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Zhi J, Li F, Jiang X, Bai R. Thyroid receptor β: A promising target for developing novel anti-androgenetic alopecia drugs. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104013. [PMID: 38705510 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) significantly impacts the self-confidence and mental well-being of people. Recent research has revealed that thyroid receptor β (TRβ) agonists can activate hair follicles and effectively stimulate hair growth. This review aims to comprehensively elucidate the specific mechanism of action of TRβ in treating AGA from various perspectives, highlighting its potential as a drug target for combating AGA. Moreover, this review provides a thorough summary of the research advances in TRβ agonist candidates with anti-AGA efficacy and outlines the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of TRβ agonists. We hope that this review will provide practical information for the development of effective anti-alopecia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Feifan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
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2
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Graffunder AS, Bresser AAJ, Fernandez Vallone V, Megges M, Stachelscheid H, Kühnen P, Opitz R. Spatiotemporal expression of thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 and THRA mRNA in human cerebral organoids recapitulating first trimester cortex development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9355. [PMID: 38654093 PMCID: PMC11039642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play critical roles during nervous system development and patients carrying coding variants of MCT8 (monocarboxylate transporter 8) or THRA (thyroid hormone receptor alpha) present a spectrum of neurological phenotypes resulting from perturbed local TH action during early brain development. Recently, human cerebral organoids (hCOs) emerged as powerful in vitro tools for disease modelling recapitulating key aspects of early human cortex development. To begin exploring prospects of this model for thyroid research, we performed a detailed characterization of the spatiotemporal expression of MCT8 and THRA in developing hCOs. Immunostaining showed MCT8 membrane expression in neuronal progenitor cell types including early neuroepithelial cells, radial glia cells (RGCs), intermediate progenitors and outer RGCs. In addition, we detected robust MCT8 protein expression in deep layer and upper layer neurons. Spatiotemporal SLC16A2 mRNA expression, detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), was highly concordant with MCT8 protein expression across cortical cell layers. FISH detected THRA mRNA expression already in neuroepithelium before the onset of neurogenesis. THRA mRNA expression remained low in the ventricular zone, increased in the subventricular zone whereas strong THRA expression was observed in excitatory neurons. In combination with a robust up-regulation of known T3 response genes following T3 treatment, these observations show that hCOs provide a promising and experimentally tractable model to probe local TH action during human cortical neurogenesis and eventually to model the consequences of impaired TH function for early cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Sophie Graffunder
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey Amber Julie Bresser
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Fernandez Vallone
- Core Unit Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids (CUSCO), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Megges
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Core Unit Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids (CUSCO), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Opitz
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Sabatino L, Lapi D, Del Seppia C. Factors and Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Activity in the Brain: Possible Role in Recovery and Protection. Biomolecules 2024; 14:198. [PMID: 38397435 PMCID: PMC10886502 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential in normal brain development, and cognitive and emotional functions. THs act through a cascade of events including uptake by the target cells by specific cell membrane transporters, activation or inactivation by deiodinase enzymes, and interaction with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Several thyroid responsive genes have been described in the developing and in the adult brain and many studies have demonstrated a systemic or local reduction in TH availability in neurologic disease and after brain injury. In this review, the main factors and mechanisms associated with the THs in the normal and damaged brain will be evaluated in different regions and cellular contexts. Furthermore, the most common animal models used to study the role of THs in brain damage and cognitive impairment will be described and the use of THs as a potential recovery strategy from neuropathological conditions will be evaluated. Finally, particular attention will be given to the link observed between TH alterations and increased risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative and dementing condition worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sabatino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Dominga Lapi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Cristina Del Seppia
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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4
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Hochbaum DR, Dubinsky AC, Farnsworth HC, Hulshof L, Kleinberg G, Urke A, Wang W, Hakim R, Robertson K, Park C, Solberg A, Yang Y, Baynard C, Nadaf NM, Beron CC, Girasole AE, Chantranupong L, Cortopassi M, Prouty S, Geistlinger L, Banks A, Scanlan T, Greenberg ME, Boulting GL, Macosko EZ, Sabatini BL. Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552874. [PMID: 37609206 PMCID: PMC10441422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Animals adapt to varying environmental conditions by modifying the function of their internal organs, including the brain. To be adaptive, alterations in behavior must be coordinated with the functional state of organs throughout the body. Here we find that thyroid hormone- a prominent regulator of metabolism in many peripheral organs- activates cell-type specific transcriptional programs in anterior regions of cortex of adult mice via direct activation of thyroid hormone receptors. These programs are enriched for axon-guidance genes in glutamatergic projection neurons, synaptic regulators across both astrocytes and neurons, and pro-myelination factors in oligodendrocytes, suggesting widespread remodeling of cortical circuits. Indeed, whole-cell electrophysiology recordings revealed that thyroid hormone induces local transcriptional programs that rewire cortical neural circuits via pre-synaptic mechanisms, resulting in increased excitatory drive with a concomitant sensitization of recruited inhibition. We find that thyroid hormone bidirectionally regulates innate exploratory behaviors and that the transcriptionally mediated circuit changes in anterior cortex causally promote exploratory decision-making. Thus, thyroid hormone acts directly on adult cerebral cortex to coordinate exploratory behaviors with whole-body metabolic state.
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Alcaide Martin A, Mayerl S. Local Thyroid Hormone Action in Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12352. [PMID: 37569727 PMCID: PMC10418487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Rastoldo G, Tighilet B. Thyroid Axis and Vestibular Physiopathology: From Animal Model to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9826. [PMID: 37372973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent work of our group has shown the significant effects of thyroxine treatment on the restoration of postural balance function in a rodent model of acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Based on these findings, we attempt to shed light in this review on the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological situations. Pubmed database and relevant websites were searched from inception through to 4 February 2023. All studies relevant to each subsection of this review have been included. After describing the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the inner ear, we investigated the possible link between the thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and cellular sites of action of thyroid hormones on animal models of vestibulopathy are postulated and therapeutic options are proposed. In view of their pleiotropic action, thyroid hormones represent a target of choice to promote vestibular compensation at different levels. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the vestibular system. It seems then important to more extensively investigate the link between the endocrine system and the vestibule in order to better understand the vestibular physiopathology and to find new therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rastoldo
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Brahim Tighilet
- Aix Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, LNC UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France
- GDR Vertige CNRS Unité GDR2074, 13331 Marseille, France
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7
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Thyroid Hormone Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 Are Expressed in Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in the Adult Motor Cortex of Human and Macaque Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043207. [PMID: 36834621 PMCID: PMC9965431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion transporter polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) are thyroid hormone (TH) transmembrane transporters that play an important role in the availability of TH for neural cells, allowing their proper development and function. It is important to define which cortical cellular subpopulations express those transporters to explain why MCT8 and OATP1C1 deficiency in humans leads to dramatic alterations in the motor system. By means of immunohistochemistry and double/multiple labeling immunofluorescence in adult human and monkey motor cortices, we demonstrate the presence of both transporters in long-projection pyramidal neurons and in several types of short-projection GABAergic interneurons in both species, suggesting a critical position of these transporters for modulating the efferent motor system. MCT8 is present at the neurovascular unit, but OATP1C1 is only present in some of the large vessels. Both transporters are expressed in astrocytes. OATP1C1 was unexpectedly found, only in the human motor cortex, inside the Corpora amylacea complexes, aggregates linked to substance evacuation towards the subpial system. On the basis of our findings, we propose an etiopathogenic model that emphasizes these transporters' role in controlling excitatory/inhibitory motor cortex circuits in order to understand some of the severe motor disturbances observed in TH transporter deficiency syndromes.
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Sreenivasan VKA, Dore R, Resch J, Maier J, Dietrich C, Henck J, Balachandran S, Mittag J, Spielmann M. Single-cell RNA-based phenotyping reveals a pivotal role of thyroid hormone receptor alpha for hypothalamic development. Development 2023; 150:286776. [PMID: 36715020 PMCID: PMC10110490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone and its receptor TRα1 play an important role in brain development. Several animal models have been used to investigate this function, including mice heterozygous for the TRα1R384C mutation, which confers receptor-mediated hypothyroidism. These mice display abnormalities in several autonomic functions, which was partially attributed to a developmental defect in hypothalamic parvalbumin neurons. However, whether other cell types in the hypothalamus are similarly affected remains unknown. Here, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to obtain an unbiased view on the importance of TRα1 for hypothalamic development and cellular diversity. Our data show that defective TRα1 signaling has surprisingly little effect on the development of hypothalamic neuronal populations, but it heavily affects hypothalamic oligodendrocytes. Using selective reactivation of the mutant TRα1 during specific developmental periods, we find that early postnatal thyroid hormone action seems to be crucial for proper hypothalamic oligodendrocyte maturation. Taken together, our findings underline the well-known importance of postnatal thyroid health for brain development and provide an unbiased roadmap for the identification of cellular targets of TRα1 action in mouse hypothalamic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K A Sreenivasan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Riccardo Dore
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck and Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Resch
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck and Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck and Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carola Dietrich
- Human Molecular Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Jana Henck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Human Molecular Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Saranya Balachandran
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck and Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Human Molecular Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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9
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Wang M, Yang Y, Xu Y. Brain nuclear receptors and cardiovascular function. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 36670468 PMCID: PMC9854230 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-heart interaction has raised up increasing attentions. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are abundantly expressed in the brain, and emerging evidence indicates that a number of these brain NRs regulate multiple aspects of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, etc. In this review, we will elaborate recent findings that have established the physiological relevance of brain NRs in the context of cardiovascular function. In addition, we will discuss the currently available evidence regarding the distinct neuronal populations that respond to brain NRs in the cardiovascular control. These findings suggest connections between cardiac control and brain dynamics through NR signaling, which may lead to novel tools for the treatment of pathological changes in the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yong Xu
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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10
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Huang S, Deng Z, Wang W, Liao G, Zhao Y, Zhong H, Zhang Q, Liu J, Mao X, Chen B, Pan D, Zhou Y. CS27109, A Selective Thyroid Hormone Receptor- β Agonist Alleviates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Murine Models. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:4950597. [PMID: 36825196 PMCID: PMC9943626 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4950597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Thyroid hormone receptor-β (THR-β) agonists play crucial roles in dyslipidemia and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). We developed a novel oral and liver-targeted THR-β agonist, CS27109, and evaluated its efficacy in the treatment of metabolic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated in vitro and in vivo efficacy and/or safety of CS27109 along with MGL3196 (a phase III THR-β agonist). RESULTS CS27109 showed pronounced activity and selectivity to THR-β and favorable PK properties, which was equivalent to MGL3196. In the hamster model, animals treated with a high dose of CS27109 showed equivalent reductions in serum TC and LDL-c with groups treated with MGL3196. In the rat model, CS27109 and MGL3196 reduced serum ALT, TC, TG, LDL-c, liver weight ratio, and liver steatosis. CS27109 simultaneously decreased liver TG and TC, and MGL3196 additionally reduced AST. In the mouse model, CS27109 dose-dependently reduced serum AST, ALT, liver inflammation, and NAS score, and also downregulated TC, LDL-c, liver steatosis, and fibrosis, but not in a dose-dependent manner. MGL3196 revealed an equivalent effect with CS27109 in that model. CS27109 also exhibited tolerable toxicity to the heart. CONCLUSIONS CS27109 shows comparative in vitro and in vivo efficacy with MGL3196, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in the treatment of MAFLD such as dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjian Huang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Zhou Deng
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Guoqiang Liao
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yiru Zhao
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xuhua Mao
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Beizhong Chen
- Chengdu Chipscreen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Desi Pan
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - You Zhou
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
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11
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Bernal J, Morte B, Diez D. Thyroid hormone regulators in human cerebral cortex development. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:R27-R36. [PMID: 36219489 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is critically dependent on the timely supply of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormone transporters are central to the action of thyroid hormones in the brain, facilitating their passage through the blood-brain barrier. Mutations of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) cause the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, with altered thyroid hormone concentrations in the blood and profound neurological impairment and intellectual deficit. Mouse disease models have revealed interplay between transport, deiodination, and availability of T3 to receptors in specific cells. However, the mouse models are not satisfactory, given the fundamental differences between the mouse and human brains. The goal of the present work is to review human neocortex development in the context of thyroid pathophysiology. Recent developments in single-cell transcriptomic approaches aimed at the human brain make it possible to profile the expression of thyroid hormone regulators in single-cell RNA-Seq datasets of the developing human neocortex. The data provide novel insights into the specific cellular expression of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases, and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Diez
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Emamnejad R, Dass M, Mahlis M, Bozkurt S, Ye S, Pagnin M, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. Thyroid hormone-dependent oligodendroglial cell lineage genomic and non-genomic signaling through integrin receptors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934971. [PMID: 36133808 PMCID: PMC9483185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease whereby the pathological sequelae evolve from oligodendrocytes (OLs) within the central nervous system and are targeted by the immune system, which causes widespread white matter pathology and results in neuronal dysfunction and neurological impairment. The progression of this disease is facilitated by a failure in remyelination following chronic demyelination. One mediator of remyelination is thyroid hormone (TH), whose reliance on monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) was recently defined. MCT8 facilitates the entry of THs into oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes (pre-OLs). Patients with MS may exhibit downregulated MCT8 near inflammatory lesions, which emphasizes an inhibition of TH signaling and subsequent downstream targeted pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt. However, the role of the closely related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in pre-OLs during neuroinflammation may also be central to the remyelination process and is governed by various growth promoting signals. Recent research indicates that this may be reliant on TH-dependent signaling through β1-integrins. This review identifies genomic and non-genomic signaling that is regulated through mTOR in TH-responsive pre-OLs and mature OLs in mouse models of MS. This review critiques data that implicates non-genomic Akt and mTOR signaling in response to TH-dependent integrin receptor activation in pre-OLs. We have also examined whether this can drive remyelination in the context of neuroinflammation and associated sequelae. Importantly, we outline how novel therapeutic small molecules are being designed to target integrin receptors on oligodendroglial lineage cells and whether these are viable therapeutic options for future use in clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimeh Emamnejad
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Dass
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Mahlis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Salome Bozkurt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Sining Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- B’, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B’, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Steven Petratos,
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Wieland DR, Wieland JR, Wang H, Chen YH, Lin CH, Wang JJ, Weng CH. Thyroid Disorders and Dementia Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e679-e687. [PMID: 35794019 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dementia has been gaining attention in aging societies and is estimated to affect 50 million adults globally in 2020, and 12% of the US population may develop a thyroid disorder in their lifetime. There have been limited studies investigating the correlation between thyroid disorder and dementia in the Asian population. METHODS Our large nationwide population-based case-control study utilized the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database. 7,843 adults with newly diagnosed dementia without a previous history of dementia or neurodegenerative disease between 2006 and 2013 were identified and included in our study. 7,843 adults without dementia diagnosis prior to the index date were age and gender matched as controls. Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism prior to the diagnosis of dementia or the same index date was identified. Results were obtained from logistic regression models and adjusted for sex, age, history of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, depression, hyperlipidemia, alcohol dependence syndrome, tinnitus, hearing loss, and radioactive iodine treatment. RESULTS A total of 15,686 patients were included in the study. Both case and control groups were slightly predominantly female (4,066 [51.8%]). The mean (SD) age for those with dementia was 74.9 (11.3) years, and for those without dementia was 74.5 (11.3) years. Among patients aged 65 years or older, a history of hypothyroidism was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with dementia (aOR, 1.81; 95% Cl 1.14-2.87; p=0.011), which was an association not present in patients older than 50 years but younger than 65 years. We found that this association was most significant among patients aged 65 years or older with a history of hypothyroidism who received hypothyroidism medication (aOR, 3.17; 95% Cl 1.04-9.69; p=0.043). DISCUSSION Our large-scale case-control study found that among people ≥ 65 years old, those with a history of hypothyroidism were associated with an 81% increased risk of having dementia and among those, there was an over 3-fold increased dementia risk with thyroid conditions that required thyroid hormone replacement treatment. Future well-controlled prospective longitudinal studies should be conducted to elucidate these potential mechanisms and relationships. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that among patients aged 65 years or older, a history of hypothyroidism was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yi-Huei Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, TAIWAN
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, TAIWAN
| | - Jing-Jie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, TAIWAN.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Weng
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA .,Coastal Medical Hillside Family Medicine, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA
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Hönes GS, Härting N, Mittag J, Kaiser FJ. TRα2—An Untuned Second Fiddle or Fine-Tuning Thyroid Hormone Action? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136998. [PMID: 35806002 PMCID: PMC9266318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) control a wide range of physiological functions essential for metabolism, growth, and differentiation. On a molecular level, TH action is exerted by nuclear receptors (TRs), which function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Among several TR isoforms, the function of TRα2 remains poorly understood as it is a splice variant of TRα with an altered C-terminus that is unable to bind T3. This review highlights the molecular characteristics of TRα2, proposed mechanisms that regulate alternative splicing and indications pointing towards an antagonistic function of this TR isoform in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, remaining knowledge gaps and major challenges that complicate TRα2 characterization, as well as future strategies to fully uncover its physiological relevance, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Härting
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes-Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism CBBM, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Frank J. Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
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15
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Fang Y, Dang P, Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng W, Teng X. Histological, functional and transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile hippocampus in a mouse model of thyroid hormone resistance. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e210097. [PMID: 35262510 PMCID: PMC9066571 DOI: 10.1530/etj-21-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper thyroid hormone signaling via the TRα1 nuclear receptor is required for normal neurodevelopmental processes. The specific downstream mechanisms mediated by TRα1 that impact brain development remain to be investigated. METHODS In this study, the structure, function and transcriptome of hippocampal tissue in a mouse model expressing the first RTHα mutation discovered in a patient, THRA E403X, were analyzed. RNAscope was used to visualize the spatial and temporal expression of Thra1 mRNA in the hippocampus of WT mice, which is corresponding to THRA1 mRNA in humans. The morphological structure was analyzed by Nissl staining, and the synaptic transmission was analyzed on the basis of long-term potentiation. The Morris water maze test and the zero maze test were used to evaluate the behavior. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the hippocampal tissues in the mouse model expressing the Thra E403X mutation. RESULTS The juvenile mutant Thra E403X mice presented with delayed neuronal migration, disordered neuronal distribution, and decreased synaptic plasticity. A total of 754 DEGs, including 361 upregulated genes and 393 downregulated genes, were identified by RNA-seq. DEG-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways were associated with PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and a range of immune-related pathways. 25 DEGs were validated by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The ThraE403X mutation results in histological and functional abnormalities, as well as transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile mouse hippocampus. This study of the ThraE403X mutant offers new insights into the biological cause of RTHα-associated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
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16
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Zhang H, Yang S, Zhu W, Niu T, Wang Z, An K, Xie Z, Wang P, Huang X, Wang C, Shangguan H, Yuan Y, Wang S. Free Triiodothyronine Levels are Related to Executive Function and Scene Memory in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Without Diagnosed Thyroid Diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1041-1050. [PMID: 35411164 PMCID: PMC8994555 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s355656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to determine the role of free triiodothyronine (FT3), the main active ingredient of thyroid hormones (THs), in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 255 T2DM patients without diagnosed thyroid diseases were recruited and divided into MCI group and healthy cognition group. Neuropsychological functions were observed by multidimensional cognitive function scales in including MoCA, Digit Span Test (DST), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Clock drawing test (CDT), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, Instantaneously Recalled Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT-IR), Delayed Recalled Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT-DR) and Logical Memory Test (LMT). Correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between FT3 and diabetic cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS Compared with 147 normal cognition patients, 108 MCI patients exhibited lower FT3 and higher HOMA-IR. FT3 level was not only positively correlated with MoCA scores, but DST, VFT and LMT, while negatively associated with TMTB. Furthermore, there is a negative association between FT3 and HOMA-IR. Logistic regression showed that decreased FT3 is a risk factor of MCI in T2DM patients. Although FT3 is not the risk factor of MCI after homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was entered as an independent variable, lower FT3 is associated with VFT and LMT adjusted by age, education, BMI, DM duration, HBP duration, smoking, HbA1c and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Lower FT3 levels may involve in MCI, especially for executive function and scene memory in T2DM patients without diagnosed thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuoling Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Shangguan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shaohua Wang; Yang Yuan, Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-83262815; +86-13814003661, Fax +86-25-83285132, Email ;
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17
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Kapri D, Fanibunda SE, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Putative molecular and cellular mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:1-33. [PMID: 35180924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to perturbations in thyroid hormone signaling, with evidence supporting a key role for thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the regulation of postmitotic progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation. In this book chapter we summarize the current understanding of the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on adult hippocampal progenitor development, and also critically address the role of TRs in regulation of distinct aspects of stage-specific hippocampal progenitor progression. We highlight actions of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone responsive target genes, and the implications for hippocampal progenitor regulation. Given the influence of thyroid hormone on both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, we discuss a putative role for regulation of metabolism in the effects of thyroid hormone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we highlight specific ideas that require detailed experimental investigation, and the need for future studies to obtain a deeper mechanistic insight into the influence of thyroid hormone and TRs in the developmental progression of adult hippocampal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kapri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India; Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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18
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Diez D, Morte B, Bernal J. Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of Thyroid Hormone Effectors in the Human Fetal Neocortex: Expression of SLCO1C1, DIO2, and THRB in Specific Cell Types. Thyroid 2021; 31:1577-1588. [PMID: 34114484 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones are crucial for brain development, acting through the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TR)α1 and β to control gene expression. Triiodothyronine (T3), the receptor-ligand, is transported into the brain from the blood by the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Another source of brain T3 is from the local deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by type 2 deiodinase (DIO2). While these mechanisms are very similar in mice and humans, important species-specific differences confound our understanding of disease using mouse models. To fill this knowledge gap on thyroid hormone action in the human fetal brain, we analyzed the expression of transporters, DIO2, and TRs, which we call thyroid hormone effectors, at single-cell resolution. Methods: We analyzed publicly available single-cell transcriptome data sets of isolated cerebral cortex neural cells from three different studies, with expression data from 393 to almost 40,000 cells. We generated Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection scatterplots and cell clusters to identify differentially expressed genes between clusters, and correlated their gene signatures with the expression of thyroid effectors. Results: The radial glia, mainly the outer radial glia, and astrocytes coexpress SLCO1C1 and DIO2, indicating close cooperation between the T4 transporter OATP1C1 and DIO2 in local T3 formation. Strikingly, THRB was mainly present in two classes of interneurons: a majority expressing CALB2/calretinin, from the caudal ganglionic eminence, and in somatostatin-expressing interneurons from the medial ganglionic eminence. By contrast, many cell types express SLC16A2 and THRA. Conclusions:SLCO1C1 and DIO2 coexpression in the outer radial glia, the universal stem cell of the cerebral cortex, highlights the likely importance of brain-generated T3 in neurogenesis. The unique expression of THRB in discrete subsets of interneurons is a novel finding whose pathophysiological meaning deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Diez
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Figueroa PBS, Ferreira AFF, Britto LR, Doussoulin AP, Torrão ADS. Association between thyroid function and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1523-1543. [PMID: 34146214 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolic parameters have been associated with an increased risk of dementia, among which thyroid function has gained great importance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in recent years. However, it remains unclear whether thyroid dysfunctions could influence and contribute to the beginning and/or progression of AD or if it results from AD. This systematic review was conducted to examine the association between thyroid hormone (TH) levels and AD. Medline, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Scopus, Scielo, and LILACS were searched, from January 2010 to March 2020. A total of 17 articles were selected. The studies reported alterations in TH and circadian rhythm in AD patients. Behavior, cognition, cerebral blood flow, and glucose consumption were correlated with TH deficits in AD patients. Whether thyroid dysfunctions and AD have a cause-effect relationship was inconclusive, however, the literature was able to provide enough data to corroborate a relationship between TH and AD. Although further studies are needed in this field, the current systematic review provides information that could help future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Belén Sepulveda Figueroa
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
- Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 05508900.
| | - Ana Flávia Fernandes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 05508900.
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 05508900
| | | | - Andréa da Silva Torrão
- Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 05508900
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20
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Pedaran M, Oelkrug R, Sun Q, Resch J, Schomburg L, Mittag J. Maternal Thyroid Hormone Programs Cardiovascular Functions in the Offspring. Thyroid 2021; 31:1424-1435. [PMID: 34269617 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Maternal thyroid hormone (TH) plays an essential role for fetal development, especially for the cardiovascular system and its central control. However, the precise consequences of altered TH action during the different periods in pregnancy remain poorly understood. Methods: To address this question, we used mice heterozygous for a mutant thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) and wild-type controls that were born to wild-type mothers treated with 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) during the first or the second half of pregnancy. We then phenotyped the offspring animals as adults by in vivo measurements and postmortem tissue analyses. Results: Maternal T3 treatment in either half of the pregnancy did not affect postnatal growth development. Serum thyroxine and hypophyseal thyrotropin subunit beta or deiodinase type II expression was also not affected in any group, only TRα1 mutant males exhibited a reduction in serum T3 levels after the treatment. Likewise, hepatic deiodinase type I was not altered, but serum selenium levels were reduced by the maternal treatment in wild-type offspring of both genders. Most interestingly, a significant increase in heart weight was found in adult wild-types born to mothers that received T3 during the first or second half of pregnancy, while TRα1 mutant males were protected from this effect. Moreover, we detected a significant increase in heart rate selectively in male mice that were exposed to elevated maternal T3 in the second half of the pregnancy. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings demonstrate that maternal TH is of particular relevance during the second half of pregnancy for establishing cardiac properties, with specific effects depending on TRα1 or gender. The data advocate routinely monitoring TH levels during pregnancy to avoid adverse cardiac effects in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Pedaran
- Institut für Endokrinologie und Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Institut für Endokrinologie und Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Qian Sun
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Resch
- Institut für Endokrinologie und Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institut für Endokrinologie und Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development and brain function in the adult. During development, thyroid hormone acts in a spatial and temporal-specific manner to regulate the expression of genes essential for normal neural cell differentiation, migration, and myelination. In the adult brain, thyroid hormone is important for maintaining normal brain function. Thyroid hormone excess, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, are associated with disordered brain function, including depression, memory loss, impaired cognitive function, irritability, and anxiety. Adequate thyroid hormone levels are required for normal brain function. Thyroid hormone acts through a cascade of signaling components: activation and inactivation by deiodinase enzymes, thyroid hormone membrane transporters, and nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Additionally, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, with negative feedback of thyroid hormone on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion, regulates serum thyroid hormone levels in a narrow range. Animal and human studies have shown both systemic and local reduction in thyroid hormone availability in neurologic disease and after brain trauma. Treatment with thyroid hormone and selective thyroid hormone analogs has resulted in a reduction in injury and improved recovery. This article will describe the thyroid hormone signal transduction pathway in the brain and the role of thyroid hormone in the aging brain, neurologic diseases, and the protective role when administered after traumatic brain injury. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-21, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Central vs. Peripheral Action of Thyroid Hormone in Adaptive Thermogenesis: A Burning Topic. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061327. [PMID: 34071979 PMCID: PMC8229489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) contribute to the control of adaptive thermogenesis, which is associated with both higher energy expenditure and lower body mass index. While it was clearly established that TH act directly in the target tissues to fulfill its metabolic activities, some studies have rather suggested that TH act in the hypothalamus to control these processes. This paradigm shift has subjected the topic to intense debates. This review aims to recapitulate how TH control adaptive thermogenesis and to what extent the brain is involved in this process. This is of crucial importance for the design of new pharmacological agents that would take advantage of the TH metabolic properties.
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23
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Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Dang P, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng X, Teng W. Generation and Characterization of a New Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mouse Model with Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene Mutation. Thyroid 2021; 31:678-691. [PMID: 32924834 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: In humans, resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) gene, RTHα, manifests as tissue-specific hypothyroidism and circulating thyroid hormone levels exhibit hypothyroid-like clinical features. Before the identification of patients with RTHα, several Thrα1 knock-in mouse models were generated to clarify the function of TRα1. However, the phenotypes of these mice were not consistent with the clinical presentation of RTHα in humans. For the present study, we generated an RTHα mouse model that carries the Thra1E403X mutation found in human RTHα patients. Here, we report the gross phenotypes of this mouse RTHα model. Methods: Traditional homologous recombination gene targeting techniques were used to introduce a mutation (Thra1E403X) in the mouse Thra gene. The phenotypes of the resulting mice were studied and compared with clinical features observed for RTHα with THRAE403X. Results: Thrα1E403X/E403X homozygous mice exhibited severe neurological phenotypes, such as spasticity and motor ataxia, which were similar to those observed in endemic cretinism. Thrα1E403X/+ heterozygous mice reproduced most clinical manifestations of patient with RTHα, such as a normal survival rate and male fertility, as well as delayed postnatal growth and development, neurological and motor coordination deficits, and anemia. The mice had typical thyroid function with a modest increase in serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels, a low thyroxine (T4)/T3 ratio, and low reverse T3 (rT3) levels. Conclusions: The Thrα1E403X/+ mice faithfully recapitulate the clinical features of human RTHα and thus can provide a useful tool to dissect the role of TRα1 in development and to determine the pathological mechanisms of RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Butruille L, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult neural stem cell fate: A comparative analysis between rodents and primates. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:133-192. [PMID: 33752817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, a highly conserved pathway across vertebrates, is crucial for brain development and function throughout life. In the adult mammalian brain, including that of humans, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate and generate neuronal and glial progenitors. The role of TH has been intensively investigated in the two main neurogenic niches of the adult mouse brain, the subventricular and the subgranular zone. A key finding is that T3, the biologically active form of THs, promotes NSC commitment toward a neuronal fate. In this review, we first discuss the roles of THs in the regulation of adult rodent neurogenesis, as well as how it relates to functional behavior, notably olfaction and cognition. Most research uncovering these roles of TH in adult neurogenesis was conducted in rodents, whose genetic background, brain structure and rate of neurogenesis are considerably different from that of humans. To bridge the phylogenetic gap, we also explore the similarities and divergences of TH-dependent adult neurogenesis in non-human primate models. Lastly, we examine how photoperiodic length changes TH homeostasis, and how that might affect adult neurogenesis in seasonal species to increase fitness. Several aspects by which TH acts on adult NSCs seem to be conserved among mammals, while we only start to uncover the molecular pathways, as well as how other in- and extrinsic factors are intertwined. A multispecies approach delivering more insights in the matter will pave the way for novel NSC-based therapies to combat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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25
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Sentis SC, Oelkrug R, Mittag J. Thyroid hormones in the regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R106-R115. [PMID: 33491659 PMCID: PMC7983518 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A normal thyroid status is crucial for body temperature homeostasis, as thyroid hormone regulates both heat loss and conservation as well as heat production in the thermogenic tissues. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the major site of non-shivering thermogenesis and an important target of thyroid hormone action. Thyroid hormone not only regulates the tissue's sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation by norepinephrine but also the expression of uncoupling protein 1, the key driver of BAT thermogenesis. Vice versa, sympathetic stimulation of BAT triggers the expression of deiodinase type II, an enzyme that enhances local thyroid hormone availability and signaling. This review summarizes the current knowledge on how thyroid hormone controls BAT thermogenesis, aiming to dissect the direct actions of the hormone in BAT and its indirect actions via the CNS, browning of white adipose tissue or heat loss over body surfaces. Of particular relevance is the apparent dose dependency of the observed effects, as we find that minor or moderate changes in thyroid hormone levels often have different effects as compared to high pharmacological doses. Moreover, we conclude that the more recent findings require a reevaluation of older studies, as key aspects such as heat loss or central BAT activation may not have received the necessary attention during the interpretation of these early findings. Finally, we provide a list of what we believe are the most relevant questions in the field that to date are still enigmatic and require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Christine Sentis
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Mittag:
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Giannocco G, Kizys MML, Maciel RM, de Souza JS. Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:47-56. [PMID: 32980238 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH; T3 and T4) play a fundamental role in the fetal stage to the adult phase, controlling gene and protein expression in virtually all tissues. The endocrine and CNS systems have relevant interaction, and the TH are pivotal for the proper functioning of the CNS. A slight failure to regulate TH availability during pregnancy and/or childhood can lead to neurological disorders, for example, autism and cognitive impairment, or depression. In this review, we highlight how TH acts in controlling gene expression, its role in the CNS, and what substances widely found in the environment can cause in this tissue. We highlight the role of Endocrine Disruptors used on an everyday basis in the processing of mRNAs responsible for neurodevelopment. We conclude that TH, more precisely T3, acts mainly throughout its nuclear receptors, that the deficiency of this hormone, either due to the lack of its main substrate iodine, or by to incorrect organification of T4 and T3 in the gland, or by a mutation in transporters, receptors and deiodinases may cause mild (dysregulated mood in adulthood) to severe neurological impairment (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, presented as early as childhood); T3 is responsible for the expression of numerous CNS genes related to oxygen transport, growth factors, myelination, cell maturation. Substances present in the environment and widely used can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, the action of TH, and the functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Giannocco
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rui Monteiro Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Quignon C, Beymer M, Gauthier K, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. Thyroid hormone receptors are required for the melatonin-dependent control of Rfrp gene expression in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12072-12082. [PMID: 32776612 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals adapt to seasons using a neuroendocrine calendar defined by the photoperiodic change in the nighttime melatonin production. Under short photoperiod, melatonin inhibits the pars tuberalis production of TSHβ, which, in turn, acts on tanycytes to regulate the deiodinase 2/3 balance resulting in a finely tuned seasonal control of the intra-hypothalamic thyroid hormone T3. Despite the pivotal role of this T3 signaling for synchronizing reproduction with the seasons, T3 cellular targets remain unknown. One candidate is a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing Rfrp, the gene encoding the RFRP-3 peptide, thought to be integral for modulating rodent's seasonal reproduction. Here we show that nighttime melatonin supplementation in the drinking water of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice mimics photoperiodic variations in the expression of the genes Tshb, Dio2, Dio3, and Rfrp, as observed in melatonin-proficient mammals. Notably, we report that this melatonin regulation of Rfrp expression is no longer observed in mice carrying a global mutation of the T3 receptor, TRα, but is conserved in mice with a selective neuronal mutation of TRα. In line with this observation, we find that TRα is widely expressed in the tanycytes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the melatonin-driven T3 signal regulates RFRP-3 neurons through non-neuronal, possibly tanycytic, TRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Quignon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthew Beymer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - François Gauer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Vancamp P, Butruille L, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid Hormone and Neural Stem Cells: Repair Potential Following Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:875. [PMID: 32982671 PMCID: PMC7479247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuronal and/or glial cell loss, while traumatic injury is often accompanied by the acute loss of both. Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain spontaneously proliferate, forming neuronal and glial progenitors that migrate toward lesion sites upon injury. However, they fail to replace neurons and glial cells due to molecular inhibition and the lack of pro-regenerative cues. A major challenge in regenerative biology therefore is to unveil signaling pathways that could override molecular brakes and boost endogenous repair. In physiological conditions, thyroid hormone (TH) acts on NSC commitment in the subventricular zone, and the subgranular zone, the two largest NSC niches in mammals, including humans. Here, we discuss whether TH could have beneficial actions in various pathological contexts too, by evaluating recent data obtained in mammalian models of multiple sclerosis (MS; loss of oligodendroglial cells), Alzheimer’s disease (loss of neuronal cells), stroke and spinal cord injury (neuroglial cell loss). So far, TH has shown promising effects as a stimulator of remyelination in MS models, while its role in NSC-mediated repair in other diseases remains elusive. Disentangling the spatiotemporal aspects of the injury-driven repair response as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TH acts, could unveil new ways to further exploit its pro-regenerative potential, while TH (ant)agonists with cell type-specific action could provide safer and more target-directed approaches that translate easier to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
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Minakhina S, Bansal S, Zhang A, Brotherton M, Janodia R, De Oliveira V, Tadepalli S, Wondisford FE. A Direct Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Protein Levels in Mice Provides Unexpected Insights into Thyroid Hormone Action. Thyroid 2020; 30:1193-1204. [PMID: 32122258 PMCID: PMC7415890 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) action is mediated by three major thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms α1, β1, and β2 (THRA1, THRB1, and THRB2). These THRs and a fourth major but non-TH binding isoform, THRA2, are encoded by two genes Thra and Thrb. Reliable antibodies against all THR isoforms are not available, and THR isoform protein levels in mammalian tissues are often inferred from messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Methods: We generated knock-in mouse models expressing endogenously and identically 2X hemagglutenin epitope (HA)-tagged THRs (THRA1/2, THRB1, and THRB2), which could then be detected by commercially available anti-HA antibodies. Using nuclear enrichment, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting, we determined relative THR protein expression in 16 mouse organs. Results: In all peripheral organs tested except the liver, the predominant THR isoform was THRA1. Surprisingly, in metabolically active organs such as fat and muscle, THRB1 protein levels were up to 10 times lower than that of THRA1, while their mRNA levels appeared similar. In contrast to peripheral organs, the central nervous system (CNS) had a unique pattern with relatively low levels of both THRB1 and THRA1, and high levels of THRA2 expression. As expected, THRB2 was highly expressed in the pituitary, but a previously unknown sex-specific difference in THRB2 expression was found (female mice having higher pituitary expression than male mice). Higher THRB2 expression appears to make the central axis more sensitive to TH as both serum thyrotropin and Tshb mRNA levels were lower in female mice. Conclusions: Direct comparison of THR protein abundance in different organs using endogenously tagged HA-THR mouse lines shows that expression of THR isoforms is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and in organ-specific manner. The prevalence of THRA1 and low abundance of THRB1 in majority of peripheral tissues suggest that peripheral actions of these isoforms should be revisited. A unique pattern of high THRA2 in CNS warrants further exploration of this non-TH binding isoform in brain development. Finally, THRB2, in addition to cell-specific control, is also regulated in a sex-specific manner, which may change the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis set point and perhaps metabolism in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Minakhina
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Address correspondence to: Svetlana Minakhina, PhD, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Clinical Academic Building, 7th floor, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sanya Bansal
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Brotherton
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rucha Janodia
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vanessa De Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Srikanth Tadepalli
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Fredric E. Wondisford, MD, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Clinical Academic Building, 7th floor, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Yang Y, Zhan F, Wang YC, Wang B, Shi MX, Guo C, Xu DX, Meng XH. Pubertal fenvalerate exposure impairs cognitive and behavioral development partially through down-regulating hippocampal thyroid hormone receptor signaling. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:192-201. [PMID: 32693020 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is an environmental endocrine disruptor and neurodevelopmental toxicant. An early report found that pubertal exposure to high-dose fenvalerate impaired cognitive and behavioral development. Here, we aimed to further investigate the effect of pubertal exposure to low-dose fenvalerate on cognitive and behavioral development. Mice were orally administered with fenvalerate (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) daily from postnatal day (PND) 28 to PND56. Learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze. Anxiety-related activities were detected by open-field and elevated plus-maze. Increased anxiety activities were observed only in females exposed to fenvalerate. Spatial learning and memory were damaged only in females exposed to fenvalerate. Histopathology observed numerous scattered shrinking neurons and nuclear pyknosis in hippocampal CA1 region. Neuronal density was reduced in hippocampal CA1 region of fenvalerate-exposed mice. Mechanistically, hippocampal thyroid hormone receptor (TR)β1 was down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in females. In addition, TRα1 was declined only in females exposed to 5.0 mg/kg fenvalerate. Taken together, these suggests that pubertal exposure to low-dose fenvalerate impairs cognitive and behavioral development in a gender-dependent manner. Hippocampal TR signaling may be, at least partially, involved in fenvalerate-induced impairment of cognitive and behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ye-Cheng Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Xing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Guo
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiu-Hong Meng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Low CSF/serum ratio of free T4 is associated with decreased quality of life in mild hypothyroidism - A pilot study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 19:100218. [PMID: 32154116 PMCID: PMC7052503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
General health, according to the Likert scale, was considerable affected even in mild hypothyroidism. The level of T4 in the brain, expressed as the CSF/serum f-T4 ratio, was associated with decreased general health. Depressive symptoms, according to the MADRS scale, correlated with the CSF/serum f-T4 ratio. T4 might have a direct effect in the brain, and not only as a storage hormone for the more active T3. Further studies on pharmacokinetics of CSF-thyroxine might be of benefit especially in patients not feeling well.
Background & Objective Patients with mild hypothyroidism often are depressed and have impaired quality of life despite serum free-T4 and T3 within reference values. Therefore, we investigated whether their symptoms were dependent on the concentrations of free -T4 and T3 in the circulation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods Twenty-five newly diagnosed, untreated hypothyroid subjects and as many age- and sex-matched healthy controls were investigated. Blood and CSF sampling was performed in the morning after an overnight fast. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by a Likert scale. In the hypothyroid subjects, the MADRS rating scale was also used to evaluate symptoms of depression. Furthermore, the results obtained by the questionnaires were related to serum and CSF levels of free- T4 and T3 as well as the ratios between them in CSF and in serum. Results Self-reported health was considerably lower in hypothyroid subjects. MADRS was considerably higher than the normal range for healthy individuals. Low CSF/serum free-T4 ratio was correlated with an increased depressed state according to MADRS (p < 0.01), and in addition, CSF/serum free-T4 ratio correlated positively with the self-reported general health Likert scale (p < 0.05). Concentrations of TSH, or free-T3 in serum or CSF, were not associated with an increased depressed state or self-reported general health. Conclusions Low CSF/serum ratio of free-T4 was correlated with impaired general health and mood, in contrast to serum measurements not showing any correlations. These findings might partly explain why some patients with hypothyroidism suffer from mental symptoms, despite adequate serum levels of free-T4. However, the findings need to be confirmed in further and larger studies.
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Key Words
- AHDS, Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- BSA, body surface area
- CON, healthy control group in our study
- CRP, C reactive protein
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DIO2, type II iodothyronine deiodinase-enzyme
- GHLS, General Health Likert Scale
- HYP, hypothyroid subjects in our study
- Hb, hemoglobulin
- M, mean value
- MADRS
- MADRS, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale
- MCT8, monocarboxylate transporter 8
- Md, median value
- Mild hypothyroidism
- NS, non-significant
- OATP1C1, organic anion transporter polypeptide 1C1
- PH, primary hypothyroidism in general
- Q1, first quartile
- Q3, third quartile
- QoL, quality of life
- Quality of life
- Subclinical hypothyroidism
- T3, triiodothyronine
- T4, thyroxine
- TPO, thyroid peroxidase antibody
- TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone
- Thyroxine
- Triiodothyronine
- f-T3 and f-T4, free unbound thyroid hormone
- s-, serum
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Endocrine Disruptors Induced Distinct Expression of Thyroid and Estrogen Receptors in Rat versus Mouse Primary Cerebellar Cell Cultures. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120359. [PMID: 31817561 PMCID: PMC6955918 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system of animals consists of fine-tuned self-regulating mechanisms that maintain the hormonal and neuronal milieu during tissue development. This complex system can be influenced by endocrine disruptors (ED)—substances that can alter the hormonal regulation even in small concentrations. By now, thousands of substances—either synthesized by the plastic, cosmetic, agricultural, or medical industry or occurring naturally in plants or in polluted groundwater—can act as EDs. Their identification and testing has been a hard-to-solve problem; Recent indications that the ED effects may be species-specific just further complicated the determination of biological ED effects. Here we compare the effects of bisphenol-A, zearalenone, and arsenic (well-known EDs) exerted on mouse and rat neural cell cultures by measuring the differences of the ED-affected neural estrogen- and thyroid receptors. EDs alters the receptor expression in a species-like manner detectable in the magnitude as well as in the nature of biological responses. It is concluded that the interspecies differences (or species specificity) in ED effects should be considered in the future testing of ED effects.
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Holmberg MO, Malmgren H, Berglund P, Bunketorp-Käll L, Heckemann RA, Johansson B, Klasson N, Olsson E, Skau S, Nystrom Filipsson H. Structural brain changes in hyperthyroid Graves' disease: protocol for an ongoing longitudinal, case-controlled study in Göteborg, Sweden-the CogThy project. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031168. [PMID: 31685507 PMCID: PMC6858258 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive impairment and reduced well-being are common manifestations of Graves' disease (GD). These symptoms are not only prevalent during the active phase of the disease but also often prevail for a long time after hyperthyroidism is considered cured. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in these brain-derived symptoms are currently unknown. The overall aim of the CogThy study is to identify the mechanism behind cognitive impairment to be able to recognise GD patients at risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a longitudinal, single-centre, case-controlled study conducted in Göteborg, Sweden on premenopausal women with newly diagnosed GD. The subjects are examined: at referral, at inclusion and then every 3.25 months until 15 months. Examinations include: laboratory measurements; eye evaluation; neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological testing; structural MRI of the whole brain, orbits and medial temporal lobe structures; functional near-infrared spectroscopy of the cerebral prefrontal cortex and self-assessed quality of life questionnaires. The primary outcome measure is the change in medial temporal lobe structure volume. Secondary outcome measures include neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, hormonal and autoantibody variables. The study opened for inclusion in September 2012 and close for inclusion in October 2019. It will provide novel information on the effect of GD on medial temporal lobe structures and cerebral cortex functionality as well as whether these changes are associated with cognitive and affective impairment, hormonal levels and/or autoantibody levels. It should lead to a broader understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and future treatment perspectives. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been reviewed and approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Göteborg, Sweden. The results will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conference presentations and among patient organisations after an appropriate embargo time. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 44321 at the public project database for research and development in Västra Götaland County, Sweden (https://www.researchweb.org/is/vgr/project/44321).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olof Holmberg
- ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helge Malmgren
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lina Bunketorp-Käll
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rolf A Heckemann
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Klasson
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simon Skau
- MedTech West, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helena Nystrom Filipsson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Talhada D, Santos CRA, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Their Impact in Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31681160 PMCID: PMC6814074 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of fundamental importance for brain development and essential factors to warrant brain functions throughout life. Their actions are mediated by binding to specific intracellular and membranous receptors regulating genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in neurons and populations of glial cells, respectively. Among others, mechanisms include the regulation of neuronal plasticity processes, stimulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis as well modulating the dynamics of cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport processes. These mechanisms overlap with those that have been identified to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions during the first weeks and months after ischemic stroke. Stimulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the postischemic brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to foster endogenous mechanisms of repair. Several studies have pointed to a significant association between thyroid hormones and outcome after stroke. With this review, we will provide an overview on functions of thyroid hormones in the healthy brain and summarize their mechanisms of action in the developing and adult brain. Also, we compile the major thyroid-modulated molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke that can enhance recovery, highlighting thyroid hormones as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecília Reis Alves Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Naicker M, Abbai N, Naidoo S. Bipolar limbic expression of auto-immune thyroid targets: thyroglobulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1281-1298. [PMID: 31197680 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The associations between thyroid auto-immunity and neuro-psychiatric disorders are well-documented. However, there exists limited literature specifically linking auto-immune thyroid disease (AITD) to bipolar disorder (BD). Thus, we investigated the likely association between Hashimoto's disease and BD through the extra-thyroidal localisation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) and thyroglobulin (TG) in limbic regions of normal and bipolar human adult brain. Further, we hypothesised that changes in thyroid expression in bipolar limbic cortex may contribute to mood dysregulation associated with BD. Immuno-chemistry and in-situ PCR were used to localise TSH-R/TG within the amygdala, cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex of normal (n = 5) and bipolar (n = 5) brains. Reverse-transcriptase qPCR provided fold-change differences in TSH-R gene expression. The results demonstrated reduced thyroid protein expression in bipolar limbic regions; these novel results correlate with other neuro-imaging reports that describe reduced cortico-limbic tissue volumes and neuro-physiological activity during BD. We also demonstrated TG-like proteins exclusive to bipolar amygdala neurons, and which relates to previous neuro-imaging studies of amygdala hyperactivity and enhanced emotional sensitivity in BD. Indeed, reduced TSH-R/TG in limbic regions may predispose to, or bear relevance in the pathophysiology of mood dysregulation and symptoms of BD. Further, we attribute mood dysregulation in BD to limbic-derived TSH-R, which probably provides potential targets for thyroid auto-immune factors during Hashimoto's disease. Consequently, this may lead to inactivated and/or damaged neurons. The neuro-pathology of diminished neuronal functioning or neuronal atrophy suggests a novel neuro-degeneration mechanism in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meleshni Naicker
- Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private bag X7, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Nathlee Abbai
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Strinivasen Naidoo
- Therapeutics and Medicines Management, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private bag X7, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Paul-Friedman K, Martin M, Crofton KM, Hsu CW, Sakamuru S, Zhao J, Xia M, Huang R, Stavreva DA, Soni V, Varticovski L, Raziuddin R, Hager GL, Houck KA. Limited Chemical Structural Diversity Found to Modulate Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Tox21 Chemical Library. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97009. [PMID: 31566444 PMCID: PMC6792352 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are critical endocrine receptors that regulate a multitude of processes in adult and developing organisms, and thyroid hormone disruption is of high concern for neurodevelopmental and reproductive toxicities in particular. To date, only a small number of chemical classes have been identified as possible TR modulators, and the receptors appear highly selective with respect to the ligand structural diversity. Thus, the question of whether TRs are an important screening target for protection of human and wildlife health remains. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate the hypothesis that there is limited structural diversity among environmentally relevant chemicals capable of modulating TR activity via the collaborative interagency Tox21 project. METHODS We screened the Tox21 chemical library (8,305 unique structures) in a quantitative high-throughput, cell-based reporter gene assay for TR agonist or antagonist activity. Active compounds were further characterized using additional orthogonal assays, including mammalian one-hybrid assays, coactivator recruitment assays, and a high-throughput, fluorescent imaging, nuclear receptor translocation assay. RESULTS Known agonist reference chemicals were readily identified in the TR transactivation assay, but only a single novel, direct agonist was found, the pharmaceutical betamipron. Indirect activation of TR through activation of its heterodimer partner, the retinoid-X-receptor (RXR), was also readily detected by confirmation in an RXR agonist assay. Identifying antagonists with high confidence was a challenge with the presence of significant confounding cytotoxicity and other, non-TR-specific mechanisms common to the transactivation assays. Only three pharmaceuticals-mefenamic acid, diclazuril, and risarestat-were confirmed as antagonists. DISCUSSION The results support limited structural diversity for direct ligand effects on TR and imply that other potential target sites in the thyroid hormone axis should be a greater priority for bioactivity screening for thyroid axis disruptors. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Paul-Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt Martin
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana A Stavreva
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikas Soni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Razi Raziuddin
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Oligodendroglial Lineage Cells in Thyroid Hormone-Deprived Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5496891. [PMID: 31182964 PMCID: PMC6515029 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5496891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are supporting glial cells that ensure the metabolism and homeostasis of neurons with specific synaptic axoglial interactions in the central nervous system. These require key myelinating glial trophic signals important for growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormone (TH) is one such trophic signal that regulates oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, and oligodendroglial synaptic dynamics via either genomic or nongenomic pathways. The intracellular and extracellular transport of TH is facilitated by a specific transmembrane transporter known as the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Dysfunction of the MCT8 due to mutation, inhibition, or downregulation during brain development leads to inherited hypomyelination, which manifests as psychomotor retardation in the X-linked inherited Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). In particular, oligodendroglial-specific MCT8 deficiency may restrict the intracellular T3 availability, culminating in deficient metabolic communication between the oligodendrocytes and the neurons they ensheath, potentially promulgating neurodegenerative adult diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on the therapeutic effects exhibited by TH in various preclinical studies, particularly related to its remyelinating potential, TH has now entered the initial stages of a clinical trial to test the therapeutic efficacy in relapsing-remitting MS patients (NCT02506751). However, TH analogs, such as DITPA or Triac, may well serve as future therapeutic options to rescue mature oligodendrocytes and/or promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in an environment of MCT8 deficiency within the CNS. This review outlines the therapeutic strategies to overcome the differentiation blockade of oligodendrocyte precursors and maintain mature axoglial interactions in TH-deprived conditions.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
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Quinlan P, Horvath A, Wallin A, Svensson J. Low serum concentration of free triiodothyronine (FT3) is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:112-119. [PMID: 30223192 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In epidemiological studies, thyroid hormones (THs) have been associated with the risk of dementia. However, little is known of the relation between THs and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD) in a memory clinic population. METHODS In a mono-center study, serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were assessed in 302 patients. All patients had subjective or objective mild cognitive impairment and none received treatment with THs. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses was used to determine whether THs at baseline were associated with the risk of conversion to all-cause dementia, AD or VaD. RESULTS During the follow-up (mean 2.8 years), 82 (28%) of the patients progressed to dementia [AD, n = 55 (18%) and VaD, n = 17 (6%)]. Serum concentrations of TSH, FT4, and FT3 did not associate with all-cause dementia or VaD. Higher serum FT3 was associated with lower risk of conversion to AD [hazard ratio (HR) = 054; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-0.92 per 1 pmol/L increase]. Furthermore, patients in the lowest serum FT3 quartile had a twofold increased risk of AD compared to those in the highest quartile (HR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.06-6.47). These associations remained after adjustment for multiple covariates. CONCLUSIONS In a memory clinic population, there was an inverse, linear association between serum FT3 and risk of AD whereas THs did not associate with all-cause dementia or VaD. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms as well as the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Quinlan
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alexandra Horvath
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. TRH Neurons and Thyroid Hormone Coordinate the Hypothalamic Response to Cold. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:279-288. [PMID: 30574457 PMCID: PMC6276749 DOI: 10.1159/000493976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in regulating body temperature in mammals. Cold exposure stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis at the hypothalamic level by activating hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons, ultimately resulting in increased plasma TH concentrations. Importantly, the local TH metabolism within various cold-responsive organs enables tissue-specific action of TH on heat production and adaption to cold independently of the circulating TH levels. In addition to these neuroendocrine effects, TRH neurons in the hypothalamus also have neural connections with brown adipose tissue (BAT), probably contributing to regulation of thermogenesis by the autonomic nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that intrahypothalamic TH has profound metabolic effects on BAT, the liver, and the heart that are mediated via the autonomic nervous system. These effects originate in various hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial nucleus, and recently reported neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area, indicating a potential central function for TH on thermoregulation. Finally, although robust stimulation of the thermogenic program in BAT was shown upon TH administration in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the physiological relevance of these neurally mediated effects of TH is unclear at present. This review provides an overview of studies reporting the role of TH in cold defense, with a focus on recent literature evidencing the centrally mediated effects of TRH and TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Eric Fliers, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, NL–1105AZ Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Simandi Z, Horvath A, Cuaranta-Monroy I, Sauer S, Deleuze JF, Nagy L. RXR heterodimers orchestrate transcriptional control of neurogenesis and cell fate specification. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:51-62. [PMID: 28778663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs) are unique and enigmatic members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family with extensive and complex biological functions in cellular differentiation. On the one hand, RXRs through permissive heterodimerization with other NRs are able to integrate multiple lipid signaling pathways and are believed to play a central role to coordinate the development of the central nervous system. On the other hand, RXRs may have heterodimer-independent functions as well. Therefore, a more RXR-centric analysis is warranted to identify its genomic binding sites and regulated gene networks, which are orchestrating the earliest events in neuronal differentiation. Recently developed genome-wide approaches allow systematic analyses of the RXR-driven neural differentiation. Here we applied next generation sequencing-based methodology to track the dynamic redistribution of the RXR cistrome along the path of embryonic stem cell to glutamatergic neuron differentiation. We identified Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) and Liver X Receptor (LXR) as dominant heterodimeric partners of RXR in these cellular stages. Our data presented here characterize the RAR:RXR and LXR:RXR-mediated transcriptional program in embryonic stem cells, neural progenitors and terminally differentiated neurons. Considering the growing evidence for dysregulated RXR-mediated signaling in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, the data presented here will be also a valuable resource for the field of neuro(patho)biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Simandi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ixchelt Cuaranta-Monroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (BISMB and BIH), Germany
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine, Institute de Biologie Francois Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE "Lendulet" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Harder L, Dudazy-Gralla S, Müller-Fielitz H, Hjerling Leffler J, Vennström B, Heuer H, Mittag J. Maternal thyroid hormone is required for parvalbumin neurone development in the anterior hypothalamic area. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12573. [PMID: 29377458 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for brain development and function. This becomes most evident in untreated congenital hypothyroidism, leading to irreversible mental retardation. Likewise, maternal hypothyroxinaemia, a lack of TH during pregnancy, is associated with neurological dysfunction in the offspring, such as autism and reduced intellectual capacity. In the brain, TH acts mainly through TH receptor α1 (TRα1). Consequently, mice heterozygous for a dominant-negative mutation in TRα1 display profound neuroanatomical abnormalities including deranged development of parvalbumin neurones. However, the exact timing and orchestration of TH signalling during parvalbumin neurone development remains elusive. In the present study, we dissect the development of parvalbumin neurones in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) in male mice using different mouse models with impaired pre- and postnatal TH signalling in combination with bromodeoxyuridine birth dating and immunohistochemistry. Our data reveal that hypothalamic parvalbumin neurones are born at embryonic day 12 and are first detected in the AHA at postnatal day 8, reaching their full population number at P13. Interestingly, they do not require TH postnatally because their development is not impaired in mice with impaired TH signalling after birth. By contrast, however, these neurones crucially depend on TH through TRα1 signalling in the second half of pregnancy, when the hormone is almost exclusively provided by the mother. For the first time, our findings directly link a maternal hormone to a neuroanatomical substrate in the foetal brain, and underline the importance of proper TH signalling during pregnancy for offspring mental health. Given the role of hypothalamic parvalbumin neurones in the central control of blood pressure, the present study advocates the inclusion of cardiovascular parameters in the current discussion on possible TH substitution in maternal hypothyroxinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harder
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Dudazy-Gralla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Müller-Fielitz
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Hjerling Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Vennström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Heuer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Mittag
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone and the brain: Mechanisms of action in development and role in protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:176-185. [PMID: 29378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development and may also promote recovery and neuronal regeneration after brain injury. TH acts predominantly through the nuclear receptors, TH receptor alpha (THRA) and beta (THRB). Additional factors that impact TH action in the brain include metabolism, activation of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) by the enzyme 5'-deiodinase Type 2 (Dio2), inactivation by the enzyme 5-deiodinase Type 3 (Dio3) to reverse T3 (rT3), which occurs in glial cells, and uptake by the Mct8 transporter in neurons. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with inflammation, metabolic alterations and neural death. In clinical studies, central hypothyroidism, due to hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction, has been found in some individuals after brain injury. TH has been shown, in animal models, to be protective for the damage incurred from brain injury and may have a role to limit injury and promote recovery. Although clinical trials have not yet been reported, findings from in vitro and in vivo models inform potential treatment strategies utilizing TH for protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States.
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Gil-Ibañez P, García-García F, Dopazo J, Bernal J, Morte B. Global Transcriptome Analysis of Primary Cerebrocortical Cells: Identification of Genes Regulated by Triiodothyronine in Specific Cell Types. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:706-717. [PMID: 26534908 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine (T3) are crucial for cerebral cortex development acting through regulation of gene expression. To define the transcriptional program under T3 regulation, we have performed RNA-Seq of T3-treated and untreated primary mouse cerebrocortical cells. The expression of 1145 genes or 7.7% of expressed genes was changed upon T3 addition, of which 371 responded to T3 in the presence of cycloheximide indicating direct transcriptional regulation. The results were compared with available transcriptomic datasets of defined cellular types. In this way, we could identify targets of T3 within genes enriched in astrocytes and neurons, in specific layers including the subplate, and in specific neurons such as prepronociceptin, cholecystokinin, or cortistatin neurons. The subplate and the prepronociceptin neurons appear as potentially major targets of T3 action. T3 upregulates mostly genes related to cell membrane events, such as G-protein signaling, neurotransmission, and ion transport and downregulates genes involved in nuclear events associated with the M phase of cell cycle, such as chromosome organization and segregation. Remarkably, the transcriptomic changes induced by T3 sustain the transition from fetal to adult patterns of gene expression. The results allow defining in molecular terms the elusive role of thyroid hormones on neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gil-Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-García
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Bioinformatics of Rare Diseases (BIER), CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Functional Genomics Node, INB at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Kapoor R, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:211-251. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Zsarnovszky A, Kiss D, Jocsak G, Nemeth G, Toth I, Horvath TL. Thyroid hormone- and estrogen receptor interactions with natural ligands and endocrine disruptors in the cerebellum. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:23-36. [PMID: 28987779 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of phytoestrogens on brain function is widely unknown, they are often regarded as "natural" and thus as harmless. However, the effects of phytoestrogens or environmental pollutants on brain function is underestimated. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol, E2) and thyroid hormones (THs) play pivotal roles in brain development. In the mature brain, these hormones regulate metabolism on cellular and organismal levels. Thus, E2 and THs do not only regulate the energy metabolism of the entire organism, but simultaneously also regulate important homeostatic parameters of neurons and glia in the CNS. It is, therefore, obvious that the mechanisms through which these hormones exert their effects are pleiotropic and include both intra- and intercellular actions. These hormonal mechanisms are versatile, and the experimental investigation of simultaneous hormone-induced mechanisms is technically challenging. In addition, the normal physiological settings of metabolic parameters depend on a plethora of interactions of the steroid hormones. In this review, we discuss conceptual and experimental aspects of the gonadal and thyroid hormones as they relate to in vitro models of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Zsarnovszky
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Kiss
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gabor Nemeth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, School of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Toth
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Departments of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary.
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47
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Wirth EK, Meyer F. Neuronal effects of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:136-142. [PMID: 28088465 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and their metabolites are active regulators of gene expression, mitochondrial function and various other physiological actions in different organs and tissues. These actions are mediated by a spatio-temporal regulation of thyroid hormones and metabolites within a target cell. This spatio-temporal resolution as well as classical and non-classical actions of thyroid hormones and metabolites is accomplished and regulated on multiple levels as uptake, local activation and signaling of thyroid hormones. In this review, we will give an overview of the systems involved in regulating the presence and activity of thyroid hormones and their metabolites within the brain, specifically in neurons. While a wealth of data on thyroxin (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in the brain has been generated, research into the presence of action of other thyroid hormone metabolites is still sparse and requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Meyer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Silva N, Louro B, Trindade M, Power DM, Campinho MA. Transcriptomics reveal an integrative role for maternal thyroid hormones during zebrafish embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16657. [PMID: 29192226 PMCID: PMC5709499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for embryonic brain development but the genetic mechanisms involved in the action of maternal THs (MTHs) are still largely unknown. As the basis for understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of MTHs regulation we used an established zebrafish monocarboxylic acid transporter 8 (MCT8) knock-down model and characterised the transcriptome in 25hpf zebrafish embryos. Subsequent mapping of differentially expressed genes using Reactome pathway analysis together with in situ expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed the genetic networks and cells under MTHs regulation during zebrafish embryogenesis. We found 4,343 differentially expressed genes and the Reactome pathway analysis revealed that TH is involved in 1681 of these pathways. MTHs regulated the expression of core developmental pathways, such as NOTCH and WNT in a cell specific context. The cellular distribution of neural MTH-target genes demonstrated their cell specific action on neural stem cells and differentiated neuron classes. Taken together our data show that MTHs have a role in zebrafish neurogenesis and suggest they may be involved in cross talk between key pathways in neural development. Given that the observed MCT8 zebrafish knockdown phenotype resembles the symptoms in human patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome our data open a window into understanding the genetics of this human congenital condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Silva
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Louro
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco A Campinho
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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Gkikas D, Tsampoula M, Politis PK. Nuclear receptors in neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4097-4120. [PMID: 28638936 PMCID: PMC11107725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, embryonic and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) generate the enormous variety and huge numbers of neuronal and glial cells that provide structural and functional support in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, nuclear receptors and their natural ligands have emerged as critical regulators of NSC homeostasis during embryonic development and adult life. Furthermore, substantial progress has been achieved towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptors action in proliferative and differentiation capacities of NSCs. Aberrant expression or function of nuclear receptors in NSCs also contributes to the pathogenesis of various nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of steroid, non-steroid, and orphan nuclear receptors in NSC fate decisions. These studies establish nuclear receptors as key therapeutic targets in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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50
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van der Spek AH, Surovtseva OV, Aan S, Tool ATJ, van de Geer A, Demir K, van Gucht ALM, van Trotsenburg ASP, van den Berg TK, Fliers E, Boelen A. Increased circulating interleukin-8 in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone receptor α. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:731-740. [PMID: 29101248 PMCID: PMC5670275 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells have recently been identified as novel thyroid hormone (TH) target cells in which intracellular TH levels appear to play an important functional role. The possible involvement of TH receptor alpha (TRα), which is the predominant TR in these cells, has not been studied to date. Studies in TRα0/0 mice suggest a role for this receptor in innate immune function. The aim of this study was to determine whether TRα affects the human innate immune response. We assessed circulating interleukin-8 concentrations in a cohort of 8 patients with resistance to TH due to a mutation of TRα (RTHα) and compared these results to healthy controls. In addition, we measured neutrophil and macrophage function in one of these RTHα patients (mutation D211G). Circulating interleukin-8 levels were elevated in 7 out of 8 RTHα patients compared to controls. These patients harbor different mutations, suggesting that this is a general feature of the syndrome of RTHα. Neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis, bacterial killing, NAPDH oxidase activity and chemotaxis were unaltered in cells derived from the RTHαD211G patient. RTHα macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine induction after LPS treatment were similar to results from control cells. The D211G mutation did not result in clinically relevant impairment of neutrophil or pro-inflammatory macrophage function. As elevated circulating IL-8 is also observed in hyperthyroidism, this observation could be due to the high-normal to high levels of circulating T3 found in patients with RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Aan
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton T J Tool
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie van de Geer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Korcan Demir
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyDokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of EndocrinologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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