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Van Haver S, Fan Y, Bekaert SL, Everaert C, Van Loocke W, Zanzani V, Deschildre J, Maestre IF, Amaro A, Vermeirssen V, De Preter K, Zhou T, Kentsis A, Studer L, Speleman F, Roberts SS. Human iPSC modeling recapitulates in vivo sympathoadrenal development and reveals an aberrant developmental subpopulation in familial neuroblastoma. iScience 2024; 27:108096. [PMID: 38222111 PMCID: PMC10784699 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies defining normal and disrupted human neural crest cell development have been challenging given its early timing and intricacy of development. Consequently, insight into the early disruptive events causing a neural crest related disease such as pediatric cancer neuroblastoma is limited. To overcome this problem, we developed an in vitro differentiation model to recapitulate the normal in vivo developmental process of the sympathoadrenal lineage which gives rise to neuroblastoma. We used human in vitro pluripotent stem cells and single-cell RNA sequencing to recapitulate the molecular events during sympathoadrenal development. We provide a detailed map of dynamically regulated transcriptomes during sympathoblast formation and illustrate the power of this model to study early events of the development of human neuroblastoma, identifying a distinct subpopulation of cell marked by SOX2 expression in developing sympathoblast obtained from patient derived iPSC cells harboring a germline activating mutation in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Van Haver
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yujie Fan
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah-Lee Bekaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Celine Everaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vittorio Zanzani
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Lab for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Deschildre
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Lab for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inés Fernandez Maestre
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrianna Amaro
- Department of Pediatrics, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vanessa Vermeirssen
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Lab for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen De Preter
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ting Zhou
- The SKI Stem Cell Research Facility, The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Department of Pediatrics, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, MSKCC, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, MSKCC, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frank Speleman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Vermeiren S, Cabochette P, Dannawi M, Desiderio S, San José AS, Achouri Y, Kricha S, Sitte M, Salinas-Riester G, Vanhollebeke B, Brunet JF, Bellefroid EJ. Prdm12 represses the expression of the visceral neuron determinants Phox2a/b in developing somatosensory ganglia. iScience 2023; 26:108364. [PMID: 38025786 PMCID: PMC10663820 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prdm12 is a transcriptional regulator essential for the emergence of the somatic nociceptive lineage during sensory neurogenesis. The exact mechanisms by which Prdm12 promotes nociceptor development remain, however, poorly understood. Here, we report that the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia hypoplasia induced by the loss of Prdm12 involves Bax-dependent apoptosis and that it is accompanied by the ectopic expression of the visceral sensory neuron determinants Phox2a and Phox2b, which is, however, not sufficient to impose a complete fate switch in surviving somatosensory neurons. Mechanistically, our data reveal that Prdm12 is required from somatosensory neural precursors to early post-mitotic differentiating nociceptive neurons to repress Phox2a/b and that its repressive function is context dependent. Together, these findings reveal that besides its essential role in nociceptor survival during development, Prdm12 also promotes nociceptor fate via an additional mechanism, by preventing precursors from engaging into an alternate Phox2 driven visceral neuronal type differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vermeiren
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maya Dannawi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alba Sabaté San José
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Younes Achouri
- Transgenesis Platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Duve, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sadia Kricha
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maren Sitte
- NGS Integrative Genomics, Department of Human Genetics at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- NGS Integrative Genomics, Department of Human Genetics at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric J. Bellefroid
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Masliukov PM, Emanuilov AI, Budnik AF. Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2249-2263. [PMID: 35762574 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Andrey I Emanuilov
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
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Ernsberger U, Deller T, Rohrer H. The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:455-475. [PMID: 34757495 PMCID: PMC8595186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Ma P, Mao B. The many faces of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, RNF220, in neural development and beyond. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 64:98-105. [PMID: 34716995 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin modification plays important roles in many cellular processes that are fundamental for vertebrate embryo development, such as cell division, differentiation, and migration. Aberrant function or deregulation of ubiquitination enzymes can cause developmental disorders, cancer progression, and neurodegenerative diseases in humans. RING finger protein 220 (RNF220) is an evolutionarily conserved RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase. Recent studies have revealed the roles and mechanisms of RNF220 and its partner protein, zinc finger C4H2-type containing protein (ZC4H2), in embryonic development and human diseases. Using mouse and zebrafish models, it has been shown that RNF220 regulates sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling via Gli and embryonic ectoderm development (EED), a polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) component, during ventral neural patterning and cerebellum development. In addition, RNF220 also regulates the development and functions of central noradrenergic and motor neurons in mice. By stabilizing β-catenin and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), RNF220 is also involved in Wnt and interferon (IFN)-STAT1 signaling and thus the regulation of tumorigenesis and immune response, respectively. In humans, both RNF220 and ZC4H2 mutations have been reported to be associated with diseases accompanied by complicated neural defects. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of RNF220 with special emphasis on its roles and mechanisms of action in signal transduction, vertebrate neural development, and related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Masoudi N, Yemini E, Schnabel R, Hobert O. Piecemeal regulation of convergent neuronal lineages by bHLH transcription factors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2021; 148:dev199224. [PMID: 34100067 PMCID: PMC8217713 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the same type can be generated by distinct cellular lineages that originate in different parts of the developing embryo ('lineage convergence'). Several Caenorhabditis elegans neuron classes composed of left/right or radially symmetric class members display such lineage convergence. We show here that the C. elegans Atonal homolog lin-32 is differentially expressed in neuronal lineages that give rise to left/right or radially symmetric class members. Loss of lin-32 results in the selective loss of the expression of pan-neuronal markers and terminal selector-type transcription factors that confer neuron class-specific features. Another basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene, the Achaete-Scute homolog hlh-14, is expressed in a mirror image pattern relative to lin-32 and is required to induce neuronal identity and terminal selector expression on the contralateral side of the animal. These findings demonstrate that distinct lineage histories converge via different bHLH factors at the level of induction of terminal selector identity determinants, which thus serve as integrators of distinct lineage histories. We also describe neuron-to-neuron identity transformations in lin-32 mutants, which we propose to also be the result of misregulation of terminal selector gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Masoudi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eviatar Yemini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Di Lascio S, Benfante R, Cardani S, Fornasari D. Research Advances on Therapeutic Approaches to Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS). Front Neurosci 2021; 14:615666. [PMID: 33510615 PMCID: PMC7835644 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.615666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a genetic disorder of neurodevelopment, with an autosomal dominant transmission, caused by heterozygous mutations in the PHOX2B gene. CCHS is a rare disorder characterized by hypoventilation due to the failure of autonomic control of breathing. Until now no curative treatment has been found. PHOX2B is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development (and maintenance) of the autonomic nervous system, and in particular the neuronal structures involved in respiratory reflexes. The underlying pathogenetic mechanism is still unclear, although studies in vivo and in CCHS patients indicate that some neuronal structures may be damaged. Moreover, in vitro experimental data suggest that transcriptional dysregulation and protein misfolding may be key pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes latest researches that improved the comprehension of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for CCHS and discusses the search for therapeutic intervention in light of the current knowledge about PHOX2B function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cardani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Alturkustani M, Shillingford N, Zhou S, Wang L, Warren M. Phox2b Immunohistochemical Staining in Detecting Enteric Neural Crest Cells in Hirschsprung Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2021; 24:19-26. [PMID: 32975470 DOI: 10.1177/1093526620953372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It can be challenging to recognize undifferentiated/immature ganglion cells, especially single forms. Ganglion cells and glia are derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs), a group of autonomic nervous system (ANS)-lineage neural crest progenitors that PHOX2B regulates. Phox2b is an excellent marker for neoplastic and non-neoplastic ANS cells (eg, peripheral neuroblastic tumors [pNTs]). We hypothesized that Phox2b immunohistochemical staining (IHC) would also be useful for detecting ENCCs. METHODS Hematoxylin and eosin, calretinin IHC, and Phox2b IHC were reviewed on 21 pull-through specimens and on a cohort of 12 rectal biopsies. RESULTS Phox2b IHC demonstrated nuclear positivity in all of the ganglion cells across the different phases of differentiation without background staining. The Phox2b result correlated with the morphological findings, calretinin IHC results, and diagnoses based on the routine diagnostic method. The intensity was uniformly strong in the undifferentiated/immature forms and became variable in the mature forms; this pattern was similar to that seen in pNTs. CONCLUSION Phox2b IHC was highly sensitive and specific for detecting ganglion cells. It worked especially well for immature ganglion cells, seen in premature neonates, and scattered single forms in transition zones. In basic research settings, Phox2b can be a useful marker for early differentiation of ENCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alturkustani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Shillingford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Vermeiren S, Bellefroid EJ, Desiderio S. Vertebrate Sensory Ganglia: Common and Divergent Features of the Transcriptional Programs Generating Their Functional Specialization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587699. [PMID: 33195244 PMCID: PMC7649826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system carry sensation from specific sense structures or use different tissues and organs as receptive fields, and convey this information to the central nervous system. In the head of vertebrates, each cranial sensory ganglia and associated nerves perform specific functions. Sensory ganglia are composed of different types of specialized neurons in which two broad categories can be distinguished, somatosensory neurons relaying all sensations that are felt and visceral sensory neurons sensing the internal milieu and controlling body homeostasis. While in the trunk somatosensory neurons composing the dorsal root ganglia are derived exclusively from neural crest cells, somato- and visceral sensory neurons of cranial sensory ganglia have a dual origin, with contributions from both neural crest and placodes. As most studies on sensory neurogenesis have focused on dorsal root ganglia, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the embryonic development of the different cranial sensory ganglia remains today rudimentary. However, using single-cell RNA sequencing, recent studies have made significant advances in the characterization of the neuronal diversity of most sensory ganglia. Here we summarize the general anatomy, function and neuronal diversity of cranial sensory ganglia. We then provide an overview of our current knowledge of the transcriptional networks controlling neurogenesis and neuronal diversification in the developing sensory system, focusing on cranial sensory ganglia, highlighting specific aspects of their development and comparing it to that of trunk sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vermeiren
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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The diversity of neuronal phenotypes in rodent and human autonomic ganglia. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:201-231. [PMID: 32930881 PMCID: PMC7584561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that act on target organs represent the terminal actors in the neurobiology of homeostasis and often become compromised during a range of neurodegenerative and traumatic disorders. Here, we delineate several neurotransmitter and neuromodulator phenotypes found in diverse parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in humans and rodent species. The comparative approach reveals evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved phenotypic marker constellations. A developmental analysis examining the acquisition of selected neurotransmitter properties has provided a detailed, but still incomplete, understanding of the origins of a set of noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neuron populations, found in the cervical and trunk region. A corresponding analysis examining cholinergic and nitrergic parasympathetic neurons in the head, and a range of pelvic neuron populations, with noradrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and mixed transmitter phenotypes, remains open. Of particular interest are the molecular mechanisms and nuclear processes that are responsible for the correlated expression of the various genes required to achieve the noradrenergic phenotype, the segregation of cholinergic locus gene expression, and the regulation of genes that are necessary to generate a nitrergic phenotype. Unraveling the neuron population-specific expression of adhesion molecules, which are involved in axonal outgrowth, pathway selection, and synaptic organization, will advance the study of target-selective autonomic pathway generation.
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11
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Song NN, Ma P, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhu L, He CH, Mao B, Ding YQ. Rnf220/Zc4h2-mediated monoubiquitylation of Phox2 is required for noradrenergic neuron development. Development 2020; 147:dev185199. [PMID: 32094113 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenaline belongs to the monoamine system and is involved in cognition and emotional behaviors. Phox2a and Phox2b play essential but non-redundant roles during development of the locus coeruleus (LC), the main noradrenergic (NA) neuron center in the mammalian brain. The ubiquitin E3 ligase Rnf220 and its cofactor Zc4h2 participate in ventral neural tube patterning by modulating Shh/Gli signaling, and ZC4H2 mutation is associated with intellectual disability, although the mechanisms for this remain poorly understood. Here, we report that Zc4h2 and Rnf220 are required for the development of central NA neurons in the mouse brain. Both Zc4h2 and Rnf220 are expressed in developing LC-NA neurons. Although properly initiated at E10.5, the expression of genes associated with LC-NA neurons is not maintained at the later embryonic stages in mice with a deficiency of either Rnf220 or Zc4h2 In addition, we show that the Rnf220/Zc4h2 complex monoubiquitylates Phox2a/Phox2b, a process required for the full transcriptional activity of Phox2a/Phox2b. Our work reveals a role for Rnf220/Zc4h2 in regulating LC-NA neuron development, and this finding may be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of ZC4H2 mutation-associated intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Chun-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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12
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Genetic Analysis of the Organization, Development, and Plasticity of Corneal Innervation in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1150-1168. [PMID: 30587537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1401-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has the densest sensory innervation of the body, originating primarily from neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The basic principles of cornea nerve patterning have been established many years ago using classic neuroanatomical methods, such as immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Our understanding of the morphology and distribution of the sensory nerves in the skin has considerably progressed over the past few years through the generation and analysis of a variety of genetically modified mouse lines. Surprisingly, these lines were not used to study corneal axons. Here, we have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice (of both sexes) to select lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We identified multiple lines, including some in which different types of corneal axons can be simultaneously observed with fluorescent proteins expressed in a combinatorial manner. We also provide the first description of the morphology and arborization of single corneal axons and identify three main types of branching pattern. We applied this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and plasticity. We provide direct evidence for a progressive reduction of the density of corneal innervation during aging. We also show that the semaphorin receptor neuropilin-1 acts cell-autonomously to control the development of corneal axons and that early axon guidance defects have long-term consequences on corneal innervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have screened a collection of transgenic and knockin mice and identify lines allowing the visualization and genetic manipulation of corneal nerves. We provide the first description of the arborization pattern of single corneal axons. We also present applications of this genetic strategy to the analysis of corneal nerve development and remodeling during aging.
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13
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Di Lascio S, Benfante R, Cardani S, Fornasari D. Advances in the molecular biology and pathogenesis of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome—implications for new therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1540978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- CNR- Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cardani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- CNR- Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
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14
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Ernsberger U, Rohrer H. Sympathetic tales: subdivisons of the autonomic nervous system and the impact of developmental studies. Neural Dev 2018; 13:20. [PMID: 30213267 PMCID: PMC6137933 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in a range of biomedical disciplines has promoted the understanding of the cellular components of the autonomic nervous system and their differentiation during development to a critical level. Characterization of the gene expression fingerprints of individual neurons and identification of the key regulators of autonomic neuron differentiation enables us to comprehend the development of different sets of autonomic neurons. Their individual functional properties emerge as a consequence of differential gene expression initiated by the action of specific developmental regulators. In this review, we delineate the anatomical and physiological observations that led to the subdivision into sympathetic and parasympathetic domains and analyze how the recent molecular insights melt into and challenge the classical description of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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15
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Analysis of sporadic neuroblastic tumors reveals a novel PHOX2B mutation in neuroblastoma. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Igarashi H, Ikeda K, Onimaru H, Kaneko R, Koizumi K, Beppu K, Nishizawa K, Takahashi Y, Kato F, Matsui K, Kobayashi K, Yanagawa Y, Muramatsu SI, Ishizuka T, Yawo H. Targeted expression of step-function opsins in transgenic rats for optogenetic studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5435. [PMID: 29615713 PMCID: PMC5882906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are excellent animal models for experimental neuroscience. However, the application of optogenetics in rats has been hindered because of the limited number of established transgenic rat strains. To accomplish cell-type specific targeting of an optimized optogenetic molecular tool, we generated ROSA26/CAG-floxed STOP-ChRFR(C167A)-Venus BAC rats that conditionally express the step-function mutant channelrhodopsin ChRFR(C167A) under the control of extrinsic Cre recombinase. In primary cultured cortical neurons derived from this reporter rat, only Cre-positive cells expressing ChRFR(C167A) became bi-stable, that is, their excitability was enhanced by blue light and returned to the baseline by yellow~red light. In bigenic pups carrying the Phox2B-Cre driver, ChRFR(C167A) was specifically expressed in the rostral parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) in the medulla, where endogenous Phox2b immunoreactivity was detected. These neurons were sensitive to blue light with an increase in the firing frequency. Thus, this transgenic rat actuator/reporter system should facilitate optogenetic studies involving the effective in vivo manipulation of the activities of specific cell fractions using light of minimal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Igarashi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS Research Fellow), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Department of Physiology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Department of Genetic and Behavioural Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyo Koizumi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaoru Beppu
- Department of Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yukari Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Department of Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioural Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.,Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan.
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17
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Warren M, Matsuno R, Tran H, Shimada H. Utility of Phox2b immunohistochemical stain in neural crest tumours and non-neural crest tumours in paediatric patients. Histopathology 2017; 72:685-696. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Ryosuke Matsuno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Henry Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
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18
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Chan WH, Anderson CR, Gonsalvez DG. From proliferation to target innervation: signaling molecules that direct sympathetic nervous system development. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:171-193. [PMID: 28971249 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes a variety of cells including neurons, endocrine cells and glial cells. A recent study (Furlan et al. 2017) has revised thinking about the developmental origin of these cells. It now appears that sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla do not have an immediate common ancestor in the form a "sympathoadrenal cell", as has been long believed. Instead, chromaffin cells arise from Schwann cell precursors. This review integrates the new findings with the expanding body of knowledge on the signalling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the origin of cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - C R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David G Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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19
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Heterogeneity of neuroblastoma cell identity defined by transcriptional circuitries. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1408-1413. [PMID: 28740262 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumor of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, derived from multipotent neural crest cells (NCCs). To define core regulatory circuitries (CRCs) controlling the gene expression program of neuroblastoma, we established and analyzed the neuroblastoma super-enhancer landscape. We discovered three types of identity in neuroblastoma cell lines: a sympathetic noradrenergic identity, defined by a CRC module including the PHOX2B, HAND2 and GATA3 transcription factors (TFs); an NCC-like identity, driven by a CRC module containing AP-1 TFs; and a mixed type, further deconvoluted at the single-cell level. Treatment of the mixed type with chemotherapeutic agents resulted in enrichment of NCC-like cells. The noradrenergic module was validated by ChIP-seq. Functional studies demonstrated dependency of neuroblastoma with noradrenergic identity on PHOX2B, evocative of lineage addiction. Most neuroblastoma primary tumors express TFs from the noradrenergic and NCC-like modules. Our data demonstrate a previously unknown aspect of tumor heterogeneity relevant for neuroblastoma treatment strategies.
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20
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Mlakar V, Jurkovic Mlakar S, Lopez G, Maris JM, Ansari M, Gumy-Pause F. 11q deletion in neuroblastoma: a review of biological and clinical implications. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:114. [PMID: 28662712 PMCID: PMC5492892 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q deletion) is one of the most frequent events that occur during the development of aggressive neuroblastoma. Clinically, 11q deletion is associated with higher disease stage and decreased survival probability. During the last 25 years, extensive efforts have been invested to identify the precise frequency of 11q aberrations in neuroblastoma, the recurrently involved genes, and to understand the molecular mechanisms of 11q deletion, but definitive answers are still unclear. In this review, it is our intent to compile and review the evidence acquired to date on 11q deletion in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simona Jurkovic Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Lopez
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pediatrics, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gumy-Pause
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Geneva University Medical School, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Pediatrics, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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21
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Martinez-de-la-Torre M, Lambertos A, Peñafiel R, Puelles L. An exercise in brain genoarchitectonics: Analysis of AZIN2-Lacz expressing neuronal populations in the mouse hindbrain. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:1490-1517. [PMID: 28467636 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined in detail the distribution of AZIN2 (antizyme inhibitor 2) expression in the adult mouse hindbrain and neighboring spinal cord. AZIN2, similar to previously known AZIN1, is a recently-discovered, a functional paralog of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Due to their structural similarity to ODC, both AZIN1 and AZIN2 counteract the inhibitory action of 3 known antizymes (AZ1-3) on the ODC synthesis of polyamines, thus increasing intracytoplasmic levels of polyamines. AZIN2 is strongly, but heterogeneously, expressed in the brain. Our study uses a mouse line carrying an AZIN2-LacZ construct, and, in our topographic analysis of AZIN2-positive structures, we intend to share new knowledge about the rhombomeric segmentation of the hindbrain (a function of Hox paralogs and other genes). The observed labeled cell populations predominantly coincide with known cholinergic and glutamatergic cells, but occasionally also correspond to GABAergic, and possibly glycinergic cells. Some imperfectly known hindbrain populations stood out in unprecedented detail, and some axonal tracts were also differentially stained. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB, Murcia, 30071, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB, Murcia, 30071, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Dept.Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and IMIB, Murcia, 30071, Spain
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22
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Igarashi H, Koizumi K, Kaneko R, Ikeda K, Egawa R, Yanagawa Y, Muramatsu SI, Onimaru H, Ishizuka T, Yawo H. A Novel Reporter Rat Strain That Conditionally Expresses the Bright Red Fluorescent Protein tdTomato. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155687. [PMID: 27195805 PMCID: PMC4873025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the strength of the Cre/loxP recombination system in animal models, its application in rats trails that in mice because of the lack of relevant reporter strains. Here, we generated a floxed STOP tdTomato rat that conditionally expresses a red fluorescent protein variant (tdTomato) in the presence of exogenous Cre recombinase. The tdTomato signal vividly visualizes neurons including their projection fibers and spines without any histological enhancement. In addition, a transgenic rat line (FLAME) that ubiquitously expresses tdTomato was successfully established by injecting intracytoplasmic Cre mRNA into fertilized ova. Our rat reporter system will facilitate connectome studies as well as the visualization of the fine structures of genetically identified cells for long periods both in vivo and ex vivo. Furthermore, FLAME is an ideal model for organ transplantation research owing to improved traceability of cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Igarashi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tohoku University Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kyo Koizumi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Bioresource center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryo Egawa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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23
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Saiyed R, Rand CM, Carroll MS, Koliboski CM, Stewart TM, Brogadir CD, Kenny AS, Petersen EKE, Carley DW, Weese-Mayer DE. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS): Circadian temperature variation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51:300-7. [PMID: 26086998 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare neurocristopathy, which includes a control of breathing deficit and features of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation. In recognition of the fundamental role of the ANS in temperature regulation and rhythm and the lack of any prior characterization of circadian temperature rhythms in CCHS, we sought to explore peripheral and core temperatures and circadian patterning. We hypothesized that CCHS patients would exhibit lower peripheral skin temperatures (PST), variability, and circadian rhythmicity (vs. controls), as well as a disrupted relationship between core body temperature (CBT) and PST. METHODS PST was sampled every 3 min over four 24-hr periods in CCHS cases and similarly aged controls. CBT was sampled in a subset of these recordings. RESULTS PST was recorded from 25 CCHS cases (110,664 measures/230 days) and 39 controls (78,772 measures/164 days). Simultaneous CBT measurements were made from 23 CCHS patients. In CCHS, mean PST was lower overall (P = 0.03) and at night (P = 0.02), and PST variability (interquartile range) was higher at night (P = 0.05) (vs. controls). PST circadian rhythm remained intact but the phase relationship of PST to CBT rhythm was extremely variable in CCHS. CONCLUSIONS PST alterations in CCHS likely reflect altered autonomic control of peripheral vascular tone. These alterations represent a previously unreported manifestation of CCHS and may provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. The relationship between temperature dysregulation and CCHS may also offer insight into basic mechanisms underlying thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Saiyed
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Casey M Rand
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael S Carroll
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cynthia M Koliboski
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tracey M Stewart
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cindy D Brogadir
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna S Kenny
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily K E Petersen
- Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David W Carley
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research (CNSHR), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Di Lascio S, Saba E, Belperio D, Raimondi A, Lucchetti H, Fornasari D, Benfante R. PHOX2A and PHOX2B are differentially regulated during retinoic acid-driven differentiation of SK-N-BE(2)C neuroblastoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:62-71. [PMID: 26902400 PMCID: PMC4819706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PHOX2B and its paralogue gene PHOX2A are two homeodomain proteins in the network regulating the development of autonomic ganglia that have been associated with the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma (NB), because of their over-expression in different NB cell lines and tumour samples. We used the SK-N-BE(2)C cell line to show that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a drug that is widely used to inhibit growth and induce differentiation in NBs, regulates both PHOX2A and PHOX2B expression, albeit by means of different mechanisms: it up-regulates PHOX2A and down-regulates PHOX2B. Both mechanisms act at transcriptional level, but prolonged ATRA treatment selectively degrades the PHOX2A protein, whereas the corresponding mRNA remains up-regulated. Further, we show that PHOX2A is capable of modulating PHOX2B expression, but this mechanism is not involved in the PHOX2B down-regulation induced by retinoic acid. Our findings demonstrate that PHOX2A expression is finely controlled during retinoic acid differentiation and this, together with PHOX2B down-regulation, reinforces the idea that they may be useful biomarkers for NB staging, prognosis and treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Saba
- CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Belperio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Imaging Research Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Helen Lucchetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy.
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25
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Stanzel S, Stubbusch J, Pataskar A, Howard MJ, Deller T, Ernsberger U, Tiwari VK, Rohrer H, Tsarovina K. Distinct roles of hand2 in developing and adult autonomic neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:1111-24. [PMID: 26818017 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Hand2 is essential for the acquisition and maintenance of noradrenergic properties of embryonic sympathetic neurons and controls neuroblast proliferation. Hand2 is also expressed in embryonic and postnatal parasympathetic ganglia and remains expressed in sympathetic neurons up to the adult stage. Here, we address its function in developing parasympathetic and adult sympathetic neurons. We conditionally deleted Hand2 in the parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion by crossing a line of floxed Hand2 mice with DbhiCre transgenic mice, taking advantage of the transient Dbh expression in parasympathetic ganglia. Hand2 elimination does not affect Dbh expression and sphenopalatine ganglion size at E12.5 and E16.5, in contrast to sympathetic ganglia. These findings demonstrate different functions for Hand2 in the parasympathetic and sympathetic lineage. Our previous Hand2 knockdown in postmitotic, differentiated chick sympathetic neurons resulted in decreased expression of noradrenergic marker genes but it was unclear whether Hand2 is required for maintaining noradrenergic neuron identity in adult animals. We now show that Hand2 elimination in adult Dbh-expressing sympathetic neurons does not decrease the expression of Th and Dbh, in contrast to the situation during development. However, gene expression profiling of adult sympathetic neurons identified 75 Hand2-dependent target genes. Interestingly, a notable proportion of down-regulated genes (15%) encode for proteins with synaptic and neurotransmission functions. These results demonstrate a change in Hand2 target genes during maturation of sympathetic neurons. Whereas Hand2 controls genes regulating noradrenergic differentiation during development, Hand2 seems to be involved in the regulation of genes controlling neurotransmission in adult sympathetic neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1111-1124, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stanzel
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Jutta Stubbusch
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Pataskar
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences and Program in Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany
| | - Uwe Ernsberger
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Konstantina Tsarovina
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
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Gokozan HN, Baig F, Corcoran S, Catacutan FP, Gygli PE, Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Czeisler C, Otero JJ. Area postrema undergoes dynamic postnatal changes in mice and humans. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1259-69. [PMID: 26400711 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal period in mammals represents a developmental epoch of significant change in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This study focuses on postnatal development of the area postrema, a crucial ANS structure that regulates temperature, breathing, and satiety, among other activities. We find that the human area postrema undergoes significant developmental changes during postnatal development. To characterize these changes further, we used transgenic mouse reagents to delineate neuronal circuitry. We discovered that, although a well-formed ANS scaffold exists early in embryonic development, the area postrema shows a delayed maturation. Specifically, postnatal days 0-7 in mice show no significant change in area postrema volume or synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. In contrast, postnatal days 7-20 show a significant increase in volume and synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. We conclude that key ANS structures show unexpected dynamic developmental changes during postnatal development. These data provide a basis for understanding ANS dysfunction and disease predisposition in premature and postnatal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Numan Gokozan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Faisal Baig
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Sarah Corcoran
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Fay Patsy Catacutan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Patrick Edwin Gygli
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - José J Otero
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Ozek C, Zimmer DJ, De Jonghe BC, Kalb RG, Bence KK. Ablation of intact hypothalamic and/or hindbrain TrkB signaling leads to perturbations in energy balance. Mol Metab 2015; 4:867-80. [PMID: 26629410 PMCID: PMC4632115 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), play a paramount role in the central regulation of energy balance. Despite the substantial body of genetic evidence implicating BDNF- or TrkB-deficiency in human obesity, the critical brain region(s) contributing to the endogenous role of BDNF/TrkB signaling in metabolic control remain unknown. METHODS We assessed the importance of intact hypothalamic or hindbrain TrkB signaling in central regulation of energy balance by generating Nkx2.1-Ntrk2-/- and Phox2b-Ntrk2+/- mice, respectively, and comparing metabolic parameters (body weight, adiposity, food intake, energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis) under high-fat diet or chow fed conditions. RESULTS Our data show that when fed a high-fat diet, male and female Nkx2.1-Ntrk2-/- mice have significantly increased body weight and adiposity that is likely driven by reduced locomotor activity and core body temperature. When maintained on a chow diet, female Nkx2.1-Ntrk2-/- mice exhibit an increased body weight and adiposity phenotype more robust than in males, which is accompanied by hyperphagia that precedes the onset of a body weight difference. In addition, under both diet conditions, Nkx2.1-Ntrk2-/- mice show increased blood glucose, serum insulin and leptin levels. Mice with complete hindbrain TrkB-deficiency (Phox2b-Ntrk2-/-) are perinatal lethal, potentially indicating a vital role for TrkB in visceral motor neurons that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive functions during development. Phox2b-Ntrk2+/- heterozygous mice are similar in body weight, adiposity and glucose homeostasis parameters compared to wild type littermate controls when maintained on a high-fat or chow diet. Interestingly, despite the absence of a body weight difference, Phox2b-Ntrk2+/- heterozygous mice exhibit pronounced hyperphagia. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that the hypothalamus is a key brain region involved in endogenous BDNF/TrkB signaling and central metabolic control and that endogenous hindbrain TrkB likely plays a role in modulating food intake and survival of mice. Our findings also show that female mice lacking TrkB in the hypothalamus have a more robust metabolic phenotype.
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Key Words
- Agrp, agouti-related peptide
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BDNF
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Cidea, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a
- Cre, Cre recombinase
- DVC, dorsal vagal complex
- Elovl3, elongation of very long fatty acids-like 3
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Hindbrain
- Hypothalamus
- LepR, leptin receptor
- Mc4R, melanocortin 4 receptor
- NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract
- Nkx2.1, Nk2 homeobox 1 protein
- Npy, neuropeptide Y
- Obesity
- PVH, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
- Pgc1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
- Phox2b, paired-like homeobox 2b protein
- Pomc, pro-opiomelanocortin
- Pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Prdm16, PR domain containing 16
- TrkB
- TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- Ucp1, uncoupling protein 1
- VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Ozek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Derek J Zimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Nobuta H, Cilio MR, Danhaive O, Tsai HH, Tupal S, Chang SM, Murnen A, Kreitzer F, Bravo V, Czeisler C, Gokozan HN, Gygli P, Bush S, Weese-Mayer DE, Conklin B, Yee SP, Huang EJ, Gray PA, Rowitch D, Otero JJ. Dysregulation of locus coeruleus development in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:171-83. [PMID: 25975378 PMCID: PMC4503865 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), resulting from mutations in transcription factor PHOX2B, manifests with impaired responses to hypoxemia and hypercapnia especially during sleep. To identify brainstem structures developmentally affected in CCHS, we analyzed two postmortem neonatal-lethal cases with confirmed polyalanine repeat expansion (PARM) or Non-PARM (PHOX2B∆8) mutation of PHOX2B. Both human cases showed neuronal losses within the locus coeruleus (LC), which is important for central noradrenergic signaling. Using a conditionally active transgenic mouse model of the PHOX2B∆8 mutation, we found that early embryonic expression (<E10.5) caused failure of LC neuronal specification and perinatal respiratory lethality. In contrast, later onset (E11.5) of PHOX2B∆8 expression was not deleterious to LC development and perinatal respiratory lethality was rescued, despite failure of chemosensor retrotrapezoid nucleus formation. Our findings indicate that early-onset mutant PHOX2B expression inhibits LC neuronal development in CCHS. They further suggest that such mutations result in dysregulation of central noradrenergic signaling, and therefore, potential for early pharmacologic intervention in humans with CCHS.
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Holzmann J, Hennchen M, Rohrer H. Prox1 identifies proliferating neuroblasts and nascent neurons during neurogenesis in sympathetic ganglia. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1352-67. [PMID: 25788138 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in embryonic sympathetic ganglia involves neuroblasts that resume proliferation following neuronal differentiation. As cell cycle exit is not associated with neuronal differentiation, the identity of proliferating neuroblasts is incompletely understood. Here, we use sympathetic ganglia of chick embryos to define the timing of neurogenesis and neuroblast identity focusing on the expression and function of the transcription factor Prox1. We show that a large fraction of neuroblasts has initially withdrawn from the cell cycle at embryonic day 3 (E3), which is reflected by a high proportion of p27(+)/Islet1(+) neuroblasts (63%) and low numbers of EdU(+)/Islet1(+) cells (12%). The proportion of proliferating Islet1(+) neuroblasts, identified by EdU pulse labeling and by the absence of the postmitotic marker p27 increases to reach maximal levels at E5, when virtually all neuroblasts are in the cell cycle (95%). Subsequently, the proportion of EdU-labeled and p27(-) neuroblasts is reduced to reach low levels at E11. Interestingly, the expression of the transcription factor Prox1 is restricted to the neuronal lineage, that is, Sox10(+)/Phox2b(+) neuron progenitors, proliferating p27(-)/Islet1(+) neuroblasts and nascent neurons but is rapidly lost in postmitotic neurons. In vitro and in vivo knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrate effects of Prox1 in the support of neuroblast proliferation and survival. Taken together, these results define the neurogenesis period in the chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia including an initial cell cycle withdrawal and identify Prox1 as a marker and regulator of proliferating sympathetic neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holzmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Hennchen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research; Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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30
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Maintenance of postmitotic neuronal cell identity. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:899-907. [PMID: 24929660 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identity of specific cell types in the nervous system is defined by the expression of neuron type-specific gene batteries. How the expression of such batteries is initiated during nervous system development has been under intensive study over the past few decades. However, comparatively little is known about how gene batteries that define the terminally differentiated state of a neuron type are maintained throughout the life of an animal. Here we provide an overview of studies in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems that have carved out the general and not commonly appreciated principle that neuronal identity is maintained in postmitotic neurons by the sustained, and often autoregulated, expression of the same transcription factors that initiate terminal differentiation in a developing organism. Disruption of postmitotic maintenance mechanisms may result in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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SHP-2 deletion in postmigratory neural crest cells results in impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1374-82. [PMID: 24706815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319208111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic innervation is an essential component of cardiovascular regulation that is first established from the neural crest (NC) lineage in utero and continues developing postnatally. Although in vitro studies have indicated that SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) is a signaling factor critical for regulating sympathetic neuron differentiation, this has yet to be shown in the complex in vivo environment of cardiac autonomic innervation. Targeting SHP-2 within postmigratory NC lineages resulted in a fully penetrant mouse model of diminished sympathetic cardiac innervation and concomitant bradycardia. Immunohistochemistry of the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase revealed a progressive loss of adrenergic ganglionic neurons and reduction of cardiac sympathetic axon density in Shp2 cKOs. Molecularly, Shp2 cKOs exhibit lineage-specific suppression of activated phospo-ERK1/2 signaling but not of other downstream targets of SHP-2 such as pAKT. Genetic restoration of the phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) deficiency via lineage-specific expression of constitutively active MEK1 was sufficient to rescue the sympathetic innervation deficit and its physiological consequences. These data indicate that SHP-2 signaling specifically through pERK in postmigratory NC lineages is essential for development and maintenance of sympathetic cardiac innervation postnatally.
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Tlx3 controls cholinergic transmitter and Peptide phenotypes in a subset of prenatal sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10667-75. [PMID: 23804090 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic sympathetic nervous system consists of predominantly noradrenergic neurons and a very small population of cholinergic neurons. Postnatal development further allows target-dependent switch of a subset of noradrenergic neurons into cholinergic phenotype. How embryonic cholinergic neurons are specified at the prenatal stages remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of transcription factor Tlx3 was progressively restricted to a small population of embryonic sympathetic neurons in mice. Immunostaining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) showed that Tlx3 was highly expressed in cholinergic neurons at the late embryonic stage E18.5. Deletion of Tlx3 resulted in the loss of Vacht expression at E18.5 but not E12.5. By contrast, Tlx3 was required for expression of the cholinergic peptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and somatostatin (SOM) at both E12.5 and E18.5. Furthermore, we found that, at E18.5 these putative cholinergic neurons expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family coreceptor Ret but not tyrosine hydroxylase (Ret(+)/TH(-)). Deletion of Tlx3 also resulted in disappearance of high-level Ret expression. Last, unlike Tlx3, Ret was required for the expression of VIP and SOM at E18.5 but not E12.5. Together, these results indicate that transcription factor Tlx3 is required for the acquisition of cholinergic phenotype at the late embryonic stage as well as the expression and maintenance of cholinergic peptides VIP and SOM throughout prenatal development of mouse sympathetic neurons.
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Stubbusch J, Narasimhan P, Huber K, Unsicker K, Rohrer H, Ernsberger U. Synaptic protein and pan-neuronal gene expression and their regulation by Dicer-dependent mechanisms differ between neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neural Dev 2013; 8:16. [PMID: 23961995 PMCID: PMC3766641 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons in sympathetic ganglia and neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla share not only their embryonic origin from sympathoadrenal precursors in the neural crest but also a range of functional features. These include the capacity for noradrenaline biosynthesis, vesicular storage and regulated release. Yet the regulation of neuronal properties in early neuroendocrine differentiation is a matter of debate and the developmental expression of the vesicle fusion machinery, which includes components found in both neurons and neuroendocrine cells, is not resolved. RESULTS Analysis of synaptic protein and pan-neuronal marker mRNA expression during mouse development uncovers profound differences between sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells, which result in qualitatively similar but quantitatively divergent transcript profiles. In sympathetic neurons embryonic upregulation of synaptic protein mRNA follows early and persistent induction of pan-neuronal marker transcripts. In adrenal chromaffin cells pan-neuronal marker expression occurs only transiently and synaptic protein messages remain at distinctly low levels throughout embryogenesis. Embryonic induction of synaptotagmin I (Syt1) in sympathetic ganglia and postnatal upregulation of synaptotagmin VII (Syt7) in adrenal medulla results in a cell type-specific difference in isoform prevalence. Dicer 1 inactivation in catecholaminergic cells reduces high neuronal synaptic protein mRNA levels but not their neuroendocrine low level expression. Pan-neuronal marker mRNAs are induced in chromaffin cells to yield a more neuron-like transcript pattern, while ultrastructure is not altered. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that remarkably different gene regulatory programs govern the expression of synaptic proteins in the neuronal and neuroendocrine branch of the sympathoadrenal system. They result in overlapping but quantitatively divergent transcript profiles. Dicer 1-dependent regulation is required to establish high neuronal mRNA levels for synaptic proteins and to maintain repression of neurofilament messages in neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Stubbusch
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46 D-60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Hoekstra EJ, von Oerthel L, van der Linden AJA, Smidt MP. Phox2b influences the development of a caudal dopaminergic subset. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52118. [PMID: 23251691 PMCID: PMC3522650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neuronal field can be subdivided into several molecularly distinct domains that arise due to spatiotemporally distinct origins of the neurons and distinct transcriptional pathways controlling these neuronal subsets. Two large anatomically and functionally different subdomains are formed that eventually give rise to the SNc and VTA, but more subsets exist which require detailed characterization in order to better understand the development of the functionally different mdDA subsets, and subset-specific vulnerability. In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of transcription factor Phox2b in the development of mdDA neurons. We provide evidence that Phox2b is co-expressed with TH in a dorsal-caudal subset of neurons in the mdDA neuronal field during embryonic development. Moreover, Phox2b transcripts were identified in FAC-sorted Pitx3 positive neurons. Subsequent analysis of Phox2b mutant embryos revealed that in the absence of Phox2b, a decrease of TH expression occurred specifically in the midbrain neuronal subset that normally co-expresses Phox2b with TH. Our data suggest that Phox2b is, next to the known role in the development of the oculomotor complex, involved in the development of a specific caudal mdDA neuronal subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J. Hoekstra
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars von Oerthel
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie J. A. van der Linden
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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35
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Moore SW. Chromosomal and related Mendelian syndromes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:1045-58. [PMID: 23001136 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a fairly frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in children. It is characterized as a sex-linked heterogonous disorder with variable severity and incomplete penetrance giving rise to a variable pattern of inheritance. Although Hirschsprung's disease occurs as an isolated phenotype in at least 70% of cases, it is not infrequently associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and associated syndromes, demonstrating a spectrum of congenital anomalies. Certain of these syndromic phenotypes have been linked to distinct genetic sites, indicating underlying genetic associations of the disease and probable gene-gene interaction, in its pathogenesis. These associations with HSCR include Down's syndrome and other chromosomal anomalies, Waardenburg syndrome and other Dominant sensorineural deafness, the Congenital Central Hypoventilation and Mowat-Wilson and other brain-related syndromes, as well as the MEN2 and other tumour associations. A number of other autosomal recessive syndromes include the Shah-Waardenburg, the Bardet-Biedl and Cartilage-hair hypoplasia, Goldberg-Shprintzen syndromes and other syndromes related to cholesterol and fat metabolism among others. The genetics of Hirschsprung's disease are highly complex with the majority of known genetic sites relating to the main susceptibility pathways (RET an EDNRB). Non-syndromic non-familial, short-segment HSCR appears to represent a non-Mendelian condition with variable expression and sex-dependent penetrance. Syndromic and familial forms, on the other hand, have complex patterns of inheritance and being reported as autosomal dominant, recessive and polygenic patterns of inheritance. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung's disease could also be explained by the involvement of modifier genes, especially in its syndromic forms. In this review, we look at the chromosomal and Mendelian associations and their underlying signalling pathways, to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in developing aganglionosis of the distal bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Di Lascio S, Bachetti T, Saba E, Ceccherini I, Benfante R, Fornasari D. Transcriptional dysregulation and impairment of PHOX2B auto-regulatory mechanism induced by polyalanine expansion mutations associated with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:187-200. [PMID: 23103552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The PHOX2B transcription factor plays a crucial role in autonomic nervous system development. In humans, heterozygous mutations of the PHOX2B gene lead to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), a rare disorder characterized by a broad variety of symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction including inadequate control of breathing. The vast majority of patients with CCHS are heterozygous for a polyalanine repeat expansion mutation involving a polyalanine tract of twenty residues in the C-terminus of PHOX2B. Although several lines of evidence support a dominant-negative mechanism for PHOX2B mutations in CCHS, the molecular effects of PHOX2B mutant proteins on the transcriptional activity of the wild-type protein have not yet been elucidated. As one of the targets of PHOX2B is the PHOX2B gene itself, we tested the transcriptional activity of wild-type and mutant proteins on the PHOX2B gene promoter, and found that the transactivation ability of proteins with polyalanine expansions decreased as a function of the length of the expansion, whereas DNA binding was severely affected only in the case of the mutant with the longest polyalanine tract (+13 alanine). Co-transfection experiments using equimolar amounts of PHOX2B wild-type and mutant proteins in order to simulate a heterozygous state in vitro and four different PHOX2B target gene regulatory regions (PHOX2B, PHOX2A, DBH, TLX2) clearly showed that the polyalanine expanded proteins alter the transcriptional activity of wild-type protein in a promoter-specific manner, without any clear correlation with the length of the expansion. Moreover, although reduced transactivation may be caused by retention of the wild-type protein in the cytoplasm or in nuclear aggregates, this mechanism can only be partially responsible for the pathogenesis of CCHS because of the reduction in cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation when the +13 alanine mutant is co-expressed with wild-type protein, and the fact that the shortest polyalanine expansions do not form visible cytoplasmic aggregates. Deletion of the C-terminal of PHOX2B leads to a protein that correctly localizes in the nucleus but impairs PHOX2B wild-type transcriptional activity, thus suggesting that protein mislocalization is not the only mechanism leading to CCHS. The results of this study provide novel in vitro experimental evidence of a transcriptional dominant-negative effect of PHOX2B polyalanine mutant proteins on wild-type protein on two different PHOX2B target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Autonomic neuron development is controlled by a network of transcription factors, which is induced by bone morphogenetic protein signalling in neural crest progenitor cells. This network intersects with a transcriptional program in migratory neural crest cells that pre-specifies autonomic neuron precursor cells. Recent findings demonstrate that the transcription factors acting in the initial specification and differentiation of sympathetic neurons are also important for the proliferation of progenitors and immature neurons during neurogenesis. Elimination of Phox2b, Hand2 and Gata3 in differentiated neurons affects the expression of subtype-specific and/or generic neuronal properties or neuron survival. Taken together, transcription factors previously shown to act in initial neuron specification and differentiation display a much broader spectrum of functions, including control of neurogenesis and the maintenance of subtype characteristics and survival of mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Rohrer
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Reiff T, Huber L, Kramer M, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Rohrer H. Midkine and Alk signaling in sympathetic neuron proliferation and neuroblastoma predisposition. Development 2011; 138:4699-708. [PMID: 21989914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and arises from cells of the developing sympathoadrenergic lineage. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor predispose for NB. Here, we focus on the normal function of Alk signaling in the control of sympathetic neuron proliferation, as well as on the effects of mutant ALK. Forced expression of wild-type ALK and NB-related constitutively active ALK mutants in cultures of proliferating immature sympathetic neurons results in a strong proliferation increase, whereas Alk knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of Alk activity decrease proliferation. Alk activation upregulates NMyc and trkB and maintains Alk expression by an autoregulatory mechanism involving Hand2. The Alk-ligand Midkine (Mk) is expressed in immature sympathetic neurons and in vivo inhibition of Alk signaling by virus-mediated shRNA knockdown of Alk and Mk leads to strongly reduced sympathetic neuron proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the extent and timing of sympathetic neurogenesis is controlled by Mk/Alk signaling. The predisposition for NB caused by activating ALK mutations may thus be explained by aberrations of normal neurogenesis, i.e. elevated and sustained Alk signaling and increased NMyc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reiff
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Huber L, Ferdin M, Holzmann J, Stubbusch J, Rohrer H. HoxB8 in noradrenergic specification and differentiation of the autonomic nervous system. Dev Biol 2011; 363:219-33. [PMID: 22236961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different prespecification of mesencephalic and trunk neural crest cells determines their response to environmental differentiation signals and contributes to the generation of different autonomic neuron subtypes, parasympathetic ciliary neurons in the head and trunk noradrenergic sympathetic neurons. The differentiation of ciliary and sympathetic neurons shares many features, including the initial BMP-induced expression of noradrenergic characteristics that is, however, subsequently lost in ciliary but maintained in sympathetic neurons. The molecular basis of specific prespecification and differentiation patterns has remained unclear. We show here that HoxB gene expression in trunk neural crest is maintained in sympathetic neurons. Ectopic expression of a single HoxB gene, HoxB8, in mesencephalic neural crest results in a strongly increased expression of sympathetic neuron characteristics like the transcription factor Hand2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in ciliary neurons. Other subtype-specific properties like RGS4 and RCad are not induced. HoxB8 has only minor effects in postmitotic ciliary neurons and is unable to induce TH and DBH in the enteric nervous system. Thus, we conclude that HoxB8 acts by maintaining noradrenergic properties transiently expressed in ciliary neuron progenitors during normal development. HoxC8, HoxB9, HoxB1 and HoxD10 elicit either small and transient or no effects on noradrenergic differentiation, suggesting a selective effect of HoxB8. These results implicate that Hox genes contribute to the differential development of autonomic neuron precursors by maintaining noradrenergic properties in the trunk sympathetic neuron lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Huber
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Fan Y, Huang J, Duffourc M, Kao RL, Ordway GA, Huang R, Zhu MY. Transcription factor Phox2 upregulates expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopamine β-hydroxylase in adult rat brains. Neuroscience 2011; 192:37-53. [PMID: 21763404 PMCID: PMC3166407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in aging and neurodegenerative diseases is well documented. Slowing or reversing this effect may have therapeutic implications. Phox2a and Phox2b are homeodomain transcriptional factors that function as determinants of the noradrenergic phenotype during embryogenesis. In the present study, recombinant lentiviral eGFP-Phox2a and -Phox2b (vPhox2a and vPhox2b) were constructed to study the effects of Phox2a/2b over-expression on dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) levels in central noradrenergic neurons. Microinjection of vPhox2 into the LC of adult rats significantly increased Phox2 mRNA levels in the LC region. Over-expression of either Phox2a or Phox2b in the LC was paralleled by significant increases in mRNA and protein levels of DBH and NET in the LC. Similar increases in DBH and NET protein levels were observed in the hippocampus following vPhox2 microinjection. In the frontal cortex, only NET protein levels were significantly increased by vPhox2 microinjection. Over-expression of Phox2 genes resulted in a significant increase in BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The present study demonstrates an upregulatory effect of Phox2a and Phox2b on the expression of DBH and NET in noradrenergic neurons of rat brains, an effect not previously shown in adult animals. Phox2 genes may play an important role in maintaining the function of the noradrenergic neurons after birth, and regulation of Phox2 gene expression may have therapeutic utility in aging or disorders involving degeneration of noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michelle Duffourc
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Race L. Kao
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Ordway
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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41
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Ramanantsoa N, Matrot B, Vardon G, Lajard AM, Voituron N, Dauger S, Denjean A, Hilaire G, Gallego J. Impaired ventilatory and thermoregulatory responses to hypoxic stress in newborn phox2b heterozygous knock-out mice. Front Physiol 2011; 2:61. [PMID: 21977017 PMCID: PMC3178811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phox2b genesis necessary for the development of the autonomic nervous system, and especially, of respiratory neuronal circuits. In the present study, we examined the role of Phox2b in ventilatory and thermoregulatory responses to hypoxic stress, which are closely related in the postnatal period. Hypoxic stress was generated by strong thermal stimulus, combined or not with reduced inspired O(2). To this end, we exposed 6-day-old Phox2b(+/-) pups and their wild-type littermates (Phox2b(+/+)) to hypoxia (10% O(2)) or hypercapnia (8% CO(2)) under thermoneutral (33°C) or cold (26°C) conditions. We found that Phox2b(+/-) pups showed less normoxic ventilation (V(E)) in the cold than Phox2b(+/+) pups. Phox2b(+/-) pups also showed lower oxygen consumption (VO(2)) in the cold, reflecting reduced thermogenesis and a lower body temperature. Furthermore, while the cold depressed ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in both genotype groups, this effect was less pronounced in Phox2b(+/-) pups. Finally, because serotonin (5-HT) neurons are pivotal to respiratory and thermoregulatory circuits and depend on Phox2b for their differentiation, we studied 5-HT metabolism using high pressure liquid chromatography, and found that it was altered in Phox2b(+/-) pups. We conclude that Phox2b haploinsufficiency alters the ability of newborns to cope with metabolic challenges, possibly due to 5-HT signaling impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelina Ramanantsoa
- INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Denis DiderotParis, France
| | - Boris Matrot
- INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Denis DiderotParis, France
| | - Guy Vardon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of AmiensAmiens, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lajard
- CNRS, UMR 6231, Faculty Saint Jérôme, Research Center of Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Marseille, University of Aix-Marseille II and IIIMarseille, France
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- CNRS, UMR 6231, Faculty Saint Jérôme, Research Center of Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Marseille, University of Aix-Marseille II and IIIMarseille, France
| | - Stéphane Dauger
- INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Denis DiderotParis, France
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, AP–HP, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
| | - André Denjean
- INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Denis DiderotParis, France
- Physiology Department, AP–HP, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
| | - Gérard Hilaire
- CNRS, UMR 6231, Faculty Saint Jérôme, Research Center of Neurobiology and Neurophysiology of Marseille, University of Aix-Marseille II and IIIMarseille, France
| | - Jorge Gallego
- INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré HospitalParis, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Denis DiderotParis, France
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42
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Flames N, Hobert O. Transcriptional Control of the Terminal Fate of Monoaminergic Neurons. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 34:153-84. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Flames
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032;
- Genes & Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain E-08003;
- Present address: Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032;
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