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Mestrallet G, Carosella ED, Martin MT, Rouas-Freiss N, Fortunel NO, LeMaoult J. Immunosuppressive Properties of Epidermal Keratinocytes Differ According to Their Immaturity Status. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786859. [PMID: 35222373 PMCID: PMC8878806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of a functional keratinocyte stem cell pool is essential to ensure the long-term maintenance of epidermis integrity, through continuous physiological renewal and regeneration in case of injury. Protecting stem cells from inflammation and immune reactions is thus a critical issue that needs to be explored. Here, we show that the immature CD49fhigh precursor cell fraction from interfollicular epidermis keratinocytes, comprising stem cells and progenitors, is able to inhibit CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Of note, both the stem cell-enriched CD49fhigh/EGFRlow subpopulation and the less immature CD49fhigh/EGFRhigh progenitors ensure this effect. Moreover, we show that HLA-G and PD-L1 immune checkpoints are overexpressed in CD49fhigh precursors, as compared to CD49flow differentiated keratinocytes. This potency may limit immune reactions against immature precursors including stem cells, and protect them from exacerbated inflammation. Further exploring this correlation between immuno-modulation and immaturity may open perspectives in allogenic cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mestrallet
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michele T. Martin
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas O. Fortunel
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
- *Correspondence: Joel LeMaoult, ; Nicolas O. Fortunel,
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Joel LeMaoult, ; Nicolas O. Fortunel,
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2
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Abstract
A definite identification of epidermal stem cells is not known and the mechanism of epidermal differentiation is not fully understood. Toward both of these quests, considerable information is available from the research on lineage tracing and clonal growth analysis in the basal layer of the epidermis, on the hair follicle and the interfollicular epidermal stem cells, and on Wnt signaling along with its role in the developmental patterning and cell differentiation. In this paper, literature on the aforementioned research has been collated and analyzed. In addition, models of the basal layer cellular composition and the epidermal differentiation have been presented. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
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3
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Woappi Y, Altomare D, Creek KE, Pirisi L. Self-assembling 3D spheroid cultures of human neonatal keratinocytes have enhanced regenerative properties. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102048. [PMID: 33128954 PMCID: PMC7805020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relative to conventional two-dimensional (2-D) culture, three-dimensional (3-D) suspension culture of epithelial cells more closely mimics the in vivo cell microenvironment regarding cell architecture, cell to matrix interaction, and osmosis exchange. However, primary normal human keratinocytes (NHKc) rapidly undergo terminal differentiation and detachment-induced cell death (anoikis) upon disconnection from the basement membrane, thus greatly constraining their use in 3-D suspension culture models. Here, we examined the 3-D anchorage-free growth potential of NHKc isolated from neonatal skin explants of 59 different individuals. We found that 40% of all isolates naturally self-assembled into multicellular spheroids within 24 h in anchorage-free culture, while 60% did not. Placing a single spheroid back into 2-D monolayer culture yielded proliferating cells that expressed elevated levels of nuclear P63 and basal cytokeratin 14. These cells also displayed prolonged keratinocyte renewal and a gene expression profile corresponding to cellular heterogeneity, quiescence, and de-differentiation. Notably, spheroid-derived (SD) NHKc were enriched for a P63/K14 double-positive population that formed holoclonal colonies and reassembled into multicellular spheroids during 3-D suspension subculture. This study reveals marked phenotypic differences in neonatal keratinocyte suspension cultures isolated from different individuals and present a model system that can be readily employed to study epithelial cell behavior, along with a variety of dermatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Woappi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Cavallero S, Neves Granito R, Stockholm D, Azzolin P, Martin MT, Fortunel NO. Exposure of Human Skin Organoids to Low Genotoxic Stress Can Promote Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Regenerating Keratinocyte Precursor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081912. [PMID: 32824646 PMCID: PMC7466070 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For the general population, medical diagnosis is a major cause of exposure to low genotoxic stress, as various imaging techniques deliver low doses of ionizing radiation. Our study investigated the consequences of low genotoxic stress on a keratinocyte precursor fraction that includes stem and progenitor cells, which are at risk for carcinoma development. Human skin organoids were bioengineered according to a clinically-relevant model, exposed to a single 50 mGy dose of γ rays, and then xeno-transplanted in nude mice to follow full epidermis generation in an in vivo context. Twenty days post-xenografting, mature skin grafts were sampled and analyzed by semi-quantitative immuno-histochemical methods. Pre-transplantation exposure to 50 mGy of immature human skin organoids did not compromise engraftment, but half of xenografts generated from irradiated precursors exhibited areas displaying focal dysplasia, originating from the basal layer of the epidermis. Characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were documented in these dysplastic areas, including loss of basal cell polarity and cohesiveness, epithelial marker decreases, ectopic expression of the mesenchymal marker α-SMA and expression of the EMT promoter ZEB1. Taken together, these data show that a very low level of radiative stress in regenerating keratinocyte stem and precursor cells can induce a micro-environment that may constitute a favorable context for long-term carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cavallero
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Renata Neves Granito
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Daniel Stockholm
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, UMRS 951, Genethon, 91002 Evry, France;
| | - Peggy Azzolin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
| | - Michèle T. Martin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.); Fax: +33-1-60-87-34-98 (M.T.M. & N.O.F.)
| | - Nicolas O. Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000 Evry, France; (S.C.); (R.N.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM U967, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris 11, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, 78140 Paris 7, France
- Correspondence: (M.T.M.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.); Fax: +33-1-60-87-34-98 (M.T.M. & N.O.F.)
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Zhang F, Ma D, Liu T, Liu YH, Guo J, Song J, Wu Q, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Guo C, Teng C, Jin L. Expansion and Maintenance of CD133-Expressing Pancreatic Ductal Epithelial Cells by Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1236-1252. [PMID: 31311463 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoring β-cell mass by the transplantation of pancreatic islets is an effective diabetes treatment, but it is limited by the shortage of donor organs. CD133-expressing pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs) have the ability to generate insulin-producing cells. The expansion of these cells is dependent on extrinsic niche factors, but few of those signals have been identified. In this study, CD133-expressing PDECs were purified by sorting from adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice and TGFβRIInull/null mice. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence and transplantation assays, we found that the inhibition of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway promoted the expansion of CD133-expressing PDECs for many generations and maintained the ability of CD133-expressing PDECs to generate insulin-producing cells. Moreover, western blot, qRT-PCR, and dual luciferase assays using TGF-β inhibitors were performed to identify the mechanisms by which TGF-β signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation. The results showed that the inhibition of TGF-β signaling enhanced Id2 binding to the promoter region of the cell proliferation repressor p16 and promoted the expansion of CD133-expressing PDECs, and the increased Id2 binding to NeuroD1 decreased the transcription of Pax6 to maintain CD133-expressing PDECs in the Pdx1-expression stage. Taken together, the effect of TGF-β antagonists on CD133-expressing PDECs reveals a novel paradigm of signaling that explains the balance between the expansion and differentiation of pancreatic duct epithelial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshen Ma
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tingsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Iterative Three-Dimensional Epidermis Bioengineering and Xenografting to Assess Long-Term Regenerative Potential in Human Keratinocyte Precursor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31309517 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The functional definition of somatic adult stem cells is based on their regenerative capacity, which allows tissue regeneration throughout life. Thus, refining methodologies to characterize this capacity is of great importance for progress in the fundamental knowledge of specific keratinocyte subpopulations but also for preclinical and clinical research, considering the high potential of keratinocytes in cell therapy. We present here a methodology which we define as iterative xenografting, which originates in the classical model of human skin substitute xenografts onto immunodeficient recipient mice. The principle of this functional assay is first to perform primary xenografts to assess graft take and the quality of epidermal differentiation. Then, human keratinocytes are extracted from primary graft samples to perform secondary xenografts, to assess the presence and preservation of functional keratinocyte stem cells with long-term regenerative potential. In the example of experiments shown, iterative skin xenografting was used to document the high regenerative potential of epidermal holoclone keratinocytes.
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Mogha P, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Das S, Kureel S, Dwivedi A, Karulkar A, Jain N, Sawant A, Nayak C, Majumder A, Purwar R. Hydrogel scaffold with substrate elasticity mimicking physiological-niche promotes proliferation of functional keratinocytes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10174-10183. [PMID: 31304009 PMCID: PMC6592153 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00781d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High numbers of autologous human primary keratinocytes (HPKs) are required for patients with burns, wounds and for gene therapy of skin disorders. Although freshly isolated HPKs exhibit a robust regenerative capacity, traditional methodology fails to provide a sufficient number of cells. Here we demonstrated a well characterized, non-cytotoxic and inert hydrogel as a substrate that mimics skin elasticity, which can accelerate proliferation and generate higher numbers of HPKs compared to existing tissue culture plastic (TCP) dishes. More importantly, this novel method was independent of feeder layer or any exogenous pharmaceutical drug. The HPKs from the hydrogel-substrate were functional as demonstrated by wound-healing assay, and the expression of IFN-γ-responsive genes (CXCL10, HLADR). Importantly, gene delivery efficiency by a lentiviral based delivery system was significantly higher in HPKs cultured on hydrogels compared with TCP. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that cell-material mechanical interaction is enough to provide a rapid expansion of functional keratinocytes that might be used as autologous grafts for skin disorders. High numbers of autologous human primary keratinocytes (HPKs) are required for patients with burns, wounds and for gene therapy of skin disorders.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Mogha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Sushant Kumar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Sreya Das
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Sanjay Kureel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Nikita Jain
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Abhijeet Sawant
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Topiwala National Medical College & B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India
| | - Chitra Nayak
- Department of Dermatology, B. Y. L Nair Ch. Hospital & T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India
| | - Abhijit Majumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
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8
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Auvré F, Coutier J, Martin MT, Fortunel NO. Quantitative Detection of Low-Abundance Transcripts at Single-Cell Level in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Digital Droplet Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1879:31-41. [PMID: 29736807 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic characterization of the large cellular diversity observed within tissues is essential to understanding the molecular networks that ensure the regulation of homeostasis, repair, and regeneration, but also pathophysiological processes. Skin is composed of multiple cell lineages and is therefore fully concerned by this complexity. Even within one particular lineage, such as epidermal keratinocytes, different immaturity statuses or differentiation stages are represented, which are still incompletely characterized. Accordingly, there is presently great demand for methods and technologies enabling molecular investigation at single-cell level. Also, most current methods used to analyze gene expression at RNA level, such as RT-qPCR, do not directly provide quantitative data, but rather comparative ratios between two conditions. A second important need in skin biology is thus to determine the number of RNA molecules in a given cell sample. Here, we describe a workflow that we have set up to meet these specific needs, by means of transcript quantification in cellular micro-samples using flow cytometry sorting and reverse transcription-digital droplet polymerase chain reaction. As a proof-of-principle, the workflow was tested for the detection of transcription factor transcripts expressed at low levels in keratinocyte precursor cells. A linear correlation was found between quantification values and keratinocyte input numbers in a low quantity range from 40 cells to 1 cell. Interpretable signals were repeatedly obtained from single-cell samples corresponding to estimated expression levels as low as 10-20 transcript copies per keratinocyte or less. The present workflow may have broad applications for the detection and quantification of low-abundance nucleic acid species in single cells, opening up perspectives for the study of cell-to-cell genetic and molecular heterogeneity. Interestingly, the process described here does not require internal references such as house-keeping gene expression, as it is initiated with defined cell numbers, precisely sorted by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Auvré
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France
| | - Julien Coutier
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France
| | - Michèle T Martin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France.,INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France
| | - Nicolas O Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Evry, France. .,INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. .,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France. .,Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France.
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9
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Langa P, Wardowska A, Zieliński J, Podolak-Popinigis J, Sass P, Sosnowski P, Kondej K, Renkielska A, Sachadyn P, Trzonkowski P, Pikuła M. Transcriptional profile of in vitro expanded human epidermal progenitor cells for the treatment of non-healing wounds. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:272-281. [PMID: 29287803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal progenitor cells (EPCs) have been under extensive investigation due to their increasing potential of application in medicine and biotechnology. Cultured human EPCs are used in the treatment of chronic wounds and have recently became a target for gene therapy and toxicological studies. One of the challenges in EPCs culture is to provide a high number of undifferentiated, progenitor cells displaying high viability and significant biological activity. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to characterize the in vitro cultured progenitor cells and to assess whether the cells with the progenitor phenotype are able to enhance wound healing. Additionally, we aimed to establish the complete procedure of the culture, analysis and clinical application of epidermal progenitor cells. METHODS In this study we present a method of cell isolation and culture followed by a technique of transplantation of the cultured cells onto the wound bed. The applied isolation technique involves two enzymatic steps (dispase, trypsin) and it is characterized by a high yield of cells. The obtained cells were cultured in vitro up to the second passage in serum-free and xeno-free keratinocytes-dedicated medium. Key stem cell markers were determined with means of flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The in vitro expanded cells displayed high proliferative activity without features of neither apoptosis nor necrosis. The flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses showed enhanced expression of stem cell markers (i.e. proteins: ΔNp63, CD29, CD49f and BNC1, CDKN1A transcripts) in the expanded cells. In the presented compassionate use study, cultured autologous cells from an oncological patient were suspended in fibrin sealant and transplanted directly to a non-healing wound, resulting in wound closure within 2 months. CONCLUSION The cells cultured in serum-free media display epidermal stem cells features and a potential to stimulate wound healing. This promising procedure of isolation, culture and application warrants further clinical trials in the treatment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Langa
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Wardowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Sass
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sosnowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Kondej
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
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10
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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Martin MT, Vulin A, Hendry JH. Human epidermal stem cells: Role in adverse skin reactions and carcinogenesis from radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:349-368. [PMID: 27919341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In human skin, keratinopoiesis is based on a functional hierarchy among keratinocytes, with rare slow-cycling stem cells responsible for the long-term maintenance of the tissue through their self-renewal potential, and more differentiated daughter progenitor cells actively cycling to permit epidermal renewal and turn-over every month. Skin is a radio-responsive tissue, developing all types of radiation damage and pathologies, including early tissue reactions such as dysplasia and denudation in epidermis, and later fibrosis in the dermis and acanthosis in epidermis, with the TGF-beta 1 pathway as a known master switch. Also there is a risk of basal cell carcinoma, which arises from epidermal keratinocytes, notably after oncogenic events in PTCH1 or TP53 genes. This review will cover the mechanisms of adverse human skin reactions and carcinogenesis after various types of exposures to ionizing radiation, with comparison with animal data when necessary, and will discuss the possible role of stem cells and their progeny in the development of these disorders. The main endpoints presented are basal cell intrinsic radiosensitivity, genomic stability, individual factors of risk, dose specific responses, major molecular pathways involved and the cellular origin of skin reactions and cancer. Although major advances have been obtained in recent years, the precise implications of epidermal stem cells and their progeny in these processes are not yet fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle T Martin
- CEA/DRF/IRCM/LGRK, 91057 Evry, France; INSERM U967, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, Cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France.
| | - Adeline Vulin
- CEA/DRF/IRCM/LGRK, 91057 Evry, France; INSERM U967, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, Cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France
| | - Jolyon H Hendry
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, Christie Hospital and University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Movahednia MM, Kidwai FK, Zou Y, Tong HJ, Liu X, Islam I, Toh WS, Raghunath M, Cao T. Differential Effects of the Extracellular Microenvironment on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation into Keratinocytes and Their Subsequent Replicative Life Span. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1432-43. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad Karim Kidwai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Zou
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Jinn Tong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Intekhab Islam
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Raghunath
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore
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Genetic correction of stem cells in the treatment of inherited diseases and focus on xeroderma pigmentosum. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20019-36. [PMID: 24113582 PMCID: PMC3821600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic stem cells ensure tissue renewal along life and healing of injuries. Their safe isolation, genetic manipulation ex vivo and reinfusion in patients suffering from life threatening immune deficiencies (for example, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)) have demonstrated the efficacy of ex vivo gene therapy. Similarly, adult epidermal stem cells have the capacity to renew epidermis, the fully differentiated, protective envelope of our body. Stable skin replacement of severely burned patients have proven life saving. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a devastating disease due to severe defects in the repair of mutagenic DNA lesions introduced upon exposure to solar radiations. Most patients die from the consequences of budding hundreds of skin cancers in the absence of photoprotection. We have developed a safe procedure of genetic correction of epidermal stem cells isolated from XP patients. Preclinical and safety assessments indicate successful correction of XP epidermal stem cells in the long term and their capacity to regenerate a normal skin with full capacities of DNA repair.
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Solanas G, Benitah SA. Regenerating the skin: a task for the heterogeneous stem cell pool and surrounding niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:737-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chadli L, Cadio E, Vaigot P, Martin MT, Fortunel NO. Monitoring the cycling activity of cultured human keratinocytes using a CFSE-based dye tracking approach. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 989:83-97. [PMID: 23483389 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-330-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods and tools suitable for functional analysis of keratinocytes placed in an in vitro context is of great importance for characterizing properties associated with their normal state, for detecting abnormalities related to pathological states, or for studying the effects of extrinsic factors. In the present chapter, we describe the use of the intracellular fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to monitor cell division in mass cultures of normal human keratinocytes. We detail the preparation of CFSE-labeled keratinocyte samples and the identification by flow cytometry of cell subpopulations exhibiting different cycling rates in a mitogenic culture context. In addition, we show that the CFSE-based division-tracking approach enables the monitoring of keratinocyte responsiveness to growth modulators, which is here exemplified by the cell-cycling inhibition mediated by the growth factor TGF-β1. Finally, we show that keratinocyte subpopulations, separated according to their mitotic history using CFSE fluorescence tracking, can be sorted by flow cytometry and used for further functional characterization, including determination of clone-forming efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Chadli
- Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis (LGRK), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Evry, France
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Cangkrama M, Ting SB, Darido C. Stem cells behind the barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13670-86. [PMID: 23812084 PMCID: PMC3742210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells sustain the adult skin for a lifetime through self-renewal and the production of committed progenitors. These stem cells generate progeny that will undergo terminal differentiation leading to the development of a protective epidermal barrier. Whereas the molecular mechanisms that govern epidermal barrier repair and renewal have been extensively studied, pathways controlling stem cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Asymmetric cell divisions, small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs), chromatin remodeling complexes, and multiple differentiation factors tightly control the balance of stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and disruption of this balance leads to skin diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss current advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating epidermal stem and progenitor cell differentiation, and explore new relationships for maintenance of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cangkrama
- Epidermal Development Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Stephen B. Ting
- Stem Cell Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Charbel Darido
- Epidermal Development Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-3-9903-0619
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Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Balasubramanian S, Rorke EA, Vemuri MC, Boucher SE, Bickenbach JR, Kerr C. Biochemistry of epidermal stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2427-34. [PMID: 22820019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis is an important protective barrier that is essential for maintenance of life. Maintaining this barrier requires continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, these processes must be balanced to produce a normal epidermis. The stem cells of the epidermis reside in specific locations in the basal epidermis, hair follicle and sebaceous glands and these cells are responsible for replenishment of this tissue. SCOPE OF REVIEW A great deal of effort has gone into identifying protein epitopes that mark stem cells, in identifying stem cell niche locations, and in understanding how stem cell populations are related. We discuss these studies as they apply to understanding normal epidermal homeostasis and skin cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS An assortment of stem cell markers have been identified that permit assignment of stem cells to specific regions of the epidermis, and progress has been made in understanding the role of these cells in normal epidermal homeostasis and in conditions of tissue stress. A key finding is the multiple stem cell populations exist in epidermis that give rise to different structures, and that multiple stem cell types may contribute to repair in damaged epidermis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding epidermal stem cell biology is likely to lead to important therapies for treating skin diseases and cancer, and will also contribute to our understanding of stem cells in other systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA.
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Fortunel NO, Martin MT. Cellular organization of the human epidermal basal layer: clues sustaining a hierarchical model. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:677-81. [PMID: 22730916 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.706359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The basal layer of adult interfollicular epidermis is a highly dynamic cellular system, ensuring the continuous physiological renewal of this tissue, as well as regenerative processes in the context of wound healing. In human skin, despite its major importance for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and regenerative processes, the functional organization of basal keratinocytes is still debated today. Progress in this understanding is closely linked to the development of research models enabling investigations of the different coexisting basal keratinocyte subpopulations, to address their specific functional and molecular characteristics, particularly through clonal analyses. We review here different strategies that have led to significant advances in the knowledge of human basal keratinocyte properties, at both phenotypic and functional levels. CONCLUSIONS Convincing clues supporting a hierarchical organization of the keratinocyte basal layer in humans have emerged from the different functional studies. In particular, the hierarchical model constitutes a straight forward interpretation of the clearly non-equivalent potentialities observed when basal keratinocytes were studied individually in a cell culture context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O Fortunel
- Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Evry Cedex, France
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Barbet R, Peiffer I, Hutchins JRA, Hatzfeld A, Garrido E, Hatzfeld JA. Expression of the 49 human ATP binding cassette (ABC) genes in pluripotent embryonic stem cells and in early- and late-stage multipotent mesenchymal stem cells: possible role of ABC plasma membrane transporters in maintaining human stem cell pluripotency. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1611-20. [PMID: 22456339 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 49-member human ATP binding cassette (ABC) gene family encodes 44 membrane transporters for lipids, ions, peptides or xenobiotics, four translation factors without transport activity, as they lack transmembrane domains, and one pseudogene. To understand the roles of ABC genes in pluripotency and multipotency, we performed a sensitive qRT-PCR analysis of their expression in embryonic stem cells (hESCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and hESC-derived hMSCs (hES-MSCs). We confirm that hES-MSCs represent an intermediate developmental stage between hESCs and hMSCs. We observed that 44 ABCs were significantly expressed in hESCs, 37 in hES-MSCs and 35 in hMSCs. These variations are mainly due to plasma membrane transporters with low but significant gene expression: 18 are expressed in hESCs compared with 16 in hES-MSCs and 8 in hMSCs, suggesting important roles in pluripotency. Several of these ABCs shared similar substrates but differ regarding gene regulation. ABCA13 and ABCB4, similarly to ABCB1, could be new markers to select primitive hMSCs with specific plasma membrane transporter (low) phenotypes. ABC proteins performing basal intracellular functions, including translation factors and mitochondrial heme transporters, showed the highest constant gene expression among the three populations. Peptide transporters in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and lysosome were well expressed in hESCs and slightly upregulated in hMSCs, which play important roles during the development of stem cell niches in bone marrow or meningeal tissue. These results will be useful to study specific cell cycle regulation of pluripotent stem cells or ABC dysregulation in complex pathologies, such as cancers or neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barbet
- Human Stem Cell Laboratory, Institut André Lwoff (IAL), CNRS, Villejuif, France
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Abstract
This is a chronicle of concepts in the field of epidermal stem cell biology and a historic look at their development over time. The past 25 years have seen the evolution of epidermal stem cell science, from first fundamental studies to a sophisticated science. The study of epithelial stem cell biology was aided by the ability to visualize the distribution of stem cells and their progeny through lineage analysis studies. The excellent progress we have made in understanding epidermal stem cell biology is discussed in this article. The challenges we still face in understanding epidermal stem cells include defining molecular markers for stem and progenitor sub-populations, determining the locations and contributions of the different stem cell niches, and mapping regulatory pathways of epidermal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, our rapidly evolving understanding of epidermal stem cells has many potential uses that promise to translate into improved patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology and Epithelial Section, UCSF Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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Barbet R, Peiffer I, Hatzfeld A, Charbord P, Hatzfeld JA. Comparison of Gene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, hESC-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:368192. [PMID: 21941565 PMCID: PMC3166576 DOI: 10.4061/2011/368192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy to identify developmental/differentiation and
plasma membrane marker genes of the most primitive human Mesenchymal
Stem Cells (hMSCs). Using sensitive and quantitative TaqMan Low
Density Arrays (TLDA) methodology, we compared the expression of 381
genes in human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs), hESC-derived MSCs
(hES-MSCs), and hMSCs. Analysis of differentiation genes indicated
that hES-MSCs express the sarcomeric muscle lineage in addition to the
classical mesenchymal lineages, suggesting they are more primitive
than hMSCs. Transcript analysis of membrane antigens suggests that IL1R1low, BMPR1Blow, FLT4low, LRRC32low, and CD34 may be good candidates for the detection and
isolation of the most primitive hMSCs. The expression in hMSCs of
cytokine genes, such as IL6, IL8, or FLT3LG, without expression of the
corresponding receptor, suggests a role for these cytokines in the
paracrine control of stem cell niches. Our database may be shared with
other laboratories in order to explore the considerable clinical
potential of hES-MSCs, which appear to represent an intermediate
developmental stage between hESCs and hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, 7, Rue Guy Moquet, 94800 Villejuif, France
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Lemaître G, Nissan X, Baldeschi C, Peschanski M. Concise Review: Epidermal Grafting: The Case for Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:895-9. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Le Roy H, Zuliani T, Wolowczuk I, Faivre N, Jouy N, Masselot B, Kerkaert JP, Formstecher P, Polakowska R. Asymmetric distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor directs the fate of normal and cancer keratinocytes in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:209-20. [PMID: 19799519 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are unequal in a tumor mass and in established cultures. This is attributable to cancer stem cells with the unique ability to self-renew and to generate differentiating progeny. This ability is controlled at the level of asymmetric division by mechanisms that are yet not well defined. We found that normal and cancer keratinocyte fate was linked to the asymmetric distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) during mitosis. Although essential for epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, this receptor was not present on the surface of cells satisfying criteria for stem cells such as quiescence, competence to produce functionally distinct daughters, high proliferative and clonogenic potential, sphere formation ability, and expression of stem cell markers. In contrast, keratinocytes displaying EGFR acquired a more differentiated phenotype, suggesting that EGFR may be involved in a switch from stem to transient amplifying cell fate. This switch was associated with changes in the expression profile of cell cycle, survival, and mitochondria controlling proteins that varied between normal and cancer cells. In conclusion, it appears that an unequal distribution of EGFR at mitosis controls keratinocyte fate by balancing quiescence and cycling of EGFR(-) cells, clearly malfunctioning in cancer. We believe that our findings provide mechanistic insights into the development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies.
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Fortunel NO, Cadio E, Vaigot P, Chadli L, Moratille S, Bouet S, Roméo PH, Martin MT. Exploration of the functional hierarchy of the basal layer of human epidermis at the single-cell level using parallel clonal microcultures of keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:387-92. [PMID: 20201955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The basal layer of human epidermis contains both stem cells and keratinocyte progenitors. Because of this cellular heterogeneity, the development of methods suitable for investigations at a clonal level is dramatically needed. Here, we describe a new method that allows multi-parallel clonal cultures of basal keratinocytes. Immediately after extraction from tissue samples, cells are sorted by flow cytometry based on their high integrin-alpha 6 expression and plated individually in microculture wells. This automated cell deposition process enables large-scale characterization of primary clonogenic capacities. The resulting clonal growth profile provided a precise assessment of basal keratinocyte hierarchy, as the size distribution of 14-day-old clones ranged from abortive to highly proliferative clones containing 1.7 x 10(5) keratinocytes (17.4 cell doublings). Importantly, these 14-day-old primary clones could be used to generate three-dimensional reconstructed epidermis with the progeny of a single cell. In long-term cultures, a fraction of highly proliferative clones could sustain extensive expansion of >100 population doublings over 14 weeks and exhibited long-term epidermis reconstruction potency, thus fulfilling candidate stem cell functional criteria. In summary, parallel clonal microcultures provide a relevant model for single-cell studies on interfollicular keratinocytes, which could be also used in other epithelial models, including hair follicle and cornea. The data obtained using this system support the hierarchical model of basal keratinocyte organization in human interfollicular epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O Fortunel
- CEA, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Evry, France.
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Functional investigations of keratinocyte stem cells and progenitors at a single-cell level using multiparallel clonal microcultures. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 585:13-23. [PMID: 19907993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-380-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The basal layer of human interfollicular epidermis is thought to contain a minor compartment of quiescent or slowly cycling epithelial stem cells. These primitive keratinocytes give rise to the progenitors, which are the proliferating keratinocytes and which can be defined as early to late progenitors, according to their differentiation status. Because of the intrinsic heterogeneity of the basal layer, the development of new methods suitable for functional analysis of basal keratinocytes directly isolated from skin samples is greatly needed. We describe here a new method that allows a rapid and multiparallel deposition of single keratinocytes into 96-well plates, using flow cytometry. The first step of the process allows the clonal analysis of the growth potential of freshly isolated epithelial cells in primary cultures. In a second step, various techniques of functional characterization can be performed on the progeny of the cloned cell, including the generation of reconstructed epidermis, colony assays, and secondary cloning. In a third step, a long-term characterization of the progeny of the cloned keratinocytes can be performed, either by successive subclonings or mass expansion cultures.
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Aging alters functionally human dermal papillary fibroblasts but not reticular fibroblasts: a new view of skin morphogenesis and aging. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4066. [PMID: 19115004 PMCID: PMC2605251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of the dermis in skin aging is a key question, since this tissue is particularly important for skin integrity, and because its properties can affect the epidermis. Characteristics of matched pairs of dermal papillary and reticular fibroblasts (Fp and Fr) were investigated throughout aging, comparing morphology, secretion of cytokines, MMPs/TIMPs, growth potential, and interaction with epidermal keratinocytes. We observed that Fp populations were characterized by a higher proportion of small cells with low granularity and a higher growth potential than Fr populations. However, these differences became less marked with increasing age of donors. Aging was also associated with changes in the secretion activity of both Fp and Fr. Using a reconstructed skin model, we evidenced that Fp and Fr cells do not possess equivalent capacities to sustain keratinopoiesis. Comparing Fp and Fr from young donors, we noticed that dermal equivalents containing Fp were more potent to promote epidermal morphogenesis than those containing Fr. These data emphasize the complexity of dermal fibroblast biology and document the specific functional properties of Fp and Fr. Our results suggest a new model of skin aging in which marked alterations of Fp may affect the histological characteristics of skin.
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27
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Peiffer I, Barbet R, Zhou YP, Li ML, Monier MN, Hatzfeld A, Hatzfeld JA. Use of Xenofree Matrices and Molecularly-Defined Media to Control Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency: Effect of Low Physiological TGF-βConcentrations. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:519-33. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Peiffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, CNRS, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Yi-Ping Zhou
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ma-Lin Li
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Marie-Noëlle Monier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoinette Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques A. Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
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Fortunel NO, Martin MT. [Stem cells from human interfollicular epidermis: phenotypes and potentialities]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:55-65. [PMID: 18460309 DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells from different tissue origins share common characteristics, including selfrenewal capacity and tissue regeneration potential. Finding criteria to identify particular stem cell types, and understanding signaling pathways responsible for stemness, represent major research areas that will lead to a better characterization of the normal state of stem cells, thus improving our capability to use them for regenerative therapies. We will review here different approaches and experimental models liable to increase our knowledge of stem cells from human interfollicular epidermis. One of them, based on transcriptional profiling performed at the level of the global genome, consisted in searching universal molecular markers of stem cells. In other approaches, stem cells were studied at the level of specific characteristics. Understanding somatic stem cell properties such as quiescence or slow cycling state, and detoxification potential, led to the identification of phenotypes suitable for the selection of epidermal keratinocyte sub-populations with stem cell properties. The specific interests of these different research strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O Fortunel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Service Cellules Souches et Radiation, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux CP 5722, 91057 Evry Cedex, France.
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Deshayes N, Rathman-Josserand M. Origines & sélection de progéniteurs et cellules souches épidermiques : Un défi pour l'ingénierie tissulaire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 202:43-54. [DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2008006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Neill GW, Harrison WJ, Ikram MS, Williams TDL, Bianchi LS, Nadendla SK, Green JL, Ghali L, Frischauf AM, O'Toole EA, Aberger F, Philpott MP. GLI1 repression of ERK activity correlates with colony formation and impaired migration in human epidermal keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:738-46. [PMID: 18281251 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is a highly compact, non-metastatic epithelial tumour type that may arise from the aberrant propagation of epidermal or progenitor stem cell (SC) populations. Increased expression of GLI1 is a common feature of BCC and is linked to the induction of epidermal SC markers in immortalized N/Tert-1 keratinocytes. Here, we demonstrate that GLI1 over-expression is linked to additional SC characteristics in N/Tert-1 cells including reduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and compact colony formation that is associated with repressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Colony formation and repressed ERK activity remain evident when EGFR is increased exogenously to the basal levels in GLI1 cells revealing that ERK is additionally inhibited downstream of the receptor. Exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) to increase ERK activity and promote migration negates GLI1 colony formation with cells displaying an elongated, fibroblast-like morphology. However, as determined by Snail messenger RNA and E-cadherin protein expression this is not associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and GLI1 actually represses induction of the EMT marker vimentin in EGF-stimulated cells. Instead, live cell imaging revealed that the elongated morphology of EGF/GLI1 keratinocytes stems from their being 'stretched' due to migrating cells displaying inefficient cell-cell detachment and impaired tail retraction. Taken together, these data suggest that GLI1 opposes EGFR signalling to maintain the epithelial phenotype. Finally, ERK activity was predominantly negative in 13/14 BCCs (superficial/nodular), indicating that GLI1 does not routinely co-operate with ERK to induce the formation of this common skin tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Neill
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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31
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Strachan LR, Scalapino KJ, Lawrence HJ, Ghadially R. Rapid adhesion to collagen isolates murine keratinocytes with limited long-term repopulating ability in vivo despite high clonogenicity in vitro. Stem Cells 2007; 26:235-43. [PMID: 17932419 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A prevalent belief in epidermal biology is that stem cells are highly clonogenic; that is, they have the ability to produce many large colonies in vitro. However, it has been well-established in hematology, and recently suggested in epithelial biology, that short-term in vitro clonogenic assays may not be reliable predictors of long-term in vivo repopulating ability. Numerous groups have shown that rapid adhesion to collagen selects for highly clonogenic keratinocytes, but it has not been demonstrated whether this subpopulation is enriched in stem cells as defined by long-term repopulating ability in vivo. We found that although rapid adhesion to collagen (within 5 minutes) selected for cells with increased short-term colony forming ability in vitro, these cells were not enriched in long-term proliferative ability in vitro or in repopulating ability in vivo after 9 weeks. Conversely, keratinocytes that did not adhere to collagen (after 20 minutes) were less clonogenic in short-term assays but possessed equivalent long-term proliferative ability in vitro and superior long-term repopulating ability in vivo. Both the rapidly adherent cell and not rapidly adherent cell populations contained small, noncomplex basaloid cells, expressed integrin alpha2 (a collagen IV receptor), and expressed the putative epidermal stem cell phenotype integrin alpha6(hi)CD71(lo). Our results indicate that the superior short-term colony forming ability of collagen-adherent murine keratinocytes does not correlate with long-term repopulating ability in vitro or in vivo and that proliferation in vitro is not a reliable surrogate for stem cell behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Strachan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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32
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Peiffer I, Eid P, Barbet R, Li ML, Oostendorp RAJ, Haydont V, Monier MN, Milon L, Fortunel N, Charbord P, Tovey M, Hatzfeld J, Hatzfeld A. A sub-population of high proliferative potential-quiescent human mesenchymal stem cells is under the reversible control of interferon alpha/beta. Leukemia 2007; 21:714-24. [PMID: 17375123 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is shown to control the reversible quiescence of a primitive human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) subpopulation. A 24 h pre-treatment of Stro1+/GlycoA- or CD45-/GlycoA- subpopulations with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the IFNAR1 chain of the human type I IFN receptor (64G12), or with a polyclonal anti-IFNalpha antibody, resulted in a marked increase in the number of very large colonies (CFU-F >3000 cells) obtained in the presence of low, but necessary, concentrations of bFGF. Over a 2-month culture period, this short activation promoted a faster and greater amplification of mesenchymal progenitors for adipocytes and osteoblasts. Activation correlated with inhibition of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and of STAT1 nuclear translocation. A non-neutralizing anti-IFNAR1 mAb was ineffective. We demonstrate that control and activated MSCs express ST3GAL3, a sialyltransferase necessary to produce the embryonic antigens SSEA-3 and -4. Interestingly, activated MSC progeny expressed SSEA-3 and -4 at a higher level than control cultures, but this was not correlated with a significant expression of other embryonic markers. As MSCs represent an essential tool in tissue regeneration, the use of 64G12, which rapidly recruits a higher number of primitive cells, might increase amplification safety for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peiffer
- CNRS Human Stem Cell Laboratory, rue Guy Moquet, Villejuif, France.
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Montesano R, Carrozzino F, Soulié P. Low concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta-1 induce tubulogenesis in cultured mammary epithelial cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:7. [PMID: 17288590 PMCID: PMC1802066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Formation of branching tubes is a fundamental step in the development of glandular organs. To identify extracellular cues that orchestrate epithelial tubulogenesis, we employed an in vitro assay in which EpH4-J3B1A mammary epithelial cells form spheroidal cysts when grown in collagen gels under serum-free conditions, but form branching tubules in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS). Results Initial experiments showed that the tubulogenesis-inducing activity of FCS was markedly increased by heating (70°C) or transient acidification to pH3. We therefore hypothesized that the tubulogenic agent was transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a cytokine that is present in serum in latent form and can be activated by heat or acid treatment. We found indeed that the tubulogenic activity of acidified FCS is abrogated by addition of either SB-431542, a selective inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor, or a neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta-1. On the other hand, addition of low concentrations (20–100 pg/ml) of exogenous TGF-beta-1 recapitulated the effect of acidified FCS in inducing morphogenesis of hollow tubes. In contrast, higher concentrations of TGF-beta-1 induced the formation of thin cellular cords devoid of a detectable lumen. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying TGF-beta-1-induced tube formation, we assessed the potential role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). By western blot and gelatin zymography, we observed a dose-dependent increase in MMP-9 upon TGF-beta-1 treatment. Tube formation was suppressed by a synthetic broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, by recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) and by a selective inhibitor of MMP-9, indicating that this morphogenetic process requires the activity of MMP-9. Conclusion Altogether, our results provide evidence that, at low concentrations, TGF-beta-1 promotes MMP-dependent branching tubulogenesis by mammary epithelial cells in vitro, and suggest that it plays a similar role during mammary gland development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Montesano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Carrozzino
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Soulié
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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34
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So PL, Langston AW, Daniallinia N, Hebert JL, Fujimoto MA, Khaimskiy Y, Aszterbaum M, Epstein EH. Long-term establishment, characterization and manipulation of cell lines from mouse basal cell carcinoma tumors. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:742-50. [PMID: 16881970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There have been few reports of successful long-term culture of cells established from cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tumors. Here, we describe techniques that have enabled us to establish three long-term cultures of BCC cells isolated from BCC tumors that arose in irradiated Patched 1 (Ptch1)(+/-) mice. All three cell lines showed cellular morphology similar to that of BCC tumors and could be propagated for at least 20 passages. In addition, similar to BCC tumors, all cell lines had lost the wildtype Ptch1 allele, expressed BCC molecular markers, and responded similarly to cyclopamine, a small molecule inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling. Finally, we describe an efficient electroporation technique for DNA transfection into the BCC cell lines and show that they have activated Hedgehog signaling activity, albeit at a level lower than that of murine BCCs in vivo. These data indicate that the cell lines are bona fide long-term cultures of BCC cells and that DNA plasmids can be introduced into the BCC cell lines with relatively high transfection efficiency using a modified electroporation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin So
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 94110, USA
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35
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Redvers RP, Li A, Kaur P. Side population in adult murine epidermis exhibits phenotypic and functional characteristics of keratinocyte stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13168-73. [PMID: 16920793 PMCID: PMC1559771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602579103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on functional studies in the bone marrow, it has been suggested that the ability to efflux Hoechst 33342 may represent a universal stem cell trait. In this phenotypic and functional characterization of the Hoechst side population (SP) in adult murine epidermis, we demonstrate that these cells are a rare subset of the keratinocyte stem cell-enriched alpha(6)(bri)CD71(dim) fraction comprising SSC(low)/K14(+)/CD34(-)/Oil red O(-)/c-kit(-)/CD45(-) keratinocytes. Epidermal SPs have the smallest cell and nuclear size but exhibit the highest nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of any fraction examined, consistent with a primitive cell type. Although SPs demonstrated poor cumulative in vitro proliferative output, they exhibited sustained epidermal tissue-regenerative activity in vivo compared with unfractionated and non-SP cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the epidermal SP contains the most potent keratinocyte stem cell population in skin epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Redvers
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, St. Andrew’s Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Amy Li
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, St. Andrew’s Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, St. Andrew’s Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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36
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Ghadially R. In search of the elusive epidermal stem cell. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:45-62. [PMID: 16080286 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-37644-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies are beginning to reveal that our basic concepts of epidermal stem cell biology may be based on somewhat tenuous ground. For example, it is often assumed that colony-forming cells represent epidermal stem cells, although this has not proved to be the case in hematopoietic cell lineages. In addition, although most stem cells are not cycling, label-retaining cells are used as a primary measure of epidermal stem cells. Moreover, the locations of stem cell niches in epidermis are still being debated. Finally, while putative stem cell markers abound, the most effective isolation procedure for stem cells has not been determined, and the relative efficiency of various methods of stem cell isolation remains unknown. With a functional assay for epidermal stem cells (analogous to the in-vivo competitive assay used for hematopoiesis), we appear to be in a better position to more clearly define the molecular signature of the true long-term repopulating cell/stem cell of the epidermis. Nonetheless, significant progress has been made in regenerative therapy of the epidermis for ulcer and burn treatment, and for corrective gene therapy for inherited skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, VA Medical Center, 94121, USA.
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37
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Jensen KB, Watt FM. Single-cell expression profiling of human epidermal stem and transit-amplifying cells: Lrig1 is a regulator of stem cell quiescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11958-63. [PMID: 16877544 PMCID: PMC1567680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601886103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in characterizing epidermal stem cells by microarray analysis of FACS-selected populations. One limitation of this approach is that the gene expression profiles represent the average of the cell population, potentially masking cellular heterogeneity of functional significance. To overcome this problem, we have performed single-cell expression profiling. We have generated cDNA libraries from single human epidermal cells, designated as stem or transit-amplifying cells on the basis of Delta1 and melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression. Of the 14 putative stem cell markers identified, we selected one, the EGF receptor antagonist leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1), for further study. Lrig1 was expressed in groups of basal cells in human interfollicular epidermis previously identified as enriched for stem cells. Overexpression of Lrig1 decreased keratinocyte proliferation but did not affect the proportion of stem and transit-amplifying cells, as judged by clonal growth characteristics. Down-regulation of Lrig1 using siRNA increased cell-surface EGF receptor levels, enhanced activation of downstream pathways, and stimulated proliferation. Lrig1 acted in part by negatively regulating the Myc promoter. We propose that Lrig1 maintains epidermal stem cells in a quiescent nondividing state, and that Lrig1 down-regulation triggers proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B. Jensen
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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38
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Abstract
Homeostatic epidermal tissue renewal is the result of the combined activity of rare but potent stem cells, and a large pool of short-lived progenitor cells termed transit amplifying cells. Although the existence of epidermal stem cells has been known for some decades, their specific role in the processes of wound repair, skin diseases, and carcinogenesis remains unelucidated. Nevertheless, significant advances have been made in the identification and functional characterization of both murine and human epidermal stem cells, which place investigators in an exciting position to gain further insights into the fundamental processes of tissue renewal and repair in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritinder Kaur
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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Beger B, Robertson K, Evans A, Grant A, Berg J. Expression of endoglin and the activin receptor-like kinase 1 in skin suggests a role for these receptors in normal skin function and skin tumorigenesis. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:379-82. [PMID: 16433818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Natarajan E, Omobono JD, Guo Z, Hopkinson S, Lazar AJF, Brenn T, Jones JC, Rheinwald JG. A keratinocyte hypermotility/growth-arrest response involving laminin 5 and p16INK4A activated in wound healing and senescence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1821-37. [PMID: 16723698 PMCID: PMC1606631 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes become migratory to heal wounds, during early neoplastic invasion, and when undergoing telomere-unrelated senescence in culture. All three settings are associated with expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A (p16) and of the basement membrane protein laminin 5 (LN5). We have investigated cause-and-effect relationships among laminin 5, p16, hypermotility, and growth arrest. Plating primary human keratinocytes on the gamma2 precursor form of laminin 5 (LN5') immediately induced directional hypermotility at approximately 125 microm/hour, followed by p16 expression and growth arrest. Cells deficient in p16 and either p14ARF or p53 became hypermotile in response to LN5' but did not arrest growth. Plating on LN5' triggered smad nuclear translocation, and all LN5' effects were blocked by a transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor I (TGFbetaRI) kinase inhibitor. In contrast, plating cells on collagen I triggered a TGFbetaRI kinase-independent hypermotility unaccompanied by smad translocation or growth arrest. Plating on control surfaces with TGFbeta induced hypermotility after a 1-day lag time and growth arrest by a p16-independent mechanism. Keratinocytes serially cultured with TGFbetaRI kinase inhibitor exhibited an extended lifespan, and immortalization was facilitated following transduction to express the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT). These results reveal fundamental features of a keratinocyte hyper-motility/growth-arrest response that is activated in wound healing, tumor suppression, and during serial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Easwar Natarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 664, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Lemaître G, Gonnet F, Vaigot P, Gidrol X, Martin MT, Tortajada J, Waksman G. CD98, a novel marker of transient amplifying human keratinocytes. Proteomics 2006; 5:3637-45. [PMID: 16097038 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Identification of plasma membrane markers of basal keratinocytes is essential for sorting basal cells and, subsequently, adult epidermal stem cells. In this study, we isolated caveolin-1-enriched microdomains from human HaCaT keratinocytes and identified proteins representing potential cell surface markers of the epidermis by a proteomic approach. The purification of this caveolae domain allowed us to characterize 53 proteins of which 26% were transmembrane and 32% associated-membrane proteins. One of them, CD98, was found to be co-localized with beta1 integrin at the plasma membrane of the basal keratinocytes of healthy human epidermis. We then isolated CD98-positive keratinocytes from fresh skin biopsies. Using clonogenic assays, we demonstrate that CD98 may be considered as a marker of transient amplifying human keratinocytes.
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42
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Ghadially R. Epidermal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 21:335-55. [PMID: 16350449 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Ghadially
- Associate Professor of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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43
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Abstract
The identification of adult epidermal stem cells that are capable of self-renewal and can reconstitute not only the epidermis but also the cutaneous appendages opens new perspectives for the treatment of a variety of human skin disorders including severe burns, cutaneous cancers, alopecia and acne. However, the implementation and improvement of these novel treatment strategies require a better understanding of the biology of stem cells, in particular regarding their isolation and the maintenance of their unique characteristics in culture. In this review, we summarize the main features of epidermal stem cells and we present the most recent advances in our understanding of the development and maintenance of these cells. In addition, we discuss some of the challenges and the potential clinical applications of epidermal stem cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barthel
- INSERM U634 Faculté de Médecine, Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice cedex, France
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44
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Larderet G, Fortunel NO, Vaigot P, Cegalerba M, Maltère P, Zobiri O, Gidrol X, Waksman G, Martin MT. Human side population keratinocytes exhibit long-term proliferative potential and a specific gene expression profile and can form a pluristratified epidermis. Stem Cells 2005; 24:965-74. [PMID: 16282445 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize human side population (SP) epidermal keratinocytes isolated from primary cell cultures. For that purpose, keratinocytes were isolated from normal adult breast skin samples and the Hoechst 33342 exclusion assay described for hematopoietic cells was adapted to keratinocytes. Three types of keratinocytes were studied: the SP, the main population (MP), and the unsorted initial population. SP keratinocytes represented 0.16% of the total population. In short-term cultures, they exhibited an increased colony-forming efficiency and produced more actively growing colonies than did unsorted and MP keratinocytes. In long-term cultures, SP cells exhibited an extensive expansion potential, performing a mean of 44 population doublings for up to 12 successive passages after cell sorting. Moreover, even in long-term cultures, SP keratinocytes were able to form a pluristratified epidermis when seeded on a dermal substrate. Unsorted and MP keratinocytes promoted a reduced expansion: mean values of 14 population doublings for five passages and 12 population doublings for four successive passages, respectively. To further characterize SP cells, cDNA microarrays were used to identify their molecular signature. Transcriptome profiling showed that 41 genes were differentially expressed in SP (vs. MP) cells, with 37 upregulated genes and only four downregulated genes in SP cells. The majority of these genes were functionally related to the regulation of transcription and cell signaling. In conclusion, SP human keratinocytes isolated from primary cultures exhibited both short- and long-term high proliferative potential, formed a pluristratified epidermis, and were characterized by a specific gene expression profile.
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45
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Wei CL, Miura T, Robson P, Lim SK, Xu XQ, Lee MYC, Gupta S, Stanton L, Luo Y, Schmitt J, Thies S, Wang W, Khrebtukova I, Zhou D, Liu ET, Ruan YJ, Rao M, Lim B. Transcriptome profiling of human and murine ESCs identifies divergent paths required to maintain the stem cell state. Stem Cells 2005; 23:166-85. [PMID: 15671141 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an important source of stem cells in regenerative medicine, and much remains unknown about their molecular characteristics. To develop a detailed genomic profile of ESC lines in two different species, we compared transcriptomes of one murine and two different hESC lines by massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS). Over 2 million signature tags from each line and their differentiating embryoid bodies were sequenced. Major differences and conserved similarities between species identified by MPSS were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microarray. The two hESC lines were similar overall, with differences that are attributable to alleles and propagation. Human-mouse comparisons, however, identified only a small (core) set of conserved genes that included genes known to be important in ESC biology, as well as additional novel genes. Identified were major differences in leukemia inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and Wnt and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways, as well as the expression of genes encoding metabolic, cytoskeletal, and matrix proteins, many of which were verified by RT-PCR or by comparing them with published databases. The study reported here underscores the importance of cross-species comparisons and the versatility and sensitivity of MPSS as a powerful complement to current array technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Wei
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome#02-01, Singapore 138672
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