1
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Ling C, Yu C, Wang C, Yang M, Yang H, Yang K, He Y, Shen Y, Tang S, Yu X, Zhou Z, Zhou S, Zhou J, Zhu L, Li J. rAAV capsid mutants eliminate leaky expression from DNA donor template for homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6518-6531. [PMID: 38783157 PMCID: PMC11194064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise genomic editing through the combination of CRISPR/Cas systems and recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-delivered homology directed repair (HDR) donor templates represents a powerful approach. However, the challenge of effectively suppressing leaky transcription from the rAAV vector, a phenomenon associated to cytotoxicity, persists. In this study, we demonstrated substantial promoter activities of various homology arms and inverted terminal repeats (ITR). To address this issue, we identified a novel rAAV variant, Y704T, which not only yields high-vector quantities but also effectively suppresses in cis mRNA transcription driven by a robust promoter. The Y704T variant maintains normal functionality in receptor interaction, intracellular trafficking, nuclear entry, uncoating, and second-strand synthesis, while specifically exhibiting defects in transcription. Importantly, this inhibitory effect is found to be independent of ITR, promoter types, and RNA polymerases. Mechanistic studies unveiled the involvement of Valosin Containing Protein (VCP/p97) in capsid-mediated transcription repression. Remarkably, the Y704T variant delivers HDR donor templates without compromising DNA replication ability and homologous recombination efficiency. In summary, our findings enhance the understanding of capsid-regulated transcription and introduce novel avenues for the application of the rAAV-CRISPR/Cas9 system in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chenghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hengbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Keying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yun He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shiyi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhengjun Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shaolai Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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2
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Nakamura K, Aoyama-Ishiwatari S, Nagao T, Paaran M, Obara CJ, Sakurai-Saito Y, Johnston J, Du Y, Suga S, Tsuboi M, Nakakido M, Tsumoto K, Kishi Y, Gotoh Y, Kwak C, Rhee HW, Seo JK, Kosako H, Potter C, Carragher B, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Polleux F, Hirabayashi Y. PDZD8-FKBP8 tethering complex at ER-mitochondria contact sites regulates mitochondrial complexity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.22.554218. [PMID: 38895210 PMCID: PMC11185567 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria-ER membrane contact sites (MERCS) represent a fundamental ultrastructural feature underlying unique biochemistry and physiology in eukaryotic cells. The ER protein PDZD8 is required for the formation of MERCS in many cell types, however, its tethering partner on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is currently unknown. Here we identified the OMM protein FKBP8 as the tethering partner of PDZD8 using a combination of unbiased proximity proteomics, CRISPR-Cas9 endogenous protein tagging, Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) tomography, and correlative light-EM (CLEM). Single molecule tracking revealed highly dynamic diffusion properties of PDZD8 along the ER membrane with significant pauses and capture at MERCS. Overexpression of FKBP8 was sufficient to narrow the ER-OMM distance, whereas independent versus combined deletions of these two proteins demonstrated their interdependence for MERCS formation. Furthermore, PDZD8 enhances mitochondrial complexity in a FKBP8-dependent manner. Our results identify a novel ER-mitochondria tethering complex that regulates mitochondrial morphology in mammalian cells.
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3
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Muralidharan A, Boukany PE. Electrotransfer for nucleic acid and protein delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:780-798. [PMID: 38102019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrotransfer of nucleic acids and proteins has become crucial in biotechnology for gene augmentation and genome editing. This review explores the applications of electrotransfer in both ex vivo and in vivo scenarios, emphasizing biomedical uses. We provide insights into completed clinical trials and successful instances of nucleic acid and protein electrotransfer into therapeutically relevant cells such as immune cells and stem and progenitor cells. In addition, we delve into emerging areas of electrotransfer where nanotechnology and deep learning techniques overcome the limitations of traditional electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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4
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Kawasaki H. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of folds of the cerebrum using gyrencephalic ferrets. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25615. [PMID: 38587214 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebrum has changed substantially during evolution, characterized by increases in neurons and glial cells and by the expansion and folding of the cerebrum. While these evolutionary alterations are thought to be crucial for acquiring higher cognitive functions, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of the mammalian cerebrum remain only partially understood. This is, in part, because of the difficulty in analyzing these mechanisms using mice only. To overcome this limitation, genetic manipulation techniques for the cerebrum of gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets have been developed. Furthermore, successful gene knockout in the ferret cerebrum has been accomplished through the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review mainly highlights recent research conducted using gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of cortical folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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5
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Bilgic M, Wu Q, Suetsugu T, Shitamukai A, Tsunekawa Y, Shimogori T, Kadota M, Nishimura O, Kuraku S, Kiyonari H, Matsuzaki F. Truncated radial glia as a common precursor in the late corticogenesis of gyrencephalic mammals. eLife 2023; 12:RP91406. [PMID: 37988289 PMCID: PMC10662950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of neural stem cells is a hallmark of the cerebral cortex development in gyrencephalic mammals, such as Primates and Carnivora. Among them, ferrets are a good model for mechanistic studies. However, information on their neural progenitor cells (NPC), termed radial glia (RG), is limited. Here, we surveyed the temporal series of single-cell transcriptomes of progenitors regarding ferret corticogenesis and found a conserved diversity and temporal trajectory between human and ferret NPC, despite the large timescale difference. We found truncated RG (tRG) in ferret cortical development, a progenitor subtype previously described in humans. The combination of in silico and in vivo analyses identified that tRG differentiate into both ependymal and astrogenic cells. Via transcriptomic comparison, we predict that this is also the case in humans. Our findings suggest that tRG plays a role in the formation of adult ventricles, thereby providing the architectural bases for brain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bilgic
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Quan Wu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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6
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Yang C, Shitamukai A, Yang S, Kawaguchi A. Advanced Techniques Using In Vivo Electroporation to Study the Molecular Mechanisms of Cerebral Development Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14128. [PMID: 37762431 PMCID: PMC10531473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex undergoes a strictly regulated developmental process. Detailed in situ visualizations, imaging of these dynamic processes, and in vivo functional gene studies significantly enhance our understanding of brain development and related disorders. This review introduces basic techniques and recent advancements in in vivo electroporation for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral diseases. In utero electroporation (IUE) is extensively used to visualize and modify these processes, including the forced expression of pathological mutants in human diseases; thus, this method can be used to establish animal disease models. The advent of advanced techniques, such as genome editing, including de novo knockout, knock-in, epigenetic editing, and spatiotemporal gene regulation, has further expanded our list of investigative tools. These tools include the iON expression switch for the precise control of timing and copy numbers of exogenous genes and TEMPO for investigating the temporal effects of genes. We also introduce the iGONAD method, an improved genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery approach, as a novel genome-editing technique that has accelerated brain development exploration. These advanced in vivo electroporation methods are expected to provide valuable insights into pathological conditions associated with human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shucai Yang
- Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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7
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Fujimoto S, Leiwe MN, Aihara S, Sakaguchi R, Muroyama Y, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K, Saito T, Imai T. Activity-dependent local protection and lateral inhibition control synaptic competition in developing mitral cells in mice. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00237-X. [PMID: 37290446 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In developing brains, activity-dependent remodeling facilitates the formation of precise neuronal connectivity. Synaptic competition is known to facilitate synapse elimination; however, it has remained unknown how different synapses compete with one another within a post-synaptic cell. Here, we investigate how a mitral cell in the mouse olfactory bulb prunes all but one primary dendrite during the developmental remodeling process. We find that spontaneous activity generated within the olfactory bulb is essential. We show that strong glutamatergic inputs to one dendrite trigger branch-specific changes in RhoA activity to facilitate the pruning of the remaining dendrites: NMDAR-dependent local signals suppress RhoA to protect it from pruning; however, the subsequent neuronal depolarization induces neuron-wide activation of RhoA to prune non-protected dendrites. NMDAR-RhoA signals are also essential for the synaptic competition in the mouse barrel cortex. Our results demonstrate a general principle whereby activity-dependent lateral inhibition across synapses establishes a discrete receptive field of a neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Marcus N Leiwe
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuhei Aihara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Richi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Muroyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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8
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Nakamura S, Inada E, Saitoh I, Sato M. Recent Genome-Editing Approaches toward Post-Implanted Fetuses in Mice. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020037. [PMID: 37218754 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing, as exemplified by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has recently been employed to effectively generate genetically modified animals and cells for the purpose of gene function analysis and disease model creation. There are at least four ways to induce genome editing in individuals: the first is to perform genome editing at the early preimplantation stage, such as fertilized eggs (zygotes), for the creation of whole genetically modified animals; the second is at post-implanted stages, as exemplified by the mid-gestational stages (E9 to E15), for targeting specific cell populations through in utero injection of viral vectors carrying genome-editing components or that of nonviral vectors carrying genome-editing components and subsequent in utero electroporation; the third is at the mid-gestational stages, as exemplified by tail-vein injection of genome-editing components into the pregnant females through which the genome-editing components can be transmitted to fetal cells via a placenta-blood barrier; and the last is at the newborn or adult stage, as exemplified by facial or tail-vein injection of genome-editing components. Here, we focus on the second and third approaches and will review the latest techniques for various methods concerning gene editing in developing fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho-shi 501-0296, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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9
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Kittock CM, Pilaz LJ. Advances in in utero electroporation. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:73-90. [PMID: 36861639 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique developed in the early 2000s to transfect the neurons and neural progenitors of embryonic brains, thus enabling continued development in utero and subsequent analyses of neural development. Early IUE experiments focused on ectopic expression of plasmid DNA to analyze parameters such as neuron morphology and migration. Recent advances made in other fields, such as CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing, have been incorporated into IUE techniques as they were developed. Here, we provide a general review of the mechanics and techniques involved in IUE and explore the breadth of approaches that can be used in conjunction with IUE to study cortical development in a rodent model, with a focus on the novel advances in IUE techniques. We also highlight a few cases that exemplify the potential of IUE to study a broad range of questions in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kittock
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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10
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Meyerink BL, KC P, Tiwari NK, Kittock CM, Klein A, Evans CM, Pilaz LJ. Breasi-CRISPR: an efficient genome-editing method to interrogate protein localization and protein-protein interactions in the embryonic mouse cortex. Development 2022; 149:dev200616. [PMID: 35993342 PMCID: PMC9637389 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In developing tissues, knowing the localization and interactors of proteins of interest is key to understanding their function. Here, we describe the Breasi-CRISPR approach (Brain Easi-CRISPR), combining Easi-CRISPR with in utero electroporation to tag endogenous proteins within embryonic mouse brains. Breasi-CRISPR enables knock-in of both short and long epitope tag sequences with high efficiency. We visualized epitope-tagged proteins with varied expression levels, such as ACTB, LMNB1, EMD, FMRP, NOTCH1 and RPL22. Detection was possible by immunohistochemistry as soon as 1 day after electroporation and we observed efficient gene editing in up to 50% of electroporated cells. Moreover, tagged proteins could be detected by immunoblotting in lysates from individual cortices. Next, we demonstrated that Breasi-CRISPR enables the tagging of proteins with fluorophores, allowing visualization of endogenous proteins by live imaging in organotypic brain slices. Finally, we used Breasi-CRISPR to perform co-immunoprecipitation mass-spectrometry analyses of the autism-related protein FMRP to discover its interactome in the embryonic cortex. Together, these data demonstrate that Breasi-CRISPR is a powerful tool with diverse applications that will propel the understanding of protein function in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Meyerink
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Pratiksha KC
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Neeraj K. Tiwari
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Claire M. Kittock
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Abigail Klein
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Claire M. Evans
- Histology Core, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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11
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Kumamoto T, Ohtaka-Maruyama C. Visualizing Cortical Development and Evolution: A Toolkit Update. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:876406. [PMID: 35495046 PMCID: PMC9039325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.876406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing the process of neural circuit formation during neurogenesis, using genetically modified animals or somatic transgenesis of exogenous plasmids, has become a key to decipher cortical development and evolution. In contrast to the establishment of transgenic animals, the designing and preparation of genes of interest into plasmids are simple and easy, dispensing with time-consuming germline modifications. These advantages have led to neuron labeling based on somatic transgenesis. In particular, mammalian expression plasmid, CRISPR-Cas9, and DNA transposon systems, have become widely used for neuronal visualization and functional analysis related to lineage labeling during cortical development. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these recently developed techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kumamoto
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Shinmyo Y, Hamabe-Horiike T, Saito K, Kawasaki H. Investigation of the Mechanisms Underlying the Development and Evolution of the Cerebral Cortex Using Gyrencephalic Ferrets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847159. [PMID: 35386196 PMCID: PMC8977464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex has changed significantly during evolution. As a result of the increase in the number of neurons and glial cells in the cerebral cortex, its size has markedly expanded. Moreover, folds, called gyri and sulci, appeared on its surface, and its neuronal circuits have become much more complicated. Although these changes during evolution are considered to have been crucial for the acquisition of higher brain functions, the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex of mammals are still unclear. This is, at least partially, because it is difficult to investigate these mechanisms using mice only. Therefore, genetic manipulation techniques for the cerebral cortex of gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets were developed recently. Furthermore, gene knockout was achieved in the ferret cerebral cortex using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These techniques enabled molecular investigations using the ferret cerebral cortex. In this review, we will summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of the mammalian cerebral cortex, mainly focusing on research using ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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13
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Multicolor strategies for investigating clonal expansion and tissue plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:141. [PMID: 35187598 PMCID: PMC8858928 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the generation of complexity in living organisms requires the use of lineage tracing tools at a multicellular scale. In this review, we describe the different multicolor strategies focusing on mouse models expressing several fluorescent reporter proteins, generated by classical (MADM, Brainbow and its multiple derivatives) or acute (StarTrack, CLoNe, MAGIC Markers, iOn, viral vectors) transgenesis. After detailing the multi-reporter genetic strategies that serve as a basis for the establishment of these multicolor mouse models, we briefly mention other animal and cellular models (zebrafish, chicken, drosophila, iPSC) that also rely on these constructs. Then, we highlight practical applications of multicolor mouse models to better understand organogenesis at single progenitor scale (clonal analyses) in the brain and briefly in several other tissues (intestine, skin, vascular, hematopoietic and immune systems). In addition, we detail the critical contribution of multicolor fate mapping strategies in apprehending the fine cellular choreography underlying tissue morphogenesis in several models with a particular focus on brain cytoarchitecture in health and diseases. Finally, we present the latest technological advances in multichannel and in-depth imaging, and automated analyses that enable to better exploit the large amount of data generated from multicolored tissues.
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14
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Wu Q, Shichino Y, Abe T, Suetsugu T, Omori A, Kiyonari H, Iwasaki S, Matsuzaki F. Selective translation of epigenetic modifiers affects the temporal pattern and differentiation of neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:470. [PMID: 35078993 PMCID: PMC8789897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is formed by diverse neurons generated sequentially from neural stem cells (NSCs). A clock mechanism has been suggested to underlie the temporal progression of NSCs, which is mainly defined by the transcriptome and the epigenetic state. However, what drives such a developmental clock remains elusive. We show that translational control of histone H3 trimethylation in Lys27 (H3K27me3) modifiers is part of this clock. We find that depletion of Fbl, an rRNA methyltransferase, reduces translation of both Ezh2 methyltransferase and Kdm6b demethylase of H3K27me3 and delays the progression of the NSC state. These defects are partially phenocopied by simultaneous inhibition of H3K27me3 methyltransferase and demethylase, indicating the role of Fbl in the genome-wide H3K27me3 pattern. Therefore, we propose that Fbl drives the intrinsic clock through the translational enhancement of the H3K27me3 modifiers that predominantly define the NSC state. The temporal development of tissues and organs may be defined by the genome-wide epigenetic and transcriptional state functioning as the clock. Here the authors found that Fbl, a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, potentially behaves as a clock during neural stem cell (NSC) development by controlling translational efficiencies of epigenetic modifiers in the cerebral cortex primordium.
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15
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Abstract
The imaging of chromatin, genomic loci, RNAs, and proteins is very important to study their localization, interaction, and coordinated regulation. Recently, several clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based imaging methods have been established. The refurbished tool kits utilizing deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) and dCas13 have been established to develop applications of CRISPR-Cas technology beyond genome editing. Here, we review recent advancements in CRISPR-based methods that enable efficient imaging and visualization of chromatin, genomic loci, RNAs, and proteins. RNA aptamers, Pumilio, SuperNova tagging system, molecular beacons, halotag, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, RNA-guided endonuclease in situ labeling, and oligonucleotide-based imaging methods utilizing fluorescent proteins, organic dyes, or quantum dots have been developed to achieve improved fluorescence and signal-to-noise ratio for the imaging of chromatin or genomic loci. RNA-guided RNA targeting CRISPR systems (CRISPR/dCas13) and gene knock-in strategies based on CRISPR/Cas9 mediated site-specific cleavage and DNA repair mechanisms have been employed for efficient RNA and protein imaging, respectively. A few CRISPR-Cas-based methods to investigate the coordinated regulation of DNA-protein, DNA-RNA, or RNA-protein interactions for understanding chromatin dynamics, transcription, and protein function are also available. Overall, the CRISPR-based methods offer a significant improvement in elucidating chromatin organization and dynamics, RNA visualization, and protein imaging. The current and future advancements in CRISPR-based imaging techniques can revolutionize genome biology research for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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16
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Aihara S, Fujimoto S, Sakaguchi R, Imai T. BMPR-2 gates activity-dependent stabilization of primary dendrites during mitral cell remodeling. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109276. [PMID: 34161760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons initially form excessive neurites and then remodel them based on molecular cues and neuronal activity. Developing mitral cells in the olfactory bulb initially extend multiple primary dendrites. They then stabilize single primary dendrites while eliminating others. However, the mechanisms underlying selective dendrite remodeling remain elusive. Using CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout screening combined with in utero electroporation, we identify BMPR-2 as a key regulator for selective dendrite stabilization. Bmpr2 knockout and its rescue experiments show that BMPR-2 inhibits LIMK without ligands and thereby permits dendrite destabilization. In contrast, the overexpression of antagonists and agonists indicates that ligand-bound BMPR-2 stabilizes dendrites, most likely by releasing LIMK. Using genetic and FRET imaging experiments, we demonstrate that free LIMK is activated by NMDARs via Rac1, facilitating dendrite stabilization through F-actin formation. Thus, the selective stabilization of primary dendrites is ensured by concomitant inputs of BMP ligands and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Aihara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Richi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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17
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Dasgupta I, Flotte TR, Keeler AM. CRISPR/Cas-Dependent and Nuclease-Free In Vivo Therapeutic Gene Editing. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:275-293. [PMID: 33750221 PMCID: PMC7987363 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise gene manipulation by gene editing approaches facilitates the potential to cure several debilitating genetic disorders. Gene modification stimulated by engineered nucleases induces a double-stranded break (DSB) in the target genomic locus, thereby activating DNA repair mechanisms. DSBs triggered by nucleases are repaired either by the nonhomologous end-joining or the homology-directed repair pathway, enabling efficient gene editing. While there are several ongoing ex vivo genome editing clinical trials, current research underscores the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-based (clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats-associated Cas nuclease) in vivo gene editing. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas-mediated in vivo genome therapy applications and explore their prospective clinical translatability to treat human monogenic disorders. In addition, we discuss the various challenges associated with in vivo genome editing technologies and strategies used to circumvent them. Despite the robust and precise nuclease-mediated gene editing, a promoterless, nuclease-independent gene targeting strategy has been utilized to evade the drawbacks of the nuclease-dependent system, such as off-target effects, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity. Thus, the rapidly evolving paradigm of gene editing technologies will continue to foster the progress of gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Dasgupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison M. Keeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Tsunekawa Y, Terhune RK, Matsuzaki F. Protocol for De Novo Gene Targeting Via In Utero Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2312:309-320. [PMID: 34228299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1441-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developments in genome-editing technology, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized the way in which genetically engineered animals are generated. However, the process of generation includes microinjection to the one-cell stage embryo and the transfer of the microinjected embryo to the surrogate animals, which requires trained personnel. We recently reported the method includes introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 systems to the developing cerebral cortex via in utero electroporation thus generating gene-targeted neural stem cells in vivo. This technique is widely applicable for gene knockout, monitoring gene expression, and lineage analysis in developmental biology. In this chapter, the detailed protocol of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) knock-in method via in utero electroporation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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19
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Nishizono H, Yasuda R, Laviv T. Methodologies and Challenges for CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing of the Mammalian Brain. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:602970. [PMID: 34713226 PMCID: PMC8525404 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.602970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia are highly polarized cells with extensive subcellular structures extending over large distances from their cell bodies. Previous research has revealed elaborate protein signaling complexes localized within intracellular compartments. Thus, exploring the function and the localization of endogenous proteins is vital to understanding the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the synapse, cellular, and circuit function. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques have allowed researchers to rapidly develop transgenic animal models and perform single-cell level genome editing in the mammalian brain. Here, we introduce and comprehensively review the latest techniques for genome-editing in whole animals using fertilized eggs and methods for gene editing in specific neuronal populations in the adult or developing mammalian brain. Finally, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, as well as the challenges that lie ahead to advance the generation of methodologies for genome editing in the brain using the current CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nishizono
- Department of Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Department of Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, United States
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20
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Steinecke A, Kurabayashi N, Hayano Y, Ishino Y, Taniguchi H. In Vivo Single-Cell Genotyping of Mouse Cortical Neurons Transfected with CRISPR/Cas9. Cell Rep 2020; 28:325-331.e4. [PMID: 31291570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based technologies have revolutionized genetic approaches to addressing a wide range of neurobiological questions. The ability of CRISPR/Cas to introduce mutations into target genes allows us to perform in vivo loss-of-function experiments without generating genetically engineered mice. However, the lack of a reliable method to determine genotypes of individual CRISPR/Cas-transfected cells has made it impossible to unambiguously identify the genetic cause of their phenotypes in vivo. Here, we report a strategy for single-cell genotyping in CRISPR/Cas-transfected neurons that were phenotypically characterized in vivo. We show that re-sectioning of cortical slices and subsequent laser microdissection allow us to isolate individual CRISPR/Cas-transfected neurons. Sequencing of PCR products containing a CRISPR/Cas-targeted genomic region in single reference neurons provided genotypes that completely correspond with those deduced from their target protein expression and phenotypes. Thus, our study establishes a powerful strategy to determine the causality between genotypes and phenotypes in CRISPR/Cas-transfected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Steinecke
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hayano
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yugo Ishino
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hiroki Taniguchi
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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21
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Inhibition of DNA ligase IV enhances the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency in mouse brain neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:449-457. [PMID: 32972746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knock-in in in vivo neurons using in utero electroporation is a powerful technique, but the knock-in efficiency is generally low. We previously demonstrated that co-transfection with RAD51, a key molecule of the initial step of homology-directed repair (HDR), expression vector increased EGFP knock-in efficiency in the β-actin site up to 2.5-fold in the pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex of mouse brain. To further improve the efficiency, we examined the effect of inhibition of DNA ligase IV (LIG4) that is an essential molecule for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Co-transfection with small hairpin RNA for LIG4 (shlig4) expression vector increased the EGFP knock-in efficiency in the β-actin site up to 3.6-fold compared to the condition without shlig4. RAD51 and shlig4 expression vector co-transfection further increased the knock-in efficiency up to 4.7-fold of the control condition. These results suggest that the inhibition of LIG4 is more effective than RAD51 overexpression, and it enhances the effect of RAD51 overexpression on HDR-mediated gene knock-in in vivo neurons.
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22
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Iwashita M, Nomura T, Suetsugu T, Matsuzaki F, Kojima S, Kosodo Y. Comparative Analysis of Brain Stiffness Among Amniotes Using Glyoxal Fixation and Atomic Force Microscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:574619. [PMID: 33043008 PMCID: PMC7517470 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.574619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain structures are diverse among species despite the essential molecular machinery of neurogenesis being common. Recent studies have indicated that differences in the mechanical properties of tissue may result in the dynamic deformation of brain structure, such as folding. However, little is known about the correlation between mechanical properties and species-specific brain structures. To address this point, a comparative analysis of mechanical properties using several animals is required. For a systematic measurement of the brain stiffness of remotely maintained animals, we developed a novel strategy of tissue-stiffness measurement using glyoxal as a fixative combined with atomic force microscopy. A comparison of embryonic and juvenile mouse and songbird brain tissue revealed that glyoxal fixation can maintain brain structure as well as paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation. Notably, brain tissue fixed by glyoxal remained much softer than PFA-fixed brains, and it can maintain the relative stiffness profiles of various brain regions. Based on this method, we found that the homologous brain regions between mice and songbirds exhibited different stiffness patterns. We also measured brain stiffness in other amniotes (chick, turtle, and ferret) following glyoxal fixation. We found stage-dependent and species-specific stiffness in pallia among amniotes. The embryonic chick and matured turtle pallia showed gradually increasing stiffness along the apico-basal tissue axis, the lowest region at the most apical region, while the ferret pallium exhibited a catenary pattern, that is, higher in the ventricular zone, the inner subventricular zone, and the cortical plate and the lowest in the outer subventricular zone. These results indicate that species-specific microenvironments with distinct mechanical properties emerging during development might contribute to the formation of brain structures with unique morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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23
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Sun H, Zhi S, Wu G, Wu G, Cao T, Hao H, Songyang Z, Liang P, Huang J. Cost-effective generation of A-to-G mutant mice by zygote electroporation of adenine base editor ribonucleoproteins. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:337-340. [PMID: 32888879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengyao Zhi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guifang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guanglan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tianqi Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hu Hao
- Department of Paediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zhou Songyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences, and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Puping Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences, and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Junjiu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, School of Life Sciences, and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of an exquisitely complex network of interconnected neurons supporting the higher cognitive functions of the brain. Here, we provide a fully detailed, step-by-step protocol to perform in utero cortical electroporation of plasmids, a simple surgical procedure designed to manipulate gene expression in a subset of glutamatergic pyramidal cortical neurons in vivo. This method has been used to visualize defects in neuronal migration, axon projections, terminal axon branching, or dendrite and synapse development. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Courchet et al., 2013, Mairet-Coello et al., 2013 or Shimojo et al. (2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Meyer-Dilhet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Courchet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008 Lyon, France
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25
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Kurihara T, Kouyama-Suzuki E, Satoga M, Li X, Badawi M, Thiha, Baig DN, Yanagawa T, Uemura T, Mori T, Tabuchi K. DNA repair protein RAD51 enhances the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency in brain neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:621-628. [PMID: 32029273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene knock-in using the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be achieved in a specific population of neurons in the mouse brain, by using in utero electroporation to introduce DNA fragments into neural progenitor cells. Using this strategy, we previously knocked-in the EGFP coding sequence into the N-terminal region of the β-actin gene specifically in the pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex. However, the knock-in efficiency was less than 2% of the transfected neurons. In this study, we sought to improve the knock-in efficiency using this system. First, we varied the length of the homology arms of the β-actin donor template DNA, and found that the knock-in efficiency was increased to ∼14% by extending the length of the 5' and 3' homology arms to 1.6 kb and 2.0 kb, respectively. We then tested the effect of the DNA repair protein RAD51 and the knock-in efficiency was increased up to 2.5-fold when co-transfecting with two different β-actin and a camk2a targeting EGFP knock-in modules. The RAD51 overexpression did not alter the migration of developing neurons, density or morphology of the dendritic spines compared to those in neurons not transfected with RAD51. RAD51 expression will be useful for increasing the knock-in efficiency in neurons in vivo by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology directed repair (HDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Emi Kouyama-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Michiru Satoga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Moataz Badawi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Thiha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Deeba Noreen Baig
- School of Life Sciences Forman Christian College (A Chartared University), Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takuma Mori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
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26
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Mikuni T, Uchigashima M. Methodological approaches to understand the molecular mechanism of structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6902-6911. [PMID: 32248570 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are tiny protrusions emanating from the neuronal dendrites, typically housing single excitatory postsynapses. Structural plasticity of dendritic spines is considered to be essential for synaptic functional plasticity and also reorganization of neural circuits during learning and memory. Structural plasticity of spines is mediated by complex biochemical signaling with various spatial and temporal scales. A variety of methods based on pharmacological, genetic, molecular, imaging and optical approaches has been developed and applied to dissect the complex signal transduction pathways. In this review, we overview both conventional and new methodological approaches to identify, monitor and manipulate key molecules for structural plasticity of dendritic spines, ultimately aiming to understand the molecular mechanism of learning and memory in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mikuni
- Department of Cellular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Cellular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Sato M, Takabayashi S, Akasaka E, Nakamura S. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of In Vivo Targeted Delivery of Genome-Editing Reagents to Germ Cells, Embryos, and Fetuses in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040799. [PMID: 32225003 PMCID: PMC7226049 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) systems that occur in nature as microbial adaptive immune systems are considered an important tool in assessing the function of genes of interest in various biological systems. Thus, development of efficient and simple methods to produce genome-edited (GE) animals would accelerate research in this field. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was initially employed in early embryos, utilizing classical gene delivery methods such as microinjection or electroporation, which required ex vivo handling of zygotes before transfer to recipients. Recently, novel in vivo methods such as genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (GONAD), improved GONAD (i-GONAD), or transplacental gene delivery for acquiring genome-edited fetuses (TPGD-GEF), which facilitate easy embryo manipulation, have been established. Studies utilizing these techniques employed pregnant female mice for direct introduction of the genome-editing components into the oviduct or were dependent on delivery via tail-vein injection. In mice, embryogenesis occurs within the oviducts and the uterus, which often hampers the genetic manipulation of embryos, especially those at early postimplantation stages (days 6 to 8), owing to a thick surrounding layer of tissue called decidua. In this review, we have surveyed the recent achievements in the production of GE mice and have outlined the advantages and disadvantages of the process. We have also referred to the past achievements in gene delivery to early postimplantation stage embryos and germ cells such as primordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells, which will benefit relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5246
| | - Shuji Takabayashi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Eri Akasaka
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan;
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Mikuni T. Genome editing-based approaches for imaging protein localization and dynamics in the mammalian brain. Neurosci Res 2020; 150:2-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fujita I, Shitamukai A, Kusumoto F, Mase S, Suetsugu T, Omori A, Kato K, Abe T, Shioi G, Konno D, Matsuzaki F. Endfoot regeneration restricts radial glial state and prevents translocation into the outer subventricular zone in early mammalian brain development. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 22:26-37. [PMID: 31871317 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells, called radial glia, maintain epithelial structure during the early neocortical development. The prevailing view claims that when radial glia first proliferate, their symmetric divisions require strict spindle orientation; its perturbation causes precocious neurogenesis and apoptosis. Here, we show that despite this conventional view, radial glia at the proliferative stage undergo normal symmetric divisions by regenerating an apical endfoot even if it is lost by oblique divisions. We found that the Notch-R-Ras-integrin β1 pathway promotes the regeneration of endfeet, whose leading edge bears ectopic adherens junctions and the Par-polarity complex. However, this regeneration ability gradually declines during the subsequent neurogenic stage and hence oblique divisions induce basal translocation of radial glia to form the outer subventricular zone, a hallmark of the development of the convoluted brain. Our study reveals that endfoot regeneration is a temporally changing cryptic property, which controls the radial glial state and its shift is essential for mammalian brain size expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kusumoto
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shun Mase
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayaka Omori
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Pathophysiology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan. .,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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30
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 PMCID: PMC8211357 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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31
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Matsuda T, Oinuma I. Imaging endogenous synaptic proteins in primary neurons at single-cell resolution using CRISPR/Cas9. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2838-2855. [PMID: 31509485 PMCID: PMC6789158 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging at single-cell resolution is a crucial approach to analyzing the spatiotemporal regulation of proteins within individual cells of complex neural networks. Here we present a nonviral strategy that enables the tagging of endogenous loci by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing combined with a nucleofection technique. The method allowed expression of fluorescently tagged proteins at endogenous levels, and we successfully achieved tagging of a presynaptic protein, synaptophysin (Syp), and a postsynaptic protein, PSD-95, in cultured postmitotic neurons. Superresolution fluorescence microscopy of fixed neurons confirmed the identical localization patterns of the tagged proteins to those of endogenous ones verified by immunohistochemistry. The system is also applicable for multiplexed labeling and live-cell imaging. Live imaging with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of a single dendritic process of a neuron double-labeled with Syp-mCherry and PSD-95-EGFP revealed the previously undescribed dynamic localization of the proteins synchronously moving along dendritic shafts. Our convenient and versatile strategy is potent for analysis of proteins whose ectopic expressions perturb cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Izumi Oinuma
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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32
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Matsuda T, Oinuma I. Optimized CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in vivo genome engineering applicable to monitoring dynamics of endogenous proteins in the mouse neural tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11309. [PMID: 31383899 PMCID: PMC6683140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze the expression, localization, and functional dynamics of target proteins in situ, especially in living cells, it is important to develop a convenient, versatile, and efficient method to precisely introduce exogenous genes into the genome, which is applicable for labeling and engineering of the endogenous proteins of interest. By combining the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology with an electroporation technique, we succeeded in creating knock-in alleles, from which GFP (RFP)-tagged endogenous proteins are produced, in neurons and glial cells in vivo in the developing mouse retina and brain. Correct gene targeting was confirmed by single-cell genotyping and Western blot analysis. Several gene loci were successfully targeted with high efficiency. Moreover, we succeeded in engineering the mouse genome to express foreign genes from the endogenous gene loci using a self-cleaving 2A peptide. Our method could be used to monitor the physiological changes in localization of endogenous proteins and expression levels of both mRNA and protein at a single cell resolution. This work discloses a powerful and widely applicable approach for visualization and manipulation of endogenous proteins in neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-Cho, Ako-Gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Izumi Oinuma
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-Cho, Ako-Gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan. .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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33
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Lzts1 controls both neuronal delamination and outer radial glial-like cell generation during mammalian cerebral development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2780. [PMID: 31239441 PMCID: PMC6592889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, cell departure from the apical surface is the initial and fundamental step to form the 3D, organized architecture. Both delamination of differentiating cells and repositioning of progenitors to generate outer radial glial cells (oRGs) contribute to mammalian neocortical expansion; however, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that Lzts1, a molecule associated with microtubule components, promotes both cell departure events. In neuronally committed cells, Lzts1 functions in apical delamination by altering apical junctional organization. In apical RGs (aRGs), Lzts1 expression is variable, depending on Hes1 expression levels. According to its differential levels, Lzts1 induces diverse RG behaviors: planar division, oblique divisions of aRGs that generate oRGs, and their mitotic somal translocation. Loss-of-function of lzts1 impairs all these cell departure processes. Thus, Lzts1 functions as a master modulator of cellular dynamics, contributing to increasing complexity of the cerebral architecture during evolution. Outer radial glial cells (oRGs) are undifferentiated cells that divide in the subventricular zone during neurodevelopment, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here the authors show that Lzts1 positively controls both neuronal delamination and generation of oRG-like cell types.
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Trisomy silencing by XIST normalizes Down syndrome cell pathogenesis demonstrated for hematopoietic defects in vitro. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5180. [PMID: 30518921 PMCID: PMC6281598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that an integrated XIST transgene can broadly repress one chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) pluripotent cells. Here we address whether trisomy-silencing can normalize cell function and development sufficiently to correct cell pathogenesis, tested in an in vitro model of human fetal hematopoiesis, for which DS cellular phenotypes are best known. XIST induction in four transgenic clones reproducibly corrected over-production of megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, key to DS myeloproliferative disorder and leukemia. A contrasting increase in neural stem and iPS cells shows cell-type specificity, supporting this approach successfully rebalances the hematopoietic developmental program. Given this, we next used this system to extend knowledge of hematopoietic pathogenesis on multiple points. Results demonstrate trisomy 21 expression promotes over-production of CD43+ but not earlier CD34+/CD43-progenitors and indicates this is associated with increased IGF signaling. This study demonstrates proof-of-principle for this epigenetic-based strategy to investigate, and potentially mitigate, DS developmental pathologies.
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35
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Cwetsch AW, Pinto B, Savardi A, Cancedda L. In vivo methods for acute modulation of gene expression in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:69-85. [PMID: 29694844 PMCID: PMC6080705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and timely expression of specific genes guarantees the healthy development and function of the brain. Indeed, variations in the correct amount or timing of gene expression lead to improper development and/or pathological conditions. Almost forty years after the first successful gene transfection in in vitro cell cultures, it is currently possible to regulate gene expression in an area-specific manner at any step of central nervous system development and in adulthood in experimental animals in vivo, even overcoming the very poor accessibility of the brain. Here, we will review the diverse approaches for acute gene transfer in vivo, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages with respect to the efficiency and specificity of transfection as well as to brain accessibility. In particular, we will present well-established chemical, physical and virus-based approaches suitable for different animal models, pointing out their current and future possible applications in basic and translational research as well as in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; DulbeccoTelethon Institute, Italy.
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36
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Nishiyama J. Genome editing in the mammalian brain using the CRISPR-Cas system. Neurosci Res 2018; 141:4-12. [PMID: 30076877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome editing technologies such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease Cas9 have enabled the rapid and efficient modification of endogenous genomes in a variety of cell types, accelerating biomedical research. In particular, precise genome editing in somatic cells in vivo allows for the rapid generation of genetically modified cells in living animals and holds great promise for the possibility of directly correcting genetic defects associated with human diseases. However, because of the limited efficiency and suitability of these technologies in the brain, especially in postmitotic neurons, the practical application of genome editing technologies has been largely limited in the field of neuroscience. Recent technological advances overcome significant challenges facing genome editing in the brain and have enabled us to precisely edit the genome in both mitotic cells and mature postmitotic neurons in vitro and in vivo, providing powerful means for studying gene function and dysfunction in the brain. This review highlights the development of genome editing technologies for the brain and discusses their applications, limitations, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishiyama
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Sato M, Ohtsuka M, Nakamura S, Sakurai T, Watanabe S, Gurumurthy CB. In vivo genome editing targeted towards the female reproductive system. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:898-910. [PMID: 29974342 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of sequence specific nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has particularly emerged as a highly simple and efficient approach towards generating genome-edited animal models of most of the experimental species. The limitation of these novel genome editing tools is that, till date, they depend on traditional pronuclear injection (PI)-based transgenic technologies developed over the last three decades. PI requires expensive micromanipulator systems and the equipment operators must possess a high level of skill. Therefore, since the establishment of PI-based transgenesis, various research groups worldwide have attempted to develop alternative and simple gene delivery methods. However, owing to the failure of chromosomal integration of the transgene, none of these methods gained the level of confidence as that by the PI method in order to be adapted as a routine approach. The recently developed genome editing systems do not require complicated techniques. Therefore, presently, attention is being focused on non-PI-based gene delivery into germ cells for simple and rapid production of genetically engineered animals. For example, a few reports during the previous 1-2 years demonstrated the use of electroporation (EP) in isolated zygotes that helped to overcome the absolute dependency on PI techniques. Recently, another breakthrough technology called genome editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (GONAD) that directly delivers nucleic acids into zygotes within the oviducts in situ was developed. This technology completely relieves the bottlenecks of animal transgenesis as it does not require PI and ex vivo handling of embryos. This review discusses in detail the in vivo gene delivery methods targeted towards female reproductive tissues as these methods that have been developed over the past 2-3 decades can now be re-evaluated for their suitability to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 components to produce transgenic animals. This review also provides an overview of the latest advances in CRISPR-enabled delivery technologies that have caused paradigm shifts in animal transgenesis methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Basic Research Division for Next-Generation Disease Models and Fundamental Technology, Research Center for Next Generation Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Developmental Neuroscience, Munro Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Pardieck J, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Genome engineering for CNS injury and disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:89-94. [PMID: 29597076 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genome engineering methods have advanced our knowledge of central nervous system (CNS) function in both normal health and following disease or injury. This review discusses current literature using gene editing tools in CNS disease and injury research, such as improving viral-mediated targeting of cell populations, generating new methods for genome editing, reprogramming cells into CNS cell types, and using organoids as models of development and disease. Readers may gain inspiration for continuing research into new genome engineering methods and for therapies for CNS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pardieck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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39
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Yasuda R. Biophysics of Biochemical Signaling in Dendritic Spines: Implications in Synaptic Plasticity. Biophys J 2017; 113:2152-2159. [PMID: 28866426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are mushroom-shaped postsynaptic compartments that host biochemical signal cascades important for synaptic plasticity and, ultimately, learning and memory. Signaling events in spines involve a signaling network composed of hundreds of signaling proteins interacting with each other extensively. Synaptic plasticity is typically induced by Ca2+ elevation in spines, which activates a variety of signaling pathways. This leads to changes in the actin cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics, which in turn causes structural and functional changes of the spine. Recent studies have demonstrated that the activities of these proteins have a variety of spatiotemporal patterns, which orchestrate signaling activity in different subcellular compartments at different timescales. The diffusion and the decay kinetics of signaling molecules play important roles in determining the degree of their spatial spreading, and thereby the degree of the spine specificity of the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida.
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