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Armitage RM, Iatridi V, Sladekova M, Yeomans MR. Comparing body composition between the sweet-liking phenotypes: experimental data, systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:764-777. [PMID: 38467727 PMCID: PMC11129949 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legislation aimed at reducing sugar intake assumes that sweet-liking drives overconsumption. However, evidence that a greater liking for sweet taste is associated with unhealthier body size is mixed and complicated by relatively small samples, an overreliance on body mass index (BMI) and lack of classification using sweet-liking phenotypes. METHODS We first examined body size data in two larger samples with sweet-liking phenotyping: extreme sweet-likers, moderate sweet-likers and sweet-dislikers. Adults (18-34yrs), attended a two-session lab-based experiment involving phenotyping for sweet-liking status and a bioelectrical impedance body composition measurement (Experiment One: N = 200; Experiment Two: N = 314). Secondly, we conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: systematic searches across four databases identified 5736 potential articles. Of these, 53 papers met our search criteria: a taste assessment that measured liking using sucrose (>13.7% w/v), which allowed sweet-liking phenotyping and included either BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), fat-free mass (FFM) or waist-circumference. RESULTS A significant effect of sweet-liking phenotype on FFM was found in both Experiment One and Two, with extreme sweet-likers having significantly higher FFM than sweet-dislikers. In Experiment One, sweet-dislikers had a significantly higher BF% than extreme sweet-likers and moderate sweet-likers. However, as these data are from one research group in a young, predominantly westernised population, and the results did not perfectly replicate, we conducted the IPD meta-analyses to further clarify the findings. Robust one-stage IPD meta-analyses of 15 studies controlling for sex revealed no significant differences in BF% (n = 1836) or waist-circumference (n = 706). For BMI (n = 2368), moderate sweet-likers had slightly lower BMI than extreme sweet-likers, who had the highest overall BMI. Most interestingly, for FFM (n = 768), moderate sweet-likers and sweet-dislikers showed significantly lower FFM than extreme sweet-likers. CONCLUSION The higher BMI often seen in sweet-likers may be due to a larger FFM and questions the simple model where sweet liking alone is a risk factor for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Iatridi
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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2
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Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, Kahn SE, Barros E, Burguera B, Colhoun HM, Cercato C, Dicker D, Horn DB, Hovingh GK, Jeppesen OK, Kokkinos A, Lincoff AM, Meyhöfer SM, Oral TK, Plutzky J, van Beek AP, Wilding JPH, Kushner RF. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7. [PMID: 38740993 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In the SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial, semaglutide showed a 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in 17,604 adults with preexisting cardiovascular disease, overweight or obesity, without diabetes. Here in this prespecified analysis, we examined effects of semaglutide on weight and anthropometric outcomes, safety and tolerability by baseline body mass index (BMI). In patients treated with semaglutide, weight loss continued over 65 weeks and was sustained for up to 4 years. At 208 weeks, semaglutide was associated with mean reduction in weight (-10.2%), waist circumference (-7.7 cm) and waist-to-height ratio (-6.9%) versus placebo (-1.5%, -1.3 cm and -1.0%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons versus placebo). Clinically meaningful weight loss occurred in both sexes and all races, body sizes and regions. Semaglutide was associated with fewer serious adverse events. For each BMI category (<30, 30 to <35, 35 to <40 and ≥40 kg m-2) there were lower rates (events per 100 years of observation) of serious adverse events with semaglutide (43.23, 43.54, 51.07 and 47.06 for semaglutide and 50.48, 49.66, 52.73 and 60.85 for placebo). Semaglutide was associated with increased rates of trial product discontinuation. Discontinuations increased as BMI class decreased. In SELECT, at 208 weeks, semaglutide produced clinically significant weight loss and improvements in anthropometric measurements versus placebo. Weight loss was sustained over 4 years. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03574597 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna H Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Ildiko Lingvay
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology and Peter O' Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John Deanfield
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven E Kahn
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bartolome Burguera
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cintia Cercato
- Obesity Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine Department D, Hasharon Hospital-Rabin Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Deborah B Horn
- Center for Obesity Medicine and Metabolic Performance, Department of Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Michael Lincoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jorge Plutzky
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - André P van Beek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John P H Wilding
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert F Kushner
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Yoon DJ, Zhang J, Zapata RC, Ulivieri M, Libster AM, McMurray MS, Osborn O, Dulawa SC. The attenuation of activity-based anorexia by obese adipose tissue transplant is AgRP neuron-dependent. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590824. [PMID: 38712190 PMCID: PMC11071374 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder observed primarily in girls and women, and is characterized by a low body mass index, hypophagia, and hyperactivity. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm models aspects of AN, and refers to the progressive weight loss, hypophagia, and hyperactivity developed by rodents exposed to time-restricted feeding and running wheel access. Recent studies identified white adipose tissue (WAT) as a primary location of the 'metabolic memory' of prior obesity, and implicated WAT-derived signals as drivers of recidivism to obesity following weight loss. Here, we tested whether an obese WAT transplant could attenuate ABA-induced weight loss in normal female mice. Recipient mice received a WAT transplant harvested from normal chow-fed, or HFD-fed obese mice; obese fat recipient (OFR) and control fat recipient (CFR) mice were then tested for ABA. During ABA, OFR mice survived longer than CFR mice, defined as maintaining 75% of their initial body weight. Next, we tested whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which regulate feeding behavior and metabolic sensing, mediate this effect of obese WAT transplant. CFR and OFR mice received either control or neonatal AgRP ablation, and were assessed for ABA. OFR intact mice maintained higher body weights longer than CFR intact mice, and this effect was abolished by neonatal AgRP ablation; further, ablation reduced survival in OFR, but not CFR mice. In summary, obese WAT transplant communicates with AgRP neurons to increase body weight maintenance during ABA. These findings encourage the examination of obese WAT-derived factors as potential treatments for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin J. Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rizaldy C. Zapata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Ulivieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Avraham M. Libster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Meyers AM, Gnazzo F, Barrera ED, Nabatian T, Chan L, Beeler J. DIETARY REGULATION OF SILENT SYNAPSES IN THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.24.586457. [PMID: 38585967 PMCID: PMC10996560 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.24.586457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Obesity results in circuit adaptations that closely resemble those induced by drugs of abuse. AMPA-lacking 'silent' synapses are critical in circuit generation during early development, but largely disappear by adulthood. Drugs of abuse increase silent synapses during adulthood and may facilitate the reorganization of brain circuits around drug-related experience, facilitating addiction and relapse Whether obesity causes addiction-related synaptic circuit reorganization via alterations in silent synapse expression has not been examined. Using a dietary-induced obesity paradigm, we show that mice that chronically consumed high-fat diet (HFD) exhibit upregulated silent synapses in both direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons in the dorsolateral striatum. Both the onset of silent synapses and their re-silencing after HFD withdrawal occur on an extended time scale of weeks rather than days. Our data suggest that HFD-related silent synapses likely arise from AMPA receptor internalization rather than through de novo synaptogenesis of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. These data demonstrate that chronic consumption of high-fat diet can alter mechanisms of circuit plasticity, likely facilitating neural reorganization analogous to that observed with drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Meyers
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- Psychology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federico Gnazzo
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Eddy D Barrera
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- Biology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York NY, USA
| | - Tikva Nabatian
- Cognitive Neuroscience MS program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York NY, USA
| | - Larry Chan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- Psychology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Biology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York NY, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience MS program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York NY, USA
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5
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Lund C, Ranea-Robles P, Falk S, Rausch DM, Skovbjerg G, Vibe-Petersen VK, Krauth N, Skytte JL, Vana V, Roostalu U, Pers TH, Lund J, Clemmensen C. Protection against overfeeding-induced weight gain is preserved in obesity but does not require FGF21 or MC4R. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1192. [PMID: 38331907 PMCID: PMC10853283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Overfeeding triggers homeostatic compensatory mechanisms that counteract weight gain. Here, we show that both lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) male mice exhibit a potent and prolonged inhibition of voluntary food intake following overfeeding-induced weight gain. We reveal that FGF21 is dispensable for this defense against weight gain. Targeted proteomics unveiled novel circulating factors linked to overfeeding, including the protease legumain (LGMN). Administration of recombinant LGMN lowers body weight and food intake in DIO mice. The protection against weight gain is also associated with reduced vascularization in the hypothalamus and sustained reductions in the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide genes, Npy and Agrp, suggesting a role for hypothalamic signaling in this homeostatic recovery from overfeeding. Overfeeding of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) KO mice shows that these mice can suppress voluntary food intake and counteract the enforced weight gain, although their rate of weight recovery is impaired. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the defense against overfeeding-induced weight gain remains intact in obesity and involves mechanisms independent of both FGF21 and MC4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Falk
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dylan M Rausch
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grethe Skovbjerg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Nathalie Krauth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vasiliki Vana
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Agius R, Pace NP, Fava S. Phenotyping obesity: A focus on metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3725. [PMID: 37792999 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 4 decades, research has shown that having a normal body weight does not automatically imply preserved metabolic health and a considerable number of lean individuals harbour metabolic abnormalities typically associated with obesity. Conversely, excess adiposity does not always equate with an abnormal metabolic profile. In fact, evidence exists for the presence of a metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW) and a metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. It has become increasingly recognised that different fat depots exert different effects on the metabolic profile of each individual by virtue of their location, structure and function, giving rise to these different body composition phenotypes. Furthermore, other factors have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of the body composition phenotypes, including genetics, ethnicity, age and lifestyle/behavioural factors. Even though to date both MHO and MUHNW have been widely investigated and documented in the literature, studies report different outcomes on long-term cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Future large-scale, observational and population-based studies are required for better profiling of these phenotypes as well as to further elucidate the pathophysiological role of the adipocyte in the onset of metabolic disorders to allow for better risk stratification and a personalised treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Agius
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
- Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Stephen Fava
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
- Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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7
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Homer KA, Cross MR, Helms ER. Peak Week Carbohydrate Manipulation Practices in Physique Athletes: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:8. [PMID: 38218750 PMCID: PMC10787737 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physique athletes are ranked by a panel of judges against the judging criteria of the corresponding division. To enhance on-stage presentation and performance, competitors in certain categories (i.e. bodybuilding and classic physique) achieve extreme muscle size and definition aided by implementing acute "peaking protocols" in the days before competition. Such practices can involve manipulating nutrition and training variables to increase intramuscular glycogen and water while minimising the thickness of the subcutaneous layer. Carbohydrate manipulation is a prevalent strategy utilised to plausibly induce muscle glycogen supercompensation and subsequently increase muscle size. The relationship between carbohydrate intake and muscle glycogen saturation was first examined in endurance event performance and similar strategies have been adopted by physique athletes despite the distinct physiological dissimilarities and aims between the sports. OBJECTIVES The aim of this narrative review is to (1) critically examine and appraise the existing scientific literature relating to carbohydrate manipulation practices in physique athletes prior to competition; (2) identify research gaps and provide direction for future studies; and (3) provide broad practical applications based on the findings and physiological reasoning for coaches and competitors. FINDINGS The findings of this review indicate that carbohydrate manipulation practices are prevalent amongst physique athletes despite a paucity of experimental evidence demonstrating the efficacy of such strategies on physique performance. Competitors have also been observed to manipulate water and electrolytes in conjunction with carbohydrate predicated on speculative physiological mechanisms which may be detrimental for performance. CONCLUSIONS Further experimental evidence which closely replicates the nutritional and training practices of physique athletes during peak week is required to make conclusions on the efficacy of carbohydrate manipulation strategies. Quasi-experimental designs may be a feasible alternative to randomised controlled trials to examine such strategies due to the difficulty in recruiting the population of interest. Finally, we recommend that coaches and competitors manipulate as few variables as possible, and experiment with different magnitudes of carbohydrate loads in advance of competition if implementing a peaking strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A Homer
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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8
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Schultes B, Ernst B, Hallschmid M, Bueter M, Meyhöfer SM. The 'Behavioral Balance Model': A new perspective on the aetiology and therapy of obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3444-3452. [PMID: 37694802 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a debilitating disease of global proportions that necessitates refined, concept-driven therapeutic approaches. Policy makers, the public and even health care professionals, but also individuals with obesity harbour many misconceptions regarding this disease, which leads to prejudice, negative attitudes, stigmatization, discrimination, self-blame, and failure to provide and finance adequate medical care. Decades of intensive, successful scientific research on obesity have only had a very limited effect on this predicament. We propose a science-based, easy-to-understand conceptual model that synthesizes the complex pathogenesis of obesity including biological, psychological, social, economic and environmental aspects with the aim to explain and communicate better the nature of obesity and currently available therapeutic modalities. According to our integrative 'Behavioral Balance Model', 'top-down cognitive control' strategies are implemented (often with limited success) to counterbalance the increased 'bottom-up drive' to gain weight, which is triggered by biological, psycho-social and environmental mechanisms in people with obesity. Besides offering a deeper understanding of obesity, the model also highlights why there is a strong need for multimodal therapeutic approaches that may not only increase top-down control but also reduce a pathologically increased bottom-up drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schultes
- Metabolic Center St. Gallen, friendlyDocs Ltd, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Ernst
- Metabolic Center St. Gallen, friendlyDocs Ltd, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Spital Männedorf, Männedorf, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian M Meyhöfer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Bettinger JS, Friston KJ. Conceptual foundations of physiological regulation incorporating the free energy principle and self-organized criticality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105459. [PMID: 37956880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bettinger, J. S., K. J. Friston. Conceptual Foundations of Physiological Regulation incorporating the Free Energy Principle & Self-Organized Criticality. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 23(x) 144-XXX, 2022. Since the late nineteen-nineties, the concept of homeostasis has been contextualized within a broader class of "allostatic" dynamics characterized by a wider-berth of causal factors including social, psychological and environmental entailments; the fundamental nature of integrated brain-body dynamics; plus the role of anticipatory, top-down constraints supplied by intrinsic regulatory models. Many of these evidentiary factors are integral in original descriptions of homeostasis; subsequently integrated; and/or cite more-general operating principles of self-organization. As a result, the concept of allostasis may be generalized to a larger category of variational systems in biology, engineering and physics in terms of advances in complex systems, statistical mechanics and dynamics involving heterogenous (hierarchical/heterarchical, modular) systems like brain-networks and the internal milieu. This paper offers a three-part treatment. 1) interpret "allostasis" to emphasize a variational and relational foundation of physiological stability; 2) adapt the role of allostasis as "stability through change" to include a "return to stability" and 3) reframe the model of homeostasis with a conceptual model of criticality that licenses the upgrade to variational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Bettinger
- Center for Process Studies, Claremont, CA, United States; The Cobb Institute, Claremont, CA, United States.
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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10
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James Stubbs R, Horgan G, Robinson E, Hopkins M, Dakin C, Finlayson G. Diet composition and energy intake in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220449. [PMID: 37661746 PMCID: PMC10475874 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Absolute energy from fats and carbohydrates and the proportion of carbohydrates in the food supply have increased over 50 years. Dietary energy density (ED) is primarily decreased by the water and increased by the fat content of foods. Protein, carbohydrates and fat exert different effects on satiety or energy intake (EI) in the order protein > carbohydrates > fat. When the ED of different foods is equalized the differences between fat and carbohydrates are modest. Covertly increasing dietary ED with fat, carbohydrate or mixed macronutrients elevates EI, producing weight gain and vice versa. In more naturalistic situations where learning cues are intact, there appears to be greater compensation for the different ED of foods. There is considerable individual variability in response. Macronutrient-specific negative feedback models of EI regulation have limited capacity to explain how availability of cheap, highly palatable, readily assimilated, energy-dense foods lead to obesity in modern environments. Neuropsychological constructs including food reward (liking, wanting and learning), reactive and reflective decision making, in the context of asymmetric energy balance regulation, give more comprehensive explanations of how environmental superabundance of foods containing mixtures of readily assimilated fats and carbohydrates and caloric beverages elevate EI through combined hedonic, affective, cognitive and physiological mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland, UK
| | - Eric Robinson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Hopkins
- Institute of Population health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
| | - Clarissa Dakin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health and
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11
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Speakman JR, Hall KD. Models of body weight and fatness regulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220231. [PMID: 37661735 PMCID: PMC10475878 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Body weight and fatness appear to be regulated phenomena. Several different theoretical models are available to capture the essence of this idea. These include the set-point, dynamic equilibrium, adiposity force, control theory-settling point, Hall-Guo, operation point and dual intervention point (DIP) models. The set-point model posits a single reference point around which levels of fat are regulated. The dynamic equilibrium model suggests that the apparent regulation of body fat around a reference point is an illusion owing to the necessary impacts of weight change on energy expenditure. Control theory focuses on the importance of feedback gain and suggests set-point and dynamic equilibrium are ends of a continuum of feedback gain. Control theory models have also been called 'settling point' models. The Hall-Guo, operation point and DIP models also bring together the set-point and dynamic equilibrium ideas into a single framework. The DIP proposes a zone of indifference where dynamic equilibrium 'regulation' predominates, bounded by upper and lower intervention points beyond which physiological mechanisms are activated. The drifty gene hypothesis is an idea explaining where this individual variation in the upper intervention point might come from. We conclude that further experiments to test between the models are sorely required. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Speakman
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, People's Republic of China
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin D. Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Smith ENL, Chandanathil M, Millis RM. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Obesity: Broadening Our Understanding of the Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e47875. [PMID: 37899888 PMCID: PMC10612994 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Now recognized as more than just the result of overeating or the consumption of poor-quality foods, obesity is understood to be a multifactorial disease, strongly correlated with a variety of environment-gene interactions. In addressing the complex public health issue of obesity, medical practitioners, along with their allied healthcare counterparts, face the challenge of reducing its prevalence by utilizing and sharing with patients the current, yet incomplete, scientific knowledge concerning the disease. While continued research is required to strengthen direct cause-effect relationships, substantial evidence links post-translational modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications of several candidate "obesity" genes to the predilection for obesity. Additional evidence supports the influence of maternal diet during the gestational period, individual diet, and other lifestyle and genetic factors in obesity. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current information concerning epigenetic modifications that appear to support, or result from, the development of obesity. Such mechanisms may serve as therapeutic targets for developing novel prevention and/or treatment strategies for obesity or as epigenetic biomarkers for monitoring recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N L Smith
- Graduate Studies, American University of Antigua, St. Johns, ATG
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13
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von Essen G, Lindsund E, Maldonado EM, Zouhar P, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Highly recruited brown adipose tissue does not in itself protect against obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101782. [PMID: 37499977 PMCID: PMC10432997 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possibility to counteract the development of obesity in humans by recruiting brown or brite/beige adipose tissue (and thus UCP1) has attracted much attention. Here we examine if a diet that can activate diet-induced thermogenesis can exploit pre-enhanced amounts of UCP1 to counteract the development of diet-induced obesity. METHODS To investigate the anti-obesity significance of highly augmented amounts of UCP1 for control of body energy reserves, we physiologically increased total UCP1 amounts by recruitment of brown and brite/beige tissues in mice. We then examined the influence of the augmented UCP1 levels on metabolic parameters when the mice were exposed to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet under thermoneutral conditions. RESULTS The total UCP1 levels achieved were about 50-fold higher in recruited than in non-recruited mice. Contrary to underlying expectations, in the mice with highly recruited UCP1 and exposed to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet the thermogenic capacity of this UCP1 was completely inactivate. The mice even transiently (in an adipostat-like manner) demonstrated a higher metabolic efficiency and fat gain than did non-recruited mice. This was accomplished without altering energy expenditure or food absorption efficiency. The metabolic efficiency here was indistinguishable from that of mice totally devoid of UCP1. CONCLUSIONS Although UCP1 protein may be available, it is not inevitably utilized for diet-induced thermogenesis. Thus, although attempts to recruit UCP1 in humans may become successful as such, it is only if constant activation of the UCP1 is also achieved that amelioration of obesity development could be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindsund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaina M Maldonado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petr Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ-142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Speakman JR, Sørensen TIA, Hall KD, Allison DB. Unanswered questions about the causes of obesity. Science 2023; 381:944-946. [PMID: 37651527 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is now a global pandemic, but there is little consensus about the causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David B Allison
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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15
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Collantoni E, Meregalli V, Granziol U, Gerunda C, Zech H, Schroeder PA, Tenconi E, Cardi V, Meneguzzo P, Martini M, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Favaro A. Easy to get, difficult to avoid: Behavioral tendencies toward high-calorie and low-calorie food during a mobile approach-avoidance task interact with body mass index and hunger in a community sample. Appetite 2023; 188:106619. [PMID: 37268275 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, different studies highlighted the importance of assessing behavioral tendencies toward different food stimuli in healthy and pathological samples. However, heterogeneities in experimental approaches and small sample sizes make this literature rather inconsistent. In this study, we used a mobile approach-avoidance task to investigate the behavioral tendencies toward healthy and unhealthy foods compared to neutral objects in a large community sample. The role of some contextual and stable subjective variables was also explored. The sample included 204 participants. The stimuli comprised 15 pictures of unhealthy foods, 15 pictures of healthy foods, and 15 pictures of neutral objects. Participants were required to approach or avoid stimuli by respectively pull or push the smartphone toward or away from themselves. Accuracy and reaction time of each movement were calculated. The analyses were conducted using a generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMMs), testing the two-way interaction between the type of movement and the stimulus category and the three-way interactions between type of movement, stimulus, and specific variables (BMI, time passed since the last meal, level of perceived hunger). Our results evidenced faster approaching movement toward food stimuli but not toward neutrals. An effect of BMI was also documented: as the BMI increased, participants became slower in avoiding unhealthy compared to healthy foods, and in approaching healthy compared to unhealthy stimuli. Moreover, as hunger increased, participants became faster in approaching and slower in avoiding healthy compared to unhealthy stimuli. In conclusion, our results show an approach tendency toward food stimuli, independent from caloric content, in the general population. Furthermore, approach tendencies to healthy foods decreased with increasing BMI and increased with perceived hunger, indicating the possible influence of different mechanisms on eating-related behavioral tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Collantoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Valentina Meregalli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Granziol
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Hilmar Zech
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Martini
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Wei R, Li D, Jia S, Chen Y, Wang J. MC4R in Central and Peripheral Systems. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300035. [PMID: 37043700 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a critical and urgent health burden during the current global pandemic. Among multiple genetic causes, melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R), involved in food intake and energy metabolism regulation through various signaling pathways, has been reported to be the lead genetic factor in severe and early onset obesity and hyperphagia disorders. Most previous studies have illustrated the roles of MC4R signaling in energy intake versus expenditure in the central system, while some evidence indicates that MC4R is also expressed in peripheral systems, such as the gut and endocrine organs. However, its physiopathological function remains poorly defined. This review aims to depict the central and peripheral roles of MC4R in energy metabolism and endocrine hormone homeostasis, the diversity of phenotypes, biased downstream signaling caused by distinct MC4R mutations, and current drug development targeting the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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17
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Zapata RC, Nasamran CA, Chilin-Fuentes DR, Dulawa SC, Osborn O. Identification of adipose tissue transcriptomic memory of anorexia nervosa. Mol Med 2023; 29:109. [PMID: 37582711 PMCID: PMC10428576 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex debilitating disease characterized by intense fear of weight gain and excessive exercise. It is the deadliest of any psychiatric disorder with a high rate of recidivism, yet its pathophysiology is unclear. The Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA) paradigm is a widely accepted mouse model of AN that recapitulates hypophagia and hyperactivity despite reduced body weight, however, not the chronicity. METHODS Here, we modified the prototypical ABA paradigm to increase the time to lose 25% of baseline body weight from less than 7 days to more than 2 weeks. We used this paradigm to identify persistently altered genes after weight restoration that represent a transcriptomic memory of under-nutrition and may contribute to AN relapse using RNA sequencing. We focused on adipose tissue as it was identified as a major location of transcriptomic memory of over-nutririon. RESULTS We identified 300 dysregulated genes that were refractory to weight restroration after ABA, including Calm2 and Vps13d, which could be potential global regulators of transcriptomic memory in both chronic over- and under-nutrition. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the presence of peristent changes in the adipose tissue transcriptome in the ABA mice after weight restoration. Despite being on the opposite spectrum of weight perturbations, majority of the transcriptomic memory genes of under- and over-nutrition did not overlap, suggestive of the different mechanisms involved in these extreme nutritional statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Daisy R Chilin-Fuentes
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Stephanie C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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18
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Archer E, Hill JO. Body and Fat mass are not Regulated, Controlled, or Defended: An introduction to the Invisible Hand' and 'Competition' Models of Metabolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:56-64. [PMID: 36283496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents two inter-dependent frameworks for understanding the etiology of obesity and the regain of body and fat mass after weight loss. The 'Invisible Hand of Metabolism' illustrates how physiologic states such as body and fat mass and blood glucose levels arise from the unregulated, uncontrolled, yet competitive behavior of trillions of semi-autonomous cells. The 'Competition Model of Metabolism' is an explanatory (mechanistic) framework that details how organismal and cell-specific behaviors generate the apparent stability of physiologic states despite metabolic perturbations (e.g., weight-loss and exercise). Together, these frameworks show that body and fat mass and blood glucose levels are not regulated, controlled, or defended but emerge from the complexity and functional plasticity of competitive cellular relations. Therefore, we argue that the use of abstract constructs such as 'regulation', 'control', 'glucostats', 'adipostats', and 'set-/settling-points' hinders the understanding of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in human and nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James O Hill
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Sumithran P. The Physiological Regulation of Body Fat Mass. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-310. [PMID: 37197874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances inbody weight and adiposity in both humans and animals are met by compensatory adjustments in energy intake and energy expenditure, suggesting that body weight or fat is regulated. From a clinical viewpoint, this is likely to contribute to the difficulty that many people with obesity have in maintaining weight loss. Finding ways to modify these physiologic responses is likely to improve the long-term success of obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's), University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Clinical Science Building Level 4, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health.
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20
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Michael A, Baye K. Ethiopian orthodox fasting is associated with weight reduction and body composition changes among healthy adults: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7963. [PMID: 37198303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ethiopian Orthodox Christian (EOC) fasts, although adopted for religious purposes, combines aspects of energy restriction, time-restricted feeding, and a vegan dietary pattern, all of which have been independently associated with weight loss and healthier body composition. However, combined effect of these practices as part of EOC fast remains unknown. This longitudinal study design evaluated the effect of EOC fasting on body weight and body composition. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, physical activity level, and fasting regimen followed was captured through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Weight and body composition measurements were taken before and at the end of major fasting seasons. Body composition parameters were measured by bioelectrical impedance (BIA), Tanita® BC-418®, Japan). Significant changes in body weight and body composition were observed for both fasts. Significant decreases in body weight (14/44 day fast: - 0.45; P = 0.004/- 0.65; P = 0.004), FFM (- 0.82; P = 0.002/- 0.41; P < 0.0001), and trunk fat mass (- 0.68; P < 0.0001/- 0.82; P < 0.0001) were observed after adjusting for covariates including age, sex, and physical activity. The EOC fasting regimen leads to significant reductions of body weight and compositions. Longer fasting duration led to much higher effects in body weight and body composition and may be non-pharmacological strategy in prevention or treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Michael
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- College of Natural and Computational Science, Hawassa University, P. O. Box: 1560, Hawassa, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia.
| | - Kaleab Baye
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box: 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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21
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Schoenfeld BJ, Androulakis-Korakakis P, Piñero A, Burke R, Coleman M, Mohan AE, Escalante G, Rukstela A, Campbell B, Helms E. Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020059. [PMID: 37218855 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included studies that (1) were classified as case studies involving physique athletes during the pre-contest phase of their competitive cycle; (2) involved adults (18+ years of age) as participants; (3) were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (4) had a pre-contest duration of at least 3 months; (5) reported changes across contest preparation relating to measures of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density), neuromuscular performance (strength and power), chronic hormonal levels (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin), physiological adaptations (maximal aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, menstrual function, and sleep quality), and/or psychometric outcomes (mood states and food desire). Our review ultimately included 11 case studies comprising 15 ostensibly drug-free athletes (male = 8, female = 7) who competed in various physique-oriented divisions including bodybuilding, figure, and bikini. The results indicated marked alterations across the array of analyzed outcomes, sometimes with high inter-individual variability and divergent sex-specific responses. The complexities and implications of these findings are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | | | - Alec Piñero
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Ryan Burke
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Adam E Mohan
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Alexa Rukstela
- Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Bill Campbell
- Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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22
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Huang A, Henderson G, Profeta A, Pfeiffer M, Feinstein LH, deLahunta M, LaHood C, Michael JJ, Mizia AC, Levitsky DA. Lack of compensation of energy intake explains the success of alternate day feeding to produce weight loss. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114128. [PMID: 36805441 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study was designed to obtain daily weighed food intake of participants engaged in Alternate Day Feeding (ADF). Prior ADF studies have used self-reported food intake, a method that has received criticism for its limited accuracy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-nine university students received academic credit for participating in the study. Following a 10-day baseline period, participants underwent ADF for the next 8 days. Restricted daily intake to ∼ 75% of baseline food intake levels was followed by ad libitum intake on alternate days. Food intake was weighed before and after each meal. Daily body weight was also tracked. INTERVENTION After the baseline period, participants underwent 8 days of ADF during which they consumed ∼ 75% of baseline energy intake by weight followed by ad libitum intake on alternate days. The trial concluded with 2 additional days of ad libitum feeding, for a total study duration of 10 days. RESULTS Daily food intake was constant during the baseline period (slope = -0.93 g/d, p = 0.56), and did not differ significantly (995 g (95% CI [752, 1198]) from the total consumed on ad libitum ADF days (951 g (95% CI [777, 1227]). Intake on ad libitum days did not show a trend to increase during the intervention. Body weight declined significantly during ADF. CONCLUSIONS ADF produces significant weight loss because food intake does not increase on ad libitum feeding days to compensate for reduced intake on restricted energy days. Data are consistent with prior work that suggests humans do not fully compensate for imposed deficits in energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Huang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey Henderson
- Syracuse VAMC and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Syracuse, NY, 13210, United States
| | - Abraham Profeta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Margaret Pfeiffer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | | | - Max deLahunta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Christopher LaHood
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - John Jeshurun Michael
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Alyse C Mizia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - David A Levitsky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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23
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Fang LZ, Lily Vidal JA, Hawlader O, Hirasawa M. High-fat diet-induced elevation of body weight set point in male mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1000-1010. [PMID: 36811235 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-fat diets (HFD) are thought to disrupt energy homeostasis to drive overeating and obesity. However, weight loss resistance in individuals with obesity suggests that homeostasis is intact. This study aimed to reconcile this difference by systematically assessing body weight (BW) regulation under HFD. METHODS Male C57BL/6 N mice were fed diets with varying fat and sugar in different durations and patterns. BW and food intake were monitored. RESULTS BW gain was transiently accelerated by HFD (≥40%) prior to plateauing. The plateau was consistent regardless of starting age, HFD duration, or fat/sugar content. Reverting to a low-fat diet (LFD) caused transiently accelerated weight loss, which correlated with how heavy mice were before the diet relative to LFD-only controls. Chronic HFD attenuated the efficacy of single or repetitive dieting, revealing a defended BW higher than that of LFD-only controls. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that dietary fat modulates the BW set point immediately upon switching from LFD to HFD. Mice defend a new elevated set point by increasing caloric intake and efficiency. This response is consistent and controlled, suggesting that hedonic mechanisms contribute to rather than disrupt energy homeostasis. An elevated floor of the BW set point after chronic HFD could explain weight loss resistance in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Z Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Josué A Lily Vidal
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Oishi Hawlader
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Michiru Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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24
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Downsizing food: a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of reducing served food portion sizes on daily energy intake and body weight. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:888-903. [PMID: 35387692 PMCID: PMC9975786 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Portion sizes of many foods have increased over time. However, the size of effect that reducing food portion sizes has on daily energy intake and body weight is less clear. We used a systematic review methodology to identify eligible articles that used an experimental design to manipulate portion size served to human participants and measured energy intake for a minimum of 1 d. Searches were conducted in September 2020 and again in October 2021. Fourteen eligible studies contributing eighty-five effects were included in the primary meta-analysis. There was a moderate-to-large reduction in daily energy intake when comparing smaller v. larger portions (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) = -0·709 (95 % CI: -0·956, -0·461), approximately 235 kcal (983·24 kJ)). Larger reductions to portion size resulted in larger decreases in daily energy intake. There was evidence of a curvilinear relationship between portion size and daily energy intake; reductions to daily energy intake were markedly smaller when reducing portion size from very large portions. In a subset of studies that measured body weight (four studies contributing five comparisons), being served smaller v. larger portions was associated with less weight gain (0·58 kg). Reducing food portion sizes may be an effective population-level strategy to prevent weight gain.
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25
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Rules for body fat interventions based on an operating point mechanism. iScience 2023; 26:106047. [PMID: 36818281 PMCID: PMC9929596 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventions to reduce fat are important for human health. However, they can have opposing effects such as exercise that decreases fat but increases food intake, or coherent effects such as leptin resistance which raises both. Furthermore, some interventions show an overshoot in food intake, such as recovery from a diet, whereas others do not. To explain these properties we present a graphical framework called the operating point model, based on leptin control of feeding behavior. Steady-state fat and food intake is given by the intersection of two experimental curves - steady-state fat at a given food intake and ad libitum food intake at a given fat level. Depending on which curve an intervention shifts, it has opposing or coherent effects with or without overshoot, in excellent agreement with rodent data. The model also explains the quadratic relation between leptin and fat in humans. These concepts may guide the understanding of fat regulation disorders.
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Venkatesh SS, Ganjgahi H, Palmer DS, Coley K, Wittemans LBL, Nellaker C, Holmes C, Lindgren CM, Nicholson G. The genetic architecture of changes in adiposity during adulthood. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.09.23284364. [PMID: 36711652 PMCID: PMC9882550 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.23284364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a heritable disease, characterised by excess adiposity that is measured by body mass index (BMI). While over 1,000 genetic loci are associated with BMI, less is known about the genetic contribution to adiposity trajectories over adulthood. We derive adiposity-change phenotypes from 1.5 million primary-care health records in over 177,000 individuals in UK Biobank to study the genetic architecture of weight-change. Using multiple BMI measurements over time increases power to identify genetic factors affecting baseline BMI. In the largest reported genome-wide study of adiposity-change in adulthood, we identify novel associations with BMI-change at six independent loci, including rs429358 (a missense variant in APOE). The SNP-based heritability of BMI-change (1.98%) is 9-fold lower than that of BMI, and higher in women than in men. The modest genetic correlation between BMI-change and BMI (45.2%) indicates that genetic studies of longitudinal trajectories could uncover novel biology driving quantitative trait values in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvida S. Venkatesh
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Duncan S. Palmer
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kayesha Coley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Laura B. L. Wittemans
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Christoffer Nellaker
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Hemmingsson E, Nowicka P, Ulijaszek S, Sørensen TIA. The social origins of obesity within and across generations. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13514. [PMID: 36321346 PMCID: PMC10077989 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We propose a model for obesity development that traces a considerable part of its origins to the social domain (mainly different forms of prolonged social adversity), both within and across generations, working in tandem with a genetic predisposition. To facilitate overview of social pathways, we place particular focus on three areas that form a cascading sequence: (A) social adversity within the family (parents having a low education, a low social position, poverty and financial insecurity; offspring being exposed to gestational stress, unmet social and emotional needs, abuse, maltreatment and other negative life events, social deprivation and relationship discord); (B) increasing levels of insecurity, negative emotions, chronic stress, and a disruption of energy homeostasis; and (C) weight gain and obesity, eliciting further social stress and weight stigma in both generations. Social adversity, when combined with genetic predisposition, thereby substantially contributes to highly effective transmission of obesity from parents to offspring, as well as to obesity development within current generations. Prevention efforts may benefit from mitigating multiple types of social adversity in individuals, families, and communities, notably poverty and financial strain, and by improving education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hemmingsson
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulina Nowicka
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition, and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stanley Ulijaszek
- Unit for Biocultural Variation and Obesity, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Furlan A, Corona A, Boyle S, Sharma R, Rubino R, Habel J, Gablenz EC, Giovanniello J, Beyaz S, Janowitz T, Shea SD, Li B. Neurotensin neurons in the extended amygdala control dietary choice and energy homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1470-1480. [PMID: 36266470 PMCID: PMC9682790 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic that is causally linked to many life-threatening diseases. Apart from some rare genetic conditions, the biological drivers of overeating and reduced activity are unclear. Here, we show that neurotensin-expressing neurons in the mouse interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), a nucleus of the central extended amygdala, encode dietary preference for unhealthy energy-dense foods. Optogenetic activation of IPACNts neurons promotes obesogenic behaviors, such as hedonic eating, and modulates food preference. Conversely, acute inhibition of IPACNts neurons reduces feeding and decreases hedonic eating. Chronic inactivation of IPACNts neurons recapitulates these effects, reduces preference for sweet, non-caloric tastants and, furthermore, enhances locomotion and energy expenditure; as a result, mice display long-term weight loss and improved metabolic health and are protected from obesity. Thus, the activity of a single neuronal population bidirectionally regulates energy homeostasis. Our findings could lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Correspondence: (A.F.); (B.L.)
| | - Alberto Corona
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sara Boyle
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Rachel Rubino
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jill Habel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Eva Carlotta Gablenz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Giovanniello
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Correspondence: (A.F.); (B.L.)
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29
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Pokala B, Hernandez E, Giannopoulos S, Athanasiadis DI, Timsina L, Sorg N, Makhecha K, Madduri S, Stefanidis D. Early postoperative weight loss predicts nadir weight and weight regain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc 2022:10.1007/s00464-022-09658-0. [PMID: 36171449 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain (WR) post bariatric surgery affects almost 20% of patients. It has been theorized that a complex interplay between physiologic adaptations and epigenetic mechanisms promotes WR in obesity, however, reliable predictors have not been identified. Our study examines the relationship between early postoperative weight loss (WL), nadir weight (NW), and WR following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). METHODS A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted for LRYGB or LSG patients from 2012 to 2016. Demographics, preoperative BMI, procedure type, and postoperative weight at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months were recorded. WR was defined as > 20% increase from NW. Univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to determine the association between early postoperative WL with NW and WR at 4 years. RESULTS Thousand twenty-six adults were included (76.8% female, mean age 44.9 ± 11.9 years, preoperative BMI 46.1 ± 8); 74.6% had LRYGB and 25.3% had LSG. Multivariable linear regression models showed that greater WL was associated with lower NW at 6 months (Coef - 2.16; 95% CI - 2.51, - 1.81), 1 year (Coef - 2.33; 95% CI - 2.58, - 2.08), 2 years (Coef - 2.04; 95% CI - 2.25, - 1.83), 3 years (Coef - 1.95; 95% CI - 2.14, - 1.76), and 4 years (Coef - 1.89; 95% CI - 2.10, - 1.68), p ≤ 0.001. WR was independently associated with increased WL between 6 months and 1 year (Coef 1.59; 95% CI 1.05,2.14; p ≤ 0.001) and at 1 year (Coef 1.24; 95% CI 0.84,1.63;p ≤ 0.001) postoperatively. The multivariable logistic regression model showed significantly increased risk of WR at 4 years for patients with greater WL at 6 months (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08,1.33; p = 0.001) and 1 year (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.06,1.23; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that higher WL at 6 and 12 months post bariatric surgery may be risk factors for WR at 4 years. Surgeons may need to follow patients with high early weight loss more closely and provide additional treatment options to maximize their long-term success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Pokala
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Bariatric Surgery Program, Indiana University Health North Hospital, Carmel, IN, USA
| | - Edward Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Spyridon Giannopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Dimitrios I Athanasiadis
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lava Timsina
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Surgery, Center for Outcomes Research in Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nikki Sorg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Keith Makhecha
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sathvik Madduri
- Purdue University College of Science, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dimitrios Stefanidis
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Emerson Hall, EH 130, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Bariatric Surgery Program, Indiana University Health North Hospital, Carmel, IN, USA.
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30
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Zapata RC, Carretero M, Reis FCG, Chaudry BS, Ofrecio J, Zhang D, Sasik R, Ciaraldi T, Petrascheck M, Osborn O. Adipocytes control food intake and weight regain via Vacuolar-type H + ATPase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5092. [PMID: 36042358 PMCID: PMC9427743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism becomes dysregulated in individuals with obesity and many of these changes persist after weight loss and likely play a role in weight regain. In these studies, we use a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and weight loss to study the transcriptional memory of obesity. We found that the 'metabolic memory' of obesity is predominantly localized in adipocytes. Utilizing a C. elegans-based food intake assay, we identify 'metabolic memory' genes that play a role in food intake regulation. We show that expression of ATP6v0a1, a subunit of V-ATPase, is significantly induced in both obese mouse and human adipocytes that persists after weight loss. C. elegans mutants deficient in Atp6v0A1/unc32 eat less than WT controls. Adipocyte-specific Atp6v0a1 knockout mice have reduced food intake and gain less weight in response to HFD. Pharmacological disruption of V-ATPase assembly leads to decreased food intake and less weight re-gain. In summary, using a series of genetic tools from invertebrates to vertebrates, we identify ATP6v0a1 as a regulator of peripheral metabolic memory, providing a potential target for regulation of food intake, weight loss maintenance and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maria Carretero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Felipe Castellani Gomes Reis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Besma S Chaudry
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jachelle Ofrecio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dinghong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Theodore Ciaraldi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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31
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Menatti L, Bich L, Saborido C. Health and environment from adaptation to adaptivity: a situated relational account. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 44:38. [PMID: 35980478 PMCID: PMC9386660 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The definitions and conceptualizations of health, and the management of healthcare have been challenged by the current global scenarios (e.g., new diseases, new geographical distribution of diseases, effects of climate change on health, etc.) and by the ongoing scholarship in humanities and science. In this paper we question the mainstream definition of health adopted by the WHO-'a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (WHO in Preamble to the constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the international health conference, The World Health Organization, 1948)-and its role in providing tools to understand what health is in the contemporary context. More specifically, we argue that this context requires to take into account the role of the environment both in medical theory and in the healthcare practice. To do so, we analyse WHO documents dated 1984 and 1986 which define health as 'coping with the environment'. We develop the idea of 'coping with the environment', by focusing on two cardinal concepts: adaptation in public health and adaptivity in philosophy of biology. We argue that the notions of adaptation and adaptivity can be of major benefit for the characterization of health, and have practical implications. We explore some of these implications by discussing two recent case studies of adaptivity in public health, which can be valuable to further develop adaptive strategies in the current pandemic scenario: community-centred care and microbiologically healthier buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menatti
- Department of Philosophy, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1117 Cathedral of Learning, 4200 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Leonardo Bich
- Department of Philosophy, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1117 Cathedral of Learning, 4200 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Cristian Saborido
- Department of Logic, History and Philosophy of Science, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, Klein S, Loos RJF, Mangelsdorf DJ, O'Rahilly S, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Ryan DH, Speakman JR, Tobias DK. Reply to G Taubes, MI Friedman, and V Torres-Carot et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:614-616. [PMID: 35675318 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- From the Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel Klein
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Donna H Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzen, China.,University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre K Tobias
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Speakman JR, Elmquist JK. Obesity: an evolutionary context. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:10-24. [PMID: 36394061 PMCID: PMC9642988 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
People completely lacking body fat (lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy) and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues. Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would, therefore, appear to be adaptive. Two different models might be contemplated. More traditional is a set point (SP) where the levels are regulated around a fixed level. Alternatively, dual-intervention point (DIP) is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached. The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP, and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved. A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures. At the lower end, we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation, to avoid disease-induced anorexia, and to support reproduction. At the upper end, we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation. This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores, with important negative health effects. Why has evolution not protected us against this problem? One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history. By chance, it fell apart more in some people than others, and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut. To understand the evolutionary context of obesity, it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat (i.e. the lower intervention point), from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat (a broken upper intervention point). The DIP model has several consequences, showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Corresponding author. John R Speakman, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China. E-mail:
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Joel K. Elmquist, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA. E-mail:
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Mauldin K, May M, Clifford D. The consequences of a weight-centric approach to healthcare: A case for a paradigm shift in how clinicians address body weight. Nutr Clin Pract 2022; 37:1291-1306. [PMID: 35819360 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Current healthcare is weight-centric, equating weight and health. This approach to healthcare has negative consequences on patient well-being. The aim of this article is to make a case for a paradigm shift in how clinicians view and address body weight. In this review, we (1) address common flawed assumptions in the weight-centric approach to healthcare, (2) review the weight science literature and provide evidence for the negative consequences of promoting dieting and weight loss, and (3) provide practice recommendations for weight-inclusive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasuen Mauldin
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Packaging, San José State University, San José, California, USA.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle May
- Am I Hungry? Mindful Eating Programs and Training, USA.,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Dawn Clifford
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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35
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Pharmacological Management of Obesity: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Am J Ther 2022; 29:e410-e424. [PMID: 35687055 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations in drug therapy for obesity have had a limited impact on the body mass index, prevalence of medical complications, quality of life, and work potential of a substantial majority of affected persons. STUDY QUESTION What are the milestones of the changes in the expert approach to the pharmacological management of obesity in the past century? STUDY DESIGN To determine the changes in the experts' approach to the management of obesity, as presented in a widely used textbook in the United States. DATA SOURCES The primary sources were chapters describing the management of obesity in the 26 editions of Cecil Textbook of Medicine published from 1927 through 2020. Secondary sources were publications retrieved from Medline that clarified technical issues related to the development, regulatory approval, and use of the drugs mentioned in the Cecil Textbook of Medicine. RESULTS Pharmacological interventions aimed at increasing caloric expenditures through thermogenesis were recommended from 1927 through 1943. Thyroid extracts were prescribed even in the absence of demonstrated hypothyroidism or decreased basal metabolic rate throughout this period. Dinitrophenol was mentioned in 1937, but was banned soon thereafter. Appetite suppression with amphetamine was considered useful from 1943 through 1988, after which the drug was replaced with other centrally acting molecules, such as fenfluramine in 1988, sibutramine in 2000, and rimonabant in 2008, which were in turn withdrawn because of major adverse effects. In the past decade, obesity has been treated with the appetite suppressants phentermine-topiramate, bupropion-naltrexone, lorcaserin, and liraglutide, and with orlistat, a drug promoting fat malabsorption. The change in weight produced by these drugs is generally modest and transient. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacological management of obesity has remained frustratingly inefficient. The reasons for the relative lack of success may reside in the ever-growing access to dense, palatable, and relatively inexpensive food, coupled with the decrease in energy expenditure created by a sedentary lifestyle.
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36
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Levitsky DA, Barre L, Michael JJ, Zhong Y, He Y, Mizia A, Kaila S. The Rise and Fall of Physiological Theories of the Control of Human Eating Behavior. Front Nutr 2022; 9:826334. [PMID: 35662925 PMCID: PMC9159371 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.826334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuhns was the first to suggest that theories in science do not develop in small increments but rather in major leaps to paradigms that examine the same question through very different perspectives. Theories on the mechanism responsible for control of human food intake fall into Kuhn’s description. This article describes how the two major theories of the control of food intake in humans, the Glucostatic Theory, and the Lipostatic Theory, showed initial promise as explanations, but later deteriorated with the slow accumulation experimental data. The locus of theories considered eating behavior as a part of physiological system that regulates the storage of energy on the body. We challenge this fundamental belief with data which suggests that we must be ready to accept a major change in the way we think about eating behavior if we are ever to decrease the prevalence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Levitsky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Laura Barre
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Yingyi Zhong
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yitong He
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alyse Mizia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sahib Kaila
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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37
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Halpern B, Mancini MC, de Melo ME, Lamounier RN, Moreira RO, Carra MK, Kyle TK, Cercato C, Boguszewski CL. Proposal of an obesity classification based on weight history: an official document by the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) and the Brazilian Society for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO). ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:139-151. [PMID: 35420271 PMCID: PMC9832894 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with impaired physical and mental health. A widespread view in the treatment of obesity is that the goal is to normalize the individual's body mass index (BMI). However, a modest weight loss (usually above 5%) is already associated with clinical improvement, while weight losses of 10%-15% bring even further benefits, independent from the final BMI. The percentage of weight reduction is accepted as a treatment goal since a greater decrease in weight is frequently difficult to achieve due to metabolic adaptation along with environmental and lifestyle factors. In this document, the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) and the Brazilian Society for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO) propose a new obesity classification based on the maximum weight attained in life (MWAL). In this classification, individuals losing a specific proportion of weight are classified as having "reduced" or "controlled" obesity. This simple classification - which is not intended to replace others but to serve as an adjuvant tool - could help disseminate the concept of clinical benefits derived from modest weight loss, allowing individuals with obesity and their health care professionals to focus on strategies for weight maintenance instead of further weight reduction. In future studies, this proposed classification can also be an important tool to evaluate possible differences in therapeutic outcomes between individuals with similar BMIs but different weight trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Halpern
- Centro de Obesidade, Hospital 9 de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
| | - Marcio C Mancini
- Grupo de Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica, Departamento de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Edna de Melo
- Grupo de Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica, Departamento de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo O Moreira
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mario K Carra
- Grupo de Diabetes, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Cintia Cercato
- Grupo de Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica, Departamento de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Presidente Associação Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e Síndrome Metabólica (ABESO), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Cesar Luiz Boguszewski
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo (SBEM), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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38
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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39
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Yang J, Shakil H, Ratté S, Prescott SA. Minimal requirements for a neuron to co-regulate many properties and the implications for ion channel correlations and robustness. eLife 2022; 11:72875. [PMID: 35293858 PMCID: PMC8986315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons regulate their excitability by adjusting their ion channel levels. Degeneracy – achieving equivalent outcomes (excitability) using different solutions (channel combinations) – facilitates this regulation by enabling a disruptive change in one channel to be offset by compensatory changes in other channels. But neurons must coregulate many properties. Pleiotropy – the impact of one channel on more than one property – complicates regulation because a compensatory ion channel change that restores one property to its target value often disrupts other properties. How then does a neuron simultaneously regulate multiple properties? Here, we demonstrate that of the many channel combinations producing the target value for one property (the single-output solution set), few combinations produce the target value for other properties. Combinations producing the target value for two or more properties (the multioutput solution set) correspond to the intersection between single-output solution sets. Properties can be effectively coregulated only if the number of adjustable channels (nin) exceeds the number of regulated properties (nout). Ion channel correlations emerge during homeostatic regulation when the dimensionality of solution space (nin − nout) is low. Even if each property can be regulated to its target value when considered in isolation, regulation as a whole fails if single-output solution sets do not intersect. Our results also highlight that ion channels must be coadjusted with different ratios to regulate different properties, which suggests that each error signal drives modulatory changes independently, despite those changes ultimately affecting the same ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yang
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Husain Shakil
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Ratté
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Alec Prescott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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40
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Brondel L, Quilliot D, Mouillot T, Khan NA, Bastable P, Boggio V, Leloup C, Pénicaud L. Taste of Fat and Obesity: Different Hypotheses and Our Point of View. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030555. [PMID: 35276921 PMCID: PMC8838004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from a temporary or prolonged positive energy balance due to an alteration in the homeostatic feedback of energy balance. Food, with its discriminative and hedonic qualities, is a key element of reward-based energy intake. An alteration in the brain reward system for highly palatable energy-rich foods, comprised of fat and carbohydrates, could be one of the main factors involved in the development of obesity by increasing the attractiveness and consumption of fat-rich foods. This would induce, in turn, a decrease in the taste of fat. A better understanding of the altered reward system in obesity may open the door to a new era for the diagnosis, management and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brondel
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80681677 or +33-6-43213100
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Unité Multidisciplinaire de la Chirurgie de L’obésité, University Hospital Nancy-Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de Nutrition & Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR/UB/AgroSup 1231, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | | | | | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Institut RESTORE, Toulouse University, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301 Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France;
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41
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Sennesh E, Theriault J, Brooks D, van de Meent JW, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control. Biol Psychol 2021; 167:108242. [PMID: 34942287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The brain regulates the body by anticipating its needs and attempting to meet them before they arise - a process called allostasis. Allostasis requires a model of the changing sensory conditions within the body, a process called interoception. In this paper, we examine how interoception may provide performance feedback for allostasis. We suggest studying allostasis in terms of control theory, reviewing control theory's applications to related issues in physiology, motor control, and decision making. We synthesize these by relating them to the important properties of allostatic regulation as a control problem. We then sketch a novel formalism for how the brain might perform allostatic control of the viscera by analogy to skeletomotor control, including a mathematical view on how interoception acts as performance feedback for allostasis. Finally, we suggest ways to test implications of our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sennesh
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA , United States.
| | | | - Dana Brooks
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA , United States
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42
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Garvey WT. Is Obesity/Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease Curable: The Set Point Theory, the Environment, and Second Generation Medications. Endocr Pract 2021; 28:214-222. [PMID: 34823000 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease (ABCD) is a chronic disease and requires life-long treatment and follow-up. Obesity protects obesity through altered regulation of caloric intake and set point mechanisms that maintains a high equilibrium body weight. Lifestyle interventions and obesity medications do not permanently alter the set point which often makes weight loss achieved by lifestyle short-lived and operates to drive weight regain once medications are discontinued. Bariatric surgery procedures can alter appetite and lower the "set point" for equilibrium body weight via unknown mechanisms. However, few patients attain ideal body weight following surgery, many regain weight, and all require long-term follow-up for the disease. The excess adiposity of ABCD gives rise to complications that impair health and confer morbidity and mortality; however, the genetic risks and potential interactions between genes and environment that give rise to complications also cannot be eliminated. The equilibrium body weight around which set point mechanisms operate can be modified by environment, which underscores the importance of a less obesogenic environment for prevention and treatment of ABCD on a population basis. If ABCD will eventually be curable, this will depend on a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the set point regulation of body weight, and an ability to permanently modulate the set point to oscillate around and a lean body mass. The conceptualization of ABCD as a chronic disease, however, does present us with opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to avert disease progression. For tertiary care, the advent of new, more effective, second-generation obesity medications will allow clinicians to treat-to-target via active management of body weight into a target range that will ameliorate specific complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-3360, USA.
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43
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Brenton-Peters J, Consedine NS, Boggiss A, Wallace-Boyd K, Roy R, Serlachius A. Self-compassion in weight management: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2021; 150:110617. [PMID: 34560404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-compassion - the tendency or ability to treat oneself kindly in times of failure or distress - may be a natural fit to support individuals who struggle with weight management. However, while self-compassion shows promise with improving health behaviours, the associations self-compassion has on weight management outcomes are unclear. The objective of this systematic review was three-fold: (1) to evaluate whether self-compassion interventions can increase individual self-compassion in the context of weight management, (2) to investigate if self-compassion interventions can improve weight management outcomes, defined as healthier eating, increased physical activity, or reduced weight and finally, (3) to explore whether these benefits can be sustained over the longer term. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, Scopus, PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed and Embase databases were searched. Studies including a measure of self-compassion and a self-compassion intervention reporting weight management outcomes were included. Studies in populations living with an eating disorder were excluded. The Quality Criteria Checklist from the American Dietetic Association was used to assess study quality. Prospero Registration #CRD42019146707. RESULTS Of the 9082 records screened, a total of 20 studies met inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies reported significant increases in self-compassion post-intervention. Improvements were also found for eating behaviours (15 of 18), physical activity behaviours (6 of 9), and weight loss (6 of 11). The majority of improvements were maintained at follow-up, except for physical activity behaviours (1 of 7). CONCLUSION Self-compassion interventions tailored to weight management outcomes demonstrate efficacy with increasing self-compassion post-intervention. Methodological weaknesses and questions about the maintenance of any improvements in weight management outcomes limit our ability to make strong conclusions. However, there is promise and clear relevance for including self-compassion interventions to enhance weight management outcomes; directions for improved intervention and study design are given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anna Boggiss
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kate Wallace-Boyd
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anna Serlachius
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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44
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several studies have shown the association between increased body mass index and kidney function decline. Obesity leads to CKD directly by acting as an independent risk factor and indirectly through increasing risks for diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, a group of well-established independent risk factors for CKD. Alterations in renal hemodynamics, inflammation, and in hormones and growth factors results in hyperfiltration injury and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In recent years, many studies have shown that the gut microbiome may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Dysbiosis has been noted in obese subjects in both human and animal studies. Changes in the gut microbiome in obese patients promote weight gain by effectively extracting energy from diet, and induction of low-grade inflammation. Evidence also points to the role of inflammation within the adipose tissue in obesity as a key factor in the pathogenesis of obesity-related complications. Thus, obesity is the net result of complex interactions between behavioral, genetic, and environmental factors. In terms of management, conservative approaches are often the first option, but they often are unsuccessful in achieving and/or maintaining weight loss, particularly in severe obesity. Consequently, nonmedical management with bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment option for morbid obesity and has shown mitigation of multiple risk factors for the progression of CKD. The most frequently performed interventions are vertical sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Studies have shown that bariatric surgery is associated with beneficial effects on CKD by mitigating its risk factors by weight loss, reducing insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, and proteinuria, in addition to positive long-term outcomes. Because of the epidemic of obesity, the prevalence of obesity in kidney transplant recipients also is increasing. The maximal body mass index (BMI) threshold for kidney transplantation is not clear. The Organ Procurement Transplant Network/Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients 2019 annual data report showed that the proportion of kidney transplant recipient candidates with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater is increasing steadily. Morbid obesity is linked to adverse graft outcomes including delayed graft function, primary nonfunction, and decreased graft survival. Obesity is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular death in kidney transplant recipients, suggesting that these patients should not be excluded from transplantation based on their BMI because transplantation is associated with lower mortality compared with dialysis. However, many centers exclude obese patients (with different BMI cut-off values) from transplantation to avoid postoperative complications. To minimize the surgical complications of kidney transplantation in obese patients, our center has adopted the robot-assisted kidney transplantation procedure. Our data show that this approach is comparable with historical nonobese controls in the United Network for Organ Sharing database in terms of patient and graft survival. Another surgical option for this group of patients at our center is a combined robotic sleeve gastrectomy and robotic-assisted kidney transplant. In a recent study, this approach showed promising results in terms of weight loss, patient survival, and graft survival, and might become more common in the future.
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45
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Abstract
The observation that 64% of English adults are overweight or obese despite a rising prevalence in weight-loss attempts suggests our understanding of energy balance is fundamentally flawed. Weight-loss is induced through a negative energy balance; however, we typically view weight change as a static function, in that energy intake and energy expenditure are independent variables, resulting in a fixed rate of weight-loss assuming a constant energy deficit. Such static modelling provides the basis for the clinical assumption that a 14644 kJ (3500 kcal) deficit translates to a 1 lb weight-loss. However, this '3500 kcal (14644 kJ) rule' is consistently shown to significantly overestimate weight-loss. Static modelling disregards obligatory changes in energy expenditure associated with the loss of metabolically active tissue, i.e. skeletal muscle. Additionally, it disregards the presence of adaptive thermogenesis, the underfeeding-associated fall in resting energy expenditure beyond that caused by loss of fat-free mass. This metabolic manipulation of energy expenditure is observed from the onset of energy restriction to maintain weight at a genetically pre-determined set point. As a result, the observed magnitude of weight-loss is disproportionally less, followed by earlier weight plateau, despite strict compliance to a dietary intervention. By simulating dynamic changes in energy expenditure associated with underfeeding, mathematical modelling may provide a more accurate method of weight-loss prediction. However, accuracy at an individual level is limited due to difficulty estimating energy requirements, physical activity and dietary intake in free-living individuals. In the present paper, we aim to outline the contribution of dynamic changes in energy expenditure to weight-loss resistance and weight plateau.
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46
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Lowe MR, Benson L, Zhang F. Greater within-person weight variability during infancy predicts future increases in z-BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1684-1688. [PMID: 34553509 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that greater weight variability (WV; measured as root mean square error [RMSE]) during the first year of life predicts weight gain at year two and greater WV during the second year of life predicts greater weight gain at year three. METHODS This was a prospective study using mother and offspring data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Infant z-BMI (BMI z score) and WV scores were calculated separately during years one and two. Maternal demographic, weight, and nursing-related measures were also used in analyses. RESULTS Sample sizes in year-one and year-two analyses were 814 (448 male; 366 female) and 783 (432 male; 351 female), respectively. RMSE in year one significantly predicted z-BMI change in year two (β [SE]: 0.32 [0.12]; p = 0.01; adjusted R2 = 0.07), controlling for z-BMI change in year one and z-BMI at birth. Similar significant prediction was found using year-two RMSE for year-three z-BMI (β [SE]: 0.33 [0.14]; p = 0.02; adjusted R2 = 0.10). Maternal characteristics were not related to RMSE in year one or year two. CONCLUSIONS Previous findings that WV predicts subsequent increases in body mass in adults were, for the first time, extended to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leora Benson
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fengquig Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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47
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Donato J. Rolling out physical exercise and energy homeostasis: Focus on hypothalamic circuitries. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100944. [PMID: 34425188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is the fine regulation of energy expenditure and energy intake. Negative energy balance causes body weight loss, while positive energy balance promotes weight gain. Modern societies offer a maladapted way of life, where easy access to palatable foods and the lack of opportunities to perform physical activity are considered the roots of the obesity pandemic. Physical exercise increases energy expenditure and, consequently, is supposed to promote weight loss. Paradoxically, physical exercise acutely drives anorexigenic-like effects, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Using an evolutionary background, this review aims to highlight the potential involvement of the melanocortin system and other hypothalamic neural circuitries regulating energy balance during and after physical exercise. The physiological significance of these changes will be explored, and possible signalling agents will be addressed. The knowledge discussed here might be important for clarifying obesity aetiology as well as new therapeutic approaches for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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48
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Löffler MC, Betz MJ, Blondin DP, Augustin R, Sharma AK, Tseng YH, Scheele C, Zimdahl H, Mark M, Hennige AM, Wolfrum C, Langhans W, Hamilton BS, Neubauer H. Challenges in tackling energy expenditure as obesity therapy: From preclinical models to clinical application. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101237. [PMID: 33878401 PMCID: PMC8122111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure results in excess fat storage. The obesity often caused by this overweight is detrimental to the health of millions of people. Understanding both sides of the energy balance equation and their counter-regulatory mechanisms is critical to the development of effective therapies to treat this epidemic. SCOPE OF REVIEW Behaviors surrounding ingestion have been reviewed extensively. This review focuses more specifically on energy expenditure regarding bodyweight control, with a particular emphasis on the organs and attractive metabolic processes known to reduce bodyweight. Moreover, previous and current attempts at anti-obesity strategies focusing on energy expenditure are highlighted. Precise measurements of energy expenditure, which consist of cellular, animal, and human models, as well as measurements of their translatability, are required to provide the most effective therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A precise understanding of the components surrounding energy expenditure, including tailored approaches based on genetic, biomarker, or physical characteristics, must be integrated into future anti-obesity treatments. Further comprehensive investigations are required to define suitable treatments, especially because the complex nature of the human perspective remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona C Löffler
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Augustin
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heike Zimdahl
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Michael Mark
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anita M Hennige
- Therapeutic Area CardioMetabolism & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bradford S Hamilton
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany.
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49
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Andersson B, Tan EP, McGreal SR, Apte U, Hanover JA, Slawson C, Lagerlöf O. O-GlcNAc cycling mediates energy balance by regulating caloric memory. Appetite 2021; 165:105320. [PMID: 34029673 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caloric need has long been thought a major driver of appetite. However, it is unclear whether caloric need regulates appetite in environments offered by many societies today where there is no shortage of food. Here we observed that wildtype mice with free access to food did not match calorie intake to calorie expenditure. While the size of a meal affected subsequent intake, there was no compensation for earlier under- or over-consumption. To test how spontaneous eating is subject to caloric control, we manipulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an energy signal inside cells dependent on nutrient access and metabolic hormones. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation in mice increasing or decreasing O-GlcNAcylation regulated daily intake by controlling meal size. Meal size was affected at least in part due to faster eating speed. Without affecting meal frequency, O-GlcNAc disrupted the effect of caloric consumption on future intake. Across days, energy balance was improved upon increased O-GlcNAc levels and impaired upon removal of O-GlcNAcylation. Rather than affecting a perceived need for calories, O-GlcNAc regulates how a meal affects future intake, suggesting that O-GlcNAc mediates a caloric memory and subsequently energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Andersson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ee Phie Tan
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Steven R McGreal
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - John A Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Chad Slawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas University, 66160, KS, USA
| | - Olof Lagerlöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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50
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Iatridi V, Quadt L, Hayes JE, Garfinkel SN, Yeomans MR. Female sweet-likers have enhanced cross-modal interoceptive abilities. Appetite 2021; 165:105290. [PMID: 33965436 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are well known phenotypic differences in sweet-liking across individuals, but it remains unknown whether these are related to broader underlying differences in interoceptive abilities (abilities to sense the internal state of the body). Here, healthy women (N = 64) classified as sweet likers (SLs) or sweet dislikers (SDs) completed a bimodal interoception protocol. A heartbeat tracking and a heartbeat discrimination task determined cardiac interoception; both were accompanied by confidence ratings. A water load task, where participants consumed water to satiation and then to maximum fullness was used to assess gastric interoceptive abilities. Motivational state, psychometric characteristics and eating behaviour were also assessed. SLs performed significantly better than SDs on both heartbeat tasks, independently of impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. No differences in metacognitive awareness and subjective interoceptive measures were found. With gastric interoception, SLs were more sensitive to stomach distention, and they ingested less water than SDs to reach satiety when accounting for stomach capacity. SLs also scored higher on mindful and intuitive eating scales and on emotional eating particularly in response to negative stimuli; emotional overeating was fully mediated via interoceptive performance. Overall, our data suggest the SL phenotype may reflect enhanced responsiveness to internal cues more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Iatridi
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK.
| | - Lisa Quadt
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States; Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States.
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