley HOD. Menstrual physiology: implications for endometrial pathology and beyond. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:748-61. [PMID: 26253932 PMCID: PMC4594618 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each month the endometrium becomes inflamed, and the luminal portion is shed during menstruation. The subsequent repair is remarkable, allowing implantation to occur if fertilization takes place. Aberrations in menstrual physiology can lead to common gynaecological conditions, such as heavy or prolonged bleeding. Increased knowledge of the processes involved in menstrual physiology may also have translational benefits at other tissue sites. METHODS Pubmed and Cochrane databases were searched for all original and review articles published in English until April 2015. Search terms included ‘endometrium’, ‘menstruation’, ‘endometrial repair’, ‘endometrial regeneration’ ‘angiogenesis’, ‘inflammation’ and ‘heavy menstrual bleeding’ or ‘menorrhagia’. RESULTS Menstruation occurs naturally in very few species. Human menstruation is thought to occur as a consequence of preimplantation decidualization, conferring embryo selectivity and the ability to adapt to optimize function. We highlight how current and future study of endometrial inflammation, vascular changes and repair/regeneration will allow us to identify new therapeutic targets for common gynaecological disorders. In addition, we describe how increased knowledge of this endometrial physiology will have many translational applications at other tissue sites. We highlight the clinical applications of what we know, the key questions that remain and the scientific and medical possibilities for the future. CONCLUSIONS The study of menstruation, in both normal and abnormal scenarios, is essential for the production of novel, acceptable medical treatments for common gynaecological complaints. Furthermore, collaboration and communication with specialists in other fields could significantly advance the therapeutic potential of this dynamic tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hilary O D Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Steroid Hormone Receptors in the Establishment of Pregnancy in Rodents. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2015; 216:27-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15856-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Helmestam M, Davey E, Stavreus-Evers A, Olovsson M. Bisphenol A affects human endometrial endothelial cell angiogenic activity in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:69-76. [PMID: 24632125 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The widespread Bisphenol A (BPA) is classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with estrogenic properties. Human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) play a key role in the endometrial angiogenesis that is under the control of estradiol. The hypothesis was that BPA may affect endometrial angiogenesis by disturbing some functional properties of the HEEC. To study this, primary HEECs were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of BPA. The HEECs were co-cultured with primary endometrial stromal cells to create conditions as similar to the in vivo situation as possible. The effects of BPA were evaluated by proliferation and viability assays, tube-formation assays, quantitative PCRs, Western blots and ELISAs. BPA slightly increased HEEC tube formation and VEGF-D protein expression compared with vehicle, without affecting HEEC viability or proliferation. Bisphenol A thus caused changes in HEEC activities in vitro, and may therefore have disturbing effects on endometrial angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Helmestam
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.
| | - Eva Davey
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anneli Stavreus-Evers
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Matts Olovsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen J, Zhu H, Leung PCK. Gonadal steroids regulate the expression of aggrecanases in human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1325-34. [PMID: 23947778 PMCID: PMC4159026 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium undergoes cyclic change during each menstrual cycle in response to gonadal steroids. Proteolysis of endometrial extracellular matrix (ECM) is necessary to prepare this dynamic tissue for pregnancy. Proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and closely related a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) have been assigned key roles in the highly regulated cyclic remodelling of the endometrial ECM. We have previously shown that ADAMTS-1 undergoes spatiotemporal changes in human endometrial stromal cells under the regulation of gonadal steroids. This suggests that other ADAMTS subtypes, known as aggrecanases, may contribute to the ECM remodelling events that occur in female physiological cycles and in preparation for pregnancy. To determine whether progesterone (P4), 17β-estradiol (E2), or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), alone or in combination, are capable of regulating ADAMTS-4, -5, -8 or -9 expression in human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis were used to measure ADAMTSs mRNA and protein levels in primary cultures of human endometrial stromal cells (n = 12). P4, DHT but not E2 have regulatory effects on ADAMTS-8, -9 and -5 expression. Combined treatment with gonadal steroids did not show any synergistic or antagonistic effects. However, the synthetic steroid antagonists RU486 and hydroxyflutamide specifically inhibited the P4- or DHT-mediated regulatory effects on ADAMTS expression. These studies provide evidence that the regulation of aggrecanases by gonadal steroids in human endometrial stromal cells may play an important role during decidualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter CK Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vasquez YM, DeMayo FJ. Role of nuclear receptors in blastocyst implantation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:724-35. [PMID: 23994285 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of blastocyst implantation in the uterus is orchestrated by the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones act via their nuclear receptors to direct the transcriptional activity of the endometrial compartments and create a defined period in which the uterus is permissive to embryo implantation termed the "window of receptivity". Additional members of the nuclear receptor family have also been described to have a potential role in endometrial function. Much of what we know about the function of these nuclear receptors during implantation we have learned from the use of mouse models. Transgenic murine models with targeted gene ablation have allowed us to identify a complex network of paracrine signaling between the endometrial epithelium and stroma. While some of the critical molecules have been identified, the mechanism underlying the intricate communication between endometrial compartments during the implantation window has not been fully elucidated. Defining this mechanism will help identify markers of a receptive uterine environment, ultimately providing a useful tool to help improve the fertility outlook for reproductively challenged couples. The aim of this review is to outline our current understanding of how nuclear receptors and their effector molecules regulate blastocyst implantation in the endometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Vasquez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Helmestam M, Lindgren KE, Stavreus-Evers A, Olovsson M. Mifepristone-exposured human endometrial endothelial cells in vitro. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:408-14. [PMID: 23885098 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antiprogestin mifepristone has been used for more than 20 years as a medical alternative for early pregnancy termination. After mifepristone administration, significant changes have been observed in the endometrial vessels, with cell injury and cell death in capillary endothelial cells. In this study, the effect of mifepristone on human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) in vitro was evaluated using proliferation and viability assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction of markers important for the regulation of angiogenesis, and by tube formation assay. There were no detectable effects of mifepristone on HEECs messenger RNA expression of the studied markers. Exposure to mifepristone did not alter tube formation. However, mifepristone exposure to HEECs cocultured with endometrial stromal cells significantly reduced the activity in the tube formation assay compared with mifepristone exposure of HEECs in monoculture. This implies that mifepristone causes changes in HEEC-associated angiogenic activity and that this effect is mediated through stromal cells via paracrine mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Helmestam
- 1Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The ovarian steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol are well established regulators of human endometrial function. However, more recent evidence suggests that androgens and locally generated steroids, such as the glucocorticoids, also have a significant impact on endometrial breakdown and repair. The temporal and spatial pattern of steroid receptor presence in endometrial cells has a significant impact on the endometrial response to steroids. Furthermore, regulation of steroid receptor function by modulatory proteins further refines local responses. This review focuses on steroid regulation of endometrial function during the luteo-follicular transition with a focus on menstruation and endometrial repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hanjalic-Beck A, Schäfer WR, Deppert WR, Fischer L, Stein A, Seebacher L, von Gradowski AS, Stuckenschneider J, Zahradnik HP. Chlormadinone acetate suppresses prostaglandin biosynthesis in human endometrial explants. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:1017-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
20
|
Kim ST, Lee SK, Gye MC. Cyclic Changes in the Expression ofp57kip2in Human Endometrium and its Regulation by Steroid Hormones in Endometrial Stromal Cells In Vitro. Reprod Sci 2011; 19:92-101. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111414209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chai J, Lee KF, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Ho PC. Ovarian stimulation modulates steroid receptor expression and spheroid attachment in peri-implantation endometria: studies on natural and stimulated cycles. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:764-8. [PMID: 21722890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of high serum E(2) levels on endometrial steroid receptors in gonadotropin-stimulated cycles (hCG + 7) and natural cycles (LH + 7), and to study its effect on spheroid attachment. DESIGN Observational. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Infertile patient with normal menstrual cycles undergoing IVF treatment. INTERVENTION(S) Gonadotropin stimulation and endometrial biopsy; trophoblast spheroid (embryo surrogate, Jeg-3)-endometrial cell (Ishikawa) coculture assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Steroid receptor expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry; spheroid attachment rate. RESULT(S) Endometrial biopsies from natural (n = 12) and stimulated (n = 23) cycles were obtained. The expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) but not ERβ or progesterone receptor (PR) transcript was significantly reduced in stimulated cycles compared with natural cycles. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcript was significantly increased in the excessive responders of the stimulated cycle. There was no difference in ERα immunoreactivity in endometrial stroma, but a higher immunoreactivity was seen in endometrial glands of stimulated cycles. The endometrium of stimulated cycles had a lower expression of PR protein in glands, but a higher expression in stroma. Although no GR protein was detected in glands, GR protein expression was significantly up-regulated in stroma of the stimulated cycles. Endometrial cells treated with high steroid concentrations had a reduced spheroid attachment rate compared with the controls. CONCLUSION(S) High serum E(2) level affects the expression of steroid receptors in the endometrial cells and suppresses spheroid attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
King AE, Critchley HOD. Oestrogen and progesterone regulation of inflammatory processes in the human endometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:116-26. [PMID: 20067835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The human endometrium is a unique tissue that has to undergo cycles of proliferation, differentiation, destruction and repair. This ensures that the endometrium is optimally prepared for potential embryo implantation but in the absence of an embryo, menstruation occurs to allow endometrial regeneration. These cycles of tissue remodelling occur under the sequential influence of the sex steroid hormones, oestrogen and progesterone. The physiological events of implantation and menstruation display features of inflammation, tightly regulated by oestrogen and progesterone. After menstruation cellular proliferation and blood vessel growth is modulated by oestrogen while after ovulation progesterone is the dominant hormone. In preparation for implantation, progesterone regulates decidualization of the endometrium, uterine natural killer cell numbers within the endometrium and chemokine and cytokine expression. Menstruation, in contrast, is preceded by progesterone withdrawal, which results in an influx of leukocytes into the endometrium and increased production of chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases allowing tissue degradation. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on the regulation of inflammatory events within the endometrium by oestrogen and progesterone, in relation to two pivotal events for human reproduction, implantation and menstruation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E King
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rae M, Mohamad A, Price D, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR, Mason JI, Hillier SG, Critchley HOD. Cortisol inactivation by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 may enhance endometrial angiogenesis via reduced thrombospondin-1 in heavy menstruation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1443-50. [PMID: 19158196 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB; menorrhagia) impairs quality of life for women and requires medication or surgery. Because glucocorticoids inhibit angiogenesis in other organs, we hypothesized that endometrium of women with HMB is subject to decreased local glucocorticoid exposure and enhanced angiogenesis, thereby increasing menstrual bleeding. DESIGN Endometrium was collected from 29 women with menstrual complaints. Menstrual blood loss was measured by alkaline-hematin assay (n = 12, > 80 ml (HMB); n = 17, < 80 ml). Quantitative RT-PCR for thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzymes, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases-1 and -2 (11betaHSD1,2) was performed. Glucocorticoid effects on endometrial stromal cells and uterine endothelial cells (UECs) were determined. RNA interference studies in UECs examined the effect of TSP-1 ablation on cortisol action. RESULTS Secretory phase endometrium mRNA levels for the cortisol inactivating enzyme 11betaHSD2 were higher [3.78 +/- 1.29 vs. 1.40 +/- 0.6 (arbitrary units), P < 0.05], whereas TSP-1 mRNA was lower [0.40 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.66 +/- 1.02 (arbitrary units), P < 0.05] in women with HMB. In cultured endometrial stromal cells and UECs, cortisol increased TSP-1 expression. Both cortisol and TSP-1 inhibited new vessel formation in endometrial explants embedded in Matrigel. In UECs cortisol inhibition of tube-like structure formation was blocked by small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TSP-1 (25 +/- 2.5% cortisol inhibition with scrambled siRNA vs. 0% cortisol inhibition with TSP-1 siRNA inactivation, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced inactivation of cortisol by 11betaHSD2 in endometrium from women with HMB may explain reduced TSP-1 levels and hence endothelial cell dysfunction and abnormal angiogenesis. Inhibition of 11betaHSD2 may be a rational novel therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mick Rae
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Critchley HOD, Saunders PTK. Hormone Receptor Dynamics in a Receptive Human Endometrium. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:191-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719108331121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary O. D. Critchley
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland,
| | - Philippa T. K. Saunders
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Choksuchat C, Zhao S, Deutch TD, Kimble TD, Archer DF. Effects of progesterone, levonorgestrel and medroxyprogesterone acetate on apoptosis in human endometrial endothelial cells. Contraception 2008; 79:139-45. [PMID: 19135572 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated apoptosis in human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) incubated with progesterone, levonorgestrel (LNG) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). STUDY DESIGN HEECs were cultured to near confluence, and the progestogens were added. SETTING Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. PATIENTS No patients were involved. INTERVENTIONS Progestogens at 5-, 250- and 500-ng/mL concentrations were added to incubations of HEECs for 12, 24 and 48 h. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Apoptosis based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and semiquantification of Bax and Bcl-2. RESULTS No apoptosis was found by TUNEL, Bax and Bcl-2 after 12 h incubation with any progestogen. TUNEL increased after incubation for 24 and 48 h with progesterone 500 ng/mL; LNG 250, 500 ng/mL and all concentrations of MPA (p<.001), Bax increased and Bcl-2 decreased at all concentrations of MPA and the two highest concentrations of LNG at 48 h (p<.05). CONCLUSION MPA results in apoptosis of HEECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Choksuchat
- CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vani S, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, Hickey M. Endometrial expression of steroid receptors in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy users: relationship to bleeding patterns. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE 2008; 34:27-34. [DOI: 10.1783/147118908783332302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
In women, endometrial morphology and function undergo characteristic changes every menstrual cycle. These changes are crucial for perpetuation of the species and are orchestrated to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a conceptus. In the absence of pregnancy, the human endometrium is sloughed off at menstruation over a period of a few days. Tissue repair, growth, angiogenesis, differentiation, and receptivity ensue to prepare the endometrium for implantation in the next cycle. Ovarian sex steroids through interaction with different cognate nuclear receptors regulate the expression of a cascade of local factors within the endometrium that act in an autocrine/paracrine and even intracrine manner. Such interactions initiate complex events within the endometrium that are crucial for implantation and, in the absence thereof, normal menstruation. A clearer understanding of regulation of normal endometrial function will provide an insight into causes of menstrual dysfunction such as menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) and dysmenorrhea (painful periods). The molecular pathways that precipitate these pathologies remain largely undefined. Future research efforts to provide greater insight into these pathways will lead to the development of novel drugs that would target identified aberrations in expression and/or of local uterine factors that are crucial for normal endometrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Jabbour
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jones RL, Morison NB, Hannan NJ, Critchley HOD, Salamonsen LA. Chemokine expression is dysregulated in the endometrium of women using progestin-only contraceptives and correlates to elevated recruitment of distinct leukocyte populations. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:2724-35. [PMID: 15979999 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is the most common reason for discontinuation of progestin-only (p-only) contraceptives, yet the causes are unknown. Use of p-only contraceptives is associated with elevated influx of endometrial leukocytes, similar to that observed perimenstrually or within decidualized endometrium. We hypothesized that chemokine expression is altered in women using p-only contraceptives, leading to abnormal leukocyte recruitment and BTB. METHODS Expression of eight highly abundant endometrial chemokines was examined using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, in endometria from women using subdermal and intrauterine levonorgestrel and correlated to leukocyte subpopulations. RESULTS Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), hemofiltrate CC chemokine-1 (HCC-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and eotaxin were strongly produced by epithelial glands, comparable to levels in premenstrual phase endometrium. Stromal cells were negative for chemokines in atrophic/shedding endometria, but intensely positive in highly decidualized tissues for MDC, MCP-3, HCC-1 and 6Ckine. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1b) and HCC-4 were suppressed in all p-exposed endometria. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that chemokine expression is dysregulated in p-exposed endometria, consistent with the morphological appearance of the endometrium and the leukocyte subsets present. This reinforces a potential role for chemokines in the elevated leukocyte recruitment that contributes to endometrial fragility and BTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Jones
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Factors involved in the inflammatory events of cervical ripening in humans. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:74. [PMID: 15500686 PMCID: PMC534613 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical ripening is an inflammatory reaction. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory reactions, whereas nuclear factor (NF)kappaB is a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor. Prostaglandins as well as platelet activating factor (PAF) are inflammatory mediators. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) regulates the level of nitric oxide (NO) in response to various inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesize that a changed biological response to glucocorticoids could be a mechanism regulating the inflammatory events resulting in cervical ripening. METHODS We monitored GR and NFkappaB, prostaglandin synthases cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, iNOS, as well as the PAF-receptor (PAF-R) in the uterine cervix from term pregnant women (with unripe cervices) before the onset of labor (TP), immediately after parturition (PP), as compared to non-pregnant (NP), using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS The GR protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in the nuclei of stroma and squamous epithelium (SQ). Stromal GR staining was increased in TP as compared to the NP group and decreased again after parturition. GR staining in SQ was decreased after parturition as compared to term. NFkappaB was present in SQ and glandular epithelium (GE), stroma and vascular endothelium. Increased nuclear NFkappaB staining was observed postpartum as compared to term pregnancy in stroma and GE. Stromal immunostaining for COX-1 as well as COX-2 was increased in the TP and PP groups as compared to the NP, and GE displayed an intensely increased COX-2 immunostaining at term and postpartum. Stromal PAF-R immunostaining was highest at term, while it was greatly increased in GE postpartum. No difference in the immunostaining for iNOS was found between the groups. RT-PCR showed a predominance of GRalpha to GRbeta mRNA in cervical tissue. The COX-2 mRNA level was increased in the PP group as compared to the TP group. CONCLUSIONS There is a decrease in GR levels in human cervix at parturition. Concomitantly there is an increase of factors such as NFkappaB, PAF-R, COX-1 and COX-2, suggesting that they may participate in the sequence of events leading to the final cervical ripening.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Receptor proteins for estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and glucocorticoids have been detected in the various cell types of the uterus. Reference is made to the genes encoding these receptors, to the structure of the receptor proteins, and their functional domains. The mode of action of steroid hormones by gene activation, through their cognate receptors, and by nongenomic effects is briefly presented. The role of the steroid receptors in uterine physiology and the significance of the use of steroid receptor knock-out animals in delineating the in vivo action of the hormones is discussed. Recent results on the possible correlation of steroid receptor gene polymorphisms and of quantitative and qualitative changes in the receptor proteins to the etiopathology of endometriosis are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Moutsatsou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brenner RM, Slayden OD. Steroid receptors in blood vessels of the rhesus macaque endometrium: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 67:411-6. [PMID: 15781982 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.67.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) act on the primate endometrium to induce dramatic changes in the vascular system during the menstrual cycle. These changes include vessel breakdown and bleeding during menses, heightened angiogenesis during the early proliferative phase, and extensive growth of the spiral arteries in the luteal phase of the cycle. Because steroid hormone action is dependent upon the presence of specific nuclear receptors in target tissues, we used immunocytochemistry with receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies to characterize the spatial and temporal expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), progesterone receptor PR and androgen (A) receptor (AR) in the endometrial vessels of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The only sex steroid receptor that was present in the endothelium and smooth muscle walls of endometrial vessels was ERbeta. ERalpha, PR, and AR were not detectable in either the endothelium or vascular smooth muscle cells of primate endometrial vessels. However, all of these receptors were strongly expressed by the perivascular stroma, and in these cells, all were modulated by the changes in levels of E and P during the cycle. We concluded that any direct effects of E on endometrial vessels would be mediated by ERbeta, and that the actions of P and A, and possibly some of E, were indirectly mediated through perivascular stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Brenner
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kitaya K, Yasuda J, Nakayama T, Fushiki S, Honjo H. Effect of female sex steroids on human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright natural killer cells. Fertil Steril 2003; 79 Suppl 1:730-4. [PMID: 12620484 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify whether female sex steroids directly affect the bioactivity of the human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells. DESIGN In vitro study. SETTING University obstetrics and gynecology department. PATIENT(S) Thirteen women with histologically normal endometrium who were undergoing hysterectomy and seven women during the first trimester of pregnancy who were undergoing selective termination. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrium or decidua was obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The effects of 17beta-estradiol or progesterone (10(-6), 10(-7), and 10(-8) M) on the proliferation, cytolytic activity, and cytokine secretion of the isolated endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells were examined using a 3H-thymidine incorporation assay, 51Cr-releasing assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULT(S) Neither 17beta-estradiol nor progesterone had significant effects on the proliferation, cytolytic activity, and cytokine secretion of endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells. CONCLUSION(S) Female sex steroids do not directly affect the bioactivity of the human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kitaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|