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Tiddy IC, Neill CM, Rosén A, Hasegawa Y, Domenici P, Johansen JL, Steffensen JF. Effects of social environment and energy efficiency on preferred swim speed in a marine generalist fish, pile perch (Phanerodon vacca). J Exp Biol 2025; 228:JEB249546. [PMID: 40067260 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.249546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Energy efficiency is a key component of movement strategy for many species. In fish, optimal swimming speed (Uopt) is the speed at which the mass-specific energetic cost to move a given distance is minimised. However, additional factors may influence an individual's preferred swimming speed (Upref). Activities requiring consistent sensory inputs, such as food finding, may require slower swimming speeds than Uopt. Further, although the majority of fish display some form of social behaviour, the influence of social interactions on Upref remains unclear. It is unlikely that all fish within a group will have the same Upref, and fish may therefore compromise individual Upref to swim with a conspecific. This study measured the Uopt, Upref and Upref in the presence of a conspecific (Upair) of pile perch, Phanerodon vacca, a non-migratory coastal marine generalist. Uopt was significantly higher than, and was not correlated with, Upref. Fish therefore chose to swim at speeds below their energetic optimum, possibly because slower swimming allows for greater awareness of surroundings. Mean Upair was significantly lower than the Upref of the faster fish in each pair but did not differ significantly from the Upref of the slower fish. Therefore, faster fish appear to slow their speed to remain with a slower conspecific. Our study suggests that environmental factors, including social surroundings, may be more important than energetic efficiency for determining swim speed in P. vacca. Further studies of fish species from various habitats will be necessary to elucidate the environmental and energetic factors underpinning Upref.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy C Tiddy
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - C Melman Neill
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Alexander Rosén
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuha Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Paolo Domenici
- Istituto di Biofisica, Italian National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Manoa, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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McMahon SJ, Munday PL, Donelson JM. The effects of marine heatwaves on a coral reef snapper: insights into aerobic and anaerobic physiology and recovery. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae060. [PMID: 39906146 PMCID: PMC11793158 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing in frequency and intensity. Coral reefs are particularly susceptible to MHWs, which cause mass coral bleaching and mortality. However, little is known about how MHWs affect coral reef fishes. Here, we investigated how MHWs affect the physiology of a coral reef mesopredator, Lutjanus carponotatus. Specifically, we exposed mature adults to two different MHW intensities, +1°C (29.5°C) and + 2°C (30.5°C) and measured physiological performance at 2 and 4 weeks of exposure and at 2 weeks post-exposure. At these time points, we measured oxygen consumption at rest and after a simulated fishing capture event, recovery time, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and associated biochemical markers in the blood (baseline lactate, post-capture lactate, glucose, haemoglobin levels and haematocrit proportion). We found that 2 weeks of exposure to MHW conditions increased resting oxygen consumption (+1°C = 23%, +2°C = 37%), recovery time (+1°C = 62%, +2°C = 77%), EPOC (+1°C = 50%, +2°C = 68%), baseline lactate (+1°C = 27%, +2°C = 28%), post-capture lactate (+1°C = 62%, +2°C = 109%) and haemoglobin levels (+1°C = 13%, +2°C = 28%). This pattern was maintained at 4 weeks of exposure except for post-capture lactate which was reduced (+1°C = -37%, +2°C = 27%). In combination, these results suggest a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis to maintain homeostasis in MHW conditions. At 2 weeks post-exposure, when compared to control fish, we found that capture oxygen consumption was increased (+1°C = 25%, +2°C = 26%), recovery rate was increased (+2°C = 38%) and haemoglobin was still higher (+1°C = 15%, +2°C = 21%). These results show that MHW conditions have direct physiological demands on adult coral reef snapper and ecologically relevant residual effects can last for at least 2 weeks post-MHW; however, individuals appear to recover from the negative effects experienced during the MHW. This provides new insight into the effects of MHWs on the physiological performance of coral reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J McMahon
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook
University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 4814
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and
Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0412
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook
University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 4814
| | - Jennifer M Donelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook
University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 4814
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Bamford SM, Seebacher F. A fast fish swimming protocol that provides similar insights to critical swimming speed. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060543. [PMID: 39077796 PMCID: PMC11340812 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Performance measures are an important tool to assess the impact of environmental change on animals. In fish, performance is often measured as critical swimming speed (Ucrit), which reflects individual maximal physiological capacities. A drawback of Ucrit is that trials are relatively long (∼30-75 min). Ucrit may therefore not be suitable for several repeated measurements because of the potential for training effects, long recovery periods, and low throughput. Here we test a shorter (∼4-5 min) protocol, "Ucrit fast" (UCfast) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We show that UCfast and Ucrit have similar, significant repeatabilities within individuals. Unlike Ucrit, repeated UCfast trials did not elicit a training effect. Both UCfast and Ucrit provide the same insights into thermal acclimation, and both provide similar estimates of individual acclimation capacity in doubly acclimated fish. We propose that UCfast is a valid substitute for Ucrit particularly when higher throughput and several repeated measures are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Bamford
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Finotto L, Walker TI, Reina RD. The effect of fishing-capture stress on the oxygen uptake rate and swimming activity of the holocephalan Callorhinchus milii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:203-214. [PMID: 38158379 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Overfishing, capture mortality, and consequences following the release of surviving animals represent severe threats to chondrichthyans. Although holocephalans are common bycaught and discarded species, other than postrelease mortality, little is known of fishing capture stress impacts. The stress response elicited after capture, essential to increase survival chances, is energetically demanding and affects the amount of energy available for other biological activities, with potential long-term impairments. We measured the effect of 30-min simulated gillnet capture on oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2 ), a proxy for metabolic rate and energy use, on recovery pattern, and on swimming activity of elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii). Immediately after simulated capture, Active and Inactive ṀO2 , measured during swimming and resting periods, respectively, were 27.5% and 43.1% lower than precapture values. This metabolic decline is likely an adaptation for reducing the energy allocated to non-essential activities, thus preserving it to sustain the stress response and processes essential for immediate survival. Supporting this, after gillnet capture, animals decreased their swimming time by 26.6%, probably due to a reduction in the energy allocated to movement. After 7 days, swimming activity and both Inactive ṀO2 and Active ṀO2 returned to precapture values. Although metabolic decline may enhance survival chances, the associated decreased swimming activity might increase predation risk and slow the physiological recovery after a fishing event. Moreover, some of the activities involved in Inactive ṀO2 are fundamental for life maintenance and therefore its depression after a capture event might have long-term repercussions for life sustenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Finotto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Zhang Y, Lauder GV. Energy conservation by collective movement in schooling fish. eLife 2024; 12:RP90352. [PMID: 38375853 PMCID: PMC10942612 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many animals moving through fluids exhibit highly coordinated group movement that is thought to reduce the cost of locomotion. However, direct energetic measurements demonstrating the energy-saving benefits of fluid-mediated collective movements remain elusive. By characterizing both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic energy contributions in schools of giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus), we discovered that fish schools have a concave upward shaped metabolism-speed curve, with a minimum metabolic cost at ~1 body length s-1. We demonstrate that fish schools reduce total energy expenditure (TEE) per tail beat by up to 56% compared to solitary fish. When reaching their maximum sustained swimming speed, fish swimming in schools had a 44% higher maximum aerobic performance and used 65% less non-aerobic energy compared to solitary individuals, which lowered the TEE and total cost of transport by up to 53%, near the lowest recorded for any aquatic organism. Fish in schools also recovered from exercise 43% faster than solitary fish. The non-aerobic energetic savings that occur when fish in schools actively swim at high speed can considerably improve both peak and repeated performance which is likely to be beneficial for evading predators. These energetic savings may underlie the prevalence of coordinated group locomotion in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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6
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Rowsey LE, Reeve C, Savoy T, Speers-Roesch B. Thermal constraints on exercise and metabolic performance do not explain the use of dormancy as an overwintering strategy in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246741. [PMID: 38044850 PMCID: PMC10906487 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Winter cold slows ectotherm physiology, potentially constraining activities and ecological opportunities at poleward latitudes. Yet, many fishes are winter-active, facilitated by thermal compensation that improves cold performance. Conversely, winter-dormant fishes (e.g. cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus) become inactive and non-feeding overwinter. Why are certain fishes winter-dormant? We hypothesized that winter dormancy is an adaptive behavioural response arising in poleward species that tolerate severe, uncompensated constraints of cold on their physiological performance. We predicted that below their dormancy threshold of 7--8°C, exercise and metabolic performance of cunner are greatly decreased, even after acclimation (i.e. shows above-normal, uncompensated thermal sensitivity, Q10>1-3). We measured multiple key performance metrics (e.g. C-start maximum velocity, chase swimming speed, aerobic scope) in cunner after acute exposure to 26-2°C (3°C intervals using 14°C-acclimated fish) or acclimation (5-8 weeks) to 14-2°C (3°C intervals bracketing the dormancy threshold). Performance declined with cooling, and the acute Q10 of all six performance rate metrics was significantly greater below the dormancy threshold temperature (Q10,acute8-2°C=1.5-4.9, mean=3.3) than above (Q10,acute14-8°C=1.1-1.9, mean=1.5), inferring a cold constraint. However, 2°C acclimation (temporally more relevant to seasonal cooling) improved performance, abolishing the acute constraint (Q10,acclimated8-2°C=1.4-3.0, mean=2.0; also cf. Q10,acclimated14-8°C=1.2-2.9, mean=1.7). Thus, dormant cunner show partial cold-compensation of exercise and metabolic performance, similar to winter-active species. However, responsiveness to C-start stimuli was greatly cold-constrained even following acclimation, suggesting dormancy involves sensory limitation. Thermal constraints on metabolic and exercise physiology are not significant drivers of winter dormancy in cunner. In fact, compensatory plasticity at frigid temperatures is retained even in a dormant fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Rowsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Connor Reeve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Tyler Savoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
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Frank L, Serafy J, Grosell M. A large aerobic scope and complex regulatory abilities confer hypoxia tolerance in larval toadfish, Opsanus beta, across a wide thermal range. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165491. [PMID: 37453709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been performed on early-life stage toadfish, and none have addressed their tolerance to temperature and hypoxia despite large seasonal temperature fluctuations and daily hypoxia in their natural environment. The first directed captive breeding of Opsanus beta allowed the examination of larval oxygen demands and hypoxia tolerance across the range of their environmental temperatures (23-33 °C). Larval toadfish exhibited a surprisingly large aerobic scope across the tested temperature range. In response to progressive hypoxia, larval toadfish showed early metabolic depression and a low regulation index (RI), while juveniles had higher regulatory abilities but, unexpectedly, a lower aerobic scope. Larval and juvenile toadfish survived hours of severe hypoxia, but larval fish had a higher excessive post-hypoxia oxygen consumption, yet their metabolic rate returned to RMR in the same timeframe as the juveniles, likely due to their higher aerobic scope. We defined hypoxia tolerance using a physiological trait, p50, the oxygen tension in which oxygen uptake is reduced to 50 % of the metabolic rate at rest and determined it at all tested temperatures. Comparing these p50 values to environmental conditions in Florida Bay using hourly temperature and oxygen measurements from January 2014-October 2021 revealed that larval toadfish rarely experience < p50 conditions (11 % of events). Further, the median duration of these events was 3 h. The metabolic performance of larval toadfish combined with temperature and oxygen observations from their natural environment reveals the fascinating strategy in which larval toadfish survive diel hypoxia across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn Frank
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
| | - Joseph Serafy
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA; NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Key Biscayne, FL 33149 Miami, FL, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Abstract
The collective directional movement of animals occurs over both short distances and longer migrations, and is a critical aspect of feeding, reproduction and the ecology of many species. Despite the implications of collective motion for lifetime fitness, we know remarkably little about its energetics. It is commonly thought that collective animal motion saves energy: moving alone against fluid flow is expected to be more energetically expensive than moving in a group. Energetic conservation resulting from collective movement is most often inferred from kinematic metrics or from computational models. However, the direct measurement of total metabolic energy savings during collective motion compared with solitary movement over a range of speeds has yet to be documented. In particular, longer duration and higher speed collective motion must involve both aerobic and non-aerobic (high-energy phosphate stores and substrate-level phosphorylation) metabolic energy contributions, and yet no study to date has quantified both types of metabolic contribution in comparison to locomotion by solitary individuals. There are multiple challenging questions regarding the energetics of collective motion in aquatic, aerial and terrestrial environments that remain to be answered. We focus on aquatic locomotion as a model system to demonstrate that understanding the energetics and total cost of collective movement requires the integration of biomechanics, fluid dynamics and bioenergetics to unveil the hydrodynamic and physiological phenomena involved and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Grimmelpont M, Milinkovitch T, Dubillot E, Lefrançois C. Individual aerobic performance and anaerobic compensation in a temperate fish during a simulated marine heatwave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160844. [PMID: 36528094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change and have strong negative effects on ecosystem. Few studies have reproduced the complex nature of temperature changes of a MHW, while it is suggested that ectotherms may be more vulnerable to rapid changes such as during MHWs. Effects of an experimental MHW were investigated in the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus. Juveniles acclimated to 20 °C were exposed to a rapid 5 °C increase in temperature, followed by a five-day period at 25 °C, before quickly returning to 20°C. Metabolic variables (SMR-standard, MMR-maximum rate, AS-aerobic scope, EPOC-excess post‑oxygen consumption) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were measured at different phases of this MHW and after a thermally stable recovery phase. Although the pattern was only significant for the SMR, the aerobic three variables describing aerobic metabolism (SMR, MMR and AS) immediately increased in fish exposed to the acute elevation of temperature, and remained elevated when fish stayed at 25 °C for five days. A similar increase of these metabolic variables was observed for fish that were progressively acclimated to 25 °C. This suggests that temperature increases contribute to increases in metabolism; however, the acute nature of the MHW had no influence. At the end of the MHW, the SMR remained elevated, suggesting an additional cost of obligatory activities due to the extreme event. In parallel, Ucrit did not vary regardless of the thermal conditions. Concerning EPOC, it significantly increased only when fish were acutely exposed to 25 °C. This strongly suggests that fish may buffer the effects of acute changes in temperature by shifting to anaerobic metabolism. Globally, this species appears able to cope with this MHW, but that's without taking into consideration future projections describing an increase in both intensity and frequency of such events, as well as other stressors like pollution or hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Grimmelpont
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Thomas Milinkovitch
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Christel Lefrançois
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
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10
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Finotto L, Walker TI, Reina RD. Influence of female reproductive state and of fishing-capture stress on the oxygen uptake rate of a viviparous elasmobranch. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:357-368. [PMID: 36690919 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals discarded after a fishing capture event, the elicited stress response necessary to ensure their survival is energetically costly. This energy is diverted from other important biological activities, including growth and reproduction, possibly impairing them. Given that elasmobranchs are among the most threatened vertebrate groups, estimating capture-induced energetic changes and comparing these variations to the energy requirements of pregnancy maintenance is necessary. In pregnant southern fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina dumerilii), we measured changes in oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2 ; a proxy for metabolic rate and energy usage) in response to trawling simulation and air exposure, and estimated the oxygen requirements of sustaining late-term pregnancy and embryos. ṀO2 was measured in pregnant females, before (prestress ṀO2 ) and after trawling simulation (after-capture ṀO2 ), and again after females gave birth (postpartum ṀO2 ). After-capture ṀO2 was 31.7% lower than ṀO2 measured in minimally stressed females, suggesting a reduction in energy expenditure. This reduction is likely triggered by an initially excessive energetic investment in the stress response, and is aimed at shutting down nonessential activities to redirect energy to processes fundamental for survival. Prestress ṀO2 was 78.5% higher than postpartum ṀO2 . Capture simulation decreased ṀO2 to values similar to those observed postpartum, suggesting a capture-induced reduction in oxygen and energy allocation to pregnancy and embryonic respiration, which could be associated with reproductive impairments. These data, by better estimating the impact of capture and discard on energetic requirements and reproductive fitness, may support the introduction of area and/or seasonal closures to fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Finotto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Dichiera AM, Negrete, Jr B, Ackerly KL, Esbaugh AJ. The role of carbonic anhydrase-mediated tissue oxygen extraction in a marine teleost acclimated to hypoxia. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:281316. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
With the growing prevalence of hypoxia (O2 levels ≤2 mg l−1) in aquatic and marine ecosystems, there is increasing interest in the adaptive mechanisms fish may employ to better their performance in stressful environments. Here, we investigated the contribution of a proposed strategy for enhancing tissue O2 extraction – plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (CA-IV) – under hypoxia in a species of estuarine fish (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) that thrives in fluctuating habitats. We predicted that hypoxia-acclimated fish would increase the prevalence of CA-IV in aerobically demanding tissues to confer more efficient tissue O2 extraction. Furthermore, we predicted the phenotypic changes to tissue O2 extraction that occur with hypoxia acclimation may improve respiratory and swim performance under 100% O2 conditions (i.e. normoxia) when compared with performance in fish that have not been acclimated to hypoxia. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in relative CA-IV mRNA expression, protein abundance or enzyme activity between the two treatments, suggesting CA-IV function is maintained under hypoxia. Likewise, respiratory performance of hypoxia-acclimated fish was similar to that of control fish when tested in normoxia. Critical swim speed (Ucrit) was significantly higher in hypoxia-acclimated fish but translated to marginal ecological benefits with an increase of ∼0.3 body lengths per second. Instead, hypoxia-acclimated fish may have relied more heavily on anaerobic metabolism during their swim trials, utilizing burst swimming 1.5 times longer than control fish. While the maintenance of CA-IV may still be an important contributor for hypoxia tolerance, our evidence suggests hypoxia-acclimated red drum are using other mechanisms to cope in an O2-depleted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M. Dichiera
- The University of British Columbia 1 Department of Zoology , , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin Negrete, Jr
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Andrew J. Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
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12
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Jahn M, Seebacher F. Variations in cost of transport and their ecological consequences: a review. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276242. [PMID: 35942859 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Movement is essential in the ecology of most animals, and it typically consumes a large proportion of individual energy budgets. Environmental conditions modulate the energetic cost of movement (cost of transport, COT), and there are pronounced differences in COT between individuals within species and across species. Differences in morphology affect COT, but the physiological mechanisms underlying variation in COT remain unresolved. Candidates include mitochondrial efficiency and the efficiency of muscle contraction-relaxation dynamics. Animals can offset increased COT behaviourally by adjusting movement rate and habitat selection. Here, we review the theory underlying COT and the impact of environmental changes on COT. Increasing temperatures, in particular, increase COT and its variability between individuals. Thermal acclimation and exercise can affect COT, but this is not consistent across taxa. Anthropogenic pollutants can increase COT, although few chemical pollutants have been investigated. Ecologically, COT may modify the allocation of energy to different fitness-related functions, and thereby influence fitness of individuals, and the dynamics of animal groups and communities. Future research should consider the effects of multiple stressors on COT, including a broader range of pollutants, the underlying mechanisms of COT and experimental quantifications of potential COT-induced allocation trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Jahn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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13
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Di Santo V. EcoPhysioMechanics: Integrating energetics and biomechanics to understand fish locomotion under climate change. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac095. [PMID: 35759407 PMCID: PMC9494520 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological physiologists and biomechanists have been broadly investigating swimming performance in a diversity of fishes, however the connection between form, function and energetics of locomotion has been rarely evaluated in the same system and under climate change scenarios. In this perspective I argue that working within the framework of 'EcoPhysioMechanics', i.e., integrating energetics and biomechanics tools, to measure locomotor performance and behavior under different abiotic factors, improves our understanding of the mechanisms, limits and costs of movement. To demonstrate how ecophysiomechanics can be applied to locomotor studies, I outline how linking biomechanics and physiology allows us to understand how fishes may modulate their movement to achieve high speeds or reduce the costs of locomotion. I also discuss how the framework is necessary to quantify swimming capacity under climate change scenarios. Finally, I discuss current dearth of integrative studies and gaps in empirical datasets that are necessary to understand fish swimming under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Santo
- Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pang X, Pu DY, Xia DY, Liu XH, Ding SH, Li Y, Fu SJ. Individual variation in metabolic rate, locomotion capacity and hypoxia tolerance and their relationships in juveniles of three freshwater fish species. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:755-764. [PMID: 34091751 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual variations in metabolic rate, locomotion capacity and hypoxia tolerance and their relationships were investigated in three cyprinid species [crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis), in 60 individuals of each species]. Either the active metabolic rate (AMR) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (30 individuals) or critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) and loss of equilibrium (LOE) (30 individuals) were measured in each species after measuring the resting metabolic rate (RMR). Both the AMR and Ucrit were found to be significantly and positively correlated with the RMR in all three cyprinid species, indicating that high-RMR individuals have high aerobic capacity and thus good swimming performance. Pcrit was positively correlated with the RMR in all three species, whereas the LOE was highly positively correlated, weakly positively correlated and not correlated with the RMR in qingbo, common carp and crucian carp, respectively, possibly due to specialized morphological and biochemical adaptations involved in hypoxia tolerance in crucian and common carp. Crucian carp showed relatively poor swimming performance, i.e., a low Ucrit (relatively high variation), strong hypoxia tolerance, and low LOE (relatively low variation); qingbo showed relatively good swimming performance (relatively low variation) and weak hypoxia tolerance (relatively high variation); and common carp showed moderate swimming performance and relatively strong hypoxia tolerance (moderate variation). These interspecific differences may be due to the different lifestyles of these cyprinid fishes based on their associated fast-slow-flow regime and are outcomes of long-term selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pang
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - De-Yong Pu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dan-Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shi-Hua Ding
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Oufiero CE, Kraskura K, Bennington R, Nelson JA. Individual Repeatability of Locomotor Kinematics and Swimming Performance in a Gymnotiform Swimmer. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 94:22-34. [PMID: 33275536 DOI: 10.1086/712058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGymnotiform swimming is a specialized form of swimming wherein thrust is produced by the ribbonlike motion of an elongate anal fin, while the body is held relatively stiff. This form of swimming has been extensively examined in relation to the biomechanics of thrust production, the kinematics of the anal fin, and neuromuscular control, whereas few studies have examined whole-animal performance parameters of this swimming mode. The goals of this research were to (1) assess the maximum abilities and repeatability of two swimming performance measures, sprinting and prolonged swimming, which would indicate that these performance measures in a gymnotiform swimmer may be a target for selection, similar to body-caudal fin-swimming fish; (2) examine how a gymnotiform swimmer modulates swimming speed; and (3) determine whether modulatory behavior is consistent across different-sized fish and within individuals across time. Sprinting and prolonged swimming were examined in black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons; N=15), multiple times on the same day, and were measured again 4 wk later. Sprinting ability was measured by chasing a fish down a photocell-lined racetrack and obtaining the fastest speed between any 8-cm span. Prolonged swimming abilities were measured in a constant acceleration test (Ucat) in a Brett-style swim tunnel by measuring the maximum speed the fish could attain against a steadily increasing water velocity. We determined frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of the anal fin sine wave in fish swimming at different speeds during the Ucat trials. We found repeatable measures of sprint speed and Ucat performance over short (day) and medium (4 wk) time periods for both tests. Neither sprint nor Ucat performance was significantly dependent on size, suggesting that the primary driver of performance variation was individual differences in physiology. Most modulation of swimming speed occurred through changes in the frequency of the wave train processing down the anal fin, with only modest changes to the wavelength and minimal changes to amplitude. Finally, we compare our measures of swimming performance in this gymnotiform swimmer to published values of body-caudal fin swimmers to demonstrate that this form of locomotion results in comparable sprint and constant-acceleration values.
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Bouyoucos IA, Morrison PR, Weideli OC, Jacquesson E, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Brauner CJ, Rummer JL. Thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance are associated in blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) neonates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/14/jeb221937. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Thermal dependence of growth and metabolism can influence thermal preference and tolerance in marine ectotherms, including threatened and data-deficient species. Here, we quantified the thermal dependence of physiological performance in neonates of a tropical shark species (blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus) from shallow, nearshore habitats. We measured minimum and maximum oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2), calculated aerobic scope, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery from exercise, and measured critical thermal maxima (CTmax), thermal safety margins, hypoxia tolerance, specific growth rates, body condition and food conversion efficiencies at two ecologically relevant acclimation temperatures (28 and 31°C). Owing to high post-exercise mortality, a third acclimation temperature (33°C) was not investigated further. Acclimation temperature did not affect ṀO2 or growth, but CTmax and hypoxia tolerance were greatest at 31°C and positively associated. We also quantified in vitro temperature (25, 30 and 35°C) and pH effects on haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity of wild-caught, non-acclimated sharks. As expected, Hb–O2 affinity decreased with increasing temperatures, but pH effects observed at 30°C were absent at 25 and 35°C. Finally, we logged body temperatures of free-ranging sharks and determined that C. melanopterus neonates avoided 31°C in situ. We conclude that C. melanopterus neonates demonstrate minimal thermal dependence of whole-organism physiological performance across a seasonal temperature range and may use behaviour to avoid unfavourable environmental temperatures. The association between thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance suggests a common mechanism warranting further investigation. Future research should explore the consequences of ocean warming, especially in nearshore, tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Phillip R. Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ornella C. Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Eva Jacquesson
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A. Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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17
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Soerensen MS, Steffensen JF, Bushnell PG, Korsmeyer KE. Swimming in unsteady water flows: is turning in a changing flow an energetically expensive endeavor for fish? J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.212795. [PMID: 34005401 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Unsteady, dynamic flow regimes commonly found in shallow marine ecosystems such as coral reefs pose an energetic challenge for mobile organisms that typically depend on station holding for fitness-related activities. The majority of experimental studies, however, have measured energetic costs of locomotion at steady speeds, with only a few studies measuring the effects of oscillatory flows. In this study, we used a bidirectional swimming respirometer to create six oscillatory water flow regimes consisting of three frequency and amplitude combinations for both unidirectional and bidirectional oscillatory flows. Using the goldring surgeonfish, Ctenochaetus strigosus, a pectoral-fin (labriform) swimmer, we quantified the net cost of swimming (swimming metabolic rate minus standard metabolic rate) associated with station-holding under these various conditions. We determined that the swimming costs of station-holding in the bidirectional flow regime increased by 2-fold compared with costs based on swimming over the same range velocities at steady speeds. Furthermore, as we found minimal differences in energetic costs associated with station-holding in the unidirectional, oscillating-flow compared with that predicted from steady swimming costs, we conclude that the added acceleration costs are minimal, while the act of turning is an energetically expensive endeavor for this reef fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias S Soerensen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Drive, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, 1700 Mishawaka Ave, South Bend, IN 46615 USA
| | - Keith E Korsmeyer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Drive, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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18
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Cordero GA, Methling C, Tirsgaard B, Steffensen JF, Domenici P, Svendsen JC. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption decreases with swimming duration in a labriform fish: Integrating aerobic and anaerobic metabolism across time. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:577-586. [PMID: 31692282 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many vertebrate animals employ anaerobic pathways during high-speed exercise, even if it imposes an energetic cost during postexercise recovery, expressed as excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). In ectotherms such a fish, the initial anaerobic contribution to exercise is often substantial. Even so, fish may recover from anaerobic pathways as swimming exercise ensues and aerobic metabolism stabilizes, thus total energetic costs of exercise could depend on swimming duration and subsequent physiological recovery. To test this hypothesis, we examined EPOC in striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis) that swam at high speeds (3.25 L s-1 ) during randomly ordered 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-min exercise periods. We found that EPOC was highest after the 2-min period (20.9 mg O2 kg-1 ) and lowest after the 20-min period (13.6 mg O2 kg-1 ), indicating that recovery from anaerobic pathways improved with exercise duration. Remarkably, EPOC for the 2-min period accounted for 72% of the total O2 consumption, whereas EPOC for the 20-min period only accounted for 14%. Thus, the data revealed a striking decline in the total cost of transport from 0.772 to 0.226 mg O2 ·kg-1 ·m-1 during 2- and 20-min periods, respectively. Our study is the first to combine anaerobic and aerobic swimming costs to demonstrate an effect of swimming duration on EPOC in fish. Clarifying the dynamic nature of exercise-related costs is relevant to extrapolating laboratory findings to animals in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Methling
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC, Instituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Zhang Y, Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP. Finding the peak of dynamic oxygen uptake during fatiguing exercise in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.196568. [PMID: 31053645 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As fish approach fatigue at high water velocities in a critical swimming speed (U crit) test, their swimming mode and oxygen cascade typically move to an unsteady state because they adopt an unsteady, burst-and-glide swimming mode despite a constant, imposed workload. However, conventional rate of oxygen uptake (Ṁ O2 ) sampling intervals (5-20 min) tend to smooth any dynamic fluctuations in active Ṁ O2 (Ṁ O2active) and thus likely underestimate the peak Ṁ O2active Here, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to explore the dynamic nature of Ṁ O2active near U crit using various sampling windows and an iterative algorithm. Compared with a conventional interval regression analysis of Ṁ O2active over a 10-min period, our new analytical approach generated a 23% higher peak Ṁ O2active Therefore, we suggest that accounting for such dynamics in Ṁ O2active with this new analytical approach may lead to more accurate estimates of maximum Ṁ O2 in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
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20
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Slesinger E, Andres A, Young R, Seibel B, Saba V, Phelan B, Rosendale J, Wieczorek D, Saba G. The effect of ocean warming on black sea bass (Centropristis striata) aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218390. [PMID: 31194841 PMCID: PMC6564031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, ocean temperature on the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf (U.S. NES) has warmed faster than the global average and is associated with observed distribution changes of the northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Mechanistic models based on physiological responses to environmental conditions can improve future habitat suitability projections. We measured maximum, standard metabolic rate, and hypoxia tolerance (Scrit) of the northern adult black sea bass stock to assess performance across the known temperature range of the species. Two methods, chase and swim-flume, were employed to obtain maximum metabolic rate to examine whether the methods varied, and if so, the impact on absolute aerobic scope. A subset of individuals was held at 30°C for one month (30chronic°C) prior to experiments to test acclimation potential. Absolute aerobic scope (maximum–standard metabolic rate) reached a maximum of 367.21 mgO2 kg-1 hr-1 at 24.4°C while Scrit continued to increase in proportion to standard metabolic rate up to 30°C. The 30chronic°C group exhibited a significantly lower maximum metabolic rate and absolute aerobic scope in relation to the short-term acclimated group, but standard metabolic rate or Scrit were not affected. This suggests a decline in performance of oxygen demand processes (e.g. muscle contraction) beyond 24°C despite maintenance of oxygen supply. The Metabolic Index, calculated from Scrit as an estimate of potential aerobic scope, closely matched the measured factorial aerobic scope (maximum / standard metabolic rate) and declined with increasing temperature to a minimum below 3. This may represent a critical threshold value for the species. With temperatures on the U.S. NES projected to increase above 24°C in the next 80-years in the southern portion of the northern stock’s range, it is likely black sea bass range will continue to shift poleward as the ocean continues to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Slesinger
- Center for Ocean Observing Leadership, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Andres
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Rachael Young
- Center for Ocean Observing Leadership, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Brad Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Vincent Saba
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Beth Phelan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Laboratory, Highlands, NJ, United States of America
| | - John Rosendale
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Laboratory, Highlands, NJ, United States of America
| | - Daniel Wieczorek
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Laboratory, Highlands, NJ, United States of America
| | - Grace Saba
- Center for Ocean Observing Leadership, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Marcoux TM, Korsmeyer KE. Energetics and behavior of coral reef fishes during oscillatory swimming in a simulated wave surge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.191791. [PMID: 30659085 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen consumption rates were measured for coral reef fishes during swimming in a bidirectional, oscillatory pattern to simulate station-holding in wave-induced, shallow-water flows. For all species examined, increases in wave intensity, as simulated by increases in frequency and amplitude of oscillation, yielded increased metabolic rates and net costs of swimming (NCOS; swimming metabolic rate minus standard metabolic rate). Comparing species with different swimming modes, the caudal fin swimming Kuhlia spp. (Kuhliidae) and simultaneous pectoral-caudal fin swimming Amphiprion ocellaris (Pomacentridae) turned around to face the direction of swimming most of the time, whereas the median-paired fin (MPF) swimmers, the pectoral fin swimming Ctenochaetus strigosus (Acanthuridae) and dorsal-anal fin swimming Sufflamen bursa (Balistidae), more frequently swam in reverse for one half of the oscillation to avoid turning. Contrary to expectations, the body-caudal fin (BCF) swimming Kuhlia spp. had the lowest overall NCOS in the oscillatory swimming regime compared with the MPF swimmers. However, when examining the effect of increasing frequency of oscillation at similar average velocities, Ku hlia spp. showed a 24% increase in NCOS with a 50% increase in direction changes and accelerations. The two strict MPF swimmers had lower increases on average, suggestive of reduced added costs with increasing frequency of direction changes with this swimming mode. Further studies are needed on the costs of unsteady swimming to determine whether these differences can explain the observed prevalence of fishes using the MPF pectoral fin swimming mode in reef habitats exposed to high, wave-surge-induced water flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Marcoux
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Drive, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Keith E Korsmeyer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Drive, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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22
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George AB, Westneat MW. Functional morphology of endurance swimming performance and gait transition strategies in balistoid fishes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.194704. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Triggerfishes and filefishes (Balistoidea) use balistiform locomotion to power steady swimming with their dorsal and anal fins and transition to a gait dominated by body and caudal fin (BCF) kinematics at high speeds. Fin and body shapes are predicted to be strong determinants of swimming performance and gait transitions. The goal of this study was to combine morphometrics and critical swimming tests to explore relationships between fin and body shapes and swimming performance in a phylogenetic context in order to understand the evolution of balistiform swimming. Among 13 species of balistoid fishes, those with high aspect ratio fins tended to achieve higher critical swimming speeds than fishes with low aspect ratio fins. Species with long, large median fins and wide caudal peduncles used the balistiform gait alone for a larger percentage of their total critical swimming speed than fishes with short, small median fins and narrow caudal peduncles. Although analyses revealed overall positive relationships between median fin aspect ratios and gait transition speeds, fishes on both ends of the aspect ratio spectrum achieved higher swimming speeds using the balistiform gait alone than fishes with median fins of intermediate aspect ratios. Each species is specialized for taking advantage of one gait, with balistiform specialists possessing long, large median fins capable of the large power requirements of high-speed swimming using the median fins alone, while BCF specialists possess short, small median fins, ill-suited for powering high-speed balistiform locomotion, but narrow caudal peduncles capable of efficient caudal fin oscillations to power high-speed locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. George
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
| | - Mark W. Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
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Bouyoucos IA, Talwar BS, Brooks EJ, Brownscombe JW, Cooke SJ, Suski CD, Mandelman JW. Exercise intensity while hooked is associated with physiological status of longline-captured sharks. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy074. [PMID: 30591841 PMCID: PMC6301290 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some shark populations face declines owing to targeted capture and by-catch in longline fisheries. Exercise intensity during longline capture and physiological status may be associated, which could inform management strategies aimed at reducing the impacts of longline capture on sharks. The purpose of this study was to characterize relationships between exercise intensity and physiological status of longline-captured nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and Caribbean reef sharks (Carcharhinus perezi). Exercise intensity of longline-captured sharks was quantified with digital cameras and accelerometers, which was paired with blood-based physiological metrics from samples obtained immediately post-capture. Exercise intensity was associated with physiological status following longline capture. For nurse sharks, blood pH increased with capture duration and the proportion of time exhibiting low-intensity exercise. Nurse sharks also had higher blood glucose and plasma potassium concentrations at higher sea surface temperatures. Associations between exercise intensity and physiological status for Caribbean reef sharks were equivocal; capture duration had a positive relation with blood lactate concentrations and a negative relationship with plasma chloride concentrations. Because Caribbean reef sharks did not appear able to influence blood pH through exercise intensity, this species was considered more vulnerable to physiological impairment. While both species appear quite resilient to longline capture, it remains to be determined if exercise intensity during capture is a useful tool for predicting mortality or tertiary sub-lethal consequences. Fisheries management should consider exercise during capture for sharks when developing techniques to avoid by-catch or reduce physiological stress associated with capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Brendan S Talwar
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Whitlow KR, Santini F, Oufiero CE. Convergent evolution of locomotor morphology but not performance in gymnotiform swimmers. J Evol Biol 2018; 32:76-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Ackerly KL, Krahe R, Sanford CP, Chapman LJ. Effects of hypoxia on swimming and sensing in a weakly electric fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/14/jeb172130. [PMID: 30018158 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.172130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) can severely limit fish performance, especially aerobically expensive behaviours including swimming and acquisition of sensory information. Fishes can reduce oxygen requirements by altering these behaviours under hypoxia, but the underlying mechanisms can be difficult to quantify. We used a weakly electric fish as a model system to explore potential effects of hypoxia on swim performance and sensory information acquisition, which enabled us to non-invasively record electric signalling activity used for active acquisition of sensory information during swimming. To quantify potential effects of hypoxia, we measured critical swim speed (Ucrit) and concurrent electric signalling activity under high- and low-dissolved oxygen concentrations in a hypoxia-tolerant African mormyrid fish, Marcusenius victoriae Fish were maintained under normoxia for 6 months prior to experimental treatments, and then acclimated for 8 weeks to normoxia or hypoxia and tested under both conditions (acute: 4 h exposure). Acute hypoxia exposure resulted in a significant reduction in both Ucrit and electric signalling activity in fish not acclimated to hypoxia. However, individuals acclimated to chronic hypoxia were characterized by a higher Ucrit under both hypoxia and normoxia than fish acclimated to normoxia. Following a 6 month re-introduction to normoxia, hypoxia-acclimated individuals still showed increased performance under acute hypoxic test conditions, but not under normoxia. Our results highlight the detrimental effects of hypoxia on aerobic swim performance and sensory information acquisition, and the ability of fish to heighten aerobic performance through acclimation processes that can still influence performance even months after initial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rüdiger Krahe
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Christopher P Sanford
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Lauren J Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
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26
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van der Hoop JM, Byron ML, Ozolina K, Miller DL, Johansen JL, Domenici P, Steffensen JF. Turbulent flow reduces oxygen consumption in the labriform swimming shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168773. [PMID: 29615520 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish swimming energetics are often measured in laboratory environments which attempt to minimize turbulence, though turbulent flows are common in the natural environment. To test whether the swimming energetics and kinematics of shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata (a labriform swimmer), were affected by turbulence, two flow conditions were constructed in a swim-tunnel respirometer. A low-turbulence flow was created using a common swim-tunnel respirometry setup with a flow straightener and fine-mesh grid to minimize velocity fluctuations. A high-turbulence flow condition was created by allowing large velocity fluctuations to persist without a flow straightener or fine grid. The two conditions were tested with particle image velocimetry to confirm significantly different turbulence properties throughout a range of mean flow speeds. Oxygen consumption rate of the swimming fish increased with swimming speed and pectoral fin beat frequency in both flow conditions. Higher turbulence also caused a greater positional variability in swimming individuals (versus low-turbulence flow) at medium and high speeds. Surprisingly, fish used less oxygen in high-turbulence compared with low-turbulence flow at medium and high swimming speeds. Simultaneous measurements of swimming kinematics indicated that these reductions in oxygen consumption could not be explained by specific known flow-adaptive behaviours such as Kármán gaiting or entraining. Therefore, fish in high-turbulence flow may take advantage of the high variability in turbulent energy through time. These results suggest that swimming behaviour and energetics measured in the lab in straightened flow, typical of standard swimming respirometers, might differ from that of more turbulent, semi-natural flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M van der Hoop
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Margaret L Byron
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Karlina Ozolina
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David L Miller
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling and School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Marine Biology Laboratory, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR - IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09072 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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27
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Deslauriers D, Svendsen JC, Genz J, Wall AJ, Baktoft H, Enders EC, Anderson WG. Environmental calcium and variation in yolk sac size influence swimming performance in larval lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.164533. [PMID: 29440358 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In many animal species, performance in the early life stages strongly affects recruitment to the adult population; however, factors that influence early life history stages are often the least understood. This is particularly relevant for lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, living in areas where environmental calcium concentrations are declining, partly due to anthropogenic activity. As calcium is important for muscle contraction and fatigue resistance, declining calcium levels could constrain swimming performance. Similarly, swimming performance could be influenced by variation in yolk sac volume, because the yolk sac is likely to affect drag forces during swimming. Testing swimming performance of larval A. fulvescens reared in four different calcium treatments spanning the range of 4-132 mg l-1 [Ca2+], this study found no treatment effects on the sprint swimming speed. A novel test of volitional swimming performance, however, revealed reduced swimming performance in the low calcium environment. Specifically, volitionally swimming larvae covered a shorter distance before swimming cessation in the low calcium environment compared with the other treatments. Moreover, sprint swimming speed in larvae with a large yolk sac was significantly slower than in larvae with a small yolk sac, regardless of body length variation. Thus, elevated maternal allocation (i.e. more yolk) was associated with reduced swimming performance. Data suggest that larvae in low calcium environments or with a large yolk sac exhibit reduced swimming performance and could be more susceptible to predation or premature downstream drift. Our study reveals how environmental factors and phenotypic variation influence locomotor performance in a larval fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deslauriers
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada .,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.,Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janet Genz
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,University of West Georgia, Biology Department, 1601 Maple Street, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA
| | - Alex J Wall
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Eva C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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28
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Avey SR, Ojehomon M, Dawson JF, Gillis TE. How the expression of green fluorescent protein and human cardiac actin in the heart influences cardiac function and aerobic performance in zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:177-189. [PMID: 29194605 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined how the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and human cardiac actin (ACTC) in zebrafish Danio rerio influences embryonic heart rate (RH ) and the swim performance and metabolic rate of adult fish. Experiments with the adults involved determining the critical swimming speed (Ucrit , the highest speed sustainable and measure of aerobic capacity) while measuring oxygen consumption. Two different transgenic D. rerio lines were examined: one expressed eGFP in the heart (tg(cmlc:egfp)), while the second expressed ACTC in the heart and eGFP throughout the body (tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp)). It was found that RH was significantly lower in the tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp) embryos 4 days post-fertilization compared to wild-type (WT) and tg(cmlc:egfp). The swim experiments demonstrated that there was no significant difference in Ucrit between the transgenic lines and the wild-type fish, but metabolic rate and cost of transport (oxygen used to travel a set distance) was nearly two-fold higher in the tg(cmlc:actc,ba:egfp) fish compared to WT at their respective Ucrit . These results suggest that the expression of ACTC in the D. rerio heart and the expression of eGFP throughout the animal, alters cardiac function in the embryo and reduces the aerobic efficiency of the animal at high levels of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Avey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Ojehomon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J F Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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29
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Di Santo V, Kenaley CP, Lauder GV. High postural costs and anaerobic metabolism during swimming support the hypothesis of a U-shaped metabolism-speed curve in fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13048-13053. [PMID: 29158392 PMCID: PMC5724281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming performance is considered a key trait determining the ability of fish to survive. Hydrodynamic theory predicts that the energetic costs required for fishes to swim should vary with speed according to a U-shaped curve, with an expected energetic minimum at intermediate cruising speeds and increasing expenditure at low and high speeds. However, to date no complete datasets have shown an energetic minimum for swimming fish at intermediate speeds rather than low speeds. To address this knowledge gap, we used a negatively buoyant fish, the clearnose skate Raja eglanteria, and took two approaches: a classic critical swimming speed protocol and a single-speed exercise and recovery procedure. We found an anaerobic component at each velocity tested. The two approaches showed U-shaped, though significantly different, speed-metabolic relationships. These results suggest that (i) postural costs, especially at low speeds, may result in J- or U-shaped metabolism-speed curves; (ii) anaerobic metabolism is involved at all swimming speeds in the clearnose skate; and (iii) critical swimming protocols might misrepresent the true costs of locomotion across speeds, at least in negatively buoyant fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George V Lauder
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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30
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Cathcart K, Shin SY, Milton J, Ellerby D. Field swimming performance of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: implications for field activity cost estimates and laboratory measures of swimming performance. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8657-8666. [PMID: 29075479 PMCID: PMC5648661 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobility is essential to the fitness of many animals, and the costs of locomotion can dominate daily energy budgets. Locomotor costs are determined by the physiological demands of sustaining mechanical performance, yet performance is poorly understood for most animals in the field, particularly aquatic organisms. We have used 3‐D underwater videography to quantify the swimming trajectories and propulsive modes of bluegills sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) in the field with high spatial (1–3 mm per pixel) and temporal (60 Hz frame rate) resolution. Although field swimming trajectories were variable and nonlinear in comparison to quasi steady‐state swimming in recirculating flumes, they were much less unsteady than the volitional swimming behaviors that underlie existing predictive models of field swimming cost. Performance analyses suggested that speed and path curvature data could be used to derive reasonable estimates of locomotor cost that fit within measured capacities for sustainable activity. The distinct differences between field swimming behavior and performance measures obtained under steady‐state laboratory conditions suggest that field observations are essential for informing approaches to quantifying locomotor performance in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cathcart
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - Seo Yim Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - Joanna Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - David Ellerby
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
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31
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Veillard MF, Ruppert JL, Tierney K, Watkinson DA, Poesch M. Comparative swimming and station-holding ability of the threatened Rocky Mountain Sculpin ( Cottus sp.) from four hydrologically distinct rivers. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox026. [PMID: 28480038 PMCID: PMC5417056 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrologic alterations, such as dams, culverts or diversions, can introduce new selection pressures on freshwater fishes, where they are required to adapt to novel environmental conditions. Our study investigated how species adapt to natural and altered stream flow, where we use the threatened Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.) as a model organism. We compared the swimming and station-holding performance of Rocky Mountain Sculpin from four different hydrologic regimes in Alberta and British Columbia, including the North Milk River, a system that experiences increased flows from a large-scale diversion. We measured the slip (Uslip) and failure (Uburst) velocities over three constant acceleration test trials. Uslip was defined as the point at which individuals required the addition of bursting or swimming to maintain position. Uburst was defined as the point at which individuals were unable to hold position in the swimming chamber through swimming, bursting or holding techniques without fully or partially resting on the electrified back plate. We found individuals from the Flathead River in British Columbia (with the highest natural flow) failed at significantly higher Uburst velocities than fish from the southern Albertan populations. However, there was no relationship between peak hydrologic flow from the natal river and Uburst or Uslip. Further, Uburst velocities decreased from 51.8 cm s-1 (7.2 BL s-1) to 45.6 cm s-1 (6.3 BL s-1) by the third consecutive test suggesting the use of anaerobic metabolism. Uslip was not different between trials suggesting the use of aerobic metabolism in station-holding behaviours (Uslip). Moreover, we found no significant differences in individuals from the altered North Milk River system. Finally, individual caudal morphological characteristics were related to both slip and failure velocities. Our study contributes to the conservation of Rocky Mountain Sculpin by providing the first documentation of swimming and station-holding abilities of this benthic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie F. Veillard
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Jonathan L.W. Ruppert
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Keith Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G408 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Douglas A. Watkinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2NG
| | - Mark Poesch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
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32
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Yoshioka H. A simple game-theoretic model for upstream fish migration. Theory Biosci 2017; 136:99-111. [PMID: 28470443 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-017-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple game-theoretic model for upstream fish migration, which is a key element in life history of diadromous fishes, is proposed. Foundation of the model is a minimization problem on the cost of migration with the swimming speed and school size as the variables to be simultaneously optimized. Finding the optimizer ultimately reduces to solving a self-consistency equation without explicit solutions. Mathematical analytical results lead to the sufficient condition that the self-consistency equation has a unique solution, which turns out to be identified with the condition where the unique optimizer exists. Behavior of the optimizer is analyzed both mathematically and numerically to show its biophysical and ecological consequences. The analytical results demonstrate reasonable agreement between the present mathematical model and the theoretical and experimental results of upstream migration of fish schools reported in the past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan.
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33
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Mazloumi N, Johansen JL, Doubleday ZA, Gillanders BM. Q 10 measures of metabolic performance and critical swimming speed in King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2200-2205. [PMID: 28211053 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined thermally driven changes in swimming performance and aerobic metabolism (Q10 and aerobic scope of activity) of adult King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus to the coldest (16° C) and the warmest (26° C) temperature encountered by this species. Compensation of aerobic scope, higher maximal swimming speeds and a maintained capacity to repay oxygen debt indicate that this species is capable of thermal acclimation to conditions expected under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mazloumi
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, Darling Building DX 650 418, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - J L Johansen
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78373, U.S.A
| | - Z A Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, Darling Building DX 650 418, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - B M Gillanders
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, Darling Building DX 650 418, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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34
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Killen SS, Norin T, Halsey LG. Do method and species lifestyle affect measures of maximum metabolic rate in fishes? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1037-1046. [PMID: 27778342 PMCID: PMC5347950 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rate at which active animals can expend energy is limited by their maximum aerobic metabolic rate (MMR). Two methods are commonly used to estimate MMR as oxygen uptake in fishes, namely during prolonged swimming or immediately following brief exhaustive exercise, but it is unclear whether they return different estimates of MMR or whether their effectiveness for estimating MMR varies among species with different lifestyles. A broad comparative analysis of MMR data from 121 fish species revealed little evidence of different results between the two methods, either for fishes in general or for species of benthic, benthopelagic or pelagic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQU.K.
| | - T. Norin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQU.K.
| | - L. G. Halsey
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonHolybourne AvenueLondonSW15 4JDU.K.
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35
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Bouyoucos IA, Suski CD, Mandelman JW, Brooks EJ. The energetic, physiological, and behavioral response of lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) to simulated longline capture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 207:65-72. [PMID: 28238832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Commercial fisheries bycatch is a considerable threat to elasmobranch population recovery, and techniques to mitigate sub-lethal consequences can be improved with data on the energetic, physiological, and behavioral response of individuals to capture. This study sought to estimate the effects of simulated longline capture on the behavior, energy use, and physiological stress of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). Captive sharks equipped with acceleration biologgers were subjected to 1h of simulated longline capture. Swimming behaviors were identified from acceleration data using a machine-learning algorithm, energetic costs were estimated using accelerometer-calibrated relationships and respirometry, and physiological stress was quantified with point-of-care blood analyzers. During capture, sharks exhibited nine-fold increases in the frequency of burst swimming, 98% reductions in resting, and swam as often as unrestrained sharks. Aerobic metabolic rates during capture were 8% higher than for unrestrained sharks, and accounted for a 57.7% increase in activity costs when excess post-exercise oxygen consumption was included. Lastly, sharks exhibited significant increases in blood lactate and glucose, but no change in blood pH after 1h of capture. Therefore, these results provide preliminary insight into the behavioral and energetic responses of sharks to capture, and have implications for mitigating sub-lethal consequences of capture for sharks as commercial longline bycatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas.
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas
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36
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Is there a pace-of-life syndrome linking boldness and metabolic capacity for locomotion in bluegill sunfish? Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Yoshioka H. Mathematical analysis and validation of an exactly solvable model for upstream migration of fish schools in one-dimensional rivers. Math Biosci 2016; 281:139-148. [PMID: 27693303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Upstream migration of fish schools in 1-D rivers as an optimal control problem is formulated where their swimming velocity and the horizontal oblateness are taken as control variables. The objective function to be maximized through a migration process consists of the biological and ecological profit to be gained at the upstream-end of a river, energetic cost of swimming against the flow, and conceptual cost of forming a school. Under simplified conditions where the flow is uniform in both space and time and the profit to be gained at the goal of migration is sufficiently large, the optimal control variables are determined from a system of algebraic equations that can be solved in a cascading manner. Mathematical analysis of the system reveals that the optimal controls are uniquely found and the model is exactly solvable under certain conditions on the functions and parameters, which turn out to be realistic and actually satisfied in experimental fish migration. Identification results of the functional shapes of the functions and the parameters with experimentally observed data of swimming schools of Plecoglossus altivelis (Ayu) validate the present mathematical model from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints. The present model thus turns out to be consistent with the reality, showing its potential applicability to assessing fish migration in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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38
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Oufiero CE, Whitlow KR. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in fish swimming. Curr Zool 2016; 62:475-488. [PMID: 29491937 PMCID: PMC5804253 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have a remarkable amount of variation in their swimming performance, from within species differences to diversity among major taxonomic groups. Fish swimming is a complex, integrative phenotype and has the ability to plastically respond to a myriad of environmental changes. The plasticity of fish swimming has been observed on whole-organismal traits such as burst speed or critical swimming speed, as well as underlying phenotypes such as muscle fiber types, kinematics, cardiovascular system, and neuronal processes. Whether the plastic responses of fish swimming are beneficial seems to depend on the environmental variable that is changing. For example, because of the effects of temperature on biochemical processes, alterations of fish swimming in response to temperature do not seem to be beneficial. In contrast, changes in fish swimming in response to variation in flow may benefit the fish to maintain position in the water column. In this paper, we examine how this plasticity in fish swimming might evolve, focusing on environmental variables that have received the most attention: temperature, habitat, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide variation. Using examples from previous research, we highlight many of the ways fish swimming can plastically respond to environmental variation and discuss potential avenues of future research aimed at understanding how plasticity of fish swimming might evolve. We consider the direct and indirect effects of environmental variation on swimming performance, including changes in swimming kinematics and suborganismal traits thought to predict swimming performance. We also discuss the role of the evolution of plasticity in shaping macroevolutionary patterns of diversity in fish swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina R. Whitlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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39
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Pang X, Fu SJ, Zhang YG. Acclimation temperature alters the relationship between growth and swimming performance among juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 199:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Brennan RS, Hwang R, Tse M, Fangue NA, Whitehead A. Local adaptation to osmotic environment in killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, is supported by divergence in swimming performance but not by differences in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or aerobic scope. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 196:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Rummer JL, Binning SA, Roche DG, Johansen JL. Methods matter: considering locomotory mode and respirometry technique when estimating metabolic rates of fishes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow008. [PMID: 27382471 PMCID: PMC4922262 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Respirometry is frequently used to estimate metabolic rates and examine organismal responses to environmental change. Although a range of methodologies exists, it remains unclear whether differences in chamber design and exercise (type and duration) produce comparable results within individuals and whether the most appropriate method differs across taxa. We used a repeated-measures design to compare estimates of maximal and standard metabolic rates (MMR and SMR) in four coral reef fish species using the following three methods: (i) prolonged swimming in a traditional swimming respirometer; (ii) short-duration exhaustive chase with air exposure followed by resting respirometry; and (iii) short-duration exhaustive swimming in a circular chamber. We chose species that are steady/prolonged swimmers, using either a body-caudal fin or a median-paired fin swimming mode during routine swimming. Individual MMR estimates differed significantly depending on the method used. Swimming respirometry consistently provided the best (i.e. highest) estimate of MMR in all four species irrespective of swimming mode. Both short-duration protocols (exhaustive chase and swimming in a circular chamber) produced similar MMR estimates, which were up to 38% lower than those obtained during prolonged swimming. Furthermore, underestimates were not consistent across swimming modes or species, indicating that a general correction factor cannot be used. However, SMR estimates (upon recovery from both of the exhausting swimming methods) were consistent across both short-duration methods. Given the increasing use of metabolic data to assess organismal responses to environmental stressors, we recommend carefully considering respirometry protocols before experimentation. Specifically, results should not readily be compared across methods; discrepancies could result in misinterpretation of MMR and aerobic scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G. Roche
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Éco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jacob L. Johansen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Ejbye-Ernst R, Michaelsen TY, Tirsgaard B, Wilson JM, Jensen LF, Steffensen JF, Pertoldi C, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Partitioning the metabolic scope: the importance of anaerobic metabolism and implications for the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow019. [PMID: 27293766 PMCID: PMC4896295 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect the distribution and abundance of aquatic ectotherms owing to increasing constraints on organismal physiology, in particular involving the metabolic scope (MS) available for performance and fitness. The oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis prescribes MS as an overarching benchmark for fitness-related performance and assumes that any anaerobic contribution within the MS is insignificant. The MS is typically derived from respirometry by subtracting standard metabolic rate from the maximal metabolic rate; however, the methodology rarely accounts for anaerobic metabolism within the MS. Using gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), this study tested for trade-offs (i) between aerobic and anaerobic components of locomotor performance; and (ii) between the corresponding components of the MS. Data collection involved measuring oxygen consumption rate at increasing swimming speeds, using the gait transition from steady to unsteady (burst-assisted) swimming to detect the onset of anaerobic metabolism. Results provided evidence of the locomotor performance trade-off, but only in S. aurata. In contrast, both species revealed significant negative correlations between aerobic and anaerobic components of the MS, indicating a trade-off where both components of the MS cannot be optimized simultaneously. Importantly, the fraction of the MS influenced by anaerobic metabolism was on average 24.3 and 26.1% in S. aurata and P. reticulata, respectively. These data highlight the importance of taking anaerobic metabolism into account when assessing effects of environmental variation on the MS, because the fraction where anaerobic metabolism occurs is a poor indicator of sustainable aerobic performance. Our results suggest that without accounting for anaerobic metabolism within the MS, studies involving the OCLTT hypothesis could overestimate the metabolic scope available for sustainable activities and the ability of individuals and species to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ejbye-Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Y. Michaelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. Tel: +45 42 40 08 32.
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John F. Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Charlottenlund, Denmark
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43
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Norin T, Clark TD. Measurement and relevance of maximum metabolic rate in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:122-51. [PMID: 26586591 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maximum (aerobic) metabolic rate (MMR) is defined here as the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (M˙O2max ) that a fish can achieve at a given temperature under any ecologically relevant circumstance. Different techniques exist for eliciting MMR of fishes, of which swim-flume respirometry (critical swimming speed tests and burst-swimming protocols) and exhaustive chases are the most common. Available data suggest that the most suitable method for eliciting MMR varies with species and ecotype, and depends on the propensity of the fish to sustain swimming for extended durations as well as its capacity to simultaneously exercise and digest food. MMR varies substantially (>10 fold) between species with different lifestyles (i.e. interspecific variation), and to a lesser extent (<three-fold) between individuals of the same species (i.e. intraspecific variation). MMR often changes allometrically with body size and is modulated by several environmental factors, including temperature and oxygen availability. Due to the significance of MMR in determining aerobic scope, interest in measuring this trait has spread across disciplines in attempts to predict effects of climate change on fish populations. Here, various techniques used to elicit and measure MMR in different fish species with contrasting lifestyles are outlined and the relevance of MMR to the ecology, fitness and climate change resilience of fishes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Norin
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - T D Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Qld, 4810, Australia
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Chabot D, Steffensen JF, Farrell AP. The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:81-121. [PMID: 26768973 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review and data analysis outline how fish biologists should most reliably estimate the minimal amount of oxygen needed by a fish to support its aerobic metabolic rate (termed standard metabolic rate; SMR). By reviewing key literature, it explains the theory, terminology and challenges underlying SMR measurements in fishes, which are almost always made using respirometry (which measures oxygen uptake, ṀO2 ). Then, the practical difficulties of measuring SMR when activity of the fish is not quantitatively evaluated are comprehensively explored using 85 examples of ṀO2 data from different fishes and one crustacean, an analysis that goes well beyond any previous attempt. The main objective was to compare eight methods to estimate SMR. The methods were: average of the lowest 10 values (low10) and average of the 10% lowest ṀO2 values, after removing the five lowest ones as outliers (low10%), mean of the lowest normal distribution (MLND) and quantiles that assign from 10 to 30% of the data below SMR (q0·1 , q0·15 , q0·2 , q0·25 and q0·3 ). The eight methods yielded significantly different SMR estimates, as expected. While the differences were small when the variability was low amongst the ṀO2 values, they were important (>20%) for several cases. The degree of agreement between the methods was related to the c.v. of the observations that were classified into the lowest normal distribution, the c.v. MLND (C.V.MLND ). When this indicator was low (≤5·4), it was advantageous to use the MLND, otherwise, one of the q0·2 or q0·25 should be used. The second objective was to assess if the data recorded during the initial recovery period in the respirometer should be included or excluded, and the recommendation is to exclude them. The final objective was to determine the minimal duration of experiments aiming to estimate SMR. The results show that 12 h is insufficient but 24 h is adequate. A list of basic recommendations for practitioners who use respirometry to measure SMR in fishes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chabot
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - J F Steffensen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - A P Farrell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Department of Zoology, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Tudorache C, Burgerhout E, Brittijn S, van den Thillart G. Comparison of swimming capacity and energetics of migratory European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and New Zealand short-finned eel (A. australis). Front Physiol 2015; 6:256. [PMID: 26441675 PMCID: PMC4584949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spawning migration of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) can cover more than 6000 km, while that of the New Zealand short-finned eel (A. australis) is assumed to be approximately 3000 km. Since these species are expected to show adaptive traits to such an important lifetime event, we hypothesized differences in swimming capacity and energetics as a response to this adaptation. In an experimental swimming respirometer set-up, critical swimming speed (Ucrit), optimal swimming speed (Uopt), mass specific oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2), standard metabolic rate (SMR), active metabolic rate at Ucrit (AMRcrit) and at Uopt (AMRopt), the minimum cost of transport at Uopt (COTmin), and the scope for activity, were assessed and compared between the species. With a similar body length and mass, European eels showed ca. 25% higher values for both Ucrit and Uopt, and 23% lower values for COTmin, compared to New Zealand short-finned eels. However, SMR, AMRcrit, AMRopt, and scope for activity did not differ between the species, indicating very similar swimming physiology traits. This study discusses physiological aspects of long distance migration and provides recommendations for (a) swimming respirometry in anguilliform fish, and (b) telemetry research using externally attached pop-up tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tudorache
- Department for Animal Sciences and Health, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik Burgerhout
- Department for Animal Sciences and Health, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
- NewCatch B.V.Leiden, Netherlands
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Martín López LM, Miller PJO, Aguilar de Soto N, Johnson M. Gait switches in deep-diving beaked whales: biomechanical strategies for long-duration dives. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1325-38. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Diving animals modulate their swimming gaits to promote locomotor efficiency and so enable longer, more productive dives. Beaked whales perform extremely long and deep foraging dives that probably exceed aerobic capacities for some species. Here, we use biomechanical data from suction-cup tags attached to three species of beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris, N=10; Ziphius cavirostris, N=9; and Hyperoodon ampullatus, N=2) to characterize their swimming gaits. In addition to continuous stroking and stroke-and-glide gaits described for other diving mammals, all whales produced occasional fluke-strokes with distinctly larger dorso-ventral acceleration, which we termed ‘type-B’ strokes. These high-power strokes occurred almost exclusively during deep dive ascents as part of a novel mixed gait. To quantify body rotations and specific acceleration generated during strokes we adapted a kinematic method combining data from two sensors in the tag. Body rotations estimated with high-rate magnetometer data were subtracted from accelerometer data to estimate the resulting surge and heave accelerations. Using this method, we show that stroke duration, rotation angle and acceleration were bi-modal for these species, with B-strokes having 76% of the duration, 52% larger body rotation and four times more surge than normal strokes. The additional acceleration of B-strokes did not lead to faster ascents, but rather enabled brief glides, which may improve the overall efficiency of this gait. Their occurrence towards the end of long dives leads us to propose that B-strokes may recruit fast-twitch fibres that comprise ∼80% of swimming muscles in Blainville's beaked whales, thus prolonging foraging time at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- SMRU (Sea Mammal Research Unit), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Natacha Aguilar de Soto
- SMRU (Sea Mammal Research Unit), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
- BIOECOMAC (Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación), University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Spain
| | - Mark Johnson
- SMRU (Sea Mammal Research Unit), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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47
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The muscle dwelling myxozoan, Kudoa inornata, enhances swimming performance in the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Binning SA, Ros AFH, Nusbaumer D, Roche DG. Physiological plasticity to water flow habitat in the damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus: linking phenotype to performance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121983. [PMID: 25807560 PMCID: PMC4373956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among animal form, function and performance are complex, and vary across environments. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify morphological and/or physiological traits responsible for enhancing performance in a given habitat. In fishes, differences in swimming performance across water flow gradients are related to morphological variation among and within species. However, physiological traits related to performance have been less well studied. We experimentally reared juvenile damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, under different water flow regimes to test 1) whether aspects of swimming physiology and morphology show plastic responses to water flow, 2) whether trait divergence correlates with swimming performance and 3) whether flow environment relates to performance differences observed in wild fish. We found that maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope and blood haematocrit were higher in wave-reared fish compared to fish reared in low water flow. However, pectoral fin shape, which tends to correlate with sustained swimming performance, did not differ between rearing treatments or collection sites. Maximum metabolic rate was the best overall predictor of individual swimming performance; fin shape and fish total length were 3.3 and 3.7 times less likely than maximum metabolic rate to explain differences in critical swimming speed. Performance differences induced in fish reared in different flow environments were less pronounced than in wild fish but similar in direction. Our results suggest that exposure to water motion induces plastic physiological changes which enhance swimming performance in A. polyacanthus. Thus, functional relationships between fish morphology and performance across flow habitats should also consider differences in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Binning
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Albert F H Ros
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Eco-Éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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49
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Svendsen JC, Tirsgaard B, Cordero GA, Steffensen JF. Intraspecific variation in aerobic and anaerobic locomotion: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) do not exhibit a trade-off between maximum sustained swimming speed and minimum cost of transport. Front Physiol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25741285 PMCID: PMC4330683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation and trade-off in aerobic and anaerobic traits remain poorly understood in aquatic locomotion. Using gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), both axial swimmers, this study tested four hypotheses: (1) gait transition from steady to unsteady (i.e., burst-assisted) swimming is associated with anaerobic metabolism evidenced as excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC); (2) variation in swimming performance (critical swimming speed; Ucrit) correlates with metabolic scope (MS) or anaerobic capacity (i.e., maximum EPOC); (3) there is a trade-off between maximum sustained swimming speed (Usus) and minimum cost of transport (COTmin); and (4) variation in Usus correlates positively with optimum swimming speed (Uopt; i.e., the speed that minimizes energy expenditure per unit of distance traveled). Data collection involved swimming respirometry and video analysis. Results showed that anaerobic swimming costs (i.e., EPOC) increase linearly with the number of bursts in S. aurata, with each burst corresponding to 0.53 mg O2 kg−1. Data are consistent with a previous study on striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis), a labriform swimmer, suggesting that the metabolic cost of burst swimming is similar across various types of locomotion. There was no correlation between Ucrit and MS or anaerobic capacity in S. aurata indicating that other factors, including morphological or biomechanical traits, influenced Ucrit. We found no evidence of a trade-off between Usus and COTmin. In fact, data revealed significant negative correlations between Usus and COTmin, suggesting that individuals with high Usus also exhibit low COTmin. Finally, there were positive correlations between Usus and Uopt. Our study demonstrates the energetic importance of anaerobic metabolism during unsteady swimming, and provides intraspecific evidence that superior maximum sustained swimming speed is associated with superior swimming economy and optimum speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Svendsen
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Fisheries and Maritime Museum Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Gerardo A Cordero
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
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50
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Killen SS, Mitchell MD, Rummer JL, Chivers DP, Ferrari MCO, Meekan MG, McCormick MI. Aerobic scope predicts dominance during early life in a tropical damselfish. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Matthew D. Mitchell
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Douglas P. Chivers
- Department of Biology; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Maud C. O. Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; WCVM; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- UWA Ocean Sciences Centre (MO96); Australian Institute of Marine Science; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
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