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Zhan T, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Chemerinski A, Douglas NC, Zhang Q, Xiao S. A Dose-Response Study on Functional and Transcriptomic Effects of FSH on Ex Vivo Mouse Folliculogenesis. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae054. [PMID: 38735763 PMCID: PMC11129714 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binds to its membrane receptor (FSHR) in granulosa cells to activate various signal transduction pathways and drive the gonadotropin-dependent phase of folliculogenesis. Both FSH insufficiency (due to genetic or nongenetic factors) and FSH excess (as encountered with ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology [ART]) can cause poor female reproductive outcomes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we conducted single-follicle and single-oocyte RNA sequencing analysis along with other approaches in an ex vivo mouse folliculogenesis and oogenesis system to investigate the effects of different concentrations of FSH on key follicular events. Our study revealed that a minimum FSH threshold is required for follicle maturation into the high estradiol-secreting preovulatory stage, and such threshold is moderately variable among individual follicles between 5 and 10 mIU/mL. FSH at 5, 10, 20, and 30 mIU/mL induced distinct expression patterns of follicle maturation-related genes, follicular transcriptomics, and follicular cAMP levels. RNA sequencing analysis identified FSH-stimulated activation of G proteins and downstream canonical and novel signaling pathways that may critically regulate follicle maturation, including the cAMP/PKA/CREB, PI3K/AKT/FOXO1, and glycolysis pathways. High FSH at 20 and 30 mIU/mL resulted in noncanonical FSH responses, including premature luteinization, high production of androgen and proinflammatory factors, and reduced expression of energy metabolism-related genes in oocytes. Together, this study improves our understanding of gonadotropin-dependent folliculogenesis and provides crucial insights into how high doses of FSH used in ART may impact follicular health, oocyte quality, pregnancy outcome, and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qingshi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Anat Chemerinski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nataki C Douglas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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La Marca A, Longo M, Sighinolfi G, Grisendi V, Imbrogno MG, Giulini S. New insights into the role of LH in early ovarian follicular growth: a possible tool to optimize follicular recruitment. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103369. [PMID: 37918055 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that LH participates in enhancing transition from the early stage to the antral stage of folliculogenesis. It has been demonstrated that functional LH receptors are expressed, albeit at a very low level and even in smaller follicles, during the phase that was traditionally considered to be gonadotrophin independent, suggesting a role for LH in accelerating the rate of progression of non-growing and primary follicles to the preantral/antral stage. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, together with other clinical conditions of pituitary suppression, has been associated with reduced functional ovarian reserve. The reduction in LH serum concentration is associated with a low concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone. This is the case in hypothalamic amenorrhoea, pregnancy, long-term GnRH-analogue therapy and hormonal contraception. The effect seems to be reversible, such that after pregnancy and after discontinuation of drugs, the functional ovarian reserve returns to the baseline level. Evidence suggests that women with similar primordial follicle reserves could present with different numbers of antral follicles, and that gonadotrophins may play a fundamental role in permitting a normal rate of progression of follicles through non-cyclic folliculogenesis. The precise role of gonadotrophins in early folliculogenesis, as well as their use to modify the functional ovarian reserve, must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Longo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sighinolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Imbrogno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Giulini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Sciorio R, Cariati F, Fleming S, Alviggi C. Exploring the Impact of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation and Non-Invasive Oocyte Assessment in ART Treatments. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1989. [PMID: 37895371 PMCID: PMC10608727 DOI: 10.3390/life13101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive and noninvasive features are normally applied to select developmentally competent oocytes and embryos that can increase the take-home baby rates in assisted reproductive technology. The noninvasive approach mainly applied to determine oocyte and embryo competence has been, since the early days of IVF, the morphological evaluation of the mature cumulus-oocyte complex at the time of pickup, first polar body, zona pellucida thickness, perivitelline space and cytoplasm appearance. Morphological evaluation of oocyte quality is one of the options used to predict successful fertilization, early embryo development, uterine implantation and the capacity of an embryo to generate a healthy pregnancy to term. Thus, this paper aims to provide an analytical revision of the current literature relating to the correlation between ovarian stimulation procedures and oocyte/embryo quality. In detail, several aspects of oocyte quality such as morphological features, oocyte competence and its surrounding environment will be discussed. In addition, the main noninvasive features as well as novel approaches to biomechanical parameters of oocytes that might be correlated with the competence of embryos to produce a healthy pregnancy and live birth will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Sciorio
- Fertility Medicine and Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cariati
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Steven Fleming
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology Institute (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Wang Y, Pattarawat P, Zhang J, Kim E, Zhang D, Fang M, Jannaman EA, Yuan Y, Chatterjee S, Kim JYJ, Scott GI, Zhang Q, Xiao S. Effects of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom Toxin Microcystin-LR on Gonadotropin-Dependent Ovarian Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:67010. [PMID: 37342990 PMCID: PMC10284350 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) originate from the excessive growth or bloom of cyanobacteria often referred to as blue-green algae. They have been on the rise globally in both marine and freshwaters in recently years with increasing frequency and severity owing to the rising temperature associated with climate change and increasing anthropogenic eutrophication from agricultural runoff and urbanization. Humans are at a great risk of exposure to toxins released from CyanoHABs through drinking water, food, and recreational activities, making CyanoHAB toxins a new class of contaminants of emerging concern. OBJECTIVES We investigated the toxic effects and mechanisms of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most prevalent CyanoHAB toxin, on the ovary and associated reproductive functions. METHODS Mouse models with either chronic daily oral or acute intraperitoneal exposure, an engineered three-dimensional ovarian follicle culture system, and human primary ovarian granulosa cells were tested with MC-LR of various dose levels. Single-follicle RNA sequencing, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and benchmark dose modeling were used to examine the effects of MC-LR on follicle maturation, hormone secretion, ovulation, and luteinization. RESULTS Mice exposed long term to low-dose MC-LR did not exhibit any differences in the kinetics of folliculogenesis, but they had significantly fewer corpora lutea compared with control mice. Superovulation models further showed that mice exposed to MC-LR during the follicle maturation window had significantly fewer ovulated oocytes. IHC results revealed ovarian distribution of MC-LR, and mice exposed to MC-LR had significantly lower expression of key follicle maturation mediators. Mechanistically, in both murine and human granulosa cells exposed to MC-LR, there was reduced protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity, disrupted PP1-mediated PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling, and less expression of follicle maturation-related genes. DISCUSSION Using both in vivo and in vitro murine and human model systems, we provide data suggesting that environmentally relevant exposure to the CyanoHAB toxin MC-LR interfered with gonadotropin-dependent follicle maturation and ovulation. We conclude that MC-LR may pose a nonnegligible risk to women's reproductive health by heightening the probability of irregular menstrual cycles and infertility related to ovulatory disorders. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pawat Pattarawat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eunchong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Delong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mingzhu Fang
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ye Yuan
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ji-Yong Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Geoffrey I. Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Casarini L, Paradiso E, Lazzaretti C, D'Alessandro S, Roy N, Mascolo E, Zaręba K, García-Gasca A, Simoni M. Regulation of antral follicular growth by an interplay between gonadotropins and their receptors. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:893-904. [PMID: 35292926 PMCID: PMC9050977 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the growth and maturation of human antral follicles is based mainly on concepts and deductions from clinical observations and animal models. To date, new experimental approaches and in vitro data contributed to a deep comprehension of gonadotropin receptors' functioning and may provide new insights into the mechanisms regulating still unclear physiological events. Among these, the production of androgen in the absence of proper LH levels, the programming of follicular atresia and dominance are some of the most intriguing. Starting from evolutionary issues at the basis of the gonadotropin receptor signal specificity, we draw a new hypothesis explaining the molecular mechanisms of the antral follicular growth, based on the modulation of endocrine signals by receptor-receptor interactions. The "heteromer hypothesis" explains how opposite death and life signals are delivered by gonadotropin receptors and other membrane partners, mediating steroidogenesis, apoptotic events, and the maturation of the dominant follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- SIERR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara D'Alessandro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Neena Roy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Mascolo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - Kornelia Zaręba
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alejandra García-Gasca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, 82112, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Ospedale di Baggiovara, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
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Chen Z, Wang J, Ma J, Li S, Huo S, Yang Y, Zhaxi Y, Zhao Y, Zhang D. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of pregnancy and postpartum anoestrus ovaries in yak. J Vet Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2022.23.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Junyuan Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shengdong Huo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yingpai Zhaxi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Chen Z, Wang J, Ma J, Li S, Huo S, Yang Y, Zhaxi Y, Zhao Y, Zhang D. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of pregnancy and postpartum anoestrus ovaries in yak. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e3. [PMID: 35088950 PMCID: PMC8799938 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Junyuan Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shengdong Huo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yingpai Zhaxi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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8
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Recchia K, Jorge AS, Pessôa LVDF, Botigelli RC, Zugaib VC, de Souza AF, Martins DDS, Ambrósio CE, Bressan FF, Pieri NCG. Actions and Roles of FSH in Germinative Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10110. [PMID: 34576272 PMCID: PMC8470522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in a coordinated hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis event, plays important roles in reproduction and germ cell development during different phases of reproductive development (fetal, neonatal, puberty, and adult life), and is consequently essential for fertility. FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone of two dissociable subunits, α and β. The FSH β-subunit (FSHβ) function starts upon coupling to its specific receptor: follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). FSHRs are localized mainly on the surface of target cells on the testis and ovary (granulosa and Sertoli cells) and have recently been found in testicular stem cells and extra-gonadal tissue. Several reproduction disorders are associated with absent or low FSH secretion, with mutation of the FSH β-subunit or the FSH receptor, and/or its signaling pathways. However, the influence of FSH on germ cells is still poorly understood; some studies have suggested that this hormone also plays a determinant role in the self-renewal of germinative cells and acts to increase undifferentiated spermatogonia proliferation. In addition, in vitro, together with other factors, it assists the process of differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCLCs) into gametes (oocyte-like and SSCLCs). In this review, we describe relevant research on the influence of FSH on spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis, mainly in the germ cell of humans and other species. The possible roles of FSH in germ cell generation in vitro are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiana Recchia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01001-010, Brazil; (K.R.); (F.F.B.)
| | - Amanda Soares Jorge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Ramon Cesar Botigelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristiane Zugaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Aline Fernanda de Souza
- Department Biomedical Science, Ontary Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Daniele dos Santos Martins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01001-010, Brazil; (K.R.); (F.F.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.S.J.); (L.V.d.F.P.); (R.C.B.); (V.C.Z.); (D.d.S.M.); (C.E.A.)
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9
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Jonas KC, Rivero Müller A, Oduwole O, Peltoketo H, Huhtaniemi I. The Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Knockout Mouse as a Tool to Probe the In Vivo Actions of Gonadotropic Hormones/Receptors in Females. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6144965. [PMID: 33605422 PMCID: PMC8171189 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models with altered gonadotropin functions have provided invaluable insight into the functions of these hormones/receptors. Here we describe the repurposing of the infertile and hypogonadal luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) knockout mouse model (LuRKO), to address outstanding questions in reproductive physiology. Using crossbreeding strategies and physiological and histological analyses, we first addressed the physiological relevance of forced LHR homomerization in female mice using BAC expression of 2 ligand-binding and signaling deficient mutant LHR, respectively, that have previously shown to undergo functional complementation and rescue the hypogonadal phenotype of male LuRKO mice. In female LuRKO mice, coexpression of signaling and binding deficient LHR mutants failed to rescue the hypogonadal and anovulatory phenotype. This was apparently due to the low-level expression of the 2 mutant LHR and potential lack of luteinizing hormone (LH)/LHR-dependent pleiotropic signaling that has previously been shown at high receptor densities to be essential for ovulation. Next, we utilized a mouse model overexpressing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with increased circulating "LH/hCG"-like bioactivity to ~40 fold higher than WT females, to determine if high circulating hCG in the LuRKO background could reveal putative LHR-independent actions. No effects were found, thus, suggesting that LH/hCG mediate their gonadal and non-gonadal effects solely via LHR. Finally, targeted expression of a constitutively active follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) progressed antral follicles to preovulatory follicles and displayed phenotypic markers of enhanced estrogenic activity but failed to induce ovulation in LuRKO mice. This study highlights the critical importance and precise control of functional LHR and FSHR for mediating ovarian functions and of the potential repurposing of existing genetically modified mouse models in answering outstanding questions in reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Carol Jonas
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London,
London SE1 1UL, UK
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12
0NN, UK
- Correspondence: Dr Kim Jonas, Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London,
London SE1 1UL, UK; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of
Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
; or Prof. Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Institute of Reproductive and
Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial
College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology,
University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Adolfo Rivero Müller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of
Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of
Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Olayiwola Oduwole
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12
0NN, UK
| | - Hellevi Peltoketo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12
0NN, UK
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumour Biology, Cancer and Translational
Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu and University of Oulu,
90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism,
Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12
0NN, UK
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of
Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: Dr Kim Jonas, Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London,
London SE1 1UL, UK; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of
Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
; or Prof. Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Institute of Reproductive and
Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial
College London, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology,
University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Integrated structural modeling and super-resolution imaging resolve GPCR oligomers. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 169:151-179. [PMID: 31952685 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) dimers and higher order oligomers represents a key mechanism in pleiotropic signaling, yet how individual protomers function within oligomers remains poorly understood. For the Class A/rhodopsin subfamily of glycoprotein hormone receptors (GpHRs), di/oligomerization has been demonstrated to play a significant role in regulating its signaling activity at a cellular and physiological level and even pathophysiologically. Here we will describe and discuss the developments in our understanding of GPCR oligomerization, in both health and disease, from the study of this unique and complex subfamily of GPCRs with light on the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). Focus will be put on the results of an approach relying on the combination of atomistic modeling by protein-protein docking with super-resolution imaging. The latter could resolve single LHR molecules to ~8nm resolution in functional asymmetric dimers and oligomers, using dual-color photoactivatable dyes and localization microscopy (PD-PALM). Structural modeling of functionally asymmetric LHR trimers and tetramers strongly aligned with PD-PALM-imaged spatial arrangements, identifying multiple possible helix interfaces mediating inter-protomer associations. Diverse spatial and structural assemblies mediating GPCR oligomerization may acutely fine-tune the cellular signaling profile.
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11
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Qiao J, Han B. Diseases caused by mutations in luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:69-89. [PMID: 30711030 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence showed that the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is an essential regulator of sexual development and reproduction from zebrafish to human. Activating and inactivating mutations of LHCGR gene have been identified from patients of different phenotypes. Familial male-limited precocious puberty, Leydig cell hypoplasia, and empty follicle syndrome are caused by LHCGR mutations. More than 50 mutations have been reported from subjects of different ethnic backgrounds. Functional analyses of the mutant LHCGR revealed multiple defects, including cell surface expression, ligand binding, and signaling. The difference of the two native ligands and signaling pathway activated by LHCGR are illustrated. Potential therapeutic implications from the analyses of the naturally occurring LHCGR mutations, such as pharmacological chaperones, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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13
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Szymańska K, Kałafut J, Rivero-Müller A. The gonadotropin system, lessons from animal models and clinical cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:561-587. [PMID: 30264954 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article centers upon family of gonadotropin hormones which consists of two pituitary hormones - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as one non-pituitary hormone - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by placenta, and their receptors. Gonadotropins play an essential role in proper sexual development, puberty, gametogenesis, maintenance of pregnancy and male sexual differentiation during the fetal development. They belong to the family of glycoprotein hormones thus they constitute heterodimeric proteins built of common α subunit and hormone-specific β-subunit. Hitherto, several mutations in genes encoding both gonadotropins and their receptors have been identified in humans. Their occurrence resulted in a number of different phenotypes including delayed puberty, primary amenorrhea, hermaphroditism, infertility and hypogonadism. In order to understand the effects of mutations on the phenotype observed in affected patients, detailed molecular studies are required to map the relationship between the structure and function of gonadotropins and their receptors. Nonetheless, in vitro assays are often insufficient to understand physiology. Therefore, several animal models have been developed to unravel the physiological roles of gonadotropins and their receptors.
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14
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Veraguas D, Cuevas SR, Gallegos PF, Saez‐Ruiz D, Castro FO, Rodriguez‐Alvarez L. eCG stimulation in domestic cats increases the expression of gonadotrophin‐induced genes improving oocyte competence during the non‐breeding season. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1306-1316. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Veraguas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Universidad de Concepcion Chillán Chile
| | - Sandra R. Cuevas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Universidad de Concepcion Chillán Chile
| | - Paula F. Gallegos
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Universidad de Concepcion Chillán Chile
| | - Darling Saez‐Ruiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Universidad de Concepcion Chillán Chile
| | - Fidel O. Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Universidad de Concepcion Chillán Chile
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Huhtaniemi I, Hovatta O, La Marca A, Livera G, Monniaux D, Persani L, Heddar A, Jarzabek K, Laisk-Podar T, Salumets A, Tapanainen JS, Veitia RA, Visser JA, Wieacker P, Wolczynski S, Misrahi M. Advances in the Molecular Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Treatment of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:400-419. [PMID: 29706485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects ∼1% of women before 40 years of age. The recent leap in genetic knowledge obtained by next generation sequencing (NGS) together with animal models has further elucidated its molecular pathogenesis, identifying novel genes/pathways. Mutations of >60 genes emphasize high genetic heterogeneity. Genome-wide association studies have revealed a shared genetic background between POI and reproductive aging. NGS will provide a genetic diagnosis leading to genetic/therapeutic counseling: first, defects in meiosis or DNA repair genes may predispose to tumors; and second, specific gene defects may predict the risk of rapid loss of a persistent ovarian reserve, an important determinant in fertility preservation. Indeed, a recent innovative treatment of POI by in vitro activation of dormant follicles proved to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Antonio La Marca
- Mother-Infant Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41100, Italy
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation: UMR 967, INSERM; CEA/DRF/iRCM/SCSR; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, F-92265, France
| | - Danielle Monniaux
- UMR85 PRC, Physiology of Reproduction and Behavior, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan 20149, Italy
| | - Abdelkader Heddar
- Medical Faculty, Univ. Paris Sud and Paris Saclay, Bicetre Hospital 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Katarzyna Jarzabek
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Triin Laisk-Podar
- Women's Clinic, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50410, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Women's Clinic, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50410, Estonia
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University, Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, P.O BOX 23, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Molecular Oncology and Ovarian Pathologies Université Paris-Diderot/Paris 7, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Wieacker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14 D48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Micheline Misrahi
- Medical Faculty, Univ. Paris Sud and Paris Saclay, Bicetre Hospital 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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Casarini L, Santi D, Simoni M, Potì F. 'Spare' Luteinizing Hormone Receptors: Facts and Fiction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:208-217. [PMID: 29429918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is common opinion that maximal activation of luteinizing hormone (LH)-dependent steroidogenic signal occurs at <1% of human LH/choriogonadotropin (hCG) receptor (LHCGR) occupancy. This effect would be a consequence of an excess of receptors expressed on the surface of theca cells, resulting in a pool of LHCGRs remaining unbound (spare). This concept was borrowed from historical pharmacological studies, when discrepancies between ligand-receptor binding and dose-response curves of cAMP were evaluated by treating mouse or rat Leydig cells with hCG in vitro. Recent findings demonstrated the specificity of LH- and hCG-dependent effects, receptor heterodimerization, and differing behaviors of rodent versus human gonadotropin-responsive cells, which may help to revise the 'spare' LHCGRs concept applied to human ovarian physiology and assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, NOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, NOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery - Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, via Volturno 39/F, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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Santi D, Casarini L, Alviggi C, Simoni M. Response: Commentary: Efficacy of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Alone, FSH + Luteinizing Hormone, Human Menopausal Gonadotropin or FSH + Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes in the "Personalized" Medicine Era: A Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:113. [PMID: 29628912 PMCID: PMC5876307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Manuela Simoni,
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18
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Analysis of LH receptor in canine ovarian follicles throughout the estrous cycle. Theriogenology 2017; 93:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ma Y, Andrisse S, Chen Y, Childress S, Xue P, Wang Z, Jones D, Ko C, Divall S, Wu S. Androgen Receptor in the Ovary Theca Cells Plays a Critical Role in Androgen-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2017; 158:98-108. [PMID: 27841936 PMCID: PMC5412974 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen and its receptor (AR) play a critical role in reproductive function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Female AR global knockout mice are subfertile due to both neuroendocrine and ovarian defects. Female offspring from prenatally androgenized heterozygous AR pregnant mice showed rescued estrous cyclicity and fertility. Ar is expressed in granulosa cells, theca interstitial cells, and oocytes in the ovary. We created mice with theca-specific deletion of Ar (ThARKO) by crossing Cyp17-iCre mice that express Cre recombinase under cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17) promoter with Arfl/fl mice. ThARKO mice exhibited no significant differences in pubertal onset or fertility compared with control littermates, and neither estrogen or testosterone levels were different between these groups. Therefore, Ar expression in theca cells likely does not influence fertility nor androgen levels in female mice. We then tested the role of AR in theca cells under hyperandrogenemic condition. After treatment with a pathophysiological level of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), control mice (control-DHT) showed acyclicity and infertility. However, estrous cycles and fertility were altered to a significantly less degree in ThARKO-DHT mice than in control-DHT mice. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Lhcgr (luteinizing hormone receptor) and Timp1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase) were significantly lower in control-DHT ovary compared with control-no DHT ovaries, whereas mRNA levels of Fshr (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor) were significantly higher. Timp1 gene expression was comparable in the ThARKO-DHT and the control-no DHT ovary. We speculate that the preserved level of Timp1 in ThARKO-DHT mice contributes to retained reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Stanley Andrisse
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Shameka Childress
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Ping Xue
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Dustin Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and
| | - Sara Divall
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Sheng Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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20
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Veraguas D, Gallegos PF, Velasquez AE, Castro FO, Rodriguez-Alvarez L. FSH stimulation of anestrous cats improves oocyte quality and development of parthenogenetic embryos. Theriogenology 2016; 87:25-35. [PMID: 27616216 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the domestic cat, the efficiency of in vitro embryo production systems is negatively affected during the nonbreeding season. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of FSH stimulation in anestrous cats, on quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and in vitro developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation. To accomplish this purpose, anestrous cats were grouped into: (1) FSH treated (serial doses of 5 mg of porcine FSH each, every 24 hours, for 4 days) and (2) untreated control. The COCs were classified morphologically and a proportion of grade I and II COCs was used for expression analysis of FSHR, LHCGR, EGFR, PTGS2, EGR1, GDF9, and GATM by RT-qPCR. In addition, another proportion of grade I and II COCs was matured in vitro and used for parthenogenetic activation. After 8 days in culture, blastocyst and hatching blastocyst rates were assessed, and the expression of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, CDX2, and GATA6 was evaluated. The COCs in the FSH group had an enhanced quality, a higher expression of LHCGR and a lower expression of GATM than did COCs from the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, embryos in the FSH group had increased blastocyst and hatching blastocyst rates, and those embryos had a higher expression of OCT4 and GATA than their counterparts from the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ovarian stimulation of anestrous cats with FSH improved quality and increased the expression of LHCGR in COCs. The enhanced in vitro developmental competence, after parthenogenetic activation of oocytes from FSH-treated cats, coincided with an increased expression of OCT4 and GATA6 in blastocysts and hatching blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Veraguas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paula F Gallegos
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra E Velasquez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fidel O Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
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Casarini L, Riccetti L, De Pascali F, Nicoli A, Tagliavini S, Trenti T, La Sala GB, Simoni M. Follicle-stimulating hormone potentiates the steroidogenic activity of chorionic gonadotropin and the anti-apoptotic activity of luteinizing hormone in human granulosa-lutein cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:103-114. [PMID: 26690776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and choriogonadotropin (hCG) are glycoprotein hormones regulating ovarian function and pregnancy, respectively. Since these molecules act on the same receptor (LHCGR), they were traditionally assumed as equivalent in assisted reproduction techniques (ART), although differences between LH and hCG were demonstrated at molecular and physiological level. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that co-treatment with a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) dose in the ART therapeutic range potentiates different LH- and hCG-dependent responses in vitro, measured in terms of cAMP, phospho-CREB, -ERK1/2 and -AKT activation, gene expression, progesterone and estradiol production in human granulosa-lutein cells (hGLC). We show that in the presence of FSH, hCG biopotency is about 5-fold increased, in the presence of FSH, in terms of cAMP activation. Accordingly, CREB phosphorylation and steroid production is increased under hCG and FSH co-treatment. LH effects, evaluated as steroidogenic cAMP/PKA pathway activation, do not change in the presence of FSH, which, however, increases LH-dependent ERK1/2 and AKT, but not CREB phosphorylation, resulting in anti-apoptotic effects. The different modulatory activity of FSH on LH and hCG action in vitro corresponds to their different physiological functions, reflecting proliferative effects exerted by LH during the follicular phase and before trophoblast development, and the high steroidogenic potential of hCG requested to sustain pregnancy from the luteal phase onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for the Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Riccetti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco De Pascali
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Nicoli
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Battista La Sala
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Dept. of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for the Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL, Modena, Italy
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Mereness AL, Murphy ZC, Forrestel AC, Butler S, Ko C, Richards JS, Sellix MT. Conditional Deletion of Bmal1 in Ovarian Theca Cells Disrupts Ovulation in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:913-27. [PMID: 26671182 PMCID: PMC5393362 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic events in female reproductive physiology, including ovulation, are tightly controlled by the circadian timing system. The molecular clock, a feedback loop oscillator of clock gene transcription factors, dictates rhythms of gene expression in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. Circadian disruption due to environmental factors (eg, shift work) or genetic manipulation of the clock has negative impacts on fertility. Although the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus classically regulates the timing of ovulation, we have shown that this rhythm also depends on phasic sensitivity to LH. We hypothesized that this rhythm relies on clock function in a specific cellular compartment of the ovarian follicle. To test this hypothesis we generated mice with deletion of the Bmal1 locus in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) (Granulosa Cell Bmal1 KO; GCKO) or theca cells (TCs) (Theca Cell Bmal1 KO; TCKO). Reproductive cycles, preovulatory LH secretion, ovarian morphology and behavior were not grossly altered in GCKO or TCKO mice. We detected phasic sensitivity to LH in wild-type littermate control (LC) and GCKO mice but not TCKO mice. This decline in sensitivity to LH is coincident with impaired fertility and altered patterns of LH receptor (Lhcgr) mRNA abundance in the ovary of TCKO mice. These data suggest that the TC is a pacemaker that contributes to the timing and amplitude of ovulation by modulating phasic sensitivity to LH. The TC clock may play a critical role in circadian disruption-mediated reproductive pathology and could be a target for chronobiotic management of infertility due to environmental circadian disruption and/or hormone-dependent reprogramming in women.
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MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- CLOCK Proteins/genetics
- CLOCK Proteins/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Cryptochromes/genetics
- Cryptochromes/metabolism
- Female
- Fertility/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Granulosa Cells/metabolism
- Infertility/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/metabolism
- Ovarian Follicle/metabolism
- Ovary/anatomy & histology
- Ovulation/genetics
- Ovulation Induction
- Period Circadian Proteins/genetics
- Period Circadian Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Theca Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Mereness
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Zachary C Murphy
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Andrew C Forrestel
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Susan Butler
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael T Sellix
- Department of Medicine (A.L.M., Z.C.M., A.C.F., S.B., M.T.S.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642; Department of Comparative Biosciences (C.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (J.S.R.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Cui L, Li G, Zhong W, Bian Y, Su S, Sheng Y, Shi Y, Wei D, Zhang W, Zhao H, Chen ZJ. Polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms in women with a single PCOS clinical feature. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:732-6. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Narayan P. Genetic Models for the Study of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:152. [PMID: 26483755 PMCID: PMC4586495 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) is essential for fertility in men and women. LHCGR binds luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as the highly homologous chorionic gonadotropin. Signaling from LHCGR is required for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in males and females and for sexual differentiation in the male. The importance of LHCGR in reproductive physiology is underscored by the large number of naturally occurring inactivating and activating mutations in the receptor that result in reproductive disorders. Consequently, several genetically modified mouse models have been developed for the study of LHCGR function. They include targeted deletion of LH and LHCGR that mimic inactivating mutations in hormone and receptor, expression of a constitutively active mutant in LHCGR that mimics activating mutations associated with familial male-limited precocious puberty and transgenic models of LH and hCG overexpression. This review summarizes the salient findings from these models and their utility in understanding the physiological and pathological consequences of loss and gain of function in LHCGR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Narayan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Prema Narayan, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, LSIII, 1135 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA,
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Ball CB, Rodriguez KF, Stumpo DJ, Ribeiro-Neto F, Korach KS, Blackshear PJ, Birnbaumer L, Ramos SBV. The RNA-binding protein, ZFP36L2, influences ovulation and oocyte maturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97324. [PMID: 24830504 PMCID: PMC4022657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ZFP36L2 protein destabilizes AU-rich element-containing transcripts and has been implicated in female fertility. In the C57BL/6NTac mouse, a mutation in Zfp36l2 that results in the decreased expression of a form of ZFP36L2 in which the 29 N-terminal amino acid residues have been deleted, ΔN-ZFP36L2, leads to fertilized eggs that arrest at the two-cell stage. Interestingly, homozygous ΔN-Zfp36l2 females in the C57BL/6NTac strain release 40% fewer eggs than the WT littermates (Ramos et al., 2004), suggesting an additional defect in ovulation and/or oocyte maturation. Curiously, the same ΔN-Zfp36l2 mutation into the SV129 strain resulted in anovulation, prompting us to investigate a potential problem in ovulation and oocyte maturation. Remarkably, only 20% of ΔN-Zfp36l2 oocytes in the 129S6/SvEvTac strain matured ex vivo, suggesting a defect on the oocyte meiotic maturation process. Treatment of ΔN-Zfp36l2 oocytes with a PKA inhibitor partially rescued the meiotic arrested oocytes. Furthermore, cAMP levels were increased in ΔN-Zfp36l2 oocytes, linking the cAMP/PKA pathway and ΔN-Zfp36l2 with meiotic arrest. Since ovulation and oocyte maturation are both triggered by LHR signaling, the downstream pathway was investigated. Adenylyl cyclase activity was increased in ΔN-Zfp36l2 ovaries only upon LH stimulation. Moreover, we discovered that ZFP36L2 interacts with the 3′UTR of LHR mRNA and that decreased expression levels of Zfp36l2 correlates with higher levels of LHR mRNA in synchronized ovaries. Furthermore, overexpression of ZFP36L2 decreases the endogenous expression of LHR mRNA in a cell line. Therefore, we propose that lack of the physiological down regulation of LHR mRNA levels by ZFP36L2 in the ovaries is associated with anovulation and oocyte meiotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Ball
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karina F. Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Stumpo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fernando Ribeiro-Neto
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Korach
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- Medicine and Biochemistry Departments, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Silvia B. V. Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Imai F, Kishi H, Nakao K, Nishimura T, Minegishi T. IL-6 up-regulates the expression of rat LH receptors during granulosa cell differentiation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1436-44. [PMID: 24467743 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is produced in granulosa cells under normal physiological conditions, including during ovulation. However, the roles of IL-6 in ovarian function, including regulation of LH receptor (LHR) expression in granulosa cells, have not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism underlying the effect of IL-6 on LHR expression in the granulosa cells of female Wistar rats. Our results indicated that IL-6 clearly enhanced the FSH-induced LHR mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner and did not stimulate cAMP accumulation by itself. The membrane protein level of LHR, assessed by a binding assay, was increased by FSH and was further enhanced by association with IL-6. Results of the luciferase assay, using promoter constructs of LHR 281 bp upstream of the translational start site, revealed that IL-6 increased the promoter activity induced by FSH, but this effect was not observed with treatment by IL-6 alone. This ability of IL-6 to enhance FSH-induced LHR mRNA expression was blocked by the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) pathway inhibitor, but not by the ERK1/2 inhibitor. Thus, we speculated that this IL-6 activity might be mediated by the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. In addition, IL-6 augmented FSH-induced IL-6 receptor α mRNA expression and FSH elevated IL-6 production in granulosa cells, which indicates that IL-6 may positively regulate paracrine and autocrine actions in granulosa cells. These results suggest that IL-6 up-regulates FSH-induced LHR production by increasing mRNA transcription, and JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling is required for up-regulation by IL-6 in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiharu Imai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Lima LFD, Rocha RMP, Alves AMCV, Saraiva MVA, Araújo VR, Lima IMT, Lopes CAP, Báo SN, Campello CC, Rodrigues APR, Figueiredo JRD. Dynamized follicle-stimulating hormone affects the development of ovine preantral follicles cultured in vitro. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:41-8. [PMID: 23290878 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of dynamized follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the survival, activation and growth of ovine preantral follicles (PFs) in vitro. METHODS Ovarian fragments were cultured for 1 or 7 days in alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM(+)) control in the absence or presence of alcohol (Al control) or FSH (6cH, 12cH and 30cH) added at intervals of 24 or 48 h. The ovarian fragments were processed, coded and analyzed by a blinded observer by classical histology (CH), fluorescence microscopy (FM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS After 7 days of culture, the group which to which FSH 6cH was added at 24 h intervals showed better rates of follicle survival and activation compared to α-MEM(+) control or Al control (p < 0.05). This group also showed higher follicle and oocyte growth than α-MEM(+) control (p < 0.05). FM and TEM techniques confirmed that FSH 6cH promoted viability and ultrastructural integrity of follicles after 7 days of culture. CONCLUSIONS FSH 6cH (24 h) treatment maintained the viability, and promoted the activation and in vitro growth of ovine PFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laritza Ferreira de Lima
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
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Santos-Biase W, Biase F, Buratini J, Balieiro J, Watanabe Y, Accorsi M, Ferreira C, Stranieri P, Caetano A, Meirelles F. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine genome are associated with the number of oocytes collected during ovum pick up. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 134:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular control of oogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1896-912. [PMID: 22634430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oogenesis is a complex process regulated by a vast number of intra- and extra-ovarian factors. Oogonia, which originate from primordial germ cells, proliferate by mitosis and form primary oocytes that arrest at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division until they are fully-grown. Within primary oocytes, synthesis and accumulation of RNAs and proteins throughout oogenesis are essential for oocyte growth and maturation; and moreover, crucial for developing into a viable embryo after fertilization. Oocyte meiotic and developmental competence is gained in a gradual and sequential manner during folliculogenesis and is related to the fact that the oocyte grows in interaction with its companion somatic cells. Communication between oocyte and its surrounding granulosa cells is vital, both for oocyte development and for granulosa cells differentiation. Oocytes depend on differentiated cumulus cells, which provide them with nutrients and regulatory signals needed to promote oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation and consequently the acquisition of developmental competence.The purpose of this article is to summarize recent knowledge on the molecular aspects of oogenesis and oocyte maturation, and the crucial role of cumulus-cell interactions, highlighting the valuable contribution of experimental evidences obtained in animal models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular Genetics of Human Reproductive Failure.
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Seckin B, Turkcapar F, Ozaksit G. Elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio: a marker to predict IVF outcome in young and older women. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 29:231-6. [PMID: 22183503 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the value of elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio in predicting IVF results in young and older women. METHODS One hundred seventy-four women with normal day 3 FSH levels undergoing IVF treatment were studied. Patients were divided into two groups according to basal FSH/LH ratio: Group 1(FSH/LH ≥3, n = 43) and Group 2 (FSH/LH <3, n = 131). The effects of FSH/LH ratio on IVF outcomes were compared. Also, the impact of elevated FSH/LH levels on younger (<35 years; n = 113) and older (≥35 years; n = 61) women was evaluated. RESULTS Group 1 had significantly lower mean day 3 LH levels (p = 0.001), lower number of oocytes retrieved (p = 0.004) and lower clinical pregnancy rate (p = 0.04). Older women with elevated FSH/LH ratio (n = 23) had significantly lower transferred good grade embryo counts (p = 0.04) and lower pregnancy rate (p = 0.03) versus older women with lower FSH/LH ratio. But in younger women treatment outcomes were similar in both subgroups. CONCLUSION Elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio is useful in predicting IVF outcome in older women, but does not seem to be an accurate predictor in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Seckin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, A.Ayrancı, 06540 Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
During the last two decades a large number of genetically modified mouse lines with altered gonadotropin action have been generated. These mouse lines fall into three categories: the lack-of-function mice, gain-of-function mice, and the mice generated by breeding the abovementioned lines with other disease model lines. The mouse strains lacking gonadotropin action have elucidated the necessity of the pituitary hormones in pubertal development and function of gonads, and revealed the processes from the original genetic defect to the pathological phenotype such as hypo- or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Conversely, the strains of the second group depict consequences of chronic gonadotropin action. The lines vary from those expressing constitutively active receptors and those secreting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) with slowly increasing amounts to those producing human choriogonadotropin (hCG), amount of which corresponds to 2000-fold luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG biological activity. Accordingly, the phenotypes diverge from mild anomalies and enhanced fertility to disrupted gametogenesis, but eventually chronic, enhanced and non-pulsatile action of both FSH and LH leads to female and male infertility and/or hyper- and neoplasias in most of the gonadotropin gain-of-function mice. Elevated gonadotropin levels also alter the function of several extra-gonadal tissues either directly or indirectly via increased sex steroid production. These effects include promotion of tumorigenesis in tissues such as the pituitary, mammary and adrenal glands. Finally, the crossbreedings of the current mouse strains with other disease models are likely to uncover the contribution of gonadotropins in novel biological systems, as exemplified by the recent crossbreed of LHCG receptor deficient mice with Alzheimer disease mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellevi Peltoketo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, DuCane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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33
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The function of bone morphogenetic proteins in the human ovary. Reprod Med Biol 2011; 10:1-7. [PMID: 29699076 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-010-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), are of particular importance in ovarian physiology. However, FSH receptors and LH receptors are not expressed until the secondary follicle stage, indicating that initiation of follicular growth is independent of the gonadotropins. Among many intra-ovarian growth factors, many studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play pivotal roles in regulating the early phases of follicular growth. The BMP system induces the gonadotropin system by modulating gonadotropin receptors in early-stage follicles. Interestingly, the BMP system also prevents precocious maturation of the follicle by suppressing luteinization. Signals provoked by the preovulatory LH surge eliminate BMPs, enabling luteinization to progress. Thus, the BMP system and the gonadotropin system seem to cooperate in regulating follicular development, maturation, and luteinization.
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Karri S, G V. Effect of methotrexate and leucovorin on female reproductive tract of albino rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 29:1-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Peretz J, Gupta RK, Singh J, Hernández-Ochoa I, Flaws JA. Bisphenol A impairs follicle growth, inhibits steroidogenesis, and downregulates rate-limiting enzymes in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway. Toxicol Sci 2010; 119:209-17. [PMID: 20956811 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as the backbone for plastics and epoxy resins, including various food and beverage containers. BPA has also been detected in 95% of random urine samples and ovarian follicular fluid of adult women. Few studies have investigated the effects of BPA on antral follicles, the main producers of sex steroid hormones and the only follicles capable of ovulation. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that postnatal BPA exposure inhibits antral follicle growth and steroidogenesis. To test this hypothesis, antral follicles isolated from 32-day-old FVB mice were cultured with vehicle control (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), BPA (4.4-440 μM), pregnenolone (10 μg/ml), pregnenolone + BPA 44 μM, and pregnenolone + BPA 440 μM. During the culture, follicles were measured for growth daily. After the culture, media was subjected to ELISA for hormones in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway, and follicles were processed for quantitative real-time PCR of steroidogenic enzymes. The results indicate that BPA (440 μM) inhibits follicle growth and that pregnenolone cotreatment was unable to restore/maintain growth. Furthermore, BPA 44 and 440 μM inhibit progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, estrone, testosterone, and estradiol production. Pregnenolone cotreatment was able to increase production of pregnenolone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone and maintain androstenedione and estrone levels in BPA-treated follicles compared with DMSO controls but was unable to protect testosterone or estradiol levels. Furthermore, pregnenolone was unable to protect follicles from BPA-(44-440 μM) induced inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes compared with the DMSO control. Collectively, these data show that BPA targets the estradiol biosynthesis pathway in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackye Peretz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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Messinis IE, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K. The role of gonadotropins in the follicular phase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1205:5-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shi J, Yoshino O, Osuga Y, Koga K, Hirota Y, Nose E, Nishii O, Yano T, Taketani Y. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) increases gene expression of FSH receptor and aromatase and decreases gene expression of LH receptor and StAR in human granulosa cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 65:421-7. [PMID: 20825377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A growing body of evidence indicates that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cytokines play a key role in female fertility in mammals. BMP-2 is known to be expressed in the ovary of many species. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of BMP-2 in the human ovary. METHOD OF STUDY BMP-2 mRNA expression in the human ovary was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Human granulosa cells were obtained from in vitro fertilization patients. Human granulosa cells were cultured with recombinant BMP-2 or human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), followed by RNA extraction. RESULTS BMP-2 expression was detected in granulosa cells of antral follicles but not of corpus luteum. The in vitro study showed that BMP-2 induced follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor and aromatase expression, while decreasing luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in human granulosa cells. HCG decreased gene expression of BMP-2 and increased BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI), an antagonist of BMP-2. CONCLUSION Expression and disappearance of BMP-2 might contribute to folliculogenesis and luteinization by regulating gonadotropin receptor expression in human granulosa cells. HCG can modulate BMP-2 function by controlling BMP-2 and BAMBI expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Mori T, Nonoguchi K, Watanabe H, Ishikawa H, Tamura I, Kinoshita K. Morphogenesis of polycystic ovaries as assessed by pituitary-ovarian androgenic function. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:635-43. [PMID: 19549441 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite polycystic ovaries (PCO) being a common morphology in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and regular menstruation, the regulatory principles in the morphogenesis of antral follicles have not yet been elucidated. In recognition of the complementary interaction between androgen-induced expression of the FSH receptor and FSH-augmented expression of the androgen receptor in granulose cells of antral follicles, a possible correlation of antral follicle count (AFC) and pituitary-ovarian androgenic function was investigated in 180 infertile women over days 3-5 of the menstrual cycle. Six discrete types of PCO with decreasing pituitary-ovarian androgenic function were identified: Type I (classical Stein-Leventhal syndrome), Type II (hyperandrogenemism), Type III (singular hyper-LH), Type IV (cryptic hyperandrogenism), Type V (relative LH dominancy) and Type VI (relative FSH dominancy), in parallel to a diminishing number of AFC from Type I to Type VI. Because during the early follicular phase of the cycle until the selection of the dominant follicle, antral follicles are composed of newly emerged healthy follicles plus atretic antral follicles that remain non-ovulated from previous cycles, it is proposed that the six types of PCO may represent the folliculogenetic spectra along which PCO morphogenesis proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Mori
- Academia for Repro-regenerative Medicine, Doujn Hospital, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Matsumura H, Kano K, Marín de Evsikova C, Young JA, Nishina PM, Naggert JK, Naito K. Transcriptome analysis reveals an unexpected role of a collagen tyrosine kinase receptor gene, Ddr2, as a regulator of ovarian function. Physiol Genomics 2009; 39:120-9. [PMID: 19671659 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the smallie (slie) mutation lack a collagen receptor, discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and are dwarfed and infertile due to peripheral dysregulation of the endocrine system of unknown etiology. We used a systems biology approach to identify biological networks affected by Ddr2(slie/slie) mutation in ovaries using microarray analysis and validate findings using molecular, cellular, and functional biological assays. Transcriptome analysis indicated several altered gene categories in Ddr2(slie/slie) mutants, including gonadal development, ovulation, antiapoptosis, and steroid hormones. Subsequent biological experiments confirmed the transcriptome analysis predictions. For instance, a significant increase of TUNEL-positive follicles was found in Ddr2(slie/slie) mutants vs. wild type, which confirm the transcriptome prediction for decreased chromatin maintenance and antiapoptosis. Decreases in gene expression were confirmed by RT-PCR and/or qPCR; luteinizing hormone receptor and prostaglandin type E and F receptors in Ddr2(slie/slie) mutants, compared with wild type, confirm hormonal signaling pathways involved in ovulation. Furthermore, deficiencies in immunohistochemistry for DDR2 and luteinizing hormone receptor in the somatic cells, but not the oocytes, of Ddr2(slie/slie) mutant ovaries suggest against an intrinsic defect in germ cells. Indeed, Ddr2(slie/slie) mutants ovulated significantly fewer oocytes; their oocytes were competent to complete meiosis and fertilization in vitro. Taken together, our convergent data signify DDR2 as a novel critical player in ovarian function, which acts upon classical endocrine pathways in somatic, rather than germline, cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Matsumura
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Orisaka M, Tajima K, Tsang BK, Kotsuji F. Oocyte-granulosa-theca cell interactions during preantral follicular development. J Ovarian Res 2009; 2:9. [PMID: 19589134 PMCID: PMC2715405 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The preantral-early antral follicle transition is the penultimate stage of follicular development in terms of gonadotropin dependence and follicle destiny (growth versus atresia). Follicular growth during this period is tightly regulated by oocyte-granulosa-theca cell interactions. Formation of the theca cell layer is a key event that occurs during this transitional stage. Granulosal factor(s) stimulates the recruitment of theca cells from cortical stromal cells, while oocyte-derived growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) is involved in the differentiation of theca cells during this early stage of follicular development. The preantral to early antral transition is most susceptible to follicular atresia. GDF-9 promotes follicular survival and growth during transition from preantral stage to early antral stage by suppressing granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia. GDF-9 also enhances preantral follicle growth by up-regulating theca cell androgen production. Thecal factor(s) promotes granulosa cell proliferation and suppress granulosa cell apoptosis. Understanding the intraovarian mechanisms in the regulation of follicular growth and atresia during this stage may be of clinical significance in the selection of the best quality germ cells for assisted reproduction. In addition, since certain ovarian dysfunctions, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and gonadotropin poor-responsiveness, are consequences of dysregulated follicle growth at this transitional stage, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms in the control of follicular development during the preantral-early antral transition may provide important insight into the pathophysiology and rational treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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Effect of activin A and insulin-like growth factor-I on in vitro development of preantral follicles isolated from cryopreserved ovarian tissues in the mouse. Cryobiology 2008; 57:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Calongos G, Hasegawa A, Komori S, Koyama K. Comparison of urinary and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone in in vitro growth, maturation, and fertilization of mouse preantral follicles. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:1482-9. [PMID: 17854805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of urinary and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on follicular development, oocyte maturation, and fertilization. DESIGN Prospective randomized animal study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Normal (C57BL/6xDBA2) F1 mice. INTERVENTION(S) Collection of preantral follicles by mechanical dissection, in vitro growth (IVG) with urinary or recombinant FSH (100 mIU/mL), in vitro maturation (IVM), and fertilization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) During IVG, follicle diameter and antral formation were evaluated. The number of cells per follicle was evaluated at the end of IVG. The 17beta-estradiol measurements were performed from conditioned media. After IVM, mucification and oocyte maturation rates were estimated and mature oocytes were fertilized. RESULT(S) No differences were observed in the antral formation rate of either group. Antral follicles in the urinary FSH group, however, showed a higher diameter but a lower number of cells per follicle than those in the recombinant FSH group. The level of 17beta-estradiol was also higher in the recombinant FSH group. The rate of mature oocytes developing into metaphase I or II was statistically significantly higher in the recombinant FSH group than in the urinary FSH group. CONCLUSION(S) Recombinant FSH provided better conditions than urinary FSH for the growth and development of mouse preantral follicles that could produce mature oocytes with fertilization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Calongos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Chen LM, Wang RS, Lee YF, Liu NC, Chang YJ, Wu CC, Xie S, Hung YC, Chang C. Subfertility with defective folliculogenesis in female mice lacking testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:858-67. [PMID: 18174360 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) plays essential roles for normal spermatogenesis in male mice. However, its roles in female fertility and ovarian function remain largely unknown. Here we found female mice lacking TR4 (TR4-/-) displayed subfertility and irregular estrous cycles. TR4-/- female mice ovaries were smaller with fewer or no preovulatory follicles and corpora lutea. After superovulation, TR4-/- female mice produced fewer oocytes, preovulatory follicles, and corpora lutea. In addition, more intensive granulosa apoptosis was found in TR4-/- ovaries. Functional analyses suggest that subfertility in TR4-/- female mice can be due to an ovarian defect with impaired folliculogenesis rather than a deficiency in pituitary gonadotropins. Molecular mechanism dissection of defective folliculogenesis found TR4 might induce LH receptor (LHR) gene expression via direct binding to its 5' promoter. The consequence of reduced LHR expression in TR4-/- female mice might then result in reduced gonadal sex hormones via reduced expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. Together, our results showed TR4 might play essential roles in normal folliculogenesis by influencing LHR signals. Modulation of TR4 expression and/or activation via its upstream signals or unidentified ligand(s) might allow us to develop small molecule(s) to control folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Chen
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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44
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Takamiya M, Lambard S, Huhtaniemi IT. Effect of bisphenol A on human chorionic gonadotrophin-stimulated gene expression of cultured mouse Leydig tumour cells. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:265-75. [PMID: 17706920 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been reported to affect the reproductive system of various animal species. However, their specific effects and modes of action on gonadal function remain largely unclear. We studied the effects of a model EDC, bisphenol A (BPA), on human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-stimulated global gene expression of cultured mouse Leydig tumour cells (mLTC-1). The time and dose of BPA exposure were set after semiquantitative (sq) RT-PCR analysis of response of candidate genes (StAR, Cyp 17 a1 and AR) to 3h at 10 microg/l hCG +/- 10(-5)M BPA. Affymetrix microarray analysis demonstrated > or =1.5-fold up-regulation of 8- and < or =1.5-fold down-regulated of 16 genes by BPA. Several of these genes were related to steroid/cholesterol metabolism/transport and cell cycle regulation. sqRT-PCR demonstrated induction of StAR expression by hCG stimulation and no effect of BPA. In conclusion, our results indicate that BPA has only subtle modulating effects on gene expression of gonadotrophin-stimulated mLTC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Takamiya
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK.
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45
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Pakarainen T, Ahtiainen P, Zhang FP, Rulli S, Poutanen M, Huhtaniemi I. Extragonadal LH/hCG action--not yet time to rewrite textbooks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 269:9-16. [PMID: 17350753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins are indispensable in both sexes in the regulation of gonadal sex steroid production and gametogenesis. In addition to their well-established classical actions, numerous recent publications have indicated the presence and function of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors (LH/hCG-R) in a variety of extragonadal tissues. However, the physiological significance of such effects has remained unclear. We have generated two genetically modified mouse models, one with excessive production of hCG and the other with targeted disruption of LH/hCG-R gene, and used them to address the functions of LH and hCG. Numerous gonadal and extragonadal phenotypes were found in the models with the two extremes of LH/hCG action. However, when the extragonadal effects were scrutinized in greater detail, they all appeared to arise through modification of gonadal function, either through enhanced or inhibited response to LH/hCG stimulation. Hence, further evidence is needed before the extragonadal LH/hCG-R expression can be considered functionally significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Pakarainen
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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46
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Farin CE, Rodriguez KF, Alexander JE, Hockney JE, Herrick JR, Kennedy-Stoskopf S. The role of transcription in EGF- and FSH-mediated oocyte maturation in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 98:97-112. [PMID: 17101244 PMCID: PMC1820482 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms responsible for meiotic resumption in mammalian oocytes is critical for the identification of strategies to enhance developmental competence of in vitro-matured oocytes. Improvement of in vitro oocyte maturation systems is dependent on a better understanding of mechanisms that regulate oocyte maturation both in vivo and in vitro as well as on the identification of methods to manipulate the meiotic progression of oocytes matured in vitro in a physiological manner. The purpose of this review is two-fold: first, to examine the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence and regulation of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro; second, to present data examining the role of transcription in mediating the ability of EGF and FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro. Results presented support the conclusions that (1) EGF-induced oocyte maturation does not require nascent gene transcription in both mice and domestic cats; (2) FSH requires gene transcription to induce oocyte maturation in both species; (3) EGF must be present in the maturation medium to optimize the effectiveness of FSH to promote oocyte maturation; (4) the mechanism used by FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro appears to predominate over that used by EGF when both EGF and FSH are present in maturation medium used for either murine or feline cumulus oocyte complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Farin
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA.
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47
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Guéripel X, Brun V, Gougeon A. Oocyte bone morphogenetic protein 15, but not growth differentiation factor 9, is increased during gonadotropin-induced follicular development in the immature mouse and is associated with cumulus oophorus expansion. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:836-43. [PMID: 16943361 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.055574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15 and growth differentiation factor (GDF) 9 are oocyte-secreted growth factors that are critical local regulators of ovarian function and may be involved in preovulatory cumulus expansion. As cumulus expansion occurs in response to the ovulatory surge, the present study was designed: 1) to investigate whether GDF9 and BMP15 are regulated by gonadotropins in the mouse ovary; and 2) to visualize changes in both GDF9 and BMP15 immunostaining in response to gonadotropins. Immature 21-day-old mice were sequentially treated with recombinant human FSH (r-hFSH), 5 IU daily, at Days 21, 22, and 23 of life, then injected with 5 IU hCG at Day 24 of life. In response to r-hFSH, steady-state Bmp15 mRNA expression levels increased in both total ovaries and cumulus-oocyte complexes, whereas Gdf 9 mRNA levels did not. In addition, BMP15 protein levels increased in total ovaries. The GDF9 immunostaining was exclusively seen in growing oocytes in both control and gonadotropin-treated mice, whereas that of BMP15, which was also primarily seen in growing oocytes, exhibited important changes in response to gonadotropins. Strong BMP15 immunostaining was observed in the follicular fluid of atretic antral follicles after FSH treatment and in expanded, but not in compact, cumulus cells after hCG. The present results show for the first time that BMP15 levels increase during gonadotropin-induced follicular development, in parallel with oocyte maturation, and that this local factor is likely involved in cumulus expansion as previously suggested by studies in Bmp15-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guéripel
- INSERM U-407, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, BP 12, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Shrim A, Elizur SE, Seidman DS, Rabinovici J, Wiser A, Dor J. Elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio due to low LH concentrations predicts reduced ovarian response. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12:418-22. [PMID: 16740213 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adequate ovarian response, essential for successful IVF, cannot be accurately predicted. This study retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing IVF from 1998 to 2001. Inclusion criteria were age <41 years at treatment onset and a basal day 3 serum FSH concentration <12 IU/l. Women with FSH <or=8 IU/l underwent a secondary analysis. Two groups emerged according to basal day 3 serum FSH/LH ratio: >or=3 in group 1 and <3 in group 2 (controls). Age at treatment initiation, basal serum day 3 FSH and LH concentrations, peak serum oestradiol concentration, number of retrieved and fertilized oocytes and pregnancy rate were analysed. Groups 1 (n = 41, 111 IVF treatment cycles) and 2 (n = 596, 1,434 IVF treatment cycles) were similar in term of woman's mean age. Group 1 had significantly higher mean basal day 3 FSH concentration (P < 0.01) and significantly lower oestradiol concentrations at oocyte retrieval (P < 0.01), mean number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized (P < 0.01) and pregnancy rate (P = 0.016). The same trend persisted after excluding 98 patients with basal FSH concentrations >8 IU/l. In conclusion, elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio is associated with an inferior outcome in IVF treatment cycles and may be used as an additional predictor for decreased ovarian response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shrim
- IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Huhtaniemi I, Ahtiainen P, Pakarainen T, Rulli SB, Zhang FP, Poutanen M. Genetically modified mouse models in studies of luteinising hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 252:126-35. [PMID: 16675102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetically modified mouse models have recently been developed for the study of the pituitary-gonadal interactions. They include spontaneous or engineered knockouts (KO) of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its receptor, the gonadotrophin common-alpha(Calpha), luteinising hormone (LH) beta and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunits, and the two gonadotrophin receptors (R), LHR and FSHR. In addition, there are also transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing gonadotrophin subunits and producing supraphysiological levels of these hormones. These models have offered relevant phenocopies for similar mutations in humans and to a great extent expanded our knowledge on normal and pathological functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The purpose of this article is to review some of our recent findings on two such mouse models, the LHR KO mouse (LuRKO), and the hCG overexpressing TG mouse (hCG+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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