1
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Paolillo VK, Ochs ME, Lundquist EA. MAB-5/Hox regulates the Q neuroblast transcriptome, including cwn-1/Wnt, to mediate posterior migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae045. [PMID: 38652773 PMCID: PMC11151924 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis involves the precisely coordinated action of genetic programs controlling large-scale neuronal fate specification down to terminal events of neuronal differentiation. The Q neuroblasts in Caenorhabditis elegans, QL on the left and QR on the right, divide, differentiate, and migrate in a similar pattern to produce three neurons each. However, QL on the left migrates posteriorly, and QR on the right migrates anteriorly. The MAB-5/Hox transcription factor is necessary and sufficient for posterior Q lineage migration and is normally expressed only in the QL lineage. To define genes controlled by MAB-5 in the Q cells, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was utilized to isolate populations of Q cells at a time in early L1 larvae when MAB-5 first becomes active. Sorted Q cells from wild-type, mab-5 loss-of-function (lof), and mab-5 gain-of-function (gof) mutants were subject to RNA-seq and differential expression analysis. Genes enriched in Q cells included those involved in cell division, DNA replication, and DNA repair, consist with the neuroblast stem cell identity of the Q cells at this stage. Genes affected by mab-5 included those involved in neurogenesis, neural development, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. cwn-1, which encodes a Wnt signaling molecule, showed a paired response to mab-5 in the Q cells: cwn-1 expression was reduced in mab-5(lof) and increased in mab-5(gof), suggesting that MAB-5 is required for cwn-1 expression in Q cells. MAB-5 is required to prevent anterior migration of the Q lineage while it transcriptionally reprograms the Q lineage for posterior migration. Functional genetic analysis revealed that CWN-1 is required downstream of MAB-5 to inhibit anterior migration of the QL lineage, likely in parallel to EGL-20/Wnt in a noncanonical Wnt pathway. In sum, work here describes a Q cell transcriptome, and a set of genes regulated by MAB-5 in the QL lineage. One of these genes, cwn-1, acts downstream of mab-5 in QL migration, indicating that this gene set includes other genes utilized by MAB-5 to facilitate posterior neuroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoria K Paolillo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, KU Center for Genomics, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Matthew E Ochs
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, KU Center for Genomics, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, KU Center for Genomics, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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2
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Wu N, Li W, Chen Q, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Xie Y. Research Advances in Neuroblast Migration in Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04117-4. [PMID: 38507029 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblasts were first derived from the adult mammalian brains in the 1990s by Reynolds et al. Since then, persistent neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) has gradually been recognized. To date, reviews on neuroblast migration have largely investigated glial cells and molecular signaling mechanisms, while the relationship between vasculature and cell migration remains a mystery. Thus, this paper underlines the partial biological features of neuroblast migration and unravels the significance and mechanisms of the vasculature in the process to further clarify theoretically the neural repair mechanism after brain injury. Neuroblast migration presents three modes according to the characteristics of cells that act as scaffolds during the migration process: gliophilic migration, neurophilic migration, and vasophilic migration. Many signaling molecules, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), affect vasophilic migration, synergistically regulating the migration of neuroblasts to target areas along blood vessels. However, the precise role of blood vessels in the migration of neuroblasts needs to be further explored. The in-depth study of neuroblast migration will most probably provide theoretical basis and breakthrough for the clinical treatment of brain injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Wenlang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China.
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3
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Shang Q, Cheng Y, Su Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Ding J, Li Y, Xie Y, Xing Q. Gain-of-Function KIDINS220 Variants Disrupt Neuronal Development and Cause Cerebral Palsy. Mov Disord 2024; 39:498-509. [PMID: 38148610 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) is a multifunctional scaffolding protein essential for neuronal development. It has been implicated in neurological diseases with either autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance patterns. The molecular mechanisms underlying the AR/AD dual nature of KIDINS220 remain elusive, posing challenges to genetic interpretation and clinical interventions. Moreover, increased KIDINS220 exhibited neurotoxicity, but its role in neurodevelopment remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlations of KIDINS220 and elucidate its pathophysiological role in neuronal development. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed in a four-generation family with cerebral palsy. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate KIDINS220 mutant cell lines. In utero electroporation was employed to investigate the effect of KIDINS220 variants on neurogenesis in vivo. RESULTS We identified in KIDINS220 a pathogenic nonsense variant (c.4177C > T, p.Q1393*) that associated with AD cerebral palsy. We demonstrated that the nonsense variants located in the terminal exon of KIDINS220 are gain-of-function (GoF) variants, which enable the mRNA to escape nonsense-mediated decay and produce a truncated yet functional KIDINS220 protein. The truncated protein exhibited significant resistance to calpain and consequently accumulated within cells, resulting in the hyperactivation of Rac1 and defects in neuronal development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the location of variants within KIDINS220 plays a crucial role in determining inheritance patterns and corresponding clinical outcomes. The proposed interaction between Rac1 and KIDINS220 provides new insights into the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy, implying potential therapeutic perspectives. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Shang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Su
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqian Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunli Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Nishikawa M, Nagata KI, Tabata H. Live Imaging of Migrating Neurons and Glial Progenitors Visualized by in Utero Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:201-209. [PMID: 38630231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
During cortical development, both neurons and glial cells are generated in the germinal zone near the lateral ventricle, migrate in the correct direction, and settle in their appropriate locations. This developmental process can be clearly visualized by introducing fluorescent protein-expression vectors via in utero electroporation. In this chapter, we describe labeling methods for migrating neurons and glial progenitors, as well as methods for slice culture, and time-lapse imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Rocha-Martins M. Cell behaviors that pattern developing tissues: the case of the vertebrate nervous system. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:30-58. [PMID: 38729679 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis from cells to tissue gives rise to the complex architectures that make our organs. How cells and their dynamic behavior are translated into functional spatial patterns is only starting to be understood. Recent advances in quantitative imaging revealed that, although highly heterogeneous, cellular behaviors make reproducible tissue patterns. Emerging evidence suggests that mechanisms of cellular coordination, intrinsic variability and plasticity are critical for robust pattern formation. While pattern development shows a high level of fidelity, tissue organization has undergone drastic changes throughout the course of evolution. In addition, alterations in cell behavior, if unregulated, can cause developmental malformations that disrupt function. Therefore, comparative studies of different species and of disease models offer a powerful approach for understanding how novel spatial configurations arise from variations in cell behavior and the fundamentals of successful pattern formation. In this chapter, I dive into the development of the vertebrate nervous system to explore efforts to dissect pattern formation beyond molecules, the emerging core principles and open questions.
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Rudibaugh TT, Stuppy SR, Keung AJ. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Transcriptional Responses to Dopamine and Cocaine in Human Cerebral Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16474. [PMID: 38003664 PMCID: PMC10671319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the adult ventral forebrain regulates behavior, stress response, and memory formation and in neurodevelopment regulates neural differentiation and cell migration. Excessive dopamine levels, including those due to cocaine use in utero and in adults, could lead to long-term adverse consequences. The mechanisms underlying both homeostatic and pathological changes remain unclear, in part due to the diverse cellular responses elicited by dopamine and the reliance on animal models that exhibit species-specific differences in dopamine signaling. In this study, we use the human-derived ventral forebrain organoid model of Xiang-Tanaka and characterize their response to cocaine or dopamine. We explore dosing regimens of dopamine or cocaine to simulate acute or chronic exposure. We then use calcium imaging, cAMP imaging, and bulk RNA-sequencing to measure responses to cocaine or dopamine exposure. We observe an upregulation of inflammatory pathways in addition to indicators of oxidative stress following exposure. Using inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we then show ROS to be necessary for multiple transcriptional responses of cocaine exposure. These results highlight novel response pathways and validate the potential of cerebral organoids as in vitro human models for studying complex biological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert J. Keung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (T.T.R.); (S.R.S.)
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7
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Soucy JR, Todd L, Kriukov E, Phay M, Malechka VV, Rivera JD, Reh TA, Baranov P. Controlling donor and newborn neuron migration and maturation in the eye through microenvironment engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302089120. [PMID: 37931105 PMCID: PMC10655587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302089120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing cell therapy trials have demonstrated the need for precision control of donor cell behavior within the recipient tissue. We present a methodology to guide stem cell-derived and endogenously regenerated neurons by engineering the microenvironment. Being an "approachable part of the brain," the eye provides a unique opportunity to study neuron fate and function within the central nervous system. Here, we focused on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)-the neurons in the retina are irreversibly lost in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies but can potentially be replaced through transplantation or reprogramming. One of the significant barriers to successful RGC integration into the existing mature retinal circuitry is cell migration toward their natural position in the retina. Our in silico analysis of the single-cell transcriptome of the developing human retina identified six receptor-ligand candidates, which were tested in functional in vitro assays for their ability to guide human stem cell-derived RGCs. We used our lead molecule, SDF1, to engineer an artificial gradient in the retina, which led to a 2.7-fold increase in donor RGC migration into the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and a 3.3-fold increase in the displacement of newborn RGCs out of the inner nuclear layer. Only donor RGCs that migrated into the GCL were found to express mature RGC markers, indicating the importance of proper structure integration. Together, these results describe an "in silico-in vitro-in vivo" framework for identifying, selecting, and applying soluble ligands to control donor cell function after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Soucy
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Emil Kriukov
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Monichan Phay
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Volha V. Malechka
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - John Dayron Rivera
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Petr Baranov
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA02114
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
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8
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Paolillo VK, Ochs ME, Lundquist EA. MAB-5/Hox regulates the Q neuroblast transcriptome, including cwn-1/Wnt, to mediate posterior migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.09.566461. [PMID: 37986999 PMCID: PMC10659417 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.566461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis involves the precisely-coordinated action of genetic programs controlling large-scale neuronal fate specification down to terminal events of neuronal differentiation. The Q neuroblasts in C. elegans, QL on the left and QR on the right, divide, differentiate, and migrate in a similar pattern to produce three neurons each. However, QL on the left migrates posteriorly, and QR on the right migrates anteriorly. The MAB-5/Hox transcription factor is necessary and sufficient for posterior Q lineage migration, and is normally expressed only in the QL lineage. To define genes controlled by MAB-5 in the Q cells, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was utilized to isolate populations of Q cells at a time in early L1 larvae when MAB-5 first becomes active. Sorted Q cells from wild-type, mab-5 loss-of-function (lof), and mab-5 gain-of-function (gof) mutants were subject to RNA-seq and differential expression analysis. Genes enriched in Q cells included those involved in cell division, DNA replication, and DNA repair, consist with the neuroblast stem cell identity of the Q cells at this stage. Genes affected by mab-5 included those involved in neurogenesis, neural development, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. cwn-1, which encodes a Wnt signaling molecule, showed a paired response to mab-5 in the Q cells: cwn-1 expression was reduced in mab-5(lof) and increased in mab-5(gof), suggesting that MAB-5 is required for cwn-1 expression in Q cells. MAB-5 is required to prevent anterior migration of the Q lineage while it transcriptionally reprograms the Q lineage for posterior migration. Functional genetic analysis revealed that CWN-1 is required downstream of MAB-5 to inhibit anterior migration of the QL lineage, likely in parallel to EGL-20/Wnt in a non-canonical Wnt pathway. In sum, work here describes a Q cell transcriptome, and a set of genes regulated by MAB-5 in the QL lineage. One of these genes, cwn-1, acts downstream of mab-5 in QL migration, indicating that this gene set includes other genes utilized by MAB-5 to facilitate posterior neuroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoria K Paolillo
- KU Center for Genomics, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Matthew E Ochs
- KU Center for Genomics, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- KU Center for Genomics, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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9
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Hara Y, Katsuyama T, Fukaya M, Sugawara T, Shiroshima T, Sadakata T, Osumi N, Sakagami H. ADP Ribosylation Factor 4 (Arf4) Regulates Radial Migration through N-Cadherin Trafficking during Cerebral Cortical Development. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0125-23.2023. [PMID: 37848288 PMCID: PMC10630928 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0125-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cerebral cortex, N-cadherin plays a crucial role in facilitating radial migration by enabling cell-to-cell adhesion between migrating neurons and radial glial fibers or Cajar-Reztius cells. ADP ribosylation factor 4 (Arf4) and Arf5, which belong to the Class II Arf small GTPase subfamily, control membrane trafficking in the endocytic and secretory pathways. However, their specific contribution to cerebral cortex development remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the functional involvement of Class II Arfs in radial migration during the layer formation of the cerebral cortex using mouse embryos and pups. Our findings indicate that knock-down of Arf4, but not Arf5, resulted in the stalling of transfected neurons with disorientation of the Golgi in the upper intermediate zone (IZ) and reduction in the migration speed in both the IZ and cortical plate (CP). Migrating neurons with Arf4 knock-down exhibited cytoplasmic accumulation of N-cadherin, along with disturbed organelle morphology and distribution. Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous N-cadherin partially rescued the migration defect caused by Arf4 knock-down. In conclusion, our results suggest that Arf4 plays a crucial role in regulating radial migration via N-cadherin trafficking during cerebral cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Hara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takehiko Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sugawara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shiroshima
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
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10
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Gurdita A, Pham Truong VQB, Dolati P, Juric M, Tachibana N, Liu ZC, Ortín-Martínez A, Ibrahimi M, Pokrajac NT, Comanita L, Pacal M, Huang M, Sugita S, Bremner R, Wallace VA. Progenitor division and cell autonomous neurosecretion are required for rod photoreceptor sublaminar positioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308204120. [PMID: 37812728 PMCID: PMC10589646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308204120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration is essential for the laminar stratification and connectivity of neurons in the central nervous system. In the retina, photoreceptors (PRs) migrate to positions according to birthdate, with early-born cells localizing to the basal-most side of the outer nuclear layer. It was proposed that apical progenitor mitoses physically drive these basal translocations non-cell autonomously, but direct evidence is lacking, and whether other mechanisms participate is unknown. Here, combining loss- or gain-of-function assays to manipulate cell cycle regulators (Sonic hedgehog, Cdkn1a/p21) with an in vivo lentiviral labelling strategy, we demonstrate that progenitor division is one of two forces driving basal translocation of rod soma. Indeed, replacing Shh activity rescues abnormal rod translocation in retinal explants. Unexpectedly, we show that rod differentiation also promotes rod soma translocation. While outer segment function or formation is dispensable, Crx and SNARE-dependent synaptic function are essential. Thus, both non-cell and cell autonomous mechanisms underpin PR soma sublaminar positioning in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Gurdita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Victor Q. B. Pham Truong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Parnian Dolati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Matey Juric
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Nobuhiko Tachibana
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Zhongda C. Liu
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mostafa Ibrahimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Nenad T. Pokrajac
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Lacrimioara Comanita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Marek Pacal
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ONM5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mengjia Huang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shuzo Sugita
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ONM5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5T 2S8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5T 3A9, Canada
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11
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Bressan C, Snapyan M, Snapyan M, Klaus J, di Matteo F, Robertson SP, Treutlein B, Parent M, Cappello S, Saghatelyan A. Metformin rescues migratory deficits of cells derived from patients with periventricular heterotopia. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16908. [PMID: 37609821 PMCID: PMC10565636 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Periventricular neuronal heterotopia (PH) is one of the most common forms of cortical malformation in the human cortex. We show that human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) derived from PH patients with a DCHS1 or FAT4 mutation as well as isogenic lines had altered migratory dynamics when grafted in the mouse brain. The affected migration was linked to altered autophagy as observed in vivo with an electron microscopic analysis of grafted hNPCs, a Western blot analysis of cortical organoids, and time-lapse imaging of hNPCs in the presence of bafilomycin A1. We further show that deficits in autophagy resulted in the accumulation of paxillin, a focal adhesion protein involved in cell migration. Strikingly, a single-cell RNA-seq analysis of hNPCs revealed similar expression levels of autophagy-related genes. Bolstering AMPK-dependent autophagy by metformin, an FDA-approved drug, promoted migration of PH patients-derived hNPCs. Our data indicate that transcription-independent homeostatic modifications in autophagy contributed to the defective migratory behavior of hNPCs in vivo and suggest that modulating autophagy in hNPCs might rescue neuronal migration deficits in some forms of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research CenterQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Marta Snapyan
- CERVO Brain Research CenterQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- CERVO Brain Research CenterQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
- University of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Francesco di Matteo
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunichGermany
- Biomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Barbara Treutlein
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research CenterQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunichGermany
- Biomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research CenterQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
- University of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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12
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Güler BE, Linnert J, Wolfrum U. Monitoring paxillin in astrocytes reveals the significance of the adhesion G protein coupled receptor VLGR1/ADGRV1 for focal adhesion assembly. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:301-312. [PMID: 36929698 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
VLGR1/ADGRV1 (very large G protein-coupled receptor-1) is the largest adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR). Mutations in VLGR1/ADGRV1 are associated with human Usher syndrome, the most common form of deaf-blindness, and also with epilepsy in humans and mice. VLGR1 is expressed almost ubiquitously but is mainly found in the CNS and in the sensory cells of the eye and inner ear. Little is known about the pathogenesis of the diseases related to VLGR1. We previously identified VLGR1 as a vital component of focal adhesions (FAs) serving as a metabotropic mechanoreceptor controls cell spreading and migration. FAs are highly dynamic and turnover in response to internal and external signals. Here, we aimed to elucidate how VLGR1 participates in FA turnover. Nocodazole washouts and live cell imaging of paxillin-DsRed2 consistently showed that FA disassembly was not altered, but de novo assembly of FA was significantly delayed in Vlgr1-deficient astrocytes, indicating that VLGR1 is enrolled in FA assembly. In FRAP experiments, recovery rates were significantly reduced in Vlgr1-deficient FAs, indicating reduced turnover kinetics in VLGR1-deficient FAs. We showed that VLGR1 regulates cell migration by controlling the FA turnover during their assembly and expect novel insights into pathomechanisms related to pathogenic dysfunctions of VLGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran E Güler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Rocha-Martins M, Nerli E, Kretzschmar J, Weigert M, Icha J, Myers EW, Norden C. Neuronal migration prevents spatial competition in retinal morphogenesis. Nature 2023; 620:615-624. [PMID: 37558872 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The concomitant occurrence of tissue growth and organization is a hallmark of organismal development1-3. This often means that proliferating and differentiating cells are found at the same time in a continuously changing tissue environment. How cells adapt to architectural changes to prevent spatial interference remains unclear. Here, to understand how cell movements that are key for growth and organization are orchestrated, we study the emergence of photoreceptor neurons that occur during the peak of retinal growth, using zebrafish, human tissue and human organoids. Quantitative imaging reveals that successful retinal morphogenesis depends on the active bidirectional translocation of photoreceptors, leading to a transient transfer of the entire cell population away from the apical proliferative zone. This pattern of migration is driven by cytoskeletal machineries that differ depending on the direction: microtubules are exclusively required for basal translocation, whereas actomyosin is involved in apical movement. Blocking the basal translocation of photoreceptors induces apical congestion, which hampers the apical divisions of progenitor cells and leads to secondary defects in lamination. Thus, photoreceptor migration is crucial to prevent competition for space, and to allow concurrent tissue growth and lamination. This shows that neuronal migration, in addition to its canonical role in cell positioning4, can be involved in coordinating morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elisa Nerli
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Kretzschmar
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Weigert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Caren Norden
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Aquiles A, Fiordelisio T, Luna-Munguia H, Concha L. Altered functional connectivity and network excitability in a model of cortical dysplasia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12335. [PMID: 37518675 PMCID: PMC10387479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are malformations of cortical development that often result in medically refractory epilepsy, with a greater incidence in the pediatric population. The relationship between the disturbed cortical morphology and epileptogenic activity of FCDs remains unclear. We used the BCNU (carmustine 1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea) animal model of cortical dysplasia to evaluate neuronal and laminar alterations and how these result in altered activity of intracortical networks in early life. We corroborated the previously reported morphological anomalies characteristic of the BCNU model, comprising slightly larger and rounder neurons and abnormal cortical lamination. Next, the neuronal activity of live cortical slices was evaluated through large field-of-view calcium imaging as well as the neuronal response to a stimulus that leads to cortical hyperexcitability (pilocarpine). Examination of the joint activity of neuronal calcium time series allowed us to identify intracortical communication patterns and their response to pilocarpine. The baseline power density distribution of neurons in the cortex of BCNU-treated animals was different from that of control animals, with the former showing no modulation after stimulus. Moreover, the intracortical communication pattern differed between the two groups, with cortexes from BCNU-treated animals displaying decreased inter-layer connectivity as compared to control animals. Our results indicate that the altered anatomical organization of the cortex of BCNU-treated rats translates into altered functional networks that respond abnormally to a hyperexcitable stimulus and highlight the role of network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of cortical dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aquiles
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - T Fiordelisio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia LaNSBioDyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Luna-Munguia
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - L Concha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
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15
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Wei J, Dai S, Yan Y, Li S, Yang P, Zhu R, Huang T, Li X, Duan Y, Wang Z, Ji W, Si W. Spatiotemporal proteomic atlas of multiple brain regions across early fetal to neonatal stages in cynomolgus monkey. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3917. [PMID: 37400444 PMCID: PMC10317979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal stages are critical periods for brain development. However, the protein molecular signature and dynamics of the human brain remain unclear due to sampling difficulty and ethical limitations. Non-human primates present similar developmental and neuropathological features to humans. This study constructed a spatiotemporal proteomic atlas of cynomolgus macaque brain development from early fetal to neonatal stages. Here we showed that (1) the variability across stages was greater than that among brain regions, and comparisons of cerebellum vs. cerebrum and cortical vs. subcortical regions revealed region-specific dynamics across early fetal to neonatal stages; (2) fluctuations in abundance of proteins associated with neural disease suggest the risk of nervous disorder at early fetal stages; (3) cross-species analysis (human, monkey, and mouse) and comparison between proteomic and transcriptomic data reveal the proteomic specificity and genes with mRNA/protein discrepancy. This study provides insight into fetal brain development in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaoxing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianzhuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Chinese Primate Biomedical Research Alliance (CPBRA), 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Chinese Primate Biomedical Research Alliance (CPBRA), 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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16
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Rudibaugh TT, Keung AJ. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Transcriptional Responses to Dopamine and Cocaine in Human Cerebral Organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.13.544782. [PMID: 37398046 PMCID: PMC10312668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the adult ventral forebrain regulates behavior, stress response, and memory formation and in neurodevelopment regulates neural differentiation and cell migration. Excessive dopamine levels including due to cocaine use both in utero and in adults could lead to long-term adverse consequences. The mechanisms underlying both homeostatic and pathological changes remain unclear, partly due to the diverse cellular responses elicited by dopamine and the reliance on animal models that exhibit species-specific differences in dopamine signaling. To address these limitations, 3-D cerebral organoids have emerged as human-derived models, recapitulating salient features of human cell signaling and neurodevelopment. Organoids have demonstrated responsiveness to external stimuli, including substances of abuse, making them valuable investigative models. In this study we utilize the Xiang-Tanaka ventral forebrain organoid model and characterize their response to acute and chronic dopamine or cocaine exposure. The findings revealed a robust immune response, novel response pathways, and a potential critical role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the developing ventral forebrain. These results highlight the potential of cerebral organoids as in vitro human models for studying complex biological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. Rudibaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Albert J. Keung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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17
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Hassinan CW, Sterrett SC, Summy B, Khera A, Wang A, Bai J. A Quantitative Analysis of Locomotor Patterns in Developing C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.03.543584. [PMID: 37333370 PMCID: PMC10274735 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.03.543584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Adult animals display robust locomotion, yet the timeline and mechanisms of how juvenile animals acquire coordinated movements and how these movements evolve during development are not well understood. Recent advances in quantitative behavioral analyses have paved the way for investigating complex natural behaviors like locomotion. In this study, we tracked the swimming and crawling behaviors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from postembryonic development through to adulthood. Our principal component analyses revealed that adult C. elegans swimming is low dimensional, suggesting that a small number of distinct postures, or eigenworms, account for most of the variance in the body shapes that constitute swimming behavior. Additionally, we found that crawling behavior in adult C. elegans is similarly low dimensional, corroborating previous studies. However, our analysis revealed that swimming and crawling are distinct gaits in adult animals, clearly distinguishable within the eigenworm space. Remarkably, young L1 larvae are capable of producing the postural shapes for swimming and crawling seen in adults, despite frequent instances of uncoordinated body movements. In contrast, late L1 larvae exhibit robust coordination of locomotion, while many neurons crucial for adult locomotion are still under development. In conclusion, this study establishes a comprehensive quantitative behavioral framework for understanding the neural basis of locomotor development, including distinct gaits such as swimming and crawling in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cera W. Hassinan
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98019, USA
| | - Scott C. Sterrett
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brennan Summy
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arnav Khera
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Angie Wang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Pomona College, 333 N College Way, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Jihong Bai
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98019, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA
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18
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Pipicelli F, Baumann N, Di Giaimo R, Forero-Echeverry A, Kyrousi C, Bonrath R, Maccarrone G, Jabaudon D, Cappello S. Non-cell-autonomous regulation of interneuron specification mediated by extracellular vesicles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8164. [PMID: 37205765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Disruption in neurogenesis and neuronal migration can influence the assembly of cortical circuits, affecting the excitatory-inhibitory balance and resulting in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Using ventral cerebral organoids and dorsoventral cerebral assembloids with mutations in the extracellular matrix gene LGALS3BP, we show that extracellular vesicles released into the extracellular environment regulate the molecular differentiation of neurons, resulting in alterations in migratory dynamics. To investigate how extracellular vesicles affect neuronal specification and migration dynamics, we collected extracellular vesicles from ventral cerebral organoids carrying a mutation in LGALS3BP, previously identified in individuals with cortical malformations and neuropsychiatric disorders. These results revealed differences in protein composition and changes in dorsoventral patterning. Proteins associated with cell fate decision, neuronal migration, and extracellular matrix composition were altered in mutant extracellular vesicles. Moreover, we show that treatment with extracellular vesicles changes the transcriptomic profile in neural progenitor cells. Our results indicate that neuronal molecular differentiation can be influenced by extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Pipicelli
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia Baumann
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrea Forero-Echeverry
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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19
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Maejima I, Hara T, Tsukamoto S, Koizumi H, Kawauchi T, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Isobe I, Emoto K, Kosako H, Sato K. RAB35 is required for murine hippocampal development and functions by regulating neuronal cell distribution. Commun Biol 2023; 6:440. [PMID: 37085665 PMCID: PMC10121692 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB35 is a multifunctional small GTPase that regulates endocytic recycling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cytokinesis. However, its physiological functions in mammalian development remain unclear. Here, we generated Rab35-knockout mice and found that RAB35 is essential for early embryogenesis. Interestingly, brain-specific Rab35-knockout mice displayed severe defects in hippocampal lamination owing to impaired distribution of pyramidal neurons, although defects in cerebral cortex formation were not evident. In addition, Rab35-knockout mice exhibited defects in spatial memory and anxiety-related behaviors. Quantitative proteomics indicated that the loss of RAB35 significantly affected the levels of other RAB proteins associated with endocytic trafficking, as well as some neural cell adhesion molecules, such as contactin-2. Collectively, our findings revealed that RAB35 is required for precise neuronal distribution in the developing hippocampus by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby influencing spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Inoya Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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20
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Salgado Carrazoni G, Souto das Neves BH, Dos Santos Soares M, Ramires Lima K, Mello-Carpes PB. Starting maternal exercise, unlike reducing the intensity of exercise during pregnancy, prevents memory deficits in female offspring subject to maternal deprivation. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148337. [PMID: 36963478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) leads to long-lasting memory deficits. Conversely, maternal exercise could potently modify the offspring's cellular machinery. Here, we tested whether starting to run or reducing the intensity of running during pregnancy can protect prepubertal female offspring against MD-induced memory deficits. Female rats were divided into different groups submitted or not to MD: one started to run before pregnancy and reduced the intensity during the pregnancy (PGE); another started to run at the beginning of pregnancy (GE); and, finally, a control group (CT) was not submitted to exercise. All the rats but those of the CT ran on a treadmill until the delivery day (PND 0). Subsequently, MD was performed from PND 1 to 10. We assessed object recognition (OR) and spatial memory (SM) of female offspring after weaning (PND22, pre-pubertal stage). MD caused OR memory deficit; GE female offspring did not present this deficit, but PGE did. Both PGE and GE alone enhanced offspring spatial learning, but their combination with MD impaired it. MD promoted hippocampal lipid peroxidation increase, which both PGE and GE prevented. Total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus was higher in both MD-exercised groups compared to all others. Although the antioxidant effects of exercise were similar in both MD exercise groups, we observed better results in the memory tests in the GE group than in the PGE group. These results suggest that starting to exercise during pregnancy is better than reducing the exercise intensity during pregnancy to prevent MD-induced memory deficits in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Marisele Dos Santos Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
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21
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Li X, Zou S, Tu X, Hao S, Jiang T, Chen JG. Inhibition of Foxp4 Disrupts Cadherin-based Adhesion of Radial Glial Cells, Leading to Abnormal Differentiation and Migration of Cortical Neurons in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2023:10.1007/s12264-022-01004-7. [PMID: 36646976 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function variants of FOXP4 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) that exhibit delayed speech development, intellectual disability, and congenital abnormalities. The etiology of NDDs is unclear. Here we found that FOXP4 and N-cadherin are expressed in the nuclei and apical end-feet of radial glial cells (RGCs), respectively, in the mouse neocortex during early gestation. Knockdown or dominant-negative inhibition of Foxp4 abolishes the apical condensation of N-cadherin in RGCs and the integrity of neuroepithelium in the ventricular zone (VZ). Inhibition of Foxp4 leads to impeded radial migration of cortical neurons and ectopic neurogenesis from the proliferating VZ. The ectopic differentiation and deficient migration disappear when N-cadherin is over-expressed in RGCs. The data indicate that Foxp4 is essential for N-cadherin-based adherens junctions, the loss of which leads to periventricular heterotopias. We hypothesize that FOXP4 variant-associated NDDs may be caused by disruption of the adherens junctions and malformation of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shimin Zou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shishuai Hao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, 317500, China
| | - Jie-Guang Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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22
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Bauer J, Devinsky O, Rothermel M, Koch H. Autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy mouse models with implications for SUDEP research. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1040648. [PMID: 36686527 PMCID: PMC9853197 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy has a high prevalence and can severely impair quality of life and increase the risk of premature death. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in drug-resistant epilepsy and most often results from respiratory and cardiac impairments due to brainstem dysfunction. Epileptic activity can spread widely, influencing neuronal activity in regions outside the epileptic network. The brainstem controls cardiorespiratory activity and arousal and reciprocally connects to cortical, diencephalic, and spinal cord areas. Epileptic activity can propagate trans-synaptically or via spreading depression (SD) to alter brainstem functions and cause cardiorespiratory dysfunction. The mechanisms by which seizures propagate to or otherwise impair brainstem function and trigger the cascading effects that cause SUDEP are poorly understood. We review insights from mouse models combined with new techniques to understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy and SUDEP. These techniques include in vivo, ex vivo, invasive and non-invasive methods in anesthetized and awake mice. Optogenetics combined with electrophysiological and optical manipulation and recording methods offer unique opportunities to study neuronal mechanisms under normal conditions, during and after non-fatal seizures, and in SUDEP. These combined approaches can advance our understanding of brainstem pathophysiology associated with seizures and SUDEP and may suggest strategies to prevent SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bauer
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,*Correspondence: Henner Koch ✉
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23
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McEwan F, Glazier JD, Hager R. The impact of maternal immune activation on embryonic brain development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1146710. [PMID: 36950133 PMCID: PMC10025352 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1146710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult brain is a complex structure with distinct functional sub-regions, which are generated from an initial pool of neural epithelial cells within the embryo. This transition requires a number of highly coordinated processes, including neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of neurons, and neuronal migration. These take place during a critical period of development, during which the brain is particularly susceptible to environmental insults. Neurogenesis defects have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, these disorders have highly complex multifactorial etiologies, and hence the underlying mechanisms leading to aberrant neurogenesis continue to be the focus of a significant research effort and have yet to be established. Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that exposure to maternal infection in utero is a critical risk factor for NDDs. To establish the biological mechanisms linking maternal immune activation (MIA) and altered neurodevelopment, animal models have been developed that allow experimental manipulation and investigation of different developmental stages of brain development following exposure to MIA. Here, we review the changes to embryonic brain development focusing on neurogenesis, neuronal migration and cortical lamination, following MIA. Across published studies, we found evidence for an acute proliferation defect in the embryonic MIA brain, which, in most cases, is linked to an acceleration in neurogenesis, demonstrated by an increased proportion of neurogenic to proliferative divisions. This is accompanied by disrupted cortical lamination, particularly in the density of deep layer neurons, which may be a consequence of the premature neurogenic shift. Although many aspects of the underlying pathways remain unclear, an altered epigenome and mitochondrial dysfunction are likely mechanisms underpinning disrupted neurogenesis in the MIA model. Further research is necessary to delineate the causative pathways responsible for the variation in neurogenesis phenotype following MIA, which are likely due to differences in timing of MIA induction as well as sex-dependent variation. This will help to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of NDDs, and establish therapeutic targets.
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24
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Tsujimura K, Shiohama T, Takahashi E. microRNA Biology on Brain Development and Neuroimaging Approach. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101366. [PMID: 36291300 PMCID: PMC9599180 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper brain development requires the precise coordination and orchestration of various molecular and cellular processes and dysregulation of these processes can lead to neurological diseases. In the past decades, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression has been shown to contribute to various aspects of brain development and function in the central nervous system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs, are emerging as crucial players in post-transcriptional gene regulation in a variety of tissues, such as the nervous system. In recent years, miRNAs have been implicated in multiple aspects of brain development, including neurogenesis, migration, axon and dendrite formation, and synaptogenesis. Moreover, altered expression and dysregulation of miRNAs have been linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging technology to obtain high-quality, detailed structural and functional information from the brains of human and animal models in a non-invasive manner. Because the spatial expression patterns of miRNAs in the brain, unlike those of DNA and RNA, remain largely unknown, a whole-brain imaging approach using MRI may be useful in revealing biological and pathological information about the brain affected by miRNAs. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the research of miRNA-mediated modulation of neuronal processes that are important for brain development and their involvement in disease pathogenesis. Also, we overview each MRI technique, and its technological considerations, and discuss the applications of MRI techniques in miRNA research. This review aims to link miRNA biological study with MRI analytical technology and deepen our understanding of how miRNAs impact brain development and pathology of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tsujimura
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Group of Brain Function and Development, Nagoya University Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya 4648602, Japan
- Research Unit for Developmental Disorders, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648602, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Tadashi Shiohama
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 2608677, Japan
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (E.T.)
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25
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Massimo M, Long KR. Orchestrating human neocortex development across the scales; from micro to macro. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:24-36. [PMID: 34583893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
How our brains have developed to perform the many complex functions that make us human has long remained a question of great interest. Over the last few decades, many scientists from a wide range of fields have tried to answer this question by aiming to uncover the mechanisms that regulate the development of the human neocortex. They have approached this on different scales, focusing microscopically on individual cells all the way up to macroscopically imaging entire brains within living patients. In this review we will summarise these key findings and how they fit together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Massimo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R Long
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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26
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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27
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Arjun McKinney A, Petrova R, Panagiotakos G. Calcium and activity-dependent signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. Development 2022; 149:276624. [PMID: 36102617 PMCID: PMC9578689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcium influx can be stimulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to set coordinated gene expression programs into motion. As such, the precise regulation of intracellular calcium represents a nexus between environmental cues and intrinsic genetic programs. Mounting genetic evidence points to a role for the deregulation of intracellular calcium signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origin. These findings have prompted renewed enthusiasm for understanding the roles of calcium during normal and dysfunctional prenatal development. In this Review, we describe the fundamental mechanisms through which calcium is spatiotemporally regulated and directs early neurodevelopmental events. We also discuss unanswered questions about intracellular calcium regulation during the emergence of neurodevelopmental disease, and provide evidence that disruption of cell-specific calcium homeostasis and/or redeployment of developmental calcium signaling mechanisms may contribute to adult neurological disorders. We propose that understanding the normal developmental events that build the nervous system will rely on gaining insights into cell type-specific calcium signaling mechanisms. Such an understanding will enable therapeutic strategies targeting calcium-dependent mechanisms to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Arjun McKinney
- University of California 1 Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Ralitsa Petrova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- University of California 1 Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
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28
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Zanin JP, Friedman WJ. p75NTR prevents the onset of cerebellar granule cell migration via RhoA activation. eLife 2022; 11:e79934. [PMID: 36040414 PMCID: PMC9427104 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is one of the fundamental processes during brain development. Several neurodevelopmental disorders can be traced back to dysregulated migration. Although substantial efforts have been placed in identifying molecular signals that stimulate migration, little is known about potential mechanisms that restrict migration. These restrictive mechanisms are essential for proper development since it helps coordinate the timing for each neuronal population to arrive and establish proper connections. Moreover, preventing migration away from a proliferative niche is necessary in maintaining a pool of proliferating cells until the proper number of neuronal progenitors is attained. Here, using mice and rats, we identify an anti-migratory role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in cerebellar development. Our results show that granule cell precursors (GCPs) robustly express p75NTR in the external granule layer (EGL) when they are proliferating during postnatal development, however, they do not express p75NTR when they migrate either from the rhombic lip during embryonic development or from the EGL during postnatal development. We show that p75NTR prevented GCP migration by maintaining elevated levels of active RhoA. The expression of p75NTR was sufficient to prevent the migration of the granule cells even in the presence of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a well-established chemotactic signal for this cell population. Our findings suggest that the expression of p75NTR might be a critical signal that stops and maintains the GCPs in the proliferative niche of the EGL, by promoting the clonal expansion of cerebellar granule neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
| | - Wilma J Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
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29
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Fasano G, Compagnucci C, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Teleost Fish and Organoids: Alternative Windows Into the Development of Healthy and Diseased Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:855786. [PMID: 36034498 PMCID: PMC9403253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.855786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety in the display of animals’ cognition, emotions, and behaviors, typical of humans, has its roots within the anterior-most part of the brain: the forebrain, giving rise to the neocortex in mammals. Our understanding of cellular and molecular events instructing the development of this domain and its multiple adaptations within the vertebrate lineage has progressed in the last decade. Expanding and detailing the available knowledge on regionalization, progenitors’ behavior and functional sophistication of the forebrain derivatives is also key to generating informative models to improve our characterization of heterogeneous and mechanistically unexplored cortical malformations. Classical and emerging mammalian models are irreplaceable to accurately elucidate mechanisms of stem cells expansion and impairments of cortex development. Nevertheless, alternative systems, allowing a considerable reduction of the burden associated with animal experimentation, are gaining popularity to dissect basic strategies of neural stem cells biology and morphogenesis in health and disease and to speed up preclinical drug testing. Teleost vertebrates such as zebrafish, showing conserved core programs of forebrain development, together with patients-derived in vitro 2D and 3D models, recapitulating more accurately human neurogenesis, are now accepted within translational workflows spanning from genetic analysis to functional investigation. Here, we review the current knowledge of common and divergent mechanisms shaping the forebrain in vertebrates, and causing cortical malformations in humans. We next address the utility, benefits and limitations of whole-brain/organism-based fish models or neuronal ensembles in vitro for translational research to unravel key genes and pathological mechanisms involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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30
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Lee J, Song S, Lee J, Kang J, Choe EK, Lee TY, Chon MW, Kim M, Kim SW, Chun MS, Chang MS, Kwon JS. Impaired migration of autologous induced neural stem cells from patients with schizophrenia and implications for genetic risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:225-234. [PMID: 35810486 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell technologies have presented explicit evidence of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. However, few studies investigated relevance of the schizophrenia genetic liability and the use of genetic reprogramming on pluripotent stem cells to the impaired neurodevelopment shown by stem cells. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the cellular phenotypes of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) derived without genetic modification from patients with schizophrenia and from genetic high risk (GHR) individuals. Three patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 3 GHR individuals who had two or more relatives with schizophrenia, and 3 healthy volunteers participated. iNSCs were derived using a small molecule-based lineage switch method, and their gene expression levels and migration capabilities were examined. Demographic characteristics were not different among the groups (age, χ2 = 5.637, P = .060; education, χ2 = 2.111, P = .348). All participants stayed well during the follow-up except one GHR individual who developed psychosis 1.5 years later. Migration capacity was impaired in iNSCs from patients with schizophrenia (SZ-iNSCs) compared to iNSCs from GHR individuals or controls (P < .001). iNSCs from a GHR individual who later developed schizophrenia showed migratory impairment that was similar to SZ-iNSCs. Gene expression levels of Sox2 in SZ-iNSCs were significantly lower than those in controls (P = .028). Defective migration in genetically unmodified SZ-iNSCs is the first direct demonstration of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia. Additionally, alterations in gene expression in SZ-iNSCs suggest mechanisms by which genetic liability leads to aberrant neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, 11759 Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeon Song
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choe
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, 06236 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 50612 Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong-Wuk Chon
- National Center for Mental Health, 04933 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 05505 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Chun
- National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 02792 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Hansen AH, Pauler FM, Riedl M, Streicher C, Heger A, Laukoter S, Sommer C, Nicolas A, Hof B, Tsai LH, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S. Tissue-Wide Effects Override Cell-Intrinsic Gene Function in Radial Neuron Migration. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac009. [PMID: 38596707 PMCID: PMC10939316 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of diverse neuronal and glial cell classes that broadly arrange in six distinct laminae. Cortical layers emerge during development and defects in the developmental programs that orchestrate cortical lamination are associated with neurodevelopmental diseases. The developmental principle of cortical layer formation depends on concerted radial projection neuron migration, from their birthplace to their final target position. Radial migration occurs in defined sequential steps, regulated by a large array of signaling pathways. However, based on genetic loss-of-function experiments, most studies have thus far focused on the role of cell-autonomous gene function. Yet, cortical neuron migration in situ is a complex process and migrating neurons traverse along diverse cellular compartments and environments. The role of tissue-wide properties and genetic state in radial neuron migration is however not clear. Here we utilized mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) technology to either sparsely or globally delete gene function, followed by quantitative single-cell phenotyping. The MADM-based gene ablation paradigms in combination with computational modeling demonstrated that global tissue-wide effects predominate cell-autonomous gene function albeit in a gene-specific manner. Our results thus suggest that the genetic landscape in a tissue critically affects the overall migration phenotype of individual cortical projection neurons. In a broader context, our findings imply that global tissue-wide effects represent an essential component of the underlying etiology associated with focal malformations of cortical development in particular, and neurological diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian M Pauler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Riedl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Laukoter
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Armel Nicolas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Björn Hof
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Li Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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32
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Utagawa EC, Moreno DG, Schafernak KT, Arva NC, Malek-Ahmadi MH, Mufson EJ, Perez SE. Neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation in the postnatal frontal cortex in Down syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:86. [PMID: 35676735 PMCID: PMC9175369 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Down syndrome (DS), the most common developmental genetic cause of intellectual disability, displays proliferation and migration deficits in the prenatal frontal cortex (FC), a knowledge gap exists on the effects of trisomy 21 upon postnatal cortical development. Here, we examined cortical neurogenesis and differentiation in the FC supragranular (SG, II/III) and infragranular (IG, V/VI) layers applying antibodies to doublecortin (DCX), non-phosphorylated heavy-molecular neurofilament protein (NHF, SMI-32), calbindin D-28K (Calb), calretinin (Calr), and parvalbumin (Parv), as well as β-amyloid (APP/Aβ and Aβ1-42) and phospho-tau (CP13 and PHF-1) in autopsy tissue from age-matched DS and neurotypical (NTD) subjects ranging from 28-weeks (wk)-gestation to 3 years of age. Thionin, which stains Nissl substance, revealed disorganized cortical cellular lamination including a delayed appearance of pyramidal cells until 44 wk of age in DS compared to 28 wk in NTD. SG and IG DCX-immunoreactive (-ir) cells were only visualized in the youngest cases until 83 wk in NTD and 57 wk DS. Strong SMI-32 immunoreactivity was observed in layers III and V pyramidal cells in the oldest NTD and DS cases with few appearing as early as 28 wk of age in layer V in NTD. Small Calb-ir interneurons were seen in younger NTD and DS cases compared to Calb-ir pyramidal cells in older subjects. Overall, a greater number of Calb-ir cells were detected in NTD, however, the number of Calr-ir cells were comparable between groups. Diffuse APP/Aβ immunoreactivity was found at all ages in both groups. Few young cases from both groups presented non-neuronal granular CP13 immunoreactivity in layer I. Stronger correlations between brain weight, age, thionin, DCX, and SMI-32 counts were found in NTD. These findings suggest that trisomy 21 affects postnatal FC lamination, neuronal migration/neurogenesis and differentiation of projection neurons and interneurons that likely contribute to cognitive impairment in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Utagawa
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - David G Moreno
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Kristian T Schafernak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Nicoleta C Arva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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Camargo Ortega G, Götz M. Centrosome heterogeneity in stem cells regulates cell diversity. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:707-719. [PMID: 35750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are at the source of creating cellular diversity. Multiple mechanisms, including basic cell biological processes, regulate their fate. The centrosome is at the core of many stem cell functions and recent work highlights the association of distinct proteins at the centrosome in stem cell differentiation. As showcased by a novel centrosome protein regulating neural stem cell differentiation, it is timely to review the heterogeneity of the centrosome at protein and RNA levels and how this impacts their function in stem and progenitor cells. Together with evidence for heterogeneity of other organelles so far considered as similar between cells, we call for exploring the cell type-specific composition of organelles as a way to expand protein function in development with relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Camargo Ortega
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH, Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; 4 SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Liu KE, Raymond MH, Ravichandran KS, Kucenas S. Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:177-198. [PMID: 35226828 PMCID: PMC10157384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned back, very few studies marry these fields to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive nervous system development through the lens of cell clearance. In this review, we discuss these fields to highlight exciting areas of future synergy. We first review neurodevelopment from the perspective of overproduction and subsequent refinement and then discuss who clears this developmental debris and the mechanisms that control these events. We then end with how a more deliberate merger of neurodevelopment and efferocytosis could reframe our understanding of homeostasis and disease and discuss areas of future study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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35
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Lin JR, Cheng JF, Liu YT, Hsu TR, Lin KM, Chen C, Lin CL, Tsai MH, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated DCX variants in the C-terminal DCX domain affect microtubule binding and dynamics. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1253-1265. [PMID: 35213059 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathogenic variants in DCX on the X chromosome lead to lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), brain malformations caused by neuronal migration defects. Its product doublecortin (DCX) binds to microtubules to modulate microtubule polymerization. How pathogenic DCX variants affect these activities remains not fully investigated. METHODS DCX variants were identified using whole exome and Sanger sequencing from six families with lissencephaly/SBH. We examined how these variants affect DCX functions using microtubule binding, regrowth, and colocalization assays. RESULTS We found novel DCX variants p.Val177AlafsTer31 and p.Gly188Trp, as well as reported variants p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Thr203Ala. Incidentally, all of the missense variants were clustered on the C-terminal DCX domain. The microtubule binding ability was significantly decreased in p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Lys202Met, and previously reported p.Asp262Gly variants. Furthermore, expression of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Asp262Gly variants hindered microtubule growth in cells. There were also decreases in the colocalization of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Thr203Ala, and p.Asp262Gly variants to microtubules. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that these variants in the C-terminal DCX domain altered microtubule binding and dynamics, which may underlie neuronal migration defects during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ru Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Min Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chien Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Singh A, Mahesh A, Noack F, Cardoso de Toledo B, Calegari F, Tiwari VK. Tcf12 and NeuroD1 cooperatively drive neuronal migration during cortical development. Development 2022; 149:274349. [PMID: 35147187 PMCID: PMC8918803 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Corticogenesis consists of a series of synchronised events, including fate transition of cortical progenitors, neuronal migration, specification and connectivity. NeuroD1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), contributes to all of these events, but how it coordinates these independently is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that NeuroD1 expression is accompanied by a gain of active chromatin at a large number of genomic loci. Interestingly, transcriptional activation of these loci relied on a high local density of adjacent bHLH TFs motifs, including, predominantly, Tcf12. We found that activity and expression levels of Tcf12 were high in cells with induced levels of NeuroD1 that spanned the transition of cortical progenitors from proliferative to neurogenic divisions. Moreover, Tcf12 forms a complex with NeuroD1 and co-occupies a subset of NeuroD1 target loci. This Tcf12-NeuroD1 cooperativity is essential for gaining active chromatin and targeted expression of genes involved in cell migration. By functional manipulation in vivo, we further show that Tcf12 is essential during cortical development for the correct migration of newborn neurons and, hence, for proper cortical lamination. Summary: How the functional cooperativity of Tcf12 and NeuroD1 in specific subpopulations of the developing cortex creates the gene regulatory program essential for neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Arun Mahesh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Florian Noack
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Beatriz Cardoso de Toledo
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vijay K. Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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38
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Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, Smith BJ, Vieira GM, Crunfli F. Modeling Schizophrenia In Vitro: Challenges and Insights on Studying Brain Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:35-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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39
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Hernandez-Sapiens MA, Reza-Zaldívar EE, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matias-Guiu J, Cevallos RR, Mateos-Díaz JC, Sánchez-González VJ, Canales-Aguirre AA. Presenilin mutations and their impact on neuronal differentiation in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:31-37. [PMID: 34100423 PMCID: PMC8451546 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) are mainly responsible for causing early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, harboring ~300 causative mutations, and representing ~90% of all mutations associated with a very aggressive disease form. Presenilin 1 is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex that conducts the intramembranous proteolytic excision of multiple transmembrane proteins like the amyloid precursor protein, Notch-1, N- and E-cadherin, LRP, Syndecan, Delta, Jagged, CD44, ErbB4, and Nectin1a. Presenilin 1 plays an essential role in neural progenitor maintenance, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synaptic function, neuronal function, myelination, and plasticity. Therefore, an imbalance caused by mutations in presenilin 1/γ-secretase might cause aberrant signaling, synaptic dysfunction, memory impairment, and increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, contributing to neurodegeneration during the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the neuronal differentiation dysregulation mediated by PSEN1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of Alzheimer's disease-induced pluripotent stem cells models in analyzing PSEN1 mutations implication over the early stages of the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis throughout neuronal differentiation impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Hernandez-Sapiens
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edwin E Reza-Zaldívar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Jorge Matias-Guiu
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Ricardo R Cevallos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
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40
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Birey F, Li MY, Gordon A, Thete MV, Valencia AM, Revah O, Paşca AM, Geschwind DH, Paşca SP. Dissecting the molecular basis of human interneuron migration in forebrain assembloids from Timothy syndrome. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:248-264.e7. [PMID: 34990580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in interneuron migration can disrupt the assembly of cortical circuits and lead to neuropsychiatric disease. Using forebrain assembloids derived by integration of cortical and ventral forebrain organoids, we have previously discovered a cortical interneuron migration defect in Timothy syndrome (TS), a severe neurodevelopmental disease caused by a mutation in the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) Cav1.2. Here, we find that acute pharmacological modulation of Cav1.2 can regulate the saltation length, but not the frequency, of interneuron migration in TS. Interestingly, the defect in saltation length is related to aberrant actomyosin and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, while the defect in saltation frequency is driven by enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) sensitivity and can be restored by GABA-A receptor antagonism. Finally, we describe hypersynchronous hCS network activity in TS that is exacerbated by interneuron migration. Taken together, these studies reveal a complex role of LTCC function in human cortical interneuron migration and strategies to restore deficits in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Birey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min-Yin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mayuri V Thete
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfredo M Valencia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Omer Revah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anca M Paşca
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergiu P Paşca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Imashiro C, Kang B, Lee Y, Hwang YH, Im S, Kim DE, Takemura K, Lee H. Propagating acoustic waves on a culture substrate regulate the directional collective cell migration. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 34786204 PMCID: PMC8581020 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a critical role in physiological and pathological processes such as development, wound healing, and metastasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated how various types of chemical, mechanical, and electrical cues dictate the collective migratory behaviors of cells. Although an acoustic cue can be advantageous because of its noninvasiveness and biocompatibility, cell migration in response to acoustic stimulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed a device that is able to apply surface acoustic waves to a cell culture substrate and investigated the effect of propagating acoustic waves on collective cell migration. The migration distance estimated at various wave intensities revealed that unidirectional cell migration was enhanced at a critical wave intensity and that it was suppressed as the intensity was further increased. The increased migration might be attributable to cell orientation alignment along the direction of the propagating wave, as characterized by nucleus shape. Thicker actin bundles indicative of a high traction force were observed in cells subjected to propagating acoustic waves at the critical intensity. Our device and technique can be useful for regulating cellular functions associated with cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikahiro Imashiro
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Byungjun Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunam Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hoo Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghun Im
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Kalebic N, Namba T. Inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity: a clue for understanding human brain development and evolution. Development 2021; 148:272121. [PMID: 34499710 PMCID: PMC8451944 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamentally important for understanding brain development. Here, we hypothesize that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity during neocortex development could be implicated in neocortical evolutionary expansion. Molecular and morphological features of cell polarity may be inherited from one type of progenitor cell to the other and finally transmitted to neurons. Furthermore, key cell types, such as basal progenitors and neurons, exhibit a highly flexible polarity. We suggest that both inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the amplification of basal progenitors and tangential dispersion of neurons, which are key features of the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Summary: We suggest that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the evolutionary expansion of the developing neocortex by promoting the amplification of neural progenitors and tangential migration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Modeling Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy Caused by Loss of Function of kif2a in Zebrafish. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0055-21.2021. [PMID: 34404749 PMCID: PMC8425962 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0055-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been extensive research on malformations of cortical development (MCDs) that result in clinical features like developmental delay, intellectual disability, and drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Various studies highlighted the contribution of microtubule-associated genes (including tubulin and kinesin encoding genes) in MCD development. It has been reported that de novo mutations in KIF2A, a member of the kinesin-13 family, are linked to brain malformations and DRE. Although it is known that KIF2A functions by regulating microtubule depolymerization via an ATP-driven process, in vivo implications of KIF2A loss of function remain partly unclear. Here, we present a novel kif2a knock-out zebrafish model, showing hypoactivity, habituation deficits, pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure susceptibility and microcephaly, as well as neuronal cell proliferation defects and increased apoptosis. Interestingly, kif2a−/− larvae survived until adulthood and were fertile. Notably, our kif2a zebrafish knock-out model demonstrated many phenotypic similarities to KIF2A mouse models. This study provides valuable insights into the functional importance of kif2a in zebrafish and phenotypical hallmarks related to KIF2A mutations. Ultimately, this model could be used in a future search for more effective therapies that alleviate the clinical symptoms typically associated with MCDs.
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Zhang M, Zhou J, Jiao L, Xu L, Hou L, Yin B, Qiang B, Lu S, Shu P, Peng X. Long Non-coding RNA T-uc.189 Modulates Neural Progenitor Cell Fate by Regulating Srsf3 During Mouse Cerebral Cortex Development. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:709684. [PMID: 34354569 PMCID: PMC8329457 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.709684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a complex process that depends on the delicate regulation of spatial and temporal gene expression. In our previous study, we found that transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs), a class of long non-coding RNAs that contain UCRs, are expressed in the developing nervous systems of mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans. In this study, we first detected the full-length sequence of T-uc.189, revealing that it was mainly concentrated in the ventricular zone (VZ) and that its expression decreased as the brain matured. Moreover, we demonstrated that knockdown of T-uc.189 inhibited neurogenesis. In addition, we found that T-uc.189 positively regulated the expression of serine-arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (Srsf3). Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate that T-uc.189 regulates the expression of Srsf3 to maintain normal neurogenesis during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Longjiang Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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45
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D'Souza L, Channakkar AS, Muralidharan B. Chromatin remodelling complexes in cerebral cortex development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105055. [PMID: 33964373 PMCID: PMC7611358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diverse number of neurons in the cerebral cortex are generated during development by neural stem cells lining the ventricle, and they continue maturing postnatally. Dynamic chromatin regulation in these neural stem cells is a fundamental determinant of the emerging property of the functional neural network, and the chromatin remodellers are critical determinants of this process. Chromatin remodellers participate in several steps of this process from proliferation, differentiation, migration leading to complex network formation which forms the basis of higher-order functions of cognition and behaviour. Here we review the role of these ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers in cortical development in health and disease and highlight several key mouse mutants of the subunits of the complexes which have revealed how the remodelling mechanisms control the cortical stem cell chromatin landscape for expression of stage-specific transcripts. Consistent with their role in cortical development, several putative risk variants in the subunits of the remodelling complexes have been identified as the underlying causes of several neurodevelopmental disorders. A basic understanding of the detailed molecular mechanism of their action is key to understating how mutations in the same networks lead to disease pathologies and perhaps pave the way for therapeutic development for these complex multifactorial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora D'Souza
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha S Channakkar
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India.
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46
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Augustin V, Kins S. Fe65: A Scaffolding Protein of Actin Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071599. [PMID: 34202290 PMCID: PMC8304848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein family Fe65, composed of Fe65, Fe65L1, and Fe65L2, was identified as an interaction partner of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a key function in Alzheimer’s disease. All three Fe65 family members possess three highly conserved interaction domains, forming complexes with diverse binding partners that can be assigned to different cellular functions, such as transactivation of genes in the nucleus, modulation of calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we rule out putative new intracellular signaling mechanisms of the APP-interacting protein Fe65 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the context of various neuronal functions, such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity.
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47
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Contreras X, Amberg N, Davaatseren A, Hansen AH, Sonntag J, Andersen L, Bernthaler T, Streicher C, Heger A, Johnson RL, Schwarz LA, Luo L, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S. A genome-wide library of MADM mice for single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109274. [PMID: 34161767 PMCID: PMC8317686 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) offers one approach to visualize and concomitantly manipulate genetically defined cells in mice with single-cell resolution. MADM applications include the analysis of lineage, single-cell morphology and physiology, genomic imprinting phenotypes, and dissection of cell-autonomous gene functions in vivo in health and disease. Yet, MADM can only be applied to <25% of all mouse genes on select chromosomes to date. To overcome this limitation, we generate transgenic mice with knocked-in MADM cassettes near the centromeres of all 19 autosomes and validate their use across organs. With this resource, >96% of the entire mouse genome can now be subjected to single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Beyond a proof of principle, we apply our MADM library to systematically trace sister chromatid segregation in distinct mitotic cell lineages. We find striking chromosome-specific biases in segregation patterns, reflecting a putative mechanism for the asymmetric segregation of genetic determinants in somatic stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lill Andersen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bernthaler
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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48
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Tutukova S, Tarabykin V, Hernandez-Miranda LR. The Role of Neurod Genes in Brain Development, Function, and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:662774. [PMID: 34177462 PMCID: PMC8221396 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.662774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is essential for the correct functioning of cells during development and in postnatal life. The basic Helix-loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors is well conserved throughout evolution and plays critical roles in tissue development and tissue maintenance. A subgroup of this family, called neural lineage bHLH factors, is critical in the development and function of the central nervous system. In this review, we will focus on the function of one subgroup of neural lineage bHLH factors, the Neurod family. The Neurod family has four members: Neurod1, Neurod2, Neurod4, and Neurod6. Available evidence shows that these four factors are key during the development of the cerebral cortex but also in other regions of the central nervous system, such as the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the spinal cord. We will also discuss recent reports that link the dysfunction of these transcription factors to neurological disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tutukova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell- and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell- and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R Hernandez-Miranda
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Cell- and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Mendes MS, Majewska AK. An overview of microglia ontogeny and maturation in the homeostatic and pathological brain. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3525-3547. [PMID: 33835613 PMCID: PMC8225243 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and are increasingly recognized as critical players in development, brain homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. The lifespan, maintenance, proliferation, and turnover of microglia are important factors that regulate microglial behavior and affect their roles in the CNS. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia are morphologically and phenotypically distinct in different brain areas, at different ages, and during disease. Ongoing research focuses on understanding how microglia acquire specific phenotypes in response to extrinsic cues in the environment and how phenotypes are specified by intrinsic properties of different populations of microglia. With the development of pharmacological and genetic tools that allow the investigation of microglia in vivo, there have been considerable advances in understanding molecular signatures of both homeostatic microglia and those reacting to injury and disease. Here, we review the master gene regulators that define microglia as well as discuss the evidence that microglia are heterogeneous and fall into distinct clusters that display specific intrinsic properties and perform unique tasks in different settings. Taken together, the information presented supports the idea that microglia morphology and transcriptional heterogeneity should be considered when studying the complex nature of microglia and their roles in brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique S Mendes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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50
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Peguera B, Segarra M, Acker-Palmer A. Neurovascular crosstalk coordinates the central nervous system development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:202-213. [PMID: 34077852 PMCID: PMC8411665 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review: The synchronic development of vascular and nervous systems is orchestrated by common molecules that regulate the communication between both systems. The identification of these common guiding cues and the developmental processes regulated by neurovascular communication are slowly emerging. In this review, we describe the molecules modulating the neurovascular development and their impact in processes such as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and brain homeostasis. Recent findings: Blood vessels not only are involved in nutrient and oxygen supply of the central nervous system (CNS) but also exert instrumental functions controlling developmental neurogenesis, CNS cytoarchitecture, and neuronal plasticity. Conversely, neurons modulate CNS vascularization and brain endothelial properties such as blood–brain barrier and vascular hyperemia. Summary: The integration of the active role of endothelial cells in the development and maintenance of neuronal function is important to obtain a more holistic view of the CNS complexity and also to understand how the vasculature is involved in neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Peguera
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4 Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
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