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Su X, Li S, Zhang Y, Tie X, Feng R, Guo X, Qiao X, Wang L. Overexpression of Corin Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis through Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:101-120. [PMID: 37827215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for mitigating kidney fibrosis. Corin possesses the homologous ligand binding site [Frizzled-cysteine-rich domain (Fz-CRD)] similar to Frizzled proteins, which act as receptors for Wnt. The Fz-CRD has been found in eight different proteins, all of which, except for corin, are known to bind Wnt and regulate its signal transmission. We hypothesized that corin may inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and thereby reduce fibrogenesis. Reduced expression of corin along with the increased activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was found in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and ureteral ischemia/reperfusion injury (UIRI) models. In vitro, corin bound to the Wnt1 through its Fz-CRDs and inhibit the Wnt1 function responsible for activating β-catenin. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibited corin expression, accompanied by activation of β-catenin; conversely, overexpression of corin attenuated the fibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β1. In vivo, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of corin attenuated the progression of fibrosis, which was potentially associated with the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the down-regulation of its target genes after UUO and UIRI. These results suggest that corin acts as an antagonist that protects the kidney from pathogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling and from fibrosis following UUO and UIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Su
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuan Tie
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongrong Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaojiao Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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The study of selection signature and its applications on identification of candidate genes using whole genome sequencing data in chicken - a review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102657. [PMID: 37054499 PMCID: PMC10123265 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken is a major source of protein for the increasing human population and is useful for research purposes. There are almost 1,600 distinct regional breeds of chicken across the globe, among which a large body of genetic and phenotypic variations has been accumulated due to extensive natural and artificial selection. Moreover, natural selection is a crucial force for animal domestication. Several approaches have been adopted to detect selection signatures in different breeds of chicken using whole genome sequencing (WGS) data including integrated haplotype score (iHS), cross-populated extend haplotype homozygosity test (XP-EHH), fixation index (FST), cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR), nucleotide diversity (Pi), and others. In addition, gene enrichment analyses are utilized to determine KEGG pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms related to traits of interest in chicken. Herein, we review different studies that have adopted diverse approaches to detect selection signatures in different breeds of chicken. This review systematically summarizes different findings on selection signatures and related candidate genes in chickens. Future studies could combine different selection signatures approaches to strengthen the quality of the results thereby providing more affirmative inference. This would further aid in deciphering the importance of selection in chicken conservation for the increasing human population.
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de Miguel-Gómez L, Sebastián-León P, Romeu M, Pellicer N, Faus A, Pellicer A, Díaz-Gimeno P, Cervelló I. Endometrial gene expression differences in women with coronavirus disease 2019. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:1159-1169. [PMID: 36333264 PMCID: PMC9624514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the potential effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the endometrial transcriptome of affected, symptomatic women for the detection of altered gene expression. DESIGN Pilot study of the endometrial transcriptomes of women manifesting COVID-19 compared with those of women without COVID-19 undergoing hysteroscopic procedures for benign gynecologic disorders using RNA sequencing. SETTING Hospital and university laboratories. PATIENT(S) Women with (n = 14) and without a COVID-19 (n = 10) diagnosis based on a nasopharyngeal swab analysis using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The endometrium of the patients with COVID-19 had previously been tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, revealing the absence of the virus in this tissue. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrial biopsy sample collection. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S) Endometrial gene expression and functional analysis of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 vs. individuals without the infection. RESULT(S) The systemic disease COVID-19 altered endometrial gene expression in 75% of the women, with the patients exhibiting a preponderance of 163 up-regulated (e.g., UTS2, IFI6, IFIH1, and BNIP3) and 72 down-regulated genes (e.g., CPZ, CDH3, and IRF4) (false discovery rate<0.05). A total of 161 dysregulated functions (36 up-regulated and 125 down-regulated) were typically enriched in the endometria of the patients with COVID-19, including up-regulation in pathways involved in the development of immune responses to viruses and cytokine inflammation, reflecting elicitation of a COVID-19 response pathway. CONCLUSION(S) Coronavirus disease 2019 affects endometrial gene expression despite the absence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in endometrial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía de Miguel-Gómez
- IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain, bReproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Sebastián-León
- IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain, bReproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Romeu
- La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain,Women's Health Area, Human Reproduction Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Pellicer
- La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain,Women's Health Area, Human Reproduction Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Faus
- IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain, bReproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Women's Health Area, Human Reproduction Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain,Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology Department, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Gimeno
- IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain, bReproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Cervelló
- IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain, bReproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain,Correspondence: Irene Cervelló, Ph.D., IVI Foundation, La Fe Health Research Institute, 106 Fernando Abril Martorell Avenue. La Fe University Hospital, Biopolo, 1st floor, Valencia 46026
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Genome-wide scan for selection signatures and genes related to heat tolerance in domestic chickens in the tropical and temperate regions in Asia. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101821. [PMID: 35537342 PMCID: PMC9118144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors challenging the global poultry industry. Identifying the genes responsible for heat tolerance is fundamentally important for direct breeding programs. To uncover the genetic basis underlying the ambient temperature adaptation of chickens, we analyzed a total of 59 whole genomes from indigenous chickens that inhabit South Asian tropical regions and temperate regions from Northern China. We applied FST and π-ratio to scan selective sweeps and identified 34 genes with a signature of positive selection in chickens from tropical regions. Several of these genes are functionally implicated in metabolism (FABP2, RAMP3, SUGCT, and TSHR) and vascular smooth muscle contractility (CAMK2), and they may be associated with adaptation to tropical regions. In particular, we found a missense mutation in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (41020238:G>A) that shows significant differences in allele frequency between the chicken populations of the two regions. To evaluate whether the missense mutation in TSHR could enhance the heat tolerance of chickens, we constructed segregated chicken populations and conducted heat stress experiments using homozygous mutations (AA) and wild-type (GG) chickens. We found that GG chickens exhibited significantly higher concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase than AA chickens under heat stress (35 ± 1°C) conditions (P < 0.05). These results suggest that TSHR (41020238:G>A) can facilitate heat tolerance and adaptation to higher ambient temperature conditions in tropical climates. Overall, our results provide potential candidate genes for molecular breeding of heat-tolerant chickens.
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Li YD, Liu X, Li ZW, Wang WJ, Li YM, Cao ZP, Luan P, Xiao F, Gao HH, Guo HS, Wang N, Li H, Wang SZ. A combination of genome-wide association study and selection signature analysis dissects the genetic architecture underlying bone traits in chickens. Animal 2021; 15:100322. [PMID: 34311193 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bones of chicken play an important role in supporting and protecting the body. The growth and development of bones have a substantial influence on the health and production performance in chickens. However, genetic architecture underlying chicken bone traits is not well understood. The objectives of this study are to dissect the genetic basis of bone traits in chickens and to identify valuable genes and genetic markers for chicken breeding. We performed a combination of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selection signature analysis (fixation index values and nucleotide diversity ratios) in an F2 crossbred experimental population with different genetic backgrounds (broiler × layer) to identify candidate genes and significant variants related to femur, shank, keel length, chest width, metatarsal claw weight, metatarsal length, and metatarsal circumference. A total of 545 individuals were genotyped based on the whole genome re-sequencing method (26 F0 individuals were re-sequenced at 10 × coverage; 519 F2 individuals were re-sequenced at 3 × coverage). A total of 2 028 112 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) remained to carry out analysis after quality control and imputation. The integration of GWAS and selection signature analysis indicated that all significant SNPs responsible for bone traits were mainly localized on chicken chromosomes 1, 4, and 27. Finally, we identified 21 positional candidate genes that might regulate chicken bone growth and development, including LRCH1, RB1, FNDC3A, MLNR, CAB39L, FOXO1, LHFP, TRPC4, POSTN, SMAD9, RBPJ, PPARGC1A, SLIT2, NCAPG, NKX3-2, CPZ, SPOP, NGFR, SOST, ZNF652, and HOXB3. Additionally, an array of uncharacterized genes was identified. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the genetic architecture of chicken bone traits and offer a molecular basis for applying genomics in practical chicken breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - X Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Z W Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - W J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Y M Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Z P Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - P Luan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - F Xiao
- Fujian Sunnzer Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd, Guangze, Fujian Province 354100, PR China
| | - H H Gao
- Fujian Sunnzer Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd, Guangze, Fujian Province 354100, PR China
| | - H S Guo
- Fujian Sunnzer Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd, Guangze, Fujian Province 354100, PR China
| | - N Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - H Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - S Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Substrate Specificity and Structural Modeling of Human Carboxypeptidase Z: A Unique Protease with a Frizzled-Like Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228687. [PMID: 33217972 PMCID: PMC7698808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallocarboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) is a secreted enzyme that is distinguished from all other members of the M14 metallocarboxypeptidase family by the presence of an N-terminal cysteine-rich Frizzled-like (Fz) domain that binds Wnt proteins. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of human CPZ. To investigate the enzymatic properties, we employed dansylated peptide substrates. For substrate specificity profiling, we generated two different large peptide libraries and employed isotopic labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry to study the substrate preference of this enzyme. Our findings revealed that CPZ has a strict requirement for substrates with C-terminal Arg or Lys at the P1′ position. For the P1 position, CPZ was found to display specificity towards substrates with basic, small hydrophobic, or polar uncharged side chains. Deletion of the Fz domain did not affect CPZ activity as a carboxypeptidase. Finally, we modeled the structure of the Fz and catalytic domains of CPZ. Taken together, these studies provide the molecular elucidation of substrate recognition and specificity of the CPZ catalytic domain, as well as important insights into how the Fz domain binds Wnt proteins to modulate their functions.
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Disorders of FZ-CRD; insights towards FZ-CRD folding and therapeutic landscape. Mol Med 2019; 26:4. [PMID: 31892318 PMCID: PMC6938638 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ER is hub for protein folding. Proteins that harbor a Frizzled cysteine-rich domain (FZ-CRD) possess 10 conserved cysteine motifs held by a unique disulfide bridge pattern which attains a correct fold in the ER. Little is known about implications of disease-causing missense mutations within FZ-CRD families. Mutations in FZ-CRD of Frizzled class receptor 4 (FZD4) and Muscle, skeletal, receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) and Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) cause Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS), and Robinow Syndrome (RS) respectively. We highlight reported pathogenic inherited missense mutations in FZ-CRD of FZD4, MuSK and ROR2 which misfold, and traffic abnormally in the ER, with ER-associated degradation (ERAD) as a common pathogenic mechanism for disease. Our review shows that all studied FZ-CRD mutants of RS, FEVR and CMS result in misfolded proteins and/or partially misfolded proteins with an ERAD fate, thus we coin them as “disorders of FZ-CRD”. Abnormal trafficking was demonstrated in 17 of 29 mutants studied; 16 mutants were within and/or surrounding the FZ-CRD with two mutants distant from FZ-CRD. These ER-retained mutants were improperly N-glycosylated confirming ER-localization. FZD4 and MuSK mutants were tagged with polyubiquitin chains confirming targeting for proteasomal degradation. Investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these mutations is important since misfolded protein and ER-targeted therapies are in development. The P344R-MuSK kinase mutant showed around 50% of its in-vitro autophosphorylation activity and P344R-MuSK increased two-fold on proteasome inhibition. M105T-FZD4, C204Y-FZD4, and P344R-MuSK mutants are thermosensitive and therefore, might benefit from extending the investigation to a larger number of chemical chaperones and/or proteasome inhibitors. Nonetheless, FZ-CRD ER-lipidation it less characterized in the literature and recent structural data sheds light on the importance of lipidation in protein glycosylation, proper folding, and ER trafficking. Current treatment strategies in-place for the conformational disease landscape is highlighted. From this review, we envision that disorders of FZ-CRD might be receptive to therapies that target FZ-CRD misfolding, regulation of fatty acids, and/or ER therapies; thus paving the way for a newly explored paradigm to treat different diseases with common defects.
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Young M, Selleri L, Capellini TD. Genetics of scapula and pelvis development: An evolutionary perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:311-349. [PMID: 30797513 PMCID: PMC6430119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In tetrapods, the scapular and pelvic girdles perform the important function of anchoring the limbs to the trunk of the body and facilitating the movement of each appendage. This shared function, however, is one of relatively few similarities between the scapula and pelvis, which have significantly different morphologies, evolutionary histories, embryonic origins, and underlying genetic pathways. The scapula evolved in jawless fish prior to the pelvis, and its embryonic development is unique among bones in that it is derived from multiple progenitor cell populations, including the dermomyotome, somatopleure, and neural crest. Conversely, the pelvis evolved several million years later in jawed fish, and it develops from an embryonic somatopleuric cell population. The genetic networks controlling the formation of the pelvis and scapula also share similarities and differences, with a number of genes shaping only one or the other, while other gene products such as PBX transcription factors act as hierarchical developmental regulators of both girdle structures. Here, we provide a detailed review of the cellular processes and genetic networks underlying pelvis and scapula formation in tetrapods, while also highlighting unanswered questions about girdle evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Young
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Institute of Human Genetics, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Institute of Human Genetics, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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Wood TWP, Nakamura T. Problems in Fish-to-Tetrapod Transition: Genetic Expeditions Into Old Specimens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:70. [PMID: 30062096 PMCID: PMC6054942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish-to-tetrapod transition is one of the fundamental problems in evolutionary biology. A significant amount of paleontological data has revealed the morphological trajectories of skeletons, such as those of the skull, vertebrae, and appendages in vertebrate history. Shifts in bone differentiation, from dermal to endochondral bones, are key to explaining skeletal transformations during the transition from water to land. However, the genetic underpinnings underlying the evolution of dermal and endochondral bones are largely missing. Recent genetic approaches utilizing model organisms—zebrafish, frogs, chickens, and mice—reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate skeletal development and provide new insights for how the skeletal system has evolved. Currently, our experimental horizons to test evolutionary hypotheses are being expanded to non-model organisms with state-of-the-art techniques in molecular biology and imaging. An integration of functional genomics, developmental genetics, and high-resolution CT scanning into evolutionary inquiries allows us to reevaluate our understanding of old specimens. Here, we summarize the current perspectives in genetic programs underlying the development and evolution of the dermal skull roof, shoulder girdle, and appendages. The ratio shifts of dermal and endochondral bones, and its underlying mechanisms, during the fish-to-tetrapod transition are particularly emphasized. Recent studies have suggested the novel cell origins of dermal bones, and the interchangeability between dermal and endochondral bones, obscuring the ontogenetic distinction of these two types of bones. Assimilation of ontogenetic knowledge of dermal and endochondral bones from different structures demands revisions of the prevalent consensus in the evolutionary mechanisms of vertebrate skeletal shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W P Wood
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Tang J, Liu W, Zhu J, Zhang J, Wang FH, Liang JH, Zeng JH, Wang H, Xia H, He J. RSRC1 and CPZ gene polymorphisms with neuroblastoma susceptibility in Chinese children. Gene 2018; 662:83-87. [PMID: 29653227 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new neuroblastoma susceptibility loci at 3q25 (RSRC1 rs6441201 G > A) and 4p16 (CPZ rs3796725 T > C and rs3796727 A > G) were identified by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving Italians, African Americans and European Americans. In this case-control study with 393 neuroblastoma cases and 812 controls, we investigated the association between these three polymorphisms and neuroblastoma susceptibility in Chinese population. We found that participants harboring the RSRC1 rs6441201A allele were associated with an increased risk of neuroblastoma (AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.03-2.34, P = 0.036). No significant association between the CPZ polymorphisms (rs3796725 T > C and rs3796727A > G) and neuroblastoma susceptibility was observed. In conclusion, our results confirm that the RSRC1 rs6441201A allele is associated with neuroblastoma susceptibility in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Hang Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
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Ritenour LE, Randall MP, Bosse KR, Diskin SJ. Genetic susceptibility to neuroblastoma: current knowledge and future directions. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:287-307. [PMID: 29589100 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a malignancy of the developing peripheral nervous system that affects infants and young children, is a complex genetic disease. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made toward understanding the genetic determinants that predispose to this often lethal childhood cancer. Approximately 1-2% of neuroblastomas are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and a combination of co-morbidity and linkage studies has led to the identification of germline mutations in PHOX2B and ALK as the major genetic contributors to this familial neuroblastoma subset. The genetic basis of "sporadic" neuroblastoma is being studied through a large genome-wide association study (GWAS). These efforts have led to the discovery of many common susceptibility alleles, each with modest effect size, associated with the development and progression of sporadic neuroblastoma. More recently, next-generation sequencing efforts have expanded the list of potential neuroblastoma-predisposing mutations to include rare germline variants with a predicted larger effect size. The evolving characterization of neuroblastoma's genetic basis has led to a deeper understanding of the molecular events driving tumorigenesis, more precise risk stratification and prognostics and novel therapeutic strategies. This review details the contemporary understanding of neuroblastoma's genetic predisposition, including recent advances and discusses ongoing efforts to address gaps in our knowledge regarding this malignancy's complex genetic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ritenour
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Randall
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristopher R Bosse
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Tang J, Yu Y, Zheng H, Yin L, Sun M, Wang W, Cui J, Liu W, Xie X, Chen F. ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of Cynops orientalis limb regeneration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:750. [PMID: 28938871 PMCID: PMC5610437 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salamanders regenerate their limbs after amputation. However, the molecular mechanism of this unique regeneration remains unclear. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to quantitatively identify differentially expressed proteins in regenerating limbs 3, 7, 14, 30 and 42 days post amputation (dpa). Results Of 2636 proteins detected in total, 253 proteins were differentially expressed during different regeneration stages. Among these proteins, Asporin, Cadherin-13, Keratin, Collagen alpha-1(XI) and Titin were down-regulated. CAPG, Coronin-1A, AnnexinA1, Cathepsin B were up-regulated compared with the control. The identified proteins were further analyzed to obtain information about their expression patterns and functions in limb regeneration. Functional analysis indicated that the differentially expressed proteins were associated with wound healing, immune response, cellular process, metabolism and binding. Conclusions This work indicated that significant proteome alternations occurred during salamander limb regeneration. The results may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the mechanism of limb regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4125-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, 88 Xingqing Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxue Zheng
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yin
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Sun
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China. .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fulin Chen
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China. .,Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.
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13
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McDaniel LD, Conkrite KL, Chang X, Capasso M, Vaksman Z, Oldridge DA, Zachariou A, Horn M, Diamond M, Hou C, Iolascon A, Hakonarson H, Rahman N, Devoto M, Diskin SJ. Common variants upstream of MLF1 at 3q25 and within CPZ at 4p16 associated with neuroblastoma. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006787. [PMID: 28545128 PMCID: PMC5456408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a cancer of the developing sympathetic nervous system that most commonly presents in young children and accounts for approximately 12% of pediatric oncology deaths. Here, we report on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a discovery cohort or 2,101 cases and 4,202 controls of European ancestry. We identify two new association signals at 3q25 and 4p16 that replicated robustly in multiple independent cohorts comprising 1,163 cases and 4,396 controls (3q25: rs6441201 combined P = 1.2x10-11, Odds Ratio 1.23, 95% CI:1.16–1.31; 4p16: rs3796727 combined P = 1.26x10-12, Odds Ratio 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21–1.40). The 4p16 signal maps within the carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) gene. The 3q25 signal resides within the arginine/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 (RSRC1) gene and upstream of the myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1) gene. Increased expression of MLF1 was observed in neuroblastoma cells homozygous for the rs6441201 risk allele (P = 0.02), and significant growth inhibition was observed upon depletion of MLF1 (P < 0.0001) in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, we show that common DNA variants within CPZ at 4p16 and upstream of MLF1 at 3q25 influence neuroblastoma susceptibility and MLF1 likely plays an important role in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor of the developing sympathetic nervous system that accounts for 12% of childhood cancer deaths. Approximately 1–2% of cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. These familial cases often harbor germline mutations in ALK or PHOX2B. However, the vast majority of neuroblastomas appear to arise sporadically. We are studying sporadic neuroblastoma through an ongoing genome-wide association study (GWAS). To date, this effort has identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or upstream of CASC15 and CASC14, BARD1, LMO1, DUSP12, HSD17B12, DDX4/IL31RA, HACE1, LIN28B, and TP53, along with a common copy number variation (CNV) within NBPF23 at chromosome 1q21.1, each being highly associated with neuroblastoma. Here, we report on genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising 3,264 neuroblastoma patients and 8,598 control subjects. We identify two new association signals at 3q25 and 4p16 (3q25: rs6441201 combined P = 1.2x10-11, Odds Ratio 1.23, 95% CI:1.16–1.31; 4p16: rs3796727 combined P = 1.26x10-12, Odds Ratio 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21–1.40). The 3q25 signal resides upstream of the MLF1 gene and the 4p16 signal maps to the CPZ gene. We further demonstrate that neuroblastoma cells homozygous for the risk allele at 3q25 express higher levels of MLF1 and that silencing of MLF1 in neuroblastoma cells results in significant growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D. McDaniel
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Karina L. Conkrite
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiao Chang
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mario Capasso
- University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ceinge—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS SDN, Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Naples, Italy
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anna Zachariou
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Millicent Horn
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maura Diamond
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cuiping Hou
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achille Iolascon
- University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ceinge—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Department of Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Diskin
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Akparov V, Timofeev V, Khaliullin I, Švedas V, Kuranova I. Structure of the carboxypeptidase B complex with N-sulfamoyl-L-phenylalanine – a transition state analog of non-specific substrate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:956-965. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1304242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Akparov
- Protein Chemistry Department, State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, 1-yi DorozhnyiProezd 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
| | - Vladimir Timofeev
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- NBICS Center, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Ilyas Khaliullin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutsky per. Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141700, Russia
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/40Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Inna Kuranova
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- NBICS Center, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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15
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Selby MS, Lovejoy CO. Evolution of the hominoid scapula and its implications for earliest hominid locomotion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:682-700. [PMID: 28128440 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form. We hypothesize that most features argued to be individually adaptive are more likely secondary consequences of changes in its fundamental bauplan, a view more consistent with modern developmental biology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested this hypothesis with scapular metrics and angles from a broad anthropoid sample. RESULTS Our results support our hypothesis. Contrary to earlier predictions, vertebral border length differs little relative to body size in anthropoids, inferior angle position primarily reflects mediolateral scapular breadth, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa sizes largely reflect scapular spine orientation. Suspensory taxa have cranially oriented glenoids, whereas slow clamberers and humans do not. Australopithecus most closely resembles the latter. DISCUSSION Most scapular features can be explained by only two primary changes: (1) reduction in mediolateral breadth and (2) change in the glenoid position relative to the vertebral border with increased reliance on suspension, which led to a more cranially angled scapular spine. Virtually all other scapular traits appear to be byproducts of these two changes. Based on fossil morphology, hominids1 were derived from a last common ancestor primarily adapted for clambering and not for suspension. Scapular form in early hominids such as Australopithecus is therefore primitive and largely reflects the genus's general clambering heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Selby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia Campus - Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, Georgia, 30024-2937
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242-0001
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16
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Diogo R, Guinard G, Diaz RE. Dinosaurs, Chameleons, Humans, and Evo-Devo Path: Linking Étienne Geoffroy's Teratology, Waddington's Homeorhesis, Alberch's Logic of "Monsters," and Goldschmidt Hopeful "Monsters". JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:207-229. [PMID: 28422426 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the rise of evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) in the 1980s, few authors have attempted to combine the increasing knowledge obtained from the study of model organisms and human medicine with data from comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology in order to investigate the links between development, pathology, and macroevolution. Fortunately, this situation is slowly changing, with a renewed interest in evolutionary developmental pathology (evo-devo-path) in the past decades, as evidenced by the idea to publish this special, and very timely, issue on "Developmental Evolution in Biomedical Research." As all of us have recently been involved, independently, in works related in some way or another with evolution and developmental anomalies, we decided to join our different perspectives and backgrounds in the present contribution for this special issue. Specifically, we provide a brief historical account on the study of the links between evolution, development, and pathologies, followed by a review of the recent work done by each of us, and then by a general discussion on the broader developmental and macroevolutionary implications of our studies and works recently done by other authors. Our primary aims are to highlight the strength of studying developmental anomalies within an evolutionary framework to understand morphological diversity and disease by connecting the recent work done by us and others with the research done and broader ideas proposed by authors such as Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Waddington, Goldschmidt, Gould, and Per Alberch, among many others to pave the way for further and much needed work regarding abnormal development and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Geoffrey Guinard
- UMR CNRS 5561, Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California.,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) inhibits the secretion and activity of Wnt3a. Oncogene 2016; 35:6416-6428. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sapio MR, Vessaz M, Thomas P, Genton P, Fricker LD, Salzmann A. Novel carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) mutations identified in patients with juvenile myoclonic and generalized epilepsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123180. [PMID: 25875328 PMCID: PMC4395397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is a peptidase that removes C-terminal hydrophobic amino acids from peptides and proteins. The CPA6 gene is expressed in the brains of humans and animals, with high levels of expression during development. It is translated with a prodomain (as proCPA6), which is removed before secretion. The active form of CPA6 binds tightly to the extracellular matrix (ECM) where it is thought to function in the processing of peptides and proteins. Mutations in the CPA6 gene have been identified in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and febrile seizures. In the present study, we screened for CPA6 mutations in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and identified two novel missense mutations: Arg36His and Asn271Ser. Patients harboring these mutations also presented with generalized epilepsy. Neither of the novel mutations was found in a control population. Asn271 is highly conserved in CPA6 and other related metallocarboxypeptidases. Arg36 is present in the prodomain and is not highly conserved. To assess structural consequences of the amino acid substitutions, both mutants were modeled within the predicted structure of the enzyme. To examine the effects of these mutations on enzyme expression and activity, we expressed the mutated enzymes in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. These analyses revealed that Asn271Ser abolished enzymatic activity, while Arg36His led to a ~50% reduction in CPA6 levels in the ECM. Pulse-chase using radio-labeled amino acids was performed to follow secretion. Newly-synthesized CPA6 appeared in the ECM with peak levels between 2-8 hours. There was no major difference in time course between wild-type and mutant forms, although the amount of radiolabeled CPA6 in the ECM was lower for the mutants. Our experiments demonstrate that these mutations in CPA6 are deleterious and provide further evidence for the involvement of CPA6 mutations in the predisposition for several types of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Sapio
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Monique Vessaz
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Laboratory, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Genton
- Centre Saint Paul, Hôpital Henri Gastaut, Marseille, France
| | - Lloyd D. Fricker
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LDF); (AS)
| | - Annick Salzmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (LDF); (AS)
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Li Y, Wang X, Vural S, Mishra NK, Cowan KH, Guda C. Exome analysis reveals differentially mutated gene signatures of stage, grade and subtype in breast cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119383. [PMID: 25803781 PMCID: PMC4372331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers exhibit highly heterogeneous molecular profiles. Although gene expression profiles have been used to predict the risks and prognostic outcomes of breast cancers, the high variability of gene expression limits its clinical application. In contrast, genetic mutation profiles would be more advantageous than gene expression profiles because genetic mutations can be stably detected and the mutational heterogeneity widely exists in breast cancer genomes. We analyzed 98 breast cancer whole exome samples that were sorted into three subtypes, two grades and two stages. The sum deleterious effect of all mutations in each gene was scored to identify differentially mutated genes (DMGs) for this case-control study. DMGs were corroborated using extensive published knowledge. Functional consequences of deleterious SNVs on protein structure and function were also investigated. Genes such as ERBB2, ESP8, PPP2R4, KIAA0922, SP4, CENPJ, PRCP and SELP that have been experimentally or clinically verified to be tightly associated with breast cancer prognosis are among the DMGs identified in this study. We also identified some genes such as ARL6IP5, RAET1E, and ANO7 that could be crucial for breast cancer development and prognosis. Further, SNVs such as rs1058808, rs2480452, rs61751507, rs79167802, rs11540666, and rs2229437 that potentially influence protein functions are observed at significantly different frequencies in different comparison groups. Protein structure modeling revealed that many non-synonymous SNVs have a deleterious effect on protein stability, structure and function. Mutational profiling at gene- and SNV-level revealed differential patterns within each breast cancer comparison group, and the gene signatures correlate with expected prognostic characteristics of breast cancer classes. Some of the genes and SNVs identified in this study show high promise and are worthy of further investigation by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Suleyman Vural
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nitish K. Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Cowan
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Introduction to Evolutionary Teratology, with an Application to the Forelimbs of Tyrannosauridae and Carnotaurinae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Evol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-014-9296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yan J, Jia H, Ma Z, Ye H, Zhou M, Su L, Liu J, Guo AY. The evolutionary analysis reveals domain fusion of proteins with Frizzled-like CRD domain. Gene 2013; 533:229-39. [PMID: 24135643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Frizzleds (FZDs) are transmembrane receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and they play pivotal roles in developments. The Frizzled-like extracellular Cysteine-rich domain (Fz-CRD) has been identified in FZDs and other proteins. The origin and evolution of these proteins with Fz-CRD is the main interest of this study. We found that the Fz-CRD exists in FZD, SFRP, RTK, MFRP, CPZ, CORIN, COL18A1 and other proteins. Our systematic analysis revealed that the Fz-CRD domain might have originated in protists and then fused with the Frizzled-like seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) to form the FZD receptors, which duplicated and diversified into about 11 members in Vertebrates. The SFRPs and RTKs with the Fz-CRD were found in sponge and expanded in Vertebrates. Other proteins with Fz-CRD may have emerged during Vertebrate evolution through domain fusion. Moreover, we found a glycosylation site and several conserved motifs in FZDs, which may be related to Wnt interaction. Based on these results, we proposed a model showing that the domain fusion and expansion of Fz-CRD genes occurred in Metazoa and Vertebrates. Our study may help to pave the way for further research on the conservation and diversification of Wnt signaling functions during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of Applied Physics, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
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Ayturk UM, Jacobsen CM, Christodoulou DC, Gorham J, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Robling AG, Warman ML. An RNA-seq protocol to identify mRNA expression changes in mouse diaphyseal bone: applications in mice with bone property altering Lrp5 mutations. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:2081-93. [PMID: 23553928 PMCID: PMC3743099 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function and certain missense mutations in the Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) significantly decrease or increase bone mass, respectively. These human skeletal phenotypes have been recapitulated in mice harboring Lrp5 knockout and knock-in mutations. We hypothesized that measuring mRNA expression in diaphyseal bone from mice with Lrp5 wild-type (Lrp5(+/+) ), knockout (Lrp5(-/-) ), and high bone mass (HBM)-causing (Lrp5(p.A214V/+) ) knock-in alleles could identify genes and pathways that regulate or are regulated by LRP5 activity. We performed RNA-seq on pairs of tibial diaphyseal bones from four 16-week-old mice with each of the aforementioned genotypes. We then evaluated different methods for controlling for contaminating nonskeletal tissue (ie, blood, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle) in our data. These methods included predigestion of diaphyseal bone with collagenase and separate transcriptional profiling of blood, skeletal muscle, and bone marrow. We found that collagenase digestion reduced contamination, but also altered gene expression in the remaining cells. In contrast, in silico filtering of the diaphyseal bone RNA-seq data for highly expressed blood, skeletal muscle, and bone marrow transcripts significantly increased the correlation between RNA-seq data from an animal's right and left tibias and from animals with the same Lrp5 genotype. We conclude that reliable and reproducible RNA-seq data can be obtained from mouse diaphyseal bone and that lack of LRP5 has a more pronounced effect on gene expression than the HBM-causing LRP5 missense mutation. We identified 84 differentially expressed protein-coding transcripts between LRP5 "sufficient" (ie, Lrp5(+/+) and Lrp5(p.A214V/+) ) and "insufficient" (Lrp5(-/-) ) diaphyseal bone, and far fewer differentially expressed genes between Lrp5(p.A214V/+) and Lrp5(+/+) diaphyseal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur M Ayturk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nagashima H, Hirasawa T, Sugahara F, Takechi M, Usuda R, Sato N, Kuratani S. Origin of the unique morphology of the shoulder girdle in turtles. J Anat 2013; 223:547-56. [PMID: 24117338 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoulder girdle of turtles has a triradiate morphology. Although its dorsal process represents the scapular blade, the skeletal identities of the two ventral processes remain uncertain. To elucidate the question, developmental patterns of the girdles were compared between Chinese soft-shelled turtles, chickens, and mice. Despite the morphological diversity of adults, the initial primordia of the shoulder girdles showed similar morphological patterns. The ventral two processes developed from the anlagen comparable to those of the acromion and the coracoid in other amniotes. The developmental pattern of the acromion is very similar among embryos, whereas that of the coracoid in mammals differs from that in non-mammals, implying that coracoids are not homologous between non-mammals and mammals. Therefore, amniotes have retained the ancestral pattern of the girdle anlage, and the shoulder girdle of turtles has been achieved through a transformation of the pattern in the late ontogenic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Hyogo, Japan; Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Al-Qattan MM. Molecular basis of the clinical features of Al-Awadi-Raas-Rothschild (limb/pelvis/uterus-hypoplasia/aplasia) syndrome (AARRS) and Fuhrmann syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2274-80. [PMID: 23922166 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the molecular basis of the clinical features of Al-Awadi-Raas-Rothschild (limb/pelvis/uterus-hypoplasia-aplasia) (AARRS) syndrome and Fuhrmann syndrome. Human WNT7A mutations are also reviewed. Based on this review, these mutations will be classified into two main groups of phenotypes: Fuhrmann and AARRS phenotypes in which there is partial and complete loss of WNT7A functions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt signal transduction pathway is involved in many diseases including cancer and is especially implicated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. The key effector protein of the canonical Wnt pathway is β-catenin, which functions with T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor to activate expression of Wnt target genes. In this study, we used a new functional screen based on cell survival in the presence of cDNAs encoding proteins that activate the Wnt pathway thus identifying novel Wnt signaling components. Here we identify carboxypeptidase E (|CPE) and its splice variant, ΔN-CPE, as novel regulators of the Wnt pathway. We show that whereas ΔN-CPE activates the Wnt signal, the full-length CPE (F-CPE) protein is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. F-CPE forms a complex with the Wnt3a ligand and the Frizzled receptor. Moreover, F-CPE disrupts disheveled-induced signalosomes that are important for transducing the Wnt signal and reduces β-catenin protein levels and activity. Taken together, our data indicate that F-CPE and ΔN-CPE regulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway negatively and positively, respectively, and demonstrate that this screening approach can be a rapid means for isolation of novel Wnt signaling components.
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Pu Q, Christ B, Huang R. Temporal sequence in the formation of midline dermis and dorsal vertebral elements in avian embryos. J Anat 2012; 221:115-20. [PMID: 22606994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites compartmentalize into a dorsal epithelial dermomyotome and a ventral mesenchymal sclerotome. While sclerotomes give rise to vertebrae and intervertebral discs, dermomyotomes contribute to skeletal muscle and epaxial dermis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-signals from the lateral mesoderm induce the lateral portion of the dermomyotome to form chondrogenic precursor cells, forming the cartilage of the scapula blade. The fact that BMPs are expressed in the roof plate of the neural tube where they induce cartilage formation led to the question why cells migrating from the medial part of the dermomyotome do not undergo chondrogenic differentiation and do not contribute to the dorsal part of the vertebrae. In the present study, we traced dermomyotomal derivatives by using the quail-chick marker technique. Our study reveals a temporal sequence in the formation of the vertebral cartilage and the midline dermis. The dorsal mesenchyme overlying the roof plate of the neural tube is formed prior to the de-epithelialization of the dermomyotome. Dermomyotomal cells start to migrate medially into the sub-ectodermal space to form the midline dermis after chondrogenesis of the dorsal mesenchyme has occurred. This time delay between chondrogenesis of the dorsal vertebra and dermal formation allows an undisturbed development of these two tissue components within a narrow region of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pu
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Differentiation of human ES cell-derived neural progenitors to neuronal cells with regional specific identity by co-culturing of notochord and somite. Stem Cell Res 2012; 8:120-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Fathi A, Hatami M, Hajihosseini V, Fattahi F, Kiani S, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of human embryonic stem cells during differentiation into neural cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22856. [PMID: 21829537 PMCID: PMC3145766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression analysis of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that differentiate into neural cells would help to further define the molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis in humans. We performed a comprehensive transcripteome analysis of hESC differentiation at three different stages: early neural differentiation, neural ectoderm, and differentiated neurons. We identified and validated time-dependent gene expression patterns and showed that the gene expression patterns reflect early ESC differentiation. Sets of genes are induced in primary ectodermal lineages and then in differentiated neurons, constituting consecutive waves of known and novel genes. Pathway analysis revealed dynamic expression patterns of members of several signaling pathways, including NOTCH, mTOR and Toll like receptors (TLR), during neural differentiation. An interaction network analysis revealed that the TGFβ family of genes, including LEFTY1, ID1 and ID2, are possible key players in the proliferation and maintenance of neural ectoderm. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of the molecular dynamics underlying neural commitment and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fathi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hatami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Hajihosseini
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (GHS); (HB)
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
- * E-mail: (GHS); (HB)
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Shearman RM, Tulenko FJ, Burke AC. 3D reconstructions of quail-chick chimeras provide a new fate map of the avian scapula. Dev Biol 2011; 355:1-11. [PMID: 21527257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Limbed vertebrates have functionally integrated postcranial axial and appendicular systems derived from two distinct populations of embryonic mesoderm. The axial skeletal elements arise from the paraxial somites, the appendicular skeleton and sternum arise from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm, and all of the muscles for both systems arise from the somites. Recent studies in amniotes demonstrate that the scapula has a mixed mesodermal origin. Here we determine the relative contribution of somitic and lateral plate mesoderm to the avian scapula from quail-chick chimeras. We generate 3D reconstructions of the grafted tissue in the host revealing a very different distribution of somitic cells in the scapula than previously reported. This novel 3D visualization of the cryptic border between somitic and lateral plate populations reveals the dynamics of musculoskeletal morphogenesis and demonstrates the importance of 3D visualization of chimera data. Reconstructions of chimeras make clear three significant contrasts with existing models of scapular development. First, the majority of the avian scapula is lateral plate derived and the somitic contribution to the scapular blade is significantly smaller than in previous models. Second, the segmentation of the somitic component of the blade is partially lost; and third, there are striking differences in growth rates between different tissues derived from the same somites that contribute to the structures of the cervical thoracic transition, including the scapula. These data call for the reassessment of theories on the development, homology, and evolution of the vertebrate scapula.
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Schulte G. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXX. The class Frizzled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:632-67. [PMID: 21079039 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor class Frizzled, which has recently been categorized as a separate group of G protein-coupled receptors by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, consists of 10 Frizzleds (FZD(1-10)) and Smoothened (SMO). The FZDs are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, whereas SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the transmembrane protein Patched (PTCH). Recent years have seen major advances in our knowledge about these seven-transmembrane-spanning proteins, including: receptor function, molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and the receptor's role in embryonic patterning, physiology, cancer, and other diseases. Despite intense efforts, many question marks and challenges remain in mapping receptor-ligand interaction, signaling routes, mechanisms of specificity and how these molecular details underlie disease and also the receptor's important role in physiology. This review therefore focuses on the molecular aspects of WNT/FZD and HH/SMO signaling discussing receptor structure, mechanisms of signal transduction, accessory proteins, receptor dynamics, and the possibility of targeting these signaling pathways pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang B, Pu Q, De R, Patel K, Christ B, Wilting J, Huang R. Commitment of chondrogenic precursors of the avian scapula takes place after epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the dermomyotome. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:91. [PMID: 20807426 PMCID: PMC2936895 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells of the epithelially organised dermomyotome are traditionally believed to give rise to skeletal muscle and dermis. We have previously shown that the dermomyotome can undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and give rise to chondrogenic cells, which go on to form the scapula blade in birds. At present we have little understanding regarding the issue of when the chondrogenic fate of dermomyotomal cells is determined. Using quail-chick grafting experiments, we investigated whether scapula precursor cells are committed to a chondrogenic fate while in an epithelial state or whether commitment is established after EMT. RESULTS We show that the hypaxial dermomyotome, which normally forms the scapula, does not generate cartilaginous tissue after it is grafted to the epaxial domain. In contrast engraftment of the epaxial dermomyotome to the hypaxial domain gives rise to scapula-like cartilage. However, the hypaxial sub-ectodermal mesenchyme (SEM), which originates from the hypaxial dermomyotome after EMT, generates cartilaginous elements in the epaxial domain, whereas in reciprocal grafting experiments, the epaxial SEM cannot form cartilage in the hypaxial domain. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the epithelial cells of the dermomyotome are not committed to the chondrogenic lineage. Commitment to this lineage occurs after it has undergone EMT to form the sub-ectodermal mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Fernández D, Pallarès I, Vendrell J, Avilés FX. Progress in metallocarboxypeptidases and their small molecular weight inhibitors. Biochimie 2010; 92:1484-500. [PMID: 20466032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In what corresponds to a life span, metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) have jumped from being mere contaminants in animal pancreas powders (in depression year 1929) to be key players in cellular and molecular processes (in yet-another-depression years 2009-2010). MCPs are unique zinc-dependent enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the amide bond at the C-terminus of peptide and protein substrates and participate in the recovery of dietary amino acids, tissue organogenesis, neurohormone and cytokine maturation and other important physiological processes. More than 26 genes code for MCPs in the human genome, many of them still waiting to be fully understood in terms of physiological function. A variety of MCPs have been linked to diseases in man: acute pancreatitis and pancreas cancer, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, various types of cancer, and fibrinolysis and inflammation. Many of these discoveries have been made possible thanks to recent advances, as exemplified by plasma carboxypeptidases N and B, known for fifty and twenty years, respectively, which have had their structures released only very recently. Plasma carboxypeptidase B is a biological target for therapy because of its involvement in the coagulation/fibrinolysis processes. Besides, the widespread use of carboxypeptidase A as a benchmark metalloprotease since the early days of Biochemistry has allowed the identification and design of an increasingly vast repertory of small molecular weight inhibitors. With these two examples we wish to emphasize that MCPs have become part of the drug discovery portfolio of pharmaceutical companies and academic research laboratories. This paper will review key developments in the discovery and design of MCP small molecular weight inhibitors, with an emphasis on the discovery of chemically diverse entities. Although encouraging advances have been achieved in the last few years, the specificity and oral bioavailability of the new chemotherapeutic agents seem to pose a challenge to medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències and Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Minami Y, Oishi I, Endo M, Nishita M. Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in noncanonical Wnt signaling: their implications in developmental morphogenesis and human diseases. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1-15. [PMID: 19530173 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play crucial roles in the development of various organs and tissues. In mammals, Ror2, a member of the Ror-family RTKs, has been shown to act as a receptor or coreceptor for Wnt5a to mediate noncanonical Wnt signaling. Ror2- and Wnt5a-deficient mice exhibit similar abnormalities during developmental morphogenesis, reflecting their defects in convergent extension movements and planar cell polarity, characteristic features mediated by noncanonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, mutations within the human Ror2 gene are responsible for the genetic skeletal disorders dominant brachydactyly type B and recessive Robinow syndrome. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Ror2 mediates noncanonical Wnt5a signaling by inhibiting the beta-catenin-TCF pathway and activating the Wnt/JNK pathway that results in polarized cell migration. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding the roles of noncanonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling in developmental morphogenesis and in human diseases, including heritable skeletal disorders and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Liu S, Tang W, Fang J, Ren J, Li H, Xiao Z, Quarles LD. Novel regulators of Fgf23 expression and mineralization in Hyp bone. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1505-18. [PMID: 19556340 PMCID: PMC2737552 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used gene array analysis of cortical bone to identify Phex-dependent gene transcripts associated with abnormal Fgf23 production and mineralization in Hyp mice. We found evidence that elevation of Fgf23 expression in osteocytes is associated with increments in Fgf1, Fgf7, and Egr2 and decrements in Sost, an inhibitor in the Wnt-signaling pathway, were observed in Hyp bone. beta-Catenin levels were increased in Hyp cortical bone, and TOPflash luciferase reporter assay showed increased transcriptional activity in Hyp-derived osteoblasts, consistent with Wnt activation. Moreover, activation of Fgf and Wnt-signaling stimulated Fgf23 promoter activity in osteoblasts. We also observed reductions in Bmp1, a metalloproteinase that metabolizes the extracellular matrix protein Dmp1. Alterations were also found in enzymes regulating the posttranslational processing and stability of Fgf23, including decrements in the glycosyltransferase Galnt3 and the proprotein convertase Pcsk5. In addition, we found that the Pcsk5 and the glycosyltransferase Galnt3 were decreased in Hyp bone, suggesting that reduced posttranslational processing of FGF23 may also contribute to increased Fgf23 levels in Hyp mice. With regard to mineralization, we identified additional candidates to explain the intrinsic mineralization defect in Hyp osteoblasts, including increases in the mineralization inhibitors Mgp and Thbs4, as well as increases in local pH-altering factors, carbonic anhydrase 12 (Car12) and 3 (Car3) and the sodium-dependent citrate transporter (Slc13a5). These studies demonstrate the complexity of gene expression alterations in bone that accompanies inactivating Phex mutations and identify novel pathways that may coordinate Fgf23 expression and mineralization of extracellular matrix in Hyp bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguang Liu
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Abstract
Carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) removes carboxyl-terminal basic amino acid residues, particularly arginine residues, from proteins. CPZ contains a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) similar to the CRD found in the frizzled family of Wnt receptors. We have previously shown that thyroid hormone regulates terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes through activation of Wnt-4 expression and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. The Wnt-4 protein contains a C-terminal arginine residue and binds to CPZ through the CRD. The objective of this study was to determine whether CPZ modulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. Our results show that CPZ and Wnt-4 mRNA are co-expressed throughout growth plate cartilage. In primary pellet cultures of rat growth plate chondrocytes, thyroid hormone increases both Wnt-4 and CPZ expression, as well as CPZ enzymatic activity. Knockdown of either Wnt-4 or CPZ mRNA levels using an RNA interference technique or blocking CPZ enzymatic activity with the carboxypeptidase inhibitor GEMSA reduces the thyroid hormone effect on both alkaline phosphatase activity and Col10a1 mRNA expression. Adenoviral overexpression of CPZ activates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and promotes the terminal differentiation of growth plate cells. Overexpression of CPZ in growth plate chondrocytes also removes the C-terminal arginine residue from a synthetic peptide consisting of the carboxyl-terminal 16 amino acids of the Wnt-4 protein. Removal of the C-terminal arginine residue of Wnt-4 by site-directed mutagenesis enhances the positive effect of Wnt-4 on terminal differentiation. These data indicate that thyroid hormone may regulate terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes in part by modulating Wnt signaling pathways through the induction of CPZ and subsequent CPZ-enhanced activation of Wnt-4.
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Carboxypeptidase M: Multiple alliances and unknown partners. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 399:24-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Geetha-Loganathan P, Nimmagadda S, Scaal M, Huang R, Christ B. Wnt signaling in somite development. Ann Anat 2008; 190:208-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Torres-Ruíz NM, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Gudiño-Cabrera G. Microarray analysis of striatal embryonic stem cells induced to differentiate by ensheathing cell conditioned media. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:979-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Visel A, Carson J, Oldekamp J, Warnecke M, Jakubcakova V, Zhou X, Shaw CA, Alvarez-Bolado G, Eichele G. Regulatory pathway analysis by high-throughput in situ hybridization. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:1867-83. [PMID: 17953485 PMCID: PMC2041993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated in situ hybridization enables the construction of comprehensive atlases of gene expression patterns in mammals. Such atlases can become Web-searchable digital expression maps of individual genes and thus offer an entryway to elucidate genetic interactions and signaling pathways. Towards this end, an atlas housing ∼1,000 spatial gene expression patterns of the midgestation mouse embryo was generated. Patterns were textually annotated using a controlled vocabulary comprising >90 anatomical features. Hierarchical clustering of annotations was carried out using distance scores calculated from the similarity between pairs of patterns across all anatomical structures. This process ordered hundreds of complex expression patterns into a matrix that reflects the embryonic architecture and the relatedness of patterns of expression. Clustering yielded 12 distinct groups of expression patterns. Because of the similarity of expression patterns within a group, members of each group may be components of regulatory cascades. We focused on the group containing Pax6, an evolutionary conserved transcriptional master mediator of development. Seventeen of the 82 genes in this group showed a change of expression in the developing neocortex of Pax6-deficient embryos. Electromobility shift assays were used to test for the presence of Pax6-paired domain binding sites. This led to the identification of 12 genes not previously known as potential targets of Pax6 regulation. These findings suggest that cluster analysis of annotated gene expression patterns obtained by automated in situ hybridization is a novel approach for identifying components of signaling cascades. Signaling pathways drive biological processes with high specificity. Reductionist approaches such as mutagenesis provide one strategy to identity components of pathways. We used high throughput in situ hybridization to systematically map the spatiotemporal expression pattern of ∼1,000 developmental genes in the mouse embryo. The rich information collectively contained in these patterns was captured in annotation tables that were systematically mined using hierarchical clustering, resulting in 12 groups of genes with related expression patterns. We show that this process generates biologically meaningful, high-content information. The expression pattern of developmental master regulator Pax6 is found in a cluster together with that of 81 other genes. The paired DNA binding domain of Pax6 can bind to regulatory sequences in 14 of the 81 genes. We also found that the expression pattern of all these 14 genes is up- or downregulated in Pax6 mutant mice. These results emphasize that determining the expression pattern of many genes in a systematic way followed by an application of integrative tools leads to the identification of novel candidate components of signaling pathways. More generally, when complemented with appropriate data-mining strategies, transcriptome-scale in situ hybridization can be turned into a powerful instrument for systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Visel
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - James Carson
- Biological Monitoring and Modeling Department, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Judit Oldekamp
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marei Warnecke
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Vladimira Jakubcakova
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xunlei Zhou
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hale LV, Galvin RJS, Risteli J, Ma YL, Harvey AK, Yang X, Cain RL, Zeng Q, Frolik CA, Sato M, Schmidt AL, Geiser AG. PINP: a serum biomarker of bone formation in the rat. Bone 2007; 40:1103-9. [PMID: 17258520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum PINP has emerged as a reliable marker of bone turnover in humans and is routinely used to monitor bone formation. However, the effects of PTH (1-34) on bone turnover have not been evaluated following short-term treatment. We present data demonstrating that PINP is an early serum biomarker in the rat for assessing bone anabolic activity in response to treatment with PTH (1-38). Rat serum PINP levels were found to increase following as few as 6 days of treatment with PTH (1-38) and these increases paralleled expression of genes associated with bone formation, as well as, later increases in BMD. Additionally, PINP levels were unaffected by treatment with an antiresorptive bisphosphonate. PINP may be used to detect PTH-induced early bone formation in the rat and may be more generally applicable for preclinical testing of potential bone anabolic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Hale
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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42
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Huang R, Christ B, Patel K. Regulation of scapula development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211 Suppl 1:65-71. [PMID: 17006658 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The scapula is a component of the shoulder girdle. Its structure has changed greatly during evolution. For example, in humans it is a large quite flat triangular bone whereas in chicks it is a long blade like structure. In this review we describe the mechanisms that control the formation of the scapula. To assimilate our understanding regarding the development of the scapula blade we start by addressing the issue concerning the origin of the scapula. Experiments using somite extirpation, chick-quail cell marking system and genetic cell labelling techniques in a variety of species have suggested that the scapula had its origin in the somites. For example we have shown in the chick that the scapula blade originates from the somite, while the cranial part, which articulates with the upper limb, is derived from the somatopleure of the forelimb field. In the second and third part of the review we discuss the compartmental origin of this bone and the signalling molecules that control the scapula development. It is very interesting that the scapula blade originates from the dorsal compartment, dermomyotome, which has been previously been associated as a source of muscle and dermis, but not of cartilage. Thus, the development of the scapula blade can be considered a case of dermomyotomal chondrogenesis. Our results show that the dermomyotomal chondrogenesis differ from the sclerotomal chondrogenesis. Firstly, the scapula precursors are located in the hypaxial domain of the dermomyotome, from which the hypaxial muscles are derived. The fate of the scapula precursors, like the hypaxial muscle, is controlled by ectoderm-derived signals and BMPs from the lateral plate mesoderm. Ectoderm ablation and inhibition of BMP activity interfers the scapula-specific Pax1 expression and scapula blade formation. However, only somite cells in the cervicothoracic transition region appear to be committed to form scapula. This indicates that the intrinsic segment specific information determines the scapula forming competence of the somite cells. Taken together, we conclude that the scapula forming cells located within the hypaxial somitic domain require BMP signals derived from the somatopleure and as yet unidentified signals from ectoderm for activation of their coded intrinsic segment specific chondrogenic programme. In the last part we discuss the new data that provides evidence that neural crest contributes for the development of the scapula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwig-University Freiburg, Albertstr 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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43
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Wang B, He L, Ehehalt F, Geetha-Loganathan P, Nimmagadda S, Christ B, Scaal M, Huang R. The formation of the avian scapula blade takes place in the hypaxial domain of the somites and requires somatopleure-derived BMP signals. Dev Biol 2005; 287:11-8. [PMID: 16202988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The avian scapula is a long bone located dorsally on the thorax. The cranial part that articulates with the upper limb is derived from the somatopleure of the forelimb field, while the caudal part, the scapula blade, originates from the dermomyotomes of brachial and thoracic somites. In previous studies, we have shown that scapula blade formation is intrinsically controlled by segment-specific information as well as extrinsically by ectoderm-derived signals. Here, we addressed the role of signals derived from the lateral plate mesoderm on scapula development. Chick-quail chimera experiments revealed that scapula precursor cells are located within the hypaxial domain of the dermomyotome adjacent to somatopleural cells. Barrier implantation between these two cell populations inhibited scapula blade formation. Furthermore, we identified BMPs as scapula-inducing signals from the somatopleure using injection of Noggin-producing cells into the hypaxial domain of scapula-forming dermomyotomes. We found that inhibition of BMP activity interfered with scapula-specific Pax1 expression and scapula blade formation. Taken together, we demonstrate that the scapula-forming cells located within the hypaxial somitic domain require BMP signals derived from the somatopleure for their specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigang Wang
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79001 Freiburg, Germany
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Kuijper S, Beverdam A, Kroon C, Brouwer A, Candille S, Barsh G, Meijlink F. Genetics of shoulder girdle formation: roles of Tbx15 and aristaless-like genes. Development 2005; 132:1601-10. [PMID: 15728667 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The diverse cellular contributions to the skeletal elements of the vertebrate shoulder and pelvic girdles during embryonic development complicate the study of their patterning. Research in avian embryos has recently clarified part of the embryological basis of shoulder formation. Although dermomyotomal cells provide the progenitors of the scapular blade, local signals appear to have an essential guiding role in this process. These signals differ from those that are known to pattern the more distal appendicular skeleton. We have studied the impact of Tbx15, Gli3, Alx4 and related genes on formation of the skeletal elements of the mouse shoulder and pelvic girdles. We observed severe reduction of the scapula in double and triple mutants of these genes. Analyses of a range of complex genotypes revealed aspects of their genetic relationship, as well as functions that had been previously masked due to functional redundancy. Tbx15 and Gli3 appear to have synergistic functions in formation of the scapular blade. Scapular truncation in triple mutants of Tbx15, Alx4 and Cart1 indicates essential functions for Alx4 and Cart1 in the anterior part of the scapula, as opposed to Gli3 function being linked to the posterior part. Especially in Alx4/Cart1 mutants, the expression of markers such as Pax1, Pax3 and Scleraxis is altered prior to stages when anatomical aberrations are visible in the shoulder region. This suggests a disorganization of the proximal limb bud and adjacent flank mesoderm, and is likely to reflect the disruption of a mechanism providing positional cues to guide progenitor cells to their destination in the pectoral girdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Kuijper
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pröls F, Ehehalt F, Rodriguez-Niedenführ M, He L, Huang R, Christ B. The role of Emx2 during scapula formation. Dev Biol 2005; 275:315-24. [PMID: 15501221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The scapula is subdivided into head, collum, and blade. Due to the expression pattern of Emx2 and the absence of the scapula blade in Emx2 knockout mice, it has been suggested that Emx2 is involved in the formation of the scapula. Micromanipulation experiments revealed that ectoderm ablation over the somites does not affect Emx2 expression but inhibits the formation of the scapula blade indicating that Emx2 is not sufficient to induce scapula blade formation. Furthermore, we show that the formation of the scapula head is dependent, scapula blade formation independent of FGFR-1-mediated signaling. Overexpression of Emx2 does not influence scapula blade formation but leads to the development of an additional posterior digit in the anterior border of the limb. Taken together, the data presented implicate that Emx2 expression is necessary but not sufficient for the development of the scapula blade. It is not a marker for scapula development but rather provides positional information along the proximodistal and anterior-posterior limb axes, whereas the specificity of the developing skeletal elements is determined by the concerted interaction of Emx2 with other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pröls
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Freiburg, D-79001 Freiburg, Germany.
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Zhang J, Lefebvre JL, Zhao S, Granato M. Zebrafish unplugged reveals a role for muscle-specific kinase homologs in axonal pathway choice. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:1303-9. [PMID: 15543140 DOI: 10.1038/nn1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
En route to their target, pioneering motor growth cones repeatedly encounter choice points at which they make pathway decisions. In the zebrafish mutant unplugged, two of the three segmental motor axons make incorrect decisions at a somitic choice point. Using positional cloning, we show here that unplugged encodes a homolog of muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) and that, unlike mammalian MuSK, unplugged has only a limited role in neuromuscular synaptogenesis. We demonstrate that unplugged is transiently expressed in cells adjacent to the choice point and that unplugged signaling before the arrival of growth cones induces changes in the extracellular environment. In addition, we find that the unplugged locus generates three different transcripts. The splice variant 1 (SV1) isoform lacks the extracellular modules essential for agrin responsiveness, and signaling through this isoform mediates axonal pathfinding, independent of the MuSK downstream component rapsyn. Our results demonstrate a new role for MuSK homologs in axonal pathway selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058, USA
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47
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Jansen E, Laven JSE, Dommerholt HBR, Polman J, van Rijt C, van den Hurk C, Westland J, Mosselman S, Fauser BCJM. Abnormal gene expression profiles in human ovaries from polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:3050-63. [PMID: 15308691 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents the most common cause of anovulatory infertility and affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age. The etiology of PCOS is still unknown. The current study is the first to describe consistent differences in gene expression profiles in human ovaries comparing PCOS patients vs. healthy normoovulatory individuals. The microarray analysis of PCOS vs. normal ovaries identifies dysregulated expression of genes encoding components of several biological pathways or systems such as Wnt signaling, extracellular matrix components, and immunological factors. Resulting data may provide novel clues for ovarian dysfunction in PCOS. Intriguingly, the gene expression profiles of ovaries from (long-term) androgen-treated female-to-male transsexuals (TSX) show considerable overlap with PCOS. This observation provides supportive evidence that androgens play a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Presented data may contribute to a better understanding of dysregulated pathways in PCOS, which might ultimately reveal novel leads for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jansen
- Global Business Inteligence Center, NV Organon, PO Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands.
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Knappe S, Wu F, Madlansacay MR, Wu Q. Identification of domain structures in the propeptide of corin essential for the processing of proatrial natriuretic peptide. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34464-71. [PMID: 15192093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corin is a type II transmembrane serine protease and functions as the proatrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP) convertase in the heart. In the extracellular region of corin, there are two frizzled-like cysteine-rich domains, eight low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) repeats, a macrophage scavenger receptor-like domain, and a trypsin-like protease domain at the C terminus. To examine the functional importance of the domain structures in the propeptide of corin for pro-ANP processing, we constructed a soluble corin, EKshortCorin, that consists of only the protease domain and contains an enterokinase (EK) recognition sequence at the conserved activation cleavage site. After being activated by EK, EKshortCorin exhibited catalytic activity toward chromogenic substrates but failed to cleave pro-ANP, indicating that certain domain structures in the propeptide are required for pro-ANP processing. We then constructed a series of corin deletion mutants and studied their functions in pro-ANP processing. Compared with that of the full-length corin, a corin mutant lacking frizzled 1 domain exhibited approximately 40% activity, whereas corin mutants lacking single LDLR repeat 1, 2, 3, or 4 had approximately 49, approximately 12, approximately 53, and approximately 77% activity, respectively. We also made corin mutants with a single mutation at a conserved Asp residue that coordinates Ca(2+)-binding in LDLR repeats 1, 2, 3, or 4 (D300Y, D336Y, D373Y, and D410Y) and showed that these mutants had approximately 25, approximately 11, approximately 16, and approximately 82% pro-ANP processing activity, respectively. Our results indicate that frizzled 1 domain and LDLR repeats 1-4 are important structural elements for corin to recognize its physiological substrate, pro-ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Knappe
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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