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Pol α-primase dependent nuclear localization of the mammalian CST complex. Commun Biol 2021; 4:349. [PMID: 33731801 PMCID: PMC7969954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human CST complex composed of CTC1, STN1, and TEN1 is critically involved in telomere maintenance and homeostasis. Specifically, CST terminates telomere extension by inhibiting telomerase access to the telomeric overhang and facilitates lagging strand fill in by recruiting DNA Polymerase alpha primase (Pol α-primase) to the telomeric C-strand. Here we reveal that CST has a dynamic intracellular localization that is cell cycle dependent. We report an increase in nuclear CST several hours after the initiation of DNA replication, followed by exit from the nucleus prior to mitosis. We identify amino acids of CTC1 involved in Pol α-primase binding and nuclear localization. We conclude, the CST complex does not contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and suggest that its nuclear localization is reliant on Pol α-primase. Hypomorphic mutations affecting CST nuclear import are associated with telomere syndromes and cancer, emphasizing the important role of this process in health.
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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Di Gioia S, Hossain MN, Conese M. Biological properties and therapeutic effects of plant-derived nanovesicles. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:1096-1122. [PMID: 33336066 PMCID: PMC7718644 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes-like nanoparticles can be released by a variety of plants and vegetables. The relevance of plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) in interspecies communication is derived from their content in biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and miRNAs), absence of toxicity, easy internalization by mammalian cells, as well as for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties. Due to these interesting features, we review here their potential application in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver diseases, and cancer as well as their potentiality as drug carriers. Current evidence indicate that PDNVs can improve the disease state at the level of intestine in IBD mouse models by affecting inflammation and promoting prohealing effects. While few reports suggest that anticancer effects can be derived from antiproliferative and immunomodulatory properties of PDNVs, other studies have shown that PDNVs can be used as effective delivery systems for small molecule agents and nucleic acids with therapeutic effects (siRNAs, miRNAs, and DNAs). Finally, since PDNVs are characterized by a proven stability in the gastrointestinal tract, they have been considered as promising delivery systems for natural products contained therein and drugs (including nucleic acids) via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Md Niamat Hossain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Laboratory of Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Feng Z, Zhou C, Dong S, Liu Z, Liu T, Zhou L, Zhou X. Catalpol and panax notoginseng saponins synergistically alleviate triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity through Nrf2/ARE pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Done AJ, Newell MJ, Traustadóttir T. Effect of exercise intensity on Nrf2 signalling in young men. Free Radic Res 2018; 51:646-655. [PMID: 28693341 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1353689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master regulator of antioxidant defence. Recent data indicate a single bout of moderate-intensity stationary cycling at a constant workload upregulates Nrf2 signalling in young, but not older men; however, the role of exercise intensity on Nrf2 activation has not been tested. We hypothesised that a high-intensity interval session would elicit a greater Nrf2 response than moderate aerobic exercise. METHODS Nrf2 signalling in response to two 30-min cycling protocols (high-intensity interval and constant workload) was compared in young men (25 ± 1y, n = 16). Participants completed exercise trials in random order with blood collected pre-, immediately post-, and 30-mins post exercise. Five participants completed a control trial without any physical activity. Nrf2 signalling was determined by measuring protein expression of Nrf2 in whole cell and nuclear fractions. Plasma 8-isoprostanes as well as peripheral mononuclear cell glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase activity were measured as markers of oxidative stress. RESULTS The exercise trials elicited significant increases in nuclear Nrf2 (p < .01), but increases in whole cell Nrf2 did not reach statistical significance. GR activity and plasma 8-isoprostanes increased significantly in response to exercise (p < .05), and GR response was higher in the high-intensity trial (p < .05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that acute aerobic exercise elicits activation of nuclear Nrf2, regardless of exercise intensity, but that higher-intensity exercise results in greater activity of GR. Future experiments should explore the effect of exercise mode and duration on Nrf2 signalling, and the role of intensity in compromised populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Done
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , AZ , USA
| | - Michael J Newell
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , AZ , USA
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff , AZ , USA
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Low-current & high-frequency electrical stunning increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and gene transcription of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (MAPK/Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway in breast muscle of broilers. Food Chem 2017; 242:491-496. [PMID: 29037719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism of electrical stunning (ES) methods on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection were studied by determining meat color, serum variables, antioxidant-related enzyme activities, gene expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and superoxide dismutases (SODs). Broilers were sacrificed without stunning, or after ES with 65V, 86mA, 1000Hz (E65V) or 150V, 130mA, 60Hz (E150V). Serum cortisol and uric acid, muscular malondialdehyde and mRNA levels of MAPKs, Nrf2, GSTA3, GSTT1 and SOD2 were increased, whereas, serum free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, muscular GST1d activity were decreased in E65V compared with E150V. Overall, the serum uric acid and transcription of the MAPK/Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant responsive element) signaling pathway were elevated, but didn't overcome the oxidative stress stimulated by low-current & high-frequency ES, leading to aggravated lipid peroxidation at 1d and 9d postmortem in breast muscle compared with high-current & low-frequency ES.
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Grape powder consumption affects the expression of neurodegeneration-related brain proteins in rats chronically fed a high-fructose–high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 43:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Wu W, Wang J, Xie H, Wu Z. Regeneration of glutathione by α-lipoic acid via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway alleviates cadmium-induced HepG2 cell toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:30-37. [PMID: 28262510 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is an important antioxidant that is capable of regenerating other antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH). However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which α-LA regenerates GSH remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate whether α-LA regenerates GSH by activation of Nrf2 to alleviate cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. In the present study, we found that cadmium induced cell death by depletion of GSH through inactivation of Nrf2. Addition of α-LA to cadmium-treated cells reactivated Nrf2 and regenerated GSH through elevating the Nrf2-downstream genes γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) and GR, both of which are key enzymes for GSH synthesis. However, blocking Nrf2 with brusatol in the cells co-treated with α-LA and cadmium reduced the mRNA and the protein levels of γ-GCL and GR, thus suppressed GSH regeneration by α-LA. Our results indicated that α-LA activated Nrf2 signaling pathway, which upregulated the transcription of the enzymes for GSH synthesis and therefore GSH contents to alleviate cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jiachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Asada D, Itoi T, Nakamura A, Hamaoka K. Tolerance to ischemia reperfusion injury in a congenital heart disease model. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:1266-1273. [PMID: 27097979 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open heart surgery-associated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury affects postoperative outcome, and a leading cause of this is lipid peroxidation. Congenital heart disease (CHD) patients, however, are less sensitive to I/R injury. Although little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms, CHD-associated hypoxia alters the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of membranes, which are the preferential targets for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during I/R. Here, using an animal model, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying I/R tolerance in CHD. METHODS In order to reproduce I/R injury in vitro, we used a working heart perfusion model, isolated from juvenile control and CHD model rats (CHD rats), and examined the recovery of cardiac function during a period of I/R. PUFA composition of the plasma membrane was determined on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Oxidative stress-related cellular responses were investigated on immunoblotting, using antibodies against nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf-2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and 4-hydroxy-2-hexanal (4-HHE)-modified protein. RESULTS Ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction was markedly suppressed in CHD rats, compared with the control rats. n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio was significantly increased in both the pre- and post-I/R phase in CHD rats, but not in the controls. Four-HHE-modified protein, Nrf-2, and HO-1 were significantly increased in CHD rats as well, compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Following open heart surgery in CHD patients, the increased n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio may lead to the upregulation of cellular antioxidative system components through the oxidation product, 4-HHE, resulting in an increased tolerance to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Asada
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Itoi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamaoka
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Done AJ, Gage MJ, Nieto NC, Traustadóttir T. Exercise-induced Nrf2-signaling is impaired in aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:130-8. [PMID: 27109910 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The transcription factor nuclear erythroid-2 like factor-2 (Nrf2) is the master regulator of antioxidant defense. Data from animal studies suggest exercise elicits significant increases in Nrf2 signaling, and that signaling is impaired with aging resulting in decreased induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes and greater susceptibility to oxidative damage. We have previously shown that older adults have lower resistance to an oxidative challenge as compared to young, and that this response is modified with physical fitness and phytonutrient intervention. We hypothesized that a single bout of submaximal exercise would elicit increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, and that this response to exercise would be attenuated with aging. METHODS Nrf2 signaling in response to 30-min cycling at 70% VO2max was compared in young (23±1y, n=10) and older (63±1, n=10) men. Blood was collected at six time points; pre-exercise, and 10min, 30min, 1h, 4h, and 24h post-exercise. Nrf2 signaling was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by measuring protein expression by western blot of Nrf2 in whole cell and nuclear fractions, and whole cell SOD1, and HMOX, as well as gene expression (RT-PCR) of downstream Nrf2-ARE antioxidants SOD1, HMOX, and NQO1. RESULTS Baseline differences in protein expression did not differ between groups. The exercise trial elicited significant increase in whole cell Nrf2 (P=0.003) for both young and older groups. Nuclear Nrf2 levels were increased significantly in the young but not older group (P=0.031). Exercise elicited significant increases in gene expression of HMOX1 and NQO1 in the young (P=0.006, and P=0.055, respectively) whereas gene expression in the older adults was repressed. There were no significant differences in SOD1 or HMOX1 protein expression. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a single session of submaximal aerobic exercise is sufficient to activate Nrf2 at the whole cell level in both young and older adults, but that nuclear import is impaired with aging. Additionally we have shown repressed gene expression of downstream antioxidant targets of Nrf2 in older adults. Together these translational data demonstrate for the first time the attenuation of Nrf2 activity in response to exercise in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Done
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Matthew J Gage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, United States
| | - Nathan C Nieto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States.
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Qin T, Du R, Huang F, Yin S, Yang J, Qin S, Cao W. Sinomenine activation of Nrf2 signaling prevents hyperactive inflammation and kidney injury in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:90-99. [PMID: 26795599 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine is originally derived from medicinal herb and used preferentially in treatment of rheumatoid diseases in Far East regions. SIN has strong anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties, acting mainly through inhibiting NF-kB signaling. Although the upstream target through which SIN affects NF-kB activity is unknown, evidence suggests that SIN might regulate inflammation through Nrf2 signaling. In this study we explored the role of Nrf2 in mediating SIN's anti-inflammation and kidney protection in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. We found that SIN is an activator of Nrf2 signaling. It markedly increased Nrf2 protein level, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nef2 transcription capacity, and the downstream protein expression. We further demonstrated that SIN activation of Nrf2 is likely due to its repression of the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1 since it drastically reduced Keap1 protein through the PKC-sensitive ubiquitination-proteasomal degradation. SIN treatment of nephropathy mice effectively reduced the kidney damage and inflammatory responses, balanced renal oxidative stress, and improved the pathological protein expression in an Nrf2 dependent manner. In addition, SIN also Nrf2-dependently modulated macrophage M1/M2 polarization and inhibited the IkBα phosphorylation and NF-kB nuclear translocation, hence revealing an important upstream event that contributed to its anti-inflammation and tissue protection. Taken together our study has identified a novel pathway through which SIN exerts its anti-inflammation and renal protective functions, and provided a molecular basis for SIN potential applications in the treatment of kidney and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ronghui Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Fengjie Huang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shasha Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Zhuang X, Deng ZB, Mu J, Zhang L, Yan J, Miller D, Feng W, McClain CJ, Zhang HG. Ginger-derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol-induced liver damage. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28713. [PMID: 26610593 PMCID: PMC4662062 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily exposure of humans to nanoparticles from edible plants is inevitable, but significant advances are required to determine whether edible plant nanoparticles are beneficial to our health. Additionally, strategies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying any beneficial effects. Here, as a proof of concept, we used a mouse model to show that orally given nanoparticles isolated from ginger extracts using a sucrose gradient centrifugation procedure resulted in protecting mice against alcohol-induced liver damage. The ginger-derived nanoparticle (GDN)–mediated activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) led to the expression of a group of liver detoxifying/antioxidant genes and inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species, which partially contributes to the liver protection. Using lipid knock-out and knock-in strategies, we further identified that shogaol in the GDN plays a role in the induction of Nrf2 in a TLR4/TRIF-dependent manner. Given the critical role of Nrf2 in modulating numerous cellular processes, including hepatocyte homeostasis, drug metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and cell-cycle progression of liver, this finding not only opens up a new avenue for investigating GDN as a means to protect against the development of liver-related diseases such as alcohol-induced liver damage but sheds light on studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying interspecies communication in the liver via edible plant–derived nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhuang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA;
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Mechanisms of Neuronal Protection against Excitotoxicity, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Stroke and Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:964518. [PMID: 26576229 PMCID: PMC4630664 DOI: 10.1155/2015/964518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In stroke and neurodegenerative disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, caused by increased extracellular glutamate levels, is known to result in calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial deficits may involve a deficiency in energy supply as well as generation of high levels of oxidants which are key contributors to neuronal cell death through necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms. Excessive glutamate receptor stimulation also results in increased nitric oxide generation which can be detrimental to cells as nitric oxide interacts with superoxide to form the toxic molecule peroxynitrite. High level oxidant production elicits neuronal apoptosis through the actions of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members resulting in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In addition to apoptotic responses to severe stress, accumulation of misfolded proteins and high levels of oxidants can elicit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways which may also contribute to induction of apoptosis. Two categories of therapeutics are discussed that impact major pro-death events that include induction of oxidants, calcium overload, and ER stress. The first category of therapeutic agent includes the amino acid taurine which prevents calcium overload and is also capable of preventing ER stress by inhibiting specific ER stress pathways. The second category involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) partial antagonists illustrated by S-Methyl-N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), and memantine. DETC-MeSO is protective through preventing excitotoxicity and calcium overload and by blocking specific ER stress pathways. Another NMDA receptor partial antagonist is memantine which prevents excessive glutamate excitation but also remarkably allows maintenance of physiological neurotransmission. Targeting of these major sites of neuronal damage using pharmacological agents is discussed in terms of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders.
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Cheng IC, Chen YJ, Ku CW, Huang YW, Yang CN. Structural and Dynamic Characterization of Mutated Keap1 for Varied Affinity toward Nrf2: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2178-86. [PMID: 26348991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Keap1 is an adaptor protein that regulates Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress. Under basal conditions, Nrf2 is negatively regulated through ubiquitination by Keap1. However, upon exposure to oxidative stress, the ubiquitination of Nrf2 is inhibited, resulting in an increased steady-state level of Nrf2 in the nucleus and increased transcription of cytoprotective genes. A gene variant G364C and somatic mutation G430C on Keap1 have recently been reported to substantially impair the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction and to be associated with lung cancer. By contrast, alanine scanning experiments have shown that the mutations S363A, S508A, S555A, and S602A do not affect the ability of Keap1 to bind to Nrf2, regardless of the fact that G364 and G430 are not in contact with Nrf2 whereas the four serine residues are involved in the accommodation of Nrf2 with their hydroxy groups. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the structural and dynamic variances among wild-type (WT) Keap1 and the six mutants in unbound form. Principal component analysis of the collected MD trajectories was performed to provide dynamic diversity. Our dynamic and structural observations suggest that the G364C and G430C mutants possess a mobile D385 that moves toward R380, an anchor residue to accommodate an acidic residue in Nrf2, thereby hampering the Keap1-Nrf2 recognition of an electrostatic nature. By contrast, none of the four serine-to-alanine mutants alters the H-bond network formed by the serine backbone to its partner; accordingly, these mutants are almost as intact as the WT structurally and dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Cheng
- Rehabilitation Division, Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jyun Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Ku
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Carmona-Aparicio L, Pérez-Cruz C, Zavala-Tecuapetla C, Granados-Rojas L, Rivera-Espinosa L, Montesinos-Correa H, Hernández-Damián J, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Sampieri AIII, Coballase-Urrutia E, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N. Overview of Nrf2 as Therapeutic Target in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18348-67. [PMID: 26262608 PMCID: PMC4581249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a biochemical state of imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidant defenses. It is involved in the physiopathology of degenerative and chronic neuronal disorders, such as epilepsy. Experimental evidence in humans and animals support the involvement of oxidative stress before and after seizures. In the past few years, research has increasingly focused on the molecular pathways of this process, such as that involving transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays a central role in the regulation of antioxidant response elements (ARE) and modulates cellular redox status. The aim of this review is to present experimental evidence on the role of Nrf2 in this neurological disorder and to further determine the therapeutic impact of Nrf2 in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry (Neurosciences), National Institute of Pediatrics, D.F. 04530, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Claudia Pérez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration, Cinvestav, D.F. 07360, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Cecilia Zavala-Tecuapetla
- Laboratory of Physiology of the Reticular Formation, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery-MVS, D.F. 14269, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Leticia Granados-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry (Neurosciences), National Institute of Pediatrics, D.F. 04530, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, D.F. 04150, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.H.-D.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, D.F. 04150, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.H.-D.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Aristides III Sampieri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, D.F. 04150, Mexico; E-Mails: (J.H.-D.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Elvia Coballase-Urrutia
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry (Neurosciences), National Institute of Pediatrics, D.F. 04530, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry (Neurosciences), National Institute of Pediatrics, D.F. 04530, Mexico; E-Mail:
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16
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Zhang Q, Yu S, Huang X, Tan Y, Zhu C, Wang YL, Wang H, Lin HY, Fu J, Wang H. New insights into the function of Cullin 3 in trophoblast invasion and migration. Reproduction 2015; 150:139-49. [PMID: 26021998 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cullin 3 (CUL3), a scaffold protein, assembles a large number of ubiquitin ligase complexes, similar to Skp1-Cullin 1-F-box protein complex. Several genetic models have shown that CUL3 is crucial for early embryonic development. Nevertheless, the role of CUL3 in human trophoblast function remains unclear. In this study, immunostaining revealed that CUL3 was strongly expressed in the villous cytotrophoblasts, the trophoblast column, and the invasive extravillous trophoblasts. Silencing CUL3 significantly inhibited the outgrowth of villous explant ex vivo and decreased invasion and migration of trophoblast HTR8/SVneo cells. Furthermore, CUL3 siRNA decreased pro-MMP9 activity and increased the levels of TIMP1 and 2. We also found that the level of CUL3 in the placental villi from pre-eclamptic patients was significantly lower as compared to that from their gestational age-matched controls. Moreover, in the lentiviral-mediated placenta-specific CUL3 knockdown mice, lack of CUL3 resulted in less invasive trophoblast cells in the maternal decidua. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role for CUL3 in the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells, and dysregulation of its expression may be associated with the onset of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiejun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of ObstetricsBeijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of ChinaLaboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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17
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Huo L, Li CW, Huang TH, Lam YC, Xia W, Tu C, Chang WC, Hsu JL, Lee DF, Nie L, Yamaguchi H, Wang Y, Lang J, Li LY, Chen CH, Mishra L, Hung MC. Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway by nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer cells. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:649-663. [PMID: 25628777 PMCID: PMC4297334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of EGFR has been shown to be important for tumor cell growth, survival, and therapeutic resistance. Previously, we detected the association of EGFR with Keap1 in the nucleus. Keap1 is a Kelch-like ECH-associated protein, which plays an important role in cellular response to chemical and oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2 protein stability and nuclear translocation. In this study, we investigate the role of EGFR in regulating Keap1/Nrf2 cascade in the nucleus and provide evidence to show that nuclear EGFR interacts with and phosphorylates nuclear Keap1 to reduce its nuclear protein level. The reduction of nuclear Keap1 consequently stabilizes nuclear Nrf2 and increases its transcriptional activity in cancer cells, which contributes to tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Huo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yung Carmen Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chun Tu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jingyu Lang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Long-Yuan Li
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia SinicaNankang, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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18
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The amazing ubiquitin-proteasome system: structural components and implication in aging. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:171-237. [PMID: 25619718 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteome quality control (PQC) is critical for the maintenance of cellular functionality and it is assured by the curating activity of the proteostasis network (PN). PN is constituted of several complex protein machines that under conditions of proteome instability aim to, firstly identify, and then, either rescue or degrade nonnative polypeptides. Central to the PN functionality is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) which is composed from the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and the proteasome; the latter is a sophisticated multi-subunit molecular machine that functions in a bimodal way as it degrades both short-lived ubiquitinated normal proteins and nonfunctional polypeptides. UPS is also involved in PQC of the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria and it also interacts with the other main cellular degradation axis, namely the autophagy-lysosome system. UPS functionality is optimum in the young organism but it is gradually compromised during aging resulting in increasing proteotoxic stress; these effects correlate not only with aging but also with most age-related diseases. Herein, we present a synopsis of the UPS components and of their functional alterations during cellular senescence or in vivo aging. We propose that mild UPS activation in the young organism will, likely, promote antiaging effects and/or suppress age-related diseases.
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19
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Thompson JW, Narayanan SV, Koronowski KB, Morris-Blanco K, Dave KR, Perez-Pinzon MA. Signaling pathways leading to ischemic mitochondrial neuroprotection. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:101-10. [PMID: 25262285 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that ischemic/reperfusion mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to ischemic damage. However data also indicates that mild ischemic stress induces mitochondrial dependent activation of ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism which is activated upon a brief sub-injurious ischemic exposure and is sufficient to provide protection against a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Current research demonstrates that mitochondria are not only the inducers of but are also an important target of ischemic preconditioning mediated protection. Numerous proteins and signaling pathways are activated by ischemic preconditioning which protect the mitochondria against ischemic damage. In this review we examine some of the proteins activated by ischemic precondition which counteracts the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion thereby maintaining normal mitochondrial activity and lead to ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Thompson
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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20
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Insights in cullin 3/WNK4 and its relationship to blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Marinho HS, Real C, Cyrne L, Soares H, Antunes F. Hydrogen peroxide sensing, signaling and regulation of transcription factors. Redox Biol 2014; 2:535-62. [PMID: 24634836 PMCID: PMC3953959 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms by which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) modulates the activity of transcription factors in bacteria (OxyR and PerR), lower eukaryotes (Yap1, Maf1, Hsf1 and Msn2/4) and mammalian cells (AP-1, NRF2, CREB, HSF1, HIF-1, TP53, NF-κB, NOTCH, SP1 and SCREB-1) are reviewed. The complexity of regulatory networks increases throughout the phylogenetic tree, reaching a high level of complexity in mammalians. Multiple H2O2 sensors and pathways are triggered converging in the regulation of transcription factors at several levels: (1) synthesis of the transcription factor by upregulating transcription or increasing both mRNA stability and translation; (ii) stability of the transcription factor by decreasing its association with the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex or by inhibiting this complex; (iii) cytoplasm–nuclear traffic by exposing/masking nuclear localization signals, or by releasing the transcription factor from partners or from membrane anchors; and (iv) DNA binding and nuclear transactivation by modulating transcription factor affinity towards DNA, co-activators or repressors, and by targeting specific regions of chromatin to activate individual genes. We also discuss how H2O2 biological specificity results from diverse thiol protein sensors, with different reactivity of their sulfhydryl groups towards H2O2, being activated by different concentrations and times of exposure to H2O2. The specific regulation of local H2O2 concentrations is also crucial and results from H2O2 localized production and removal controlled by signals. Finally, we formulate equations to extract from typical experiments quantitative data concerning H2O2 reactivity with sensor molecules. Rate constants of 140 M−1 s−1 and ≥1.3 × 103 M−1 s−1 were estimated, respectively, for the reaction of H2O2 with KEAP1 and with an unknown target that mediates NRF2 protein synthesis. In conclusion, the multitude of H2O2 targets and mechanisms provides an opportunity for highly specific effects on gene regulation that depend on the cell type and on signals received from the cellular microenvironment. Complexity of redox regulation increases along the phylogenetic tree. Complex regulatory networks allow for a high degree of H2O2 biological plasticity. H2O2 modulates gene expression at all steps from transcription to protein synthesis. Fast response (s) is mediated by sensors with high H2O2 reactivity. Low reactivity H2O2 sensors may mediate slow (h) or localized H2O2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Susana Marinho
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Real
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cyrne
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, IPL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Gao B, Doan A, Hybertson BM. The clinical potential of influencing Nrf2 signaling in degenerative and immunological disorders. Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:19-34. [PMID: 24520207 PMCID: PMC3917919 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s35078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2; encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is a transcription factor that regulates the gene expression of a wide variety of cytoprotective phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes through a promoter sequence known as the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). The ARE is a promoter element found in many cytoprotective genes; therefore, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the ARE-driven cellular defense system against environmental stresses. Agents that target the ARE/Nrf2 pathway have been tested in a wide variety of disorders, with at least one new Nrf2-activating drug now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Examination of in vitro and in vivo experimental results, and taking into account recent human clinical trial results, has led to an opinion that Nrf2-activating strategies – which can include drugs, foods, dietary supplements, and exercise – are likely best targeted at disease prevention, disease recurrence prevention, or slowing of disease progression in early stage illnesses; they may also be useful as an interventional strategy. However, this rubric may be viewed even more conservatively in the pathophysiology of cancer. The activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been widely accepted as offering chemoprevention benefit, but it may be unhelpful or even harmful in the setting of established cancers. For example, Nrf2 activation might interfere with chemotherapies or radiotherapies or otherwise give tumor cells additional growth and survival advantages, unless they already possess mutations that fully activate their Nrf2 pathway constitutively. With all this in mind, the ARE/Nrf2 pathway remains of great interest as a possible target for the pharmacological control of degenerative and immunological diseases, both by activation and by inhibition, and its regulation remains a promising biological target for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - An Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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23
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Na HK, Surh YJ. Oncogenic potential of Nrf2 and its principal target protein heme oxygenase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:353-65. [PMID: 24200599 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an essential component of cellular defense against a vast variety of endogenous and exogenous insults, including oxidative stress. Nrf2 acts as a master switch in the circuits upregulating the expression of various stress-response proteins, especially heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Paradoxically, however, recent studies have demonstrated oncogenic functions of Nrf2 and its major target protein HO-1. Levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 are elevated in many different types of human malignancies, which may facilitate the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment making it advantageous for the autonomic growth of cancer cells, metastasis, angiogenesis, and tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation and photodynamic therapy. In this context, the cellular stress response or cytoprotective signaling mediated via the Nrf2-HO-1 axis is hijacked by cancer cells for their growth advantage and survival of anticancer treatment. Therefore, Nrf2 and HO-1 may represent potential therapeutic targets in the management of cancer. This review highlights the roles of Nrf2 and HO-1 in proliferation of cancer cells, their tolerance/resistance to anticancer treatments, and metastasis or angiogenesis in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 142-732, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
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24
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Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Gostner J, Zaknun C, Schennach H, Uberall F, Fuchs D. Comparison of in vitro tests for antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacities of compounds. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:164-171. [PMID: 24041614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be critically involved in the normal aging process but also in the development and progression of various human pathologies like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as of infections and malignant tumors. These pathological conditions involve an overwhelming production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are released as part of an anti-proliferative strategy during pro-inflammatory immune responses. Moreover, ROS themselves are autocrine forward regulators of the immune response. Most of the beneficial effects of antioxidants are considered to derive from their influence on the immune system. Due to their antioxidant and/or radical scavenging nature, phytochemicals, botanicals and herbal preparations can be of great importance to prevent oxidation processes and to counteract the activation of redox-regulated signaling pathways. Antioxidants can antagonize the activation of T-cells and macrophages during the immune response and this anti-inflammatory activity could be of utmost importance for the treatment of above-mentioned disorders and for the development of immunotolerance. Herein, we provide an overview of in vitro assays for the measurement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant-derived substances and extracts, by discussing possibilities and limitations of these methods. To determine the capacity of antioxidants, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and the cell-based antioxidant activity (CAA) assay are widely applied. To examine the influence of compounds on the human immune response more closely, the model of mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells can be applied, and the production of the inflammatory marker neopterin as well as the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan in culture supernatants can be used as readout to indicate an immunomodulatory potential of the tested compound. These two biomarkers of immune system activation are robust and correlate with the course of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and malignant tumor diseases, but also with the normal aging process, and they are strongly predictive. Thus, while the simpler ORAC and CAA assays provide insight into one peculiar chemical aspect, namely the neutralization of peroxyl radicals, the more complex PBMC assay is closer to the in vivo conditions as the assay comprehensively enlights several properties of immunomodulatory test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cathrine Zaknun
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Uberall
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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25
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Abstract
Nrf2:INrf2 (Keap1) are cellular sensors of oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2 is a nuclear factor that controls the expression and coordinated induction of a battery of genes that encode detoxifying enzymes, drug transporters, antiapoptotic proteins, and proteasomes. In the basal state, Nrf2 is constantly degraded in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. INrf2 functions as an adapter for Cul3/Rbx1 E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation of Nrf2. Chemicals, including antioxidants, tocopherols including α-tocopherol (vitamin E), and phytochemicals, and radiation antagonize the Nrf2:INrf2 interaction and lead to the stabilization and activation of Nrf2. The signaling events involve preinduction, induction, and postinduction responses that tightly control Nrf2 activation and repression back to the basal state. Oxidative/electrophilic signals activate unknown tyrosine kinases in a preinduction response that phosphorylates specific residues on Nrf2 negative regulators, INrf2, Fyn, and Bach1, leading to their nuclear export, ubiquitination, and degradation. This prepares nuclei for unhindered import of Nrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic modification of INrf2 cysteine 151 followed by PKC phosphorylation of Nrf2 serine 40 in the induction response results in the escape or release of Nrf2 from INrf2. Nrf2 is thus stabilized and translocates to the nucleus, resulting in a coordinated activation of gene expression. This is followed by a postinduction response that controls the "switching off" of Nrf2-activated gene expression. GSK3β, under the control of AKT and PI3K, phosphorylates Fyn, leading to Fyn nuclear localization. Fyn phosphorylates Nrf2 Y568, resulting in nuclear export and degradation of Nrf2. The activation and repression of Nrf2 provide protection against oxidative/electrophilic stress and associated diseases, including cancer. However, deregulation of INrf2 and Nrf2 due to mutations may lead to nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 that reduces apoptosis and promotes oncogenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant K Niture
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Raju Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anil K Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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26
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Gañán-Gómez I, Wei Y, Yang H, Boyano-Adánez MC, García-Manero G. Oncogenic functions of the transcription factor Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:750-764. [PMID: 23820265 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that controls the expression of a large pool of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes regulating the cellular response to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2 is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and, upon stimulation by an oxidative or electrophilic insult, is rapidly activated by protein stabilization. Owing to its cytoprotective functions, Nrf2 has been traditionally studied in the field of chemoprevention; however, there is accumulated evidence that Keap1/Nrf2 mutations or unbalanced regulation that leads to overexpression or hyperactivation of Nrf2 may participate in tumorigenesis and be involved in chemoresistance of a wide number of solid cancers and leukemias. In addition to protecting cells from reactive oxygen species, Nrf2 seems to play a direct role in cell growth control and is related to apoptosis-regulating pathways. Moreover, Nrf2 activity is connected with oncogenic kinase pathways, structural proteins, hormonal regulation, other transcription factors, and epigenetic enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of various types of tumors. The aim of this review is to compile and summarize existing knowledge of the oncogenic functions of Nrf2 to provide a solid basis for its potential use as a molecular marker and pharmacological target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gañán-Gómez
- Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - María Carmen Boyano-Adánez
- Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a broad spectrum of liver manifestations. However, the most common manifestation is hepatocyte death following drug intake. DILI can be predictable and dose dependent with a notable example of acetaminophen toxicity. Idiosyncratic DILI occurs in an unpredictable fashion at low frequencies, implying that environmental and genetic factors alter the susceptibility of individuals to the insult (drugs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 323 442 5576; fax: +1 323 442 3243.
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28
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Thompson JW, Narayanan SV, Perez-Pinzon MA. Redox signaling pathways involved in neuronal ischemic preconditioning. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:354-69. [PMID: 23730259 PMCID: PMC3520045 DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that the restoration of blood flow following cerebral ischemia contributes greatly to the pathophysiology of ischemia mediated brain injury. The initiating stimulus of reperfusion injury is believed to be the excessive production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species by the mitochondria. ROS and RNS generation leads to mitochondrial protein, lipid and DNA oxidation which impedes normal mitochondrial physiology and initiates cellular death pathways. However not all ROS and RNS production is detrimental. It has been demonstrated that low levels of ROS production are protective and may serve as a trigger for activation of ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning is a neuroprotective mechanism which is activated upon a brief sublethal ischemic exposure and is sufficient to provide protection against a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Numerous proteins and signaling pathways have been implicated in the ischemic preconditioning neuroprotective response. In this review we examine the origin and mechanisms of ROS and RNS production following ischemic/reperfusion and the role of free radicals in modulating proteins associated with ischemic preconditioning neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Thompson
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fl 33136
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29
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Orimoto A, Suzuki T, Ueno A, Kawai T, Nakamura H, Kanamori T. Effect of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on antioxidant responsive element-mediated transcription: a possible indication of its cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58907. [PMID: 23516576 PMCID: PMC3597541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resin monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is known to be more cytotoxic than methyl methacrylate (MMA). Using a luciferase reporter assay system, we previously showed that MMA activates the glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 gene (Gsta1) promoter through the anti-oxidant responsive element (ARE). However, it is not known whether HEMA induces ARE-mediated transcription. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We further developed the reporter system and studied the concentration-dependent effect of HEMA on ARE enhancer activity. The revised system employed HepG2 cells stably transfected with a destabilized luciferase reporter vector carrying 2 copies of the 41-bp ARE region of Gsta1. In this system, MMA increased ARE activity by 244-fold at 30 mM; HEMA augmented ARE activity at 3 mM more intensely than MMA (36-fold versus 11-fold) and was equipotent as MMA at 10 mM (56-fold activation); however, HEMA failed to increase ARE activity at 30 mM. In HepG2 cells, HEMA detectably lowered the cellular glutathione levels at 10 mM and cell viability at 30 mM, but MMA did not. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the low-concentration effect of HEMA on ARE activity reflects its cytotoxicity. Our reporter system used to examine ARE activity may be useful for evaluating cytotoxicities of resin monomers at concentrations lower than those for which cell viabilities are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Orimoto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ueno
- Department of Gerodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kawai
- Department of Dental Material Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Kanamori
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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Shelton P, Jaiswal AK. The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2): a protooncogene? FASEB J 2013; 27:414-23. [PMID: 23109674 PMCID: PMC3545532 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is responsible for regulating a battery of antioxidant and cellular protective genes, primarily in response to oxidative stress. A member of the cap 'n' collar family of transcription factors, Nrf2 activation is tightly controlled by a series of signaling events. These events can be separated into the basal state, a preinduction response, gene induction, and finally a postinduction response, culminating in the restoration of redox homeostasis. However, despite the immensely intricate level of control the cellular environment imposes on Nrf2 activity, there are many opportunities for perturbations to arise in the signaling events that favor carcinogenesis and, therefore, implicate Nrf2 as both a tumor suppressor and a protooncogene. Herein, we highlight the ways in which Nrf2 is regulated, and discuss some of the Nrf2-inducible antioxidant (NQO1, NQO2, HO-1, GCLC), antiapoptotic (Bcl-2), metabolic (G6PD, TKT, PPARγ), and drug efflux transporter (ABCG2, MRP3, MRP4) genes. In addition, we focus on how Nrf2 functions as a tumor suppressor under normal conditions and how its ability to detoxify the cellular environment makes it an attractive target for other oncogenes either via stabilization or degradation of the transcription factor. Finally, we discuss some of the ways in which Nrf2 is being considered as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anil K. Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Zenkov NK, Menshchikova EB, Tkachev VO. Keap1/Nrf2/ARE redox-sensitive signaling system as a pharmacological target. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:19-36. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Jazirehi AR, Arle D, Wenn PB. UHRF1: a master regulator in prostate cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 4:251-2. [PMID: 22690660 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Jazirehi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, & Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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33
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Jennings P, Limonciel A, Felice L, Leonard MO. An overview of transcriptional regulation in response to toxicological insult. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:49-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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