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Ahmad I, Kaur M, Tyagi D, Singh TB, Kaur G, Afzal SM, Jauhar M. Exploring novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Bisphenol A-induced toxicity: A persistent threat to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104467. [PMID: 38763439 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, found in numerous consumer products. Despite its widespread use, its potential adverse health effects have raised significant concerns. This review explores the molecular mechanisms and evidence-based literature underlying BPA-induced toxicities and its implications for human health. BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) which exhibits carcinogenic properties by influencing various receptors, such as ER, AhR, PPARs, LXRs, and RARs. It induces oxidative stress and contributes to cellular dysfunction, inflammation, and DNA damage, ultimately leading to various toxicities including but not limited to reproductive, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine toxicity. Moreover, BPA can modify DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression, leading to epigenetic changes and contribute to carcinogenesis. Overall, understanding molecular mechanisms of BPA-induced toxicity is crucial for developing effective strategies and policies to mitigate its adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Devansh Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Tejinder Bir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Shaikh Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Mohsin Jauhar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Kay JE, Brody JG, Schwarzman M, Rudel RA. Application of the Key Characteristics Framework to Identify Potential Breast Carcinogens Using Publicly Available in Vivo, in Vitro, and in Silico Data. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:17002. [PMID: 38197648 PMCID: PMC10777819 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals that induce mammary tumors in rodents or activate estrogen or progesterone signaling are likely to increase breast cancer (BC) risk. Identifying chemicals with these activities can prompt steps to protect human health. OBJECTIVES We compiled data on rodent tumors, endocrine activity, and genotoxicity to assess the key characteristics (KCs) of rodent mammary carcinogens (MCs), and to identify other chemicals that exhibit these effects and may therefore increase BC risk. METHODS Using authoritative databases, including International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs and the US Environmental Protection's (EPA) ToxCast, we selected chemicals that induce mammary tumors in rodents, stimulate estradiol or progesterone synthesis, or activate the estrogen receptor (ER) in vitro. We classified these chemicals by their genotoxicity and strength of endocrine activity and calculated the overrepresentation (enrichment) of these KCs among MCs. Finally, we evaluated whether these KCs predict whether a chemical is likely to induce mammary tumors. RESULTS We identified 279 MCs and an additional 642 chemicals that stimulate estrogen or progesterone signaling. MCs were significantly enriched for steroidogenicity, ER agonism, and genotoxicity, supporting the use of these KCs to predict whether a chemical is likely to induce rodent mammary tumors and, by inference, increase BC risk. More MCs were steroidogens than ER agonists, and many increased both estradiol and progesterone. Enrichment among MCs was greater for strong endocrine activity vs. weak or inactive, with a significant trend. DISCUSSION We identified hundreds of compounds that have biological activities that could increase BC risk and demonstrated that these activities are enriched among MCs. We argue that many of these should not be considered low hazard without investigating their ability to affect the breast, and chemicals with the strongest evidence can be targeted for exposure reduction. We describe ways to strengthen hazard identification, including improved assessments for mammary effects, developing assays for more KCs, and more comprehensive chemical testing. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13233.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan Schwarzman
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Prueitt RL, Hixon ML, Fan T, Olgun NS, Piatos P, Zhou J, Goodman JE. Systematic review of the potential carcinogenicity of bisphenol A in humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105414. [PMID: 37263405 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical to which humans are exposed through a variety of environmental sources. We have conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of 29 epidemiology studies and 27 experimental animal studies, published through May 2022, evaluating the potential carcinogenicity of BPA to contribute to the understanding of whether BPA is carcinogenic in humans. We conducted this review according to best practices for systematic reviews and incorporating established frameworks for study quality evaluation and evidence integration. The epidemiology studies have many limitations that increase the risk of biased results, but overall, the studies do not provide clear and consistent evidence for an association between BPA exposure and the development of any type of cancer. The experimental animal studies also do not provide strong and consistent evidence that BPA is associated with the induction of any malignant tumor type. Some of the proposed mechanisms for BPA carcinogenicity are biologically plausible, but the relevance to human exposures is not clear. We conclude that there is inadequate evidence to support a causal relationship between BPA exposure and human carcinogenicity, based on inadequate evidence in humans, as well as evidence from experimental animal studies that suggests a causal relationship is not likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Prueitt
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Mary L Hixon
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
| | - Tongyao Fan
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
| | - Nicole S Olgun
- Gradient, 103 East Water Street, 3rd Floor, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
| | - Perry Piatos
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
| | - Jean Zhou
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
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Kay JE, Cardona B, Rudel RA, Vandenberg LN, Soto AM, Christiansen S, Birnbaum LS, Fenton SE. Chemical Effects on Breast Development, Function, and Cancer Risk: Existing Knowledge and New Opportunities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:535-562. [PMID: 35984634 PMCID: PMC9729163 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Population studies show worrisome trends towards earlier breast development, difficulty in breastfeeding, and increasing rates of breast cancer in young women. Multiple epidemiological studies have linked these outcomes with chemical exposures, and experimental studies have shown that many of these chemicals generate similar effects in rodents, often by disrupting hormonal regulation. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter the progression of mammary gland (MG) development, impair the ability to nourish offspring via lactation, increase mammary tissue density, and increase the propensity to develop cancer. However, current toxicological approaches to measuring the effects of chemical exposures on the MG are often inadequate to detect these effects, impairing our ability to identify exposures harmful to the breast and limiting opportunities for prevention. This paper describes key adverse outcomes for the MG, including impaired lactation, altered pubertal development, altered morphology (such as increased mammographic density), and cancer. It also summarizes evidence from humans and rodent models for exposures associated with these effects. We also review current toxicological practices for evaluating MG effects, highlight limitations of current methods, summarize debates related to how effects are interpreted in risk assessment, and make recommendations to strengthen assessment approaches. Increasing the rigor of MG assessment would improve our ability to identify chemicals of concern, regulate those chemicals based on their effects, and prevent exposures and associated adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Forde MS, Côté S, Laouan Sidi EA, Gaudreau É, Ayotte P. Evaluation of Bisphenol A in Pregnant Women from 10 Caribbean Countries. TOXICS 2022; 10:556. [PMID: 36287837 PMCID: PMC9609213 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a phenolic chemical incorporated into many plastic products, has been found to act as an endocrine disruptor that potentially is linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Prenatal BPA concentration levels were assessed in 10 English-speaking Caribbean countries by randomly selecting 15 maternal urine samples from approximately 50 pregnant women samples collected in each island and then comparing the findings with comparable data from Canada and the U.S. BPA was detected in all samples ranging from a low geometric mean of 1.46 μg/L (St. Lucia) to a high of 4.88 μg/L (St. Kitts & Nevis). All of the Caribbean islands sampled had geometric mean concentration levels that were higher than those recorded in two Canadian biomonitoring surveys (1.26 μg/L and 0.80 μg/L) and the U.S. NHANES survey (1.39 μg/L). This first biomonitoring survey of BPA concentration levels in maternal urine samples taken from Caribbean countries clearly points to the need for Caribbean governments and public health officials to first engage in legislative and regulatory efforts to ban or minimize the importation and use of BPA products used the Caribbean and, second, to continue to conduct biomonitoring surveys so as to ensure that these laws and regulations are indeed leading to a decrease of BPA concentrations in Caribbean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Forde
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada FZ818, West Indies
| | - Suzanne Côté
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Elhadji A. Laouan Sidi
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
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Matouskova K, Szabo GK, Daum J, Fenton SE, Christiansen S, Soto AM, Kay JE, Cardona B, Vandenberg LN. Best practices to quantify the impact of reproductive toxicants on development, function, and diseases of the rodent mammary gland. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:51-67. [PMID: 35764275 PMCID: PMC9491517 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work from numerous fields of study suggests that exposures to hormonally active chemicals during sensitive windows of development can alter mammary gland development, function, and disease risk. Stronger links between many environmental pollutants and disruptions to breast health continue to be documented in human populations, and there remain concerns that the methods utilized to identify, characterize, and prioritize these chemicals for risk assessment and risk management purposes are insufficient. There are also concerns that effects on the mammary gland have been largely ignored by regulatory agencies. Here, we provide technical guidance that is intended to enhance collection and evaluation of the mammary gland in mice and rats. We review several features of studies that should be controlled to properly evaluate the mammary gland, and then describe methods to appropriately collect the mammary gland from rodents. Furthermore, we discuss methods for preparing whole mounted mammary glands and numerous approaches that are available for the analysis of these samples. Finally, we conclude with several examples where analysis of the mammary gland revealed effects of environmental toxicants at low doses. Our work argues that the rodent mammary gland should be considered in chemical safety, hazard and risk assessments. It also suggests that improved measures of mammary gland outcomes, such as those we present in this review, should be included in the standardized methods evaluated by regulatory agencies such as the test guidelines used for identifying reproductive and developmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Gillian K Szabo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Daum
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby DK 2800, Denmark
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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7
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Plante I, Winn LM, Vaillancourt C, Grigorova P, Parent L. Killing two birds with one stone: Pregnancy is a sensitive window for endocrine effects on both the mother and the fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112435. [PMID: 34843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex process requiring tremendous physiological changes in the mother in order to fulfill the needs of the growing fetus, and to give birth, expel the placenta and nurse the newborn. These physiological modifications are accompanied with psychological changes, as well as with variations in habits and behaviors. As a result, this period of life is considered as a sensitive window as impaired functional and physiological changes in the mother can have short- and long-term impacts on her health. In addition, dysregulation of the placenta and of mechanisms governing placentation have been linked to chronic diseases later-on in life for the fetus, in a concept known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). This concept stipulates that any change in the environment during the pre-conception and perinatal (in utero life and neonatal) period to puberty, can be "imprinted" in the organism, thereby impacting the health and risk of chronic diseases later in life. Pregnancy is a succession of events that is regulated, in large part, by hormones and growth factors. Therefore, small changes in hormonal balance can have important effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect both the mother and the fetus giving rise to growing concerns surrounding these exposures. This review will give an overview of changes that happen during pregnancy with respect to the mother, the placenta, and the fetus, and of the current literature regarding the effects of EDCs during this specific sensitive window of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Louise M Winn
- Queen's University, School of Environmental Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Petya Grigorova
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zhang X, Cheng C, Zhang G, Xiao M, Li L, Wu S, Lu X. Co-exposure to BPA and DEHP enhances susceptibility of mammary tumors via up-regulating Esr1/HDAC6 pathway in female rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112453. [PMID: 34186418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) as one of the major malignancies threatening women's health worldwide occurs due to the genetic and environmental interactions. Epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can elevate the risk of breast cancer. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are known as two typical EDCs. Although several studies have implied that there appear to have adverse effects of exposure to BPA or DEHP alone on breast development, no study to date has demonstrated the exact toxic effect of combined exposure to DEHP and BPA on breast tumorigenesis. In the present study, we performed an in vivo experiment including 160 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, in which 80 rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups including control group given to normal diet, DEHP (150 mg/kg body weight/day), BPA (20 mg/kg body weight/day), and DEHP (150 mg/kg body weight/day) combined with BPA (20 mg/kg body weight/day) by gavage for 30 weeks. Additionally, a DEN/MNU/DHPN (DMD)-induced carcinogenesis animal model was also established to assess their effect on tumor promotion. Namely, the other 80 SD rats were separated into another 4 groups: in addition to DMD initiation each group treated with vehicle, DEHP, BPA and the combination of BPA and DEHP respectively. Our data demonstrated that BPA alone or in combination with DEHP may induce hyperplasia of mammary glands, including the proliferation of ductal epithelial cells and an increase in the number of lobules and acinus after a 30-week exposure. Notably, co-exposure to DEHP and BPA increased the incidence and reduced the latency of mammary tumor, which seemed to enhance the susceptibility of carcinogens-induced tumor. Mechanistically, our results supported the hypothesis that exposure to BPA and DEHP might promote breast cancer dependent on Esr1 and HDAC6 as pivotal factors, and further lead to the activation of oncogene c-Myc. Our study suggested that BPA combined with DEHP facilitate the occurrence of mammary tumors, which contributed to advance our understanding in the complex effects of compound exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Guopei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Mingyang Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Liuli Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Salamanca-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Amiano P, Delfrade J, Chirlaque MD, Colorado S, Guevara M, Jimenez A, Arrebola JP, Vela F, Olea N, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ. Bisphenol-A exposure and risk of breast and prostate cancer in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Environ Health 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 34399780 PMCID: PMC8369702 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that it is present in numerous products of daily use. The aim of this study was to assess the potential association of serum BPA concentrations and the risk of incident breast and prostate cancer in a sub-cohort of the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS We designed a case-cohort study within the EPIC-Spain cohort. Study population consisted on 4812 participants from 4 EPIC-Spain centers (547 breast cancer cases, 575 prostate cancer cases and 3690 sub-cohort participants). BPA exposure was assessed by means of chemical analyses of serum samples collected at recruitment. Borgan II weighted Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. RESULTS Median follow-up time in our study was 16.9 years. BPA geometric mean serum values of cases and sub-cohort were 1.12 ng/ml vs 1.10 ng/ml respectively for breast cancer and 1.33 ng/ml vs 1.29 ng/ml respectively for prostate cancer. When categorizing BPA into tertiles, a 40% increase in risk of prostate cancer for tertile 1 (p = 0.022), 37% increase for tertile 2 (p = 0.034) and 31% increase for tertile 3 (p = 0.072) was observed with respect to values bellow the limit of detection. No significant association was observed between BPA levels and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS We found a similar percentage of detection of BPA among cases and sub-cohort from our population, and no association with breast cancer risk was observed. However, we found a higher risk of prostate cancer for the increase in serum BPA levels. Further investigation is needed to understand the influence of BPA in prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Josu Delfrade
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Health and Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra Colorado
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Research Group on Demography and Health, National Faculty of Public Health, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Jimenez
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Vela
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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10
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Vandenberg LN. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the mammary gland. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:237-277. [PMID: 34452688 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammary gland requires coordination of hormone signaling pathways including those mediated by estrogen, progesterone, androgen and prolactin receptors. These hormones play important roles at several distinct stages of life including embryonic/fetal development, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and old age. This also makes the gland sensitive to perturbations from environmental agents including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Although there is evidence from human populations of associations between EDCs and disruptions to breast development and lactation, these studies are often complicated by the timing of exposure assessments and the latency to develop breast diseases (e.g., years to decades). Rodents have been instrumental in providing insights-not only to the basic biology and endocrinology of the mammary gland, but to the effects of EDCs on this tissue at different stages of development. Studies, mostly but not exclusively, of estrogenic EDCs have shown that the mammary gland is a sensitive tissue, that exposures during perinatal development can produce abnormal mammary structures (e.g., alveolar buds, typically seen in pregnant females) in adulthood; that exposures during pregnancy can alter milk production; and that EDC exposures can enhance the response of the mammary tissue to hormones and chemical carcinogens. Other studies of persistent organic pollutants have shown that EDC exposures during critical windows of development can delay development of the gland, with lifelong consequences for the individual. Collectively, this work continues to support the conclusion that EDCs can harm the mammary gland, with effects that depend on the period of exposure and the period of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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11
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Catenza CJ, Farooq A, Shubear NS, Donkor KK. A targeted review on fate, occurrence, risk and health implications of bisphenol analogues. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129273. [PMID: 33352513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to its widespread applications and its ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, bisphenol A (BPA) and its alternatives have gained increasing attention, especially in terms of human safety. Like BPA, alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) have also been identified to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Hence, in this study, we reviewed the literature of BPA and its alternatives mainly published between the period 2018-2020, including their occurrences in the environment, human exposure, and adverse health effects. The review shows that bisphenols are prevalent in the environment with BPA, BPS, and BPF being the most ubiquitous in the environment worldwide, though BPA remains the most abundant bisphenol. However, the levels of BPS and BPF in different environmental media have been constantly increasing and their fates and health risks are being evaluated. The studies show that humans and animals are exposed to bisphenols in many different ways through inhalation and ingestion and the exposure can have serious health effects. Urinary bisphenols (BPs) levels were frequently reported to be positively associated with different health problems such as cancer, infertility, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Our literature study also shows that BPs generate reactive oxygen species and disrupt various signalling pathways, which could lead to the development of chronic diseases. Activated carbon-based and chitosan-based sorbents have been widely utilized in the removal of BPA in aqueous solutions. In addition, enzymes and microorganisms have also been getting much attention due to their high removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrene J Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Amna Farooq
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Noor S Shubear
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Kingsley K Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada.
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12
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vom Saal FS, Vandenberg LN. Update on the Health Effects of Bisphenol A: Overwhelming Evidence of Harm. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6124507. [PMID: 33516155 PMCID: PMC7846099 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, the first in vivo bisphenol A (BPA) study by endocrinologists reported that feeding BPA to pregnant mice induced adverse reproductive effects in male offspring at the low dose of 2 µg/kg/day. Since then, thousands of studies have reported adverse effects in animals administered low doses of BPA. Despite more than 100 epidemiological studies suggesting associations between BPA and disease/dysfunction also reported in animal studies, regulatory agencies continue to assert that BPA exposures are safe. To address this disagreement, the CLARITY-BPA study was designed to evaluate traditional endpoints of toxicity and modern hypothesis-driven, disease-relevant outcomes in the same set of animals. A wide range of adverse effects was reported in both the toxicity and the mechanistic endpoints at the lowest dose tested (2.5 µg/kg/day), leading independent experts to call for the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) to be dropped 20 000-fold from the current outdated LOAEL of 50 000 µg/kg/day. Despite criticism by members of the Endocrine Society that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s assumptions violate basic principles of endocrinology, the FDA rejected all low-dose data as not biologically plausible. Their decisions rely on 4 incorrect assumptions: dose responses must be monotonic, there exists a threshold below which there are no effects, both sexes must respond similarly, and only toxicological guideline studies are valid. This review details more than 20 years of BPA studies and addresses the divide that exists between regulatory approaches and endocrine science. Ultimately, CLARITY-BPA has shed light on why traditional methods of evaluating toxicity are insufficient to evaluate endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S vom Saal
- University of Missouri – Columbia, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
- Correspondence: Dr. Frederick vom Saal, University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biological Sciences, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. E-mail:
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- University of Massachusetts – Amherst, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts
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13
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Vandenberg LN, Bugos J. Assessing the Public Health Implications of the Food Preservative Propylparaben: Has This Chemical Been Safely Used for Decades. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:54-70. [PMID: 33415721 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parabens are chemicals containing alkyl-esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which give them antimicrobial, antifungal, and preservative properties. Propylparaben (PP) is one paraben that has been widely used in personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. In this review, we address the ongoing controversy over the safety of parabens, and PP specifically. These chemicals have received significant public attention after studies published almost 20 years ago suggested plausible associations between PP exposures and breast cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we use key characteristics, a systematic approach to evaluate the endocrine disrupting properties of PP based on features of "known" endocrine disruptors, and consider whether its classification as a "weak" estrogen should alleviate public health concerns over human exposures. We also review the available evidence from rodent and human studies to illustrate how the large data gaps that exist in hazard assessments raise concerns about current evaluations by regulatory agencies that PP use is safe. Finally, we address the circular logic that is used to suggest that because PP has been used for several decades, it must be safe. We conclude that inadequate evidence has been provided for the safe use of PP in food, cosmetics, and consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jennifer Bugos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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14
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Hussain I, Deb P, Chini A, Obaid M, Bhan A, Ansari KI, Mishra BP, Bobzean SA, Udden SMN, Alluri PG, Das HK, Brothers RM, Perrotti LI, Mandal SS. HOXA5 Expression Is Elevated in Breast Cancer and Is Transcriptionally Regulated by Estradiol. Front Genet 2021; 11:592436. [PMID: 33384715 PMCID: PMC7770181 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.592436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXA5 is a homeobox-containing gene associated with the development of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and vertebrae. Here, we investigate potential roles and the gene regulatory mechanism in HOXA5 in breast cancer cells. Our studies demonstrate that HOXA5 expression is elevated in breast cancer tissues and in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells. HOXA5 expression is critical for breast cancer cell viability. Biochemical studies show that estradiol (E2) regulates HOXA5 gene expression in cultured breast cancer cells in vitro. HOXA5 expression is also upregulated in vivo in the mammary tissues of ovariectomized female rats. E2-induced HOXA5 expression is coordinated by ERs. Knockdown of either ERα or ERβ downregulated E2-induced HOXA5 expression. Additionally, ER co-regulators, including CBP/p300 (histone acetylases) and MLL-histone methylases (MLL2, MLL3), histone acetylation-, and H3K4 trimethylation levels are enriched at the HOXA5 promoter in present E2. In summary, our studies demonstrate that HOXA5 is overexpressed in breast cancer and is transcriptionally regulated via estradiol in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Paromita Deb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Avisankar Chini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Monira Obaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Arunoday Bhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Khairul I Ansari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Bibhu P Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Samara A Bobzean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - S M Nashir Udden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Prasanna G Alluri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hriday K Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Healthy Aging, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robert Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Subhrangsu S Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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15
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Heindel JJ, Belcher S, Flaws JA, Prins GS, Ho SM, Mao J, Patisaul HB, Ricke W, Rosenfeld CS, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Zoeller RT. Data integration, analysis, and interpretation of eight academic CLARITY-BPA studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:29-60. [PMID: 32682780 PMCID: PMC7365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity" (CLARITY-BPA) was a comprehensive "industry-standard" Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant 2-year chronic exposure study of bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity that was supplemented by hypothesis-driven independent investigator-initiated studies. The investigator-initiated studies were focused on integrating disease-associated, molecular, and physiological endpoints previously found by academic scientists into an industry standard guideline-compliant toxicity study. Thus, the goal of this collaboration was to provide a more comprehensive dataset upon which to base safety standards and to determine whether industry-standard tests are as sensitive and predictive as molecular and disease-associated endpoints. The goal of this report is to integrate the findings from the investigator-initiated studies into a comprehensive overview of the observed impacts of BPA across the multiple organs and systems analyzed. For each organ system, we provide the rationale for the study, an overview of methodology, and summarize major findings. We then compare the results of the CLARITY-BPA studies across organ systems with the results of previous peer-reviewed studies from independent labs. Finally, we discuss potential influences that contributed to differences between studies. Developmental exposure to BPA can lead to adverse effects in multiple organs systems, including the brain, prostate gland, urinary tract, ovary, mammary gland, and heart. As published previously, many effects were at the lowest dose tested, 2.5μg/kg /day, and many of the responses were non-monotonic. Because the low dose of BPA affected endpoints in the same animals across organs evaluated in different labs, we conclude that these are biologically - and toxicologically - relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 94924, United States.
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - William Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705, United States
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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16
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Nava-Castro KE, Palacios-Arreola MI, Garay-Canales C, Morales-Montor J. How microplastic components influence the immune system and impact on children health: Focus on cancer. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1341-1361. [PMID: 32767490 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of human socioeconomic activity, industrial wastes have increased distressingly. Plastic pollution is globally distributed across the world due to its properties of buoyancy and durability. A big health hazard is the sorption of toxicants to plastic while traveling through the environment. Two broad classes of plastic-related chemicals are of critical concern for human health-bisphenols and phthalates. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disruptor compound (EDC) with estrogenic activity. It is used in the production of materials that are used daily. The endocrine modulating activity of BPA and its effects on reproductive health has been widely studied. BPA also has effects on the immune system; however, they are poorly investigated and the available data are inconclusive. Phthalates are also EDCs used as plasticizers in a wide array of daily-use products. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic matrix, they easily leach out from it, leading to high human exposure. These compounds exert several cell effects through modulating different endocrine pathways, such as estrogen, androgen, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and arylhydrocarbon receptor pathways. The exposure to both classes of plastic derivatives during critical periods has detrimental effects on human health. METHODS In this review, we have compiled the most important of their perinatal effects on the function of the immune system and their relationship to the development of different types of cancer. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The administration of bisphenols and phthalates during critical stages of development affects important immune system components, and the immune function; which might be related to the development of different diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen E Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Margarita I Palacios-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Garay-Canales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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17
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Ma Z, Parris AB, Howard EW, Davis M, Cao X, Woods C, Yang X. In Utero Exposure to Bisphenol a Promotes Mammary Tumor Risk in MMTV-Erbb2 Transgenic Mice Through the Induction of ER-erbB2 Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093095. [PMID: 32353937 PMCID: PMC7247154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most common environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Studies suggest a link between perinatal BPA exposure and increased breast cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of in utero BPA exposure on mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 transgenic mice. Pregnant mice were subcutaneously injected with BPA (0, 50, 500 ng/kg and 250 µg/kg BW) daily between gestational days 11–19. Female offspring were examined for mammary tumorigenesis, puberty onset, mammary morphogenesis, and signaling in ER and erbB2 pathways. In utero exposure to low dose BPA (500 ng/kg) induced mammary tumorigenesis, earlier puberty onset, increased terminal end buds, and prolonged estrus phase, which was accompanied by proliferative mammary morphogenesis. CD24/49f-based FACS analysis showed that in utero exposure to 500 ng/kg BPA induced expansion of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cell subpopulations at PND 35. Molecular analysis of mammary tissues at PND 70 showed that in utero exposure to low doses of BPA induced upregulation of ERα, p-ERα, cyclin D1, and c-myc, concurrent activation of erbB2, EGFR, erbB-3, Erk1/2, and Akt, and upregulation of growth factors/ligands. Our results demonstrate that in utero exposure to low dose BPA promotes mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 mice through induction of ER-erbB2 crosstalk and mammary epithelial reprogramming, which advance our understanding of the mechanism associated with in utero exposure to BPA-induced breast cancer risk. The studies also support using MMTV-erbB2 mouse model for relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Ma
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Amanda B. Parris
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Erin W. Howard
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Meghan Davis
- Biotechnology, Rowan-Cabarrus Community College, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Xia Cao
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Courtney Woods
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-704-250-5726
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18
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Varuzza MB, Zapaterini JR, Colombelli KT, Barquilha CN, Justulin LA, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Kass L, Barbisan LF. Impact of gestational low protein diet and postnatal bisphenol A exposure on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in female offspring rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1263-1272. [PMID: 31287222 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of gestational low protein diet (LPD) and/or postnatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in female offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal protein diet (NPD, 17% protein) or LPD (6% protein). At weaning, female offspring were distributed in four groups (NPD, LPD, NPD + BPA, and LPD + BPA) and received vehicle or BPA in drinking water (0.1%), during postnatal day (PND) 21 to 51. On PND 51, some female offspring were euthanized or received a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenzoanthracene (DMBA, 30 mg/kg, i.g.) and were euthanized on PND 250. On PND 51, neither gestational LPD nor postnatal BPA exposure, individually or in combination, significantly altered the development of mammary gland tree, mean number of terminal structures or estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or caspase-3 protein expression in the mammary tissue. A significant reduction in mammary epithelial area (%) was observed in both LPD groups and a significant increase in ER-α protein expression was detected only in LPD group. In LPD + BPA group was observed a significant increase in both fat pad area (%) and in mean number of mammary epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor (PR). On PND 250, the groups that received BPA presented lower latency and higher tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity and LPD + BPA group more aggressive tumors. These findings suggest that postnatal BPA exposure associated with gestational LPD is able to induce morphological changes in the mammary gland and increase susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriele B Varuzza
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce R Zapaterini
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ketlin T Colombelli
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline N Barquilha
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Lloyd V, Morse M, Purakal B, Parker J, Benard P, Crone M, Pfiffner S, Szmyd M, Dinda S. Hormone-Like Effects of Bisphenol A on p53 and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer Cells. Biores Open Access 2019; 8:169-184. [PMID: 31681507 PMCID: PMC6823605 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a polymerizing agent commonly found in plastics that has been linked to xenoestrogenic activity. In this study, we analyzed the estrogen-like effects of BPA on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α and p53 with hormonal and antihormonal treatments in T-47D and MCF-7 cells. Cells were cultured in medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum for 6 days to deplete any endogenous steroids or effectors. The cells were then treated for 24 h with 600 nM BPA, which was determined to be the optimal value by a concentration study of BPA from 1 nM to 2 μM. Extracted cellular proteins were quantified and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)/Western blot analysis. The cell proliferation assays were quantified upon exposure to BPA. Laser confocal microscopy was performed to determine the cytolocalization of p53 and ERα upon treatment with BPA. Western blot analysis revealed that BPA caused an increase in the cellular protein p53 in a concentration-dependent manner. While treatment with BPA did not affect the cytolocalization of p53, an increase in cell proliferation was observed. Our studies provide interesting leads to delineate the possible mechanistic relationship among BPA, ER, and tumor suppressor proteins in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lloyd
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Mia Morse
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Betsy Purakal
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Jordan Parker
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Paige Benard
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Michael Crone
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Samantha Pfiffner
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Monica Szmyd
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Sumi Dinda
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
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20
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Camacho L, Lewis S, Vanlandingham M, Olson G, Davis K, Patton R, Twaddle N, Doerge D, Churchwell M, Bryant M, McLellen F, Woodling K, Felton R, Maisha M, Juliar B, Gamboa da Costa G, Delclos K. A two-year toxicology study of bisphenol A (BPA) in Sprague-Dawley rats: CLARITY-BPA core study results. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Sonavane M, Gassman NR. Bisphenol A co-exposure effects: a key factor in understanding BPA's complex mechanism and health outcomes. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:371-386. [PMID: 31256736 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1621263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical widely used in the production of consumer products, such as polycarbonate plastics, epoxies, and thermal receipt paper. Human exposure to BPA is ubiquitous due to its high-volume production and use. BPA exposure has been associated with obesity, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and cancer. Yet, the molecular mechanisms or modes of action underlying these disease outcomes are poorly understood due to the pleiotropic effects induced by BPA. A further confounding factor in understanding BPA's impact on human health is that co-exposure of BPA with endogenous and exogenous agents occurs during the course of daily life. Studies investigating BPA exposure effects and their relationship to adverse health outcomes often ignore interactions between BPA and other chemicals present in the environment. This review examines BPA co-exposure studies to highlight potentially unexplored mechanisms of action and their possible associations with the adverse health effects attributed to BPA. Importantly, both adverse and beneficial co-exposure effects are observed between BPA and natural chemicals or environmental stressors in in vitro and in vivo models. These interactions clearly influence cellular responses and impact endpoint measures and need to be considered when evaluating BPA exposures and their health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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22
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Nomiri S, Hoshyar R, Ambrosino C, Tyler CR, Mansouri B. A mini review of bisphenol A (BPA) effects on cancer-related cellular signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8459-8467. [PMID: 30712204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticizer used widely in many industrial products and is now well established as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). BPA readily leaches out from these products into the environment and into foodstuffs (from packaging materials) and human exposure can be considerable. Many studies have shown that BPA exposure is associated with a range of chronic human health conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, polycystic ovarian disease, hepatotoxicity, and various types of cancer. BPA exerts its effects through deregulating cell signaling pathways associated with cell growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Previous studies on the molecular mechanisms of BPA have illustrated a variety of pathways impaired at very low exposure concentrations and that stimulate cellular responses relating to tumorigenesis both in cancer onset and progression. In this mini review, the recent advancements made through in vitro analyses are reported on for the effect of BPA on various cellular signaling pathways focusing on the signaling pathways that play a major role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Nomiri
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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23
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Auner AW, Tasneem KM, Markov DA, McCawley LJ, Hutson MS. Chemical-PDMS binding kinetics and implications for bioavailability in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:864-874. [PMID: 30720811 PMCID: PMC6512955 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00796a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-chip devices constructed from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have proven useful in studying both beneficial and adverse effects of drugs, supplements, and potential toxicants. Despite multiple advantages, one clear drawback of PDMS-based devices is binding of hydrophobic chemicals to their exposed surfaces. Chemical binding to PDMS can change the timing and extent of chemical delivery to cells in such devices, potentially altering dose-response curves. Recent efforts have quantified PDMS binding for selected chemicals. Here, we test a wider set of nineteen chemicals using UV-vis or infrared spectroscopy to characterize loss of chemical from solution in two setups with different PDMS-surface-to-solution-volume ratios. We find discernible PDMS binding for eight chemicals and show that PDMS binding is strongest for chemicals with a high octanol-water partition coefficient (log P > 1.85) and low H-bond donor number. Further, by measuring depletion and return of chemical from solution over tens to hundreds of hours and fitting these results to a first order model of binding kinetics, we characterize partitioning into PDMS in terms of binding capacities per unit surface area and both forward and reverse rate constants. These fitted parameters were used to model the impact of PDMS binding on chemical transport and bioavailability under realistic flow conditions and device geometry. The models predict that PDMS binding could alter in-device cellular exposures for both continuous and bolus dosing schemes by up to an order of magnitude compared to nominal input doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Auner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Pouzaud F, Thierry-Mieg M, Burga K, Vérines-Jouin L, Fiore K, Beausoleil C, Michel C, Rousselle C, Pasquier E. Concerns related to ED-mediated effects of Bisphenol A and their regulatory consideration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:92-106. [PMID: 29428396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extensive database on BPA provides strong evidence of its adverse effects on reproductive, neurobehavioural, metabolic functions and mammary gland. Disruption of estrogenic pathway is central in the mediation of these effects although other modes of action may be involved. BPA has a weak affinity for ERα/β but interaction with extranuclearly located pathways activated by estrogens such as ERRγ and GPER reveals how BPA can act at low doses. The effects are observed later in life after developmental exposure and are associated with pathologies of major societal concern in terms of severity, incidence, impact on quality of life, burden on public health system. The complexity of the dose response raise uncertainties on the possibility to establish safe levels and the scope of ED-mediated effects of BPA may be wider. These concerns fulfill the requirements for ED identification under REACH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Burga
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Karine Fiore
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Perrot-Applanat M, Kolf-Clauw M, Michel C, Beausoleil C. Alteration of mammary gland development by bisphenol a and evidence of a mode of action mediated through endocrine disruption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:29-53. [PMID: 30048677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and function of the mammary gland are endocrine-dependent processes, depending on the stage of development. Foetal and/or postnatal exposure to low doses of BPA alters tissue organisation through epithelial proliferation and stroma-epithelial interactions. BPA also alters the expression of E2-dependent epithelial and stroma transcriptomes. Several signalling pathways are consistent with the observed phenotype: proliferation and apoptosis, a focal adhesion pathway indicating changes in biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, and immune function. Some of BPA's effects are reversed by oestrogen and/or GPER inhibitors. BPA also alters the expression of epigenetic marks (EZH2, HOTAIR), which would explain the delayed effect of foetal BPA exposure. In conclusion, experimental evidence shows that pre- or postnatal BPA exposure consistently causes endocrine modifications in the mammary tissue of different animal species, disrupting stromal-epithelial interactions and ultimately increasing its susceptibility to carcinogens. An interspecies comparison highlights why and how these effects apply to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Kolf-Clauw
- CREFRE, Toulouse University, INSERM, Toulouse Veterinary School, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F 310176, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Tucker DK, Hayes Bouknight S, Brar SS, Kissling GE, Fenton SE. Evaluation of Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol Analogues on Development and Long-Term Health of the Mammary Gland in Female Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:087003. [PMID: 30102602 PMCID: PMC6108869 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continued efforts to phase out bisphenol A (BPA) from consumer products have been met with the challenges of finding safer alternatives. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether early-life exposure to BPA and its related analogues, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS), could affect female pubertal mammary gland development and long-term mammary health in mice. METHODS Timed pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed to vehicle, BPA (0.5, 5, 50 mg/kg), BPAF (0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/kg), or BPS (0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/kg) via oral gavage between gestation days 10–17. Mammary glands were collected from resulting female offspring at postnatal day (PND) 20, 28, 35, and 56, and at 3, 8, and 14 months for whole mount, histopathological evaluation, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); serum steroid concentrations were also measured at these time points. RESULTS In the bisphenol-exposed mice, accelerated mammary gland development was evident during early puberty and persisted into adulthood. By late adulthood, mammary glands from bisphenol-exposed female offspring exhibited adverse morphology in comparison with controls; most prominent were undifferentiated duct ends, significantly more lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and perivascular inflammation, and various tumors, including adenocarcinomas. Effects were especially prominent in the BPAF 5 mg/kg and BPS 0.5 mg/kg groups. Serum steroid concentrations and mammary mRNA levels of Esr1, Pgr, Ar, and Gper1 were similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that prenatal exposure of mice to BPAF or BPS induced precocious development of the mammary gland, and that siblings were significantly more susceptible to spontaneous preneoplastic epithelial lesions and inflammation, with an incidence greater than that observed in vehicle- and BPA-exposed animals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre K Tucker
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sukhdev S Brar
- DNTP, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Murata M, Kang JH. Bisphenol A (BPA) and cell signaling pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:311-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Delgado-López F, Zamora-León SP. Breast cancer and environmental contamination: A real connection? COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1520470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Delgado-López
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
| | - S. Pilar Zamora-León
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
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29
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Hindman AR, Mo XM, Helber HL, Kovalchin CE, Ravichandran N, Murphy AR, Fagan AM, St. John PM, Burd CJ. Varying Susceptibility of the Female Mammary Gland to In Utero Windows of BPA Exposure. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3435-3447. [PMID: 28938483 PMCID: PMC5659685 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In utero exposure to the endocrine disrupting compound bisphenol A (BPA) is known to disrupt mammary gland development and increase tumor susceptibility in rodents. It is unclear whether different periods of in utero development might be more susceptible to BPA exposure. We exposed pregnant CD-1 mice to BPA at different times during gestation that correspond to specific milestones of in utero mammary gland development. The mammary glands of early-life and adult female mice, exposed in utero to BPA, were morphologically and molecularly (estrogen receptor-α and Ki67) evaluated for developmental abnormalities. We found that BPA treatment occurring before mammary bud invasion into the mesenchyme [embryonic day (E)12.5] incompletely resulted in the measured phenotypes of mammary gland defects. Exposing mice up to the point at which the epithelium extends into the precursor fat pad (E16.5) resulted in a nearly complete BPA phenotype and exposure during epithelial extension (E15.5 to E18.5) resulted in a partial phenotype. Furthermore, the relative differences in phenotypes between exposure windows highlight the substantial correlations between early-life molecular changes (estrogen receptor-α and Ki67) in the stroma and the epithelial elongation defects in mammary development. These data further implicate BPA action in the stroma as a critical mediator of epithelial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Hindman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaokui Molly Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Hannah L. Helber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Claire E. Kovalchin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Alina R. Murphy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abigail M. Fagan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York New Paltz, New Paltz, New York 12561
| | - Pamela M. St. John
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York New Paltz, New Paltz, New York 12561
| | - Craig J. Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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30
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Leung YK, Govindarajah V, Cheong A, Veevers J, Song D, Gear R, Zhu X, Ying J, Kendler A, Medvedovic M, Belcher S, Ho SM. Gestational high-fat diet and bisphenol A exposure heightens mammary cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:365-378. [PMID: 28487351 PMCID: PMC5488396 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) increases mammary cancer susceptibility in offspring. High-fat diet is widely believed to be a risk factor of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to determine whether maternal exposure to BPA in addition to high-butterfat (HBF) intake during pregnancy further influences carcinogen-induced mammary cancer risk in offspring, and its dose-response curve. In this study, we found that gestational HBF intake in addition to a low-dose BPA (25 µg/kg BW/day) exposure increased mammary tumor incidence in a 50-day-of-age chemical carcinogen administration model and altered mammary gland morphology in offspring in a non-monotonic manner, while shortening tumor-free survival time compared with the HBF-alone group. In utero HBF and BPA exposure elicited differential effects at the gene level in PND21 mammary glands through DNA methylation, compared with HBF intake in the absence of BPA. Top HBF + BPA-dysregulated genes (ALDH1B1, ASTL, CA7, CPLX4, KCNV2, MAGEE2 and TUBA3E) are associated with poor overall survival in The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA) human breast cancer cohort (n = 1082). Furthermore, the prognostic power of the identified genes was further enhanced in the survival analysis of Caucasian patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors. In conclusion, concurrent HBF dietary and a low-dose BPA exposure during pregnancy increases mammary tumor incidence in offspring, accompanied by alterations in mammary gland development and gene expression, and possibly through epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vinothini Govindarajah
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ana Cheong
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robin Gear
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell BiophysicsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ady Kendler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell BiophysicsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental HealthCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental GeneticsUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
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31
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Meta-analysis of microarray and RNA-Seq gene expression datasets for carcinogenic risk: An assessment of Bisphenol A. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hill CE, Sapouckey SA, Suvorov A, Vandenberg LN. Developmental exposures to bisphenol S, a BPA replacement, alter estrogen-responsiveness of the female reproductive tract: a pilot study. COGENT MEDICINE 2017; 4:1317690. [PMID: 31231671 PMCID: PMC6588183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposures to bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen receptor agonist, can disrupt development of the female reproductive tract in rodents and non-human primates. Due to an increased public knowledge of negative health effects associated with BPA exposure, BPA has begun to be phased out of many consumer products and in some cases it has been replaced with structurally similar compounds including bisphenol S (BPS). This study examined CD-1 mice exposed to a low dose of BPS during early development (200 µg/kg/day from gestational day 8 until postnatal day 19). BPS altered expression of estrogen-responsive genes in both the uterus and ovary, and induced increases in ovarian follicular development in pre-pubertal females evaluated at postnatal day 22. Prior studies have revealed that developmental exposures to environmental chemicals including BPA alter the response of animals to hormonal or carcinogen challenges experienced later in life. To evaluate whether early life exposures to BPS alter responses of females to an estrogen challenge, additional females were exposed to ethinyl estradiol from postnatal day 19 through postnatal day 21. BPS-treated females responded abnormally to this estrogen challenge, displaying heightened responses in the uterus and diminished responses in the ovary. Although additional studies are needed to characterize the mechanisms by which BPS alters the female reproductive tract, this pilot study provides evidence that a common BPA replacement chemical may have endocrine disrupting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E. Hill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
| | - Sarah A. Sapouckey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
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33
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Hill CE, Sapouckey SA, Suvorov A, Vandenberg LN. Developmental exposures to bisphenol S, a BPA replacement, alter estrogen-responsiveness of the female reproductive tract: A pilot study. COGENT MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1317690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E. Hill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah A. Sapouckey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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34
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Lai KP, Li JW, Cheung A, Li R, Billah MB, Chan TF, Wong CKC. Transcriptome sequencing reveals prenatal PFOS exposure on liver disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:416-425. [PMID: 28131474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a hepatic toxicant and a potential hepatocarcinogen, is commonly used in industrial products. The widespread contamination of PFOS in human maternal and cord blood has raised concerns about its potential risks to the fetus. It is believed that adverse environmental exposure during the critical period of embryo development can have long-lasting consequences in later life. In this report, we used transcriptome sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis, to elucidate the potential hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects of prenatal PFOS exposure in the fetus. Our results demonstrated that prenatal PFOS exposure could activate the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and lipids, leading to liver damage and interference with liver development in the fetus. In addition, a number of cancer-promoting signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, Rac, and TGF-β, were found to be activated in the fetal liver. More importantly, hepatic transaminase activity, including aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase activity, was induced in the liver of mice offspring after prenatal PFOS exposure. For the first time, our results demonstrate that the hepatotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to PFOS may predispose to a long-term liver disorder in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jing Woei Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angela Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Li
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Md Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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35
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Kolla S, Pokharel A, Vandenberg LN. The mouse mammary gland as a sentinel organ: distinguishing 'control' populations with diverse environmental histories. Environ Health 2017; 16:25. [PMID: 28279175 PMCID: PMC5345180 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous examples of laboratory animals that were inadvertently exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the process of conducting experiments. Controlling contaminations in the laboratory is challenging, especially when their source is unknown. Unfortunately, EDC contaminations can interfere with the interpretation of data during toxicological evaluations. We propose that the male CD-1 mouse mammary gland is a sensitive bioassay to evaluate the inadvertent contamination of animal colonies. METHODS We evaluated mammary glands collected from two CD-1 mouse populations with distinct environmental histories. Population 1 was born and raised in a commercial laboratory with unknown EDC exposures; Population 2 was the second generation raised in an animal facility with limited exposures to xenoestrogens from caging, feed, etc. Mammary glands were collected from all animals and evaluated using morphometric techniques to quantify morphological characteristics of the mammary gland. RESULTS Population 1 (with suspected history of environmental chemical exposure) and Population 2 (with known limited history of xenoestrogen exposure) were morphologically distinguishable in adult males, prepubertal females, and pubertal females. Mammary glands from males raised in the commercial animal facility were significantly more developed, with larger ductal trees and more branching points. The appearance of these mammary glands was consistent with prior reports of male mice exposed to low doses of bisphenol A (BPA) during early development. In females, the two populations were morphologically distinct at both prepuberty and puberty, with the most striking differences observed in the number, size, and density of terminal end buds, e.g. highly proliferative structures found in the developing mammary gland. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that the mouse mammary gland has the potential to be used as a sentinel organ to evaluate and distinguish animal colonies raised in different environmental conditions including potential EDC exposures. Our findings could help researchers that wish to perform a posteriori evaluations to determine whether inadvertent contamination with xenoestrogens (and potentially other EDCs) has occurred in their animal colonies, especially after new materials (feed, caging, water bottles) have been introduced. Finally, our results challenge the relatively common practice of using historical controls in toxicological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- SriDurgaDevi Kolla
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Aastha Pokharel
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Abstract
Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyoma (UL), are monoclonal tumors of the smooth muscle tissue layer (myometrium) of the uterus. Although ULs are considered benign, uterine fibroids are the source of major quality-of-life issues for approximately 25% of all women, who suffer from clinically significant symptoms of UL. Despite the prevalence of UL, there is no treatment option for UL which is long term, cost-effective, and leaves fertility intact. The lack of understanding about the etiology of UL contributes to the scarcity of medical therapies available. Studies have identified an important role for sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of UL, and have driven the use of hormonal treatment for fibroids, with mixed results. Dysregulation of cell signaling pathways, miRNA expression, and cytogenetic abnormalities have also been implicated in UL etiology. Recent discoveries on the etiology of UL and the development of relevant genetically modified rodent models of UL have started to revitalize UL research. This review outlines the major characteristics of fibroids; major contributors to UL etiology, including steroid hormones; and available preclinical animal models for UL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M McWilliams
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, IRHRM, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas
| | - Vargheese M Chennathukuzhi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, IRHRM, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas
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Tarapore P, Hennessy M, Song D, Ying J, Ouyang B, Govindarajah V, Leung YK, Ho SM. High butter-fat diet and bisphenol A additively impair male rat spermatogenesis. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 68:191-199. [PMID: 27658648 PMCID: PMC5357593 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to xenoestrogens is a probable cause of male infertility in humans. Consumption of high-fat diets and exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is pervasive in America. Here, we test the hypothesis that gestational exposure to high dietary fats and/or BPA disrupt spermatogenesis in adulthood. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 10kcal% butter fat (AIN), 39kcal% butter fat (HFB), or 39kcal% olive oil (HFO), with or without BPA (25μg/kg body weight/day) during pregnancy. One group of male offspring received testosterone (T)- and estradiol-17β (E2)-filled implants or sham-implants from postnatal day (PND)70-210. Another group was naturally aged to 18 months. We found that adult males with gestational exposure to BPA, HFB, or HFB+BPA, in both the aged group and the T+E2-implanted group, exhibited impairment of spermatogenesis. In contrast, gestational exposure to HFO or HFO+BPA did not affect spermatogenesis. Sham-implanted, gestational exposed groups also had normal spermatogenesis. Loss of ERα expression in round spermatids and premature expression of protamine-1 in diplotene spermatocytes were features associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Compared with the single-treatment groups, the HFB+BPA group experienced more severe effects, including atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheruza Tarapore
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Max Hennessy
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vinothini Govindarajah
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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38
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Lillo MA, Nichols C, Seagroves TN, Miranda-Carboni GA, Krum SA. Bisphenol A Induces Sox2 in ER + Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:90-99. [PMID: 28244015 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting compound used in food and beverage plastic containers and has been shown to increase breast cancer cellular proliferation. However, the concentrations of BPA used in these experiments are far higher than the physiological levels of BPA detected in the human body. We observed in vitro that exposure of MCF-7 cells to physiological concentrations of BPA failed to increase cell proliferation or to induce canonical estrogen-responsive genes (pS2 and progesterone receptor (PR)), in contrast to 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment. However, MCF-7 cells treated with 10 nM BPA induced ALDH1 expression, a marker of human mammary stem cells. When treated with 10 nM BPA, mammospheres derived either from MCF-7 cells, a patient-derived xenograft, or the normal mouse mammary gland exhibited increased size; however, these effects were not observed in MDA-MB-231 mammospheres. Mechanistically, BPA induced SOX2 mRNA and protein in MCF-7 mammospheres, resulting from enhanced CREB phosphorylation, and subsequent binding of pCREB to a SOX2 downstream enhancer. These findings suggest that physiological levels of BPA increase estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer tumor maintenance through enhanced cancer stem-like cell activity via direct regulation of SOX2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Lillo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cydney Nichols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gustavo A Miranda-Carboni
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Susan A Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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New insights into fetal mammary gland morphogenesis: differential effects of natural and environmental estrogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40806. [PMID: 28102330 PMCID: PMC5244390 DOI: 10.1038/srep40806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased breast cancer risk during adulthood has been linked to estrogen exposure during fetal life. However, the impossibility of removing estrogens from the feto-maternal unit has hindered the testing of estrogen’s direct effect on mammary gland organogenesis. To overcome this limitation, we developed an ex vivo culture method of the mammary gland where the direct action of estrogens can be tested during embryonic days (E)14 to 19. Mouse mammary buds dissected at E14 and cultured for 5 days showed that estrogens directly altered fetal mammary gland development. Exposure to 0.1 pM, 10 pM, and 1 nM 17 β-estradiol (E2) resulted in monotonic inhibition of mammary buds ductal growth. In contrast, Bisphenol-A (BPA) elicited a non-monotonic response. At environmentally relevant doses (1 nM), BPA significantly increased ductal growth, as previously observed in vivo, while 1 μM BPA significantly inhibited ductal growth. Ductal branching followed the same pattern. This effect of BPA was blocked by Fulvestrant, a full estrogen antagonist, while the effect of estradiol was not. This method may be used to study the hormonal regulation of mammary gland development, and to test newly synthesized chemicals that are released into the environment without proper assessment of their hormonal action on critical targets like the mammary gland.
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40
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Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A or Diethylstilbestrol Increases the Susceptibility to Develop Mammary Gland Lesions After Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Middle-Aged Rats. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:78-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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41
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Grassi TF, da Silva GN, Bidinotto LT, Rossi BF, Quinalha MM, Kass L, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Barbisan LF. Global gene expression and morphological alterations in the mammary gland after gestational exposure to bisphenol A, genistein and indole-3-carbinol in female Sprague-Dawley offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 303:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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42
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Deb P, Bhan A, Hussain I, Ansari KI, Bobzean SA, Pandita TK, Perrotti LI, Mandal SS. Endocrine disrupting chemical, bisphenol-A, induces breast cancer associated gene HOXB9 expression in vitro and in vivo. Gene 2016; 590:234-43. [PMID: 27182052 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HOXB9 is a homeobox-containing gene that plays a key role in mammary gland development and is associated with breast and other types of cancer. Here, we demonstrate that HOXB9 expression is transcriptionally regulated by estradiol (E2), in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol-A (BPA) induces HOXB9 expression in cultured human breast cancer cells (MCF7) as well as in vivo in the mammary glands of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Luciferase assay showed that estrogen-response-elements (EREs) in the HOXB9 promoter are required for BPA-induced expression. Estrogen-receptors (ERs) and ER-co-regulators such as MLL-histone methylase (MLL3), histone acetylases, CBP/P300, bind to the HOXB9 promoter EREs in the presence of BPA, modify chromatin (histone methylation and acetylation) and lead to gene activation. In summary, our results demonstrate that BPA exposure, like estradiol, increases HOXB9 expression in breast cells both in vitro and in vivo through a mechanism that involves increased recruitment of transcription and chromatin modification factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Deb
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Arunoday Bhan
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Imran Hussain
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Khairul I Ansari
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Samara A Bobzean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Subhrangsu S Mandal
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States.
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43
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Mandrup K, Boberg J, Isling LK, Christiansen S, Hass U. Low-dose effects of bisphenol A on mammary gland development in rats. Andrology 2016; 4:673-83. [PMID: 27088260 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in food contact materials, toys, and other products. Several studies have indicated that effects observed at doses near human exposure levels may not be observed at higher doses. Many studies have shown effects on mammary glands at low doses of BPA, however, because of small number of animals or few doses investigated these data have not been used by EFSA as point of departure for the newly assessed tolerable daily intake (TDI). We performed a study with perinatal exposure to BPA (0, 0.025, 0.25, 5, and 50 mg/kg bw/day) in rats (n = 22 mated/group). One of the aims was to perform a study robust enough to contribute to the risk assessment of BPA and to elucidate possible biphasic dose-response relationships. We investigated mammary gland effects in the offspring at 22, 100, and 400 days of age. Male offspring showed increased mammary outgrowth on pup day (PD) 22 at 0.025 mg/kg BPA, indicating an increased mammary development at this low dose only. Increased prevalence of intraductal hyperplasia was observed in BPA females exposed to 0.25 mg/kg at PD 400, but not at PD 100, and not at higher or lower doses. The present findings support data from the published literature showing that perinatal exposure to BPA can induce increased mammary growth and proliferative lesions in rodents. Our results indicate that low-dose exposure to BPA can affect mammary gland development in male and female rats, although higher doses show a different pattern of effects. The observed intraductal hyperplasia in female rats could be associated with an increased risk for developing hyperplastic lesions, which are parallels to early signs of breast neoplasia in women. Collectively, current knowledge on effects of BPA on mammary gland at low doses indicates that highly exposed humans may not be sufficiently protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - J Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - L K Isling
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - S Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - U Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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44
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Seachrist DD, Bonk KW, Ho SM, Prins GS, Soto AM, Keri RA. A review of the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 59:167-82. [PMID: 26493093 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The estrogenic properties of bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous synthetic monomer that can leach into the food and water supply, have prompted considerable research into exposure-associated health risks in humans. Endocrine-disrupting properties of BPA suggest it may impact developmental plasticity during early life, predisposing individuals to disease at doses below the oral reference dose (RfD) established by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1982. Herein, we review the current in vivo literature evaluating the carcinogenic properties of BPA. We conclude that there is substantial evidence from rodent studies indicating that early-life BPA exposures below the RfD lead to increased susceptibility to mammary and prostate cancer. Based on the definitions of "carcinogen" put forth by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the National Toxicology Program, we propose that BPA may be reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen in the breast and prostate due to its tumor promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie D Seachrist
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - Kristen W Bonk
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Gail S Prins
- Departments of Urology, Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7310, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Rapidly growing evidences link maternal lifestyle and prenatal factors with serious health consequences and diseases later in life. Extensive epidemiological studies have identified a number of factors such as diet, stress, gestational diabetes, exposure to tobacco and alcohol during gestation as influencing normal fetal development. In light of recent discoveries, epigenetic mechanisms such as alteration of DNA methylation, chromatin modifications and modulation of gene expression during gestation are believed to possibly account for various types of plasticity such as neural tube defects, autism spectrum disorder, congenital heart defects, oral clefts, allergies and cancer. The purpose of this article is to review a number of published studies to fill the gap in our understanding of how maternal lifestyle and intrauterine environment influence molecular modifications in the offspring, with an emphasis on epigenetic alterations. To support these associations, we highlighted laboratory studies of rodents and epidemiological studies of human based on sampling population cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subit Barua
- Structural Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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46
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Kass L, Durando M, Altamirano GA, Manfroni-Ghibaudo GE, Luque EH, Muñoz-de-Toro M. Prenatal Bisphenol A exposure delays the development of the male rat mammary gland. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 54:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bisphenol-A induces expression of HOXC6, an estrogen-regulated homeobox-containing gene associated with breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:697-708. [PMID: 25725483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HOXC6 is a homeobox-containing gene associated with mammary gland development and is overexpressed in variety of cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Here, we have examined the expression of HOXC6 in breast cancer tissue, investigated its transcriptional regulation via estradiol (E2) and bisphenol-A (BPA, an estrogenic endocrine disruptor) in vitro and in vivo. We observed that HOXC6 is differentially over-expressed in breast cancer tissue. E2 induces HOXC6 expression in cultured breast cancer cells and in mammary glands of Sprague Dawley rats. HOXC6 expression is also induced upon exposure to BPA both in vitro and in vivo. Estrogen-receptor-alpha (ERα) and ER-coregulators such as MLL-histone methylases are bound to the HOXC6 promoter upon exposure to E2 or BPA and that resulted in increased histone H3K4-trimethylation, histone acetylation, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the HOXC6 promoter. HOXC6 overexpression induces expression of tumor growth factors and facilitates growth 3D-colony formation, indicating its potential roles in tumor growth. Our studies demonstrate that HOXC6, which is a critical player in mammary gland development, is upregulated in multiple cases of breast cancer, and is transcriptionally regulated by E2 and BPA, in vitro and in vivo.
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48
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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49
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Shirota M, Kawashima J, Nakamura T, Kamiie J, Shirota K, Yoshida M. Dose-dependent acceleration in the delayed effects of neonatal oral exposure to low-dose 17α-ethynylestradiol on reproductive functions in female Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:727-38. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shirota
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jun Kawashima
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | | | | | - Kinji Shirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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50
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McGuinn LA, Ghazarian AA, Joseph Su L, Ellison GL. Urinary bisphenol A and age at menarche among adolescent girls: evidence from NHANES 2003-2010. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:381-6. [PMID: 25460659 PMCID: PMC4426193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental estrogen used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used to make food and beverage packaging. Increasing evidence suggests that BPA mimics estrogens in the body and may be associated with putative markers of breast cancer risk. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010 data to investigate the association of BPA with age at menarche in adolescent girls. We hypothesized that urinary BPA, as a surrogate biomarker for BPA exposure, is associated with earlier age at menarche, and that body mass index (BMI) may modulate this association. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional analyses of urinary BPA, BMI and age of menarche in a subsample of 987 adolescent girls aged 12-19, using pooled data from the 2003-2010 NHANES. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between urinary BPA and early onset of menarche, with adjustment for sampling design. We additionally assessed interaction of BPA with BMI. RESULTS Adolescent girls with moderate BPA levels appeared to be less likely to have early onset of menarche than those with the lowest levels (OR=0.57; 95% CI=0.30, 1.08) after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, parental education, country of birth, NHANES cycle, BMI and creatinine. BMI appeared to modify the BPA-menarche association. CONCLUSIONS Although a non-significant trend suggests increasing urinary BPA may be associated with delayed menarche in adolescent girls, these results are based on cross-sectional data. Results should be clarified in carefully designed longitudinal cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A McGuinn
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Armen A Ghazarian
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Joseph Su
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary L Ellison
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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