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Sakuma S, Nogawa K, Watanabe Y, Sakurai M, Nishijo M, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Effect of renal tubular damage on non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population living in cadmium non-polluted areas. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1849-1858. [PMID: 37460094 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the cause-effect relationship between renal tubular damage and non-cancer mortality in the general Japanese population. We conducted a 19-year cohort study including 1110 men and 1,03 women who lived in three cadmium-non-polluted areas in 1993 or 1994. Mortality risk ratios based on urinary β2-microglobulin (β2MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations were estimated for specific non-cancer diseases using the Fine and Gray competing risks regression model. In men, continuous urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by diseases of the respiratory system (hazard ratio (HR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.15). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortalities caused by kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), renal failure (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03), and external causes of mortality (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02). In women, urinary NAG (+1 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly associated with increased mortality caused by ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04). Urinary β2MG (+100 μg/g cre) concentrations were significantly correlated with increased mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), ischemic heart diseases (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), and kidney and urinary tract diseases (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03). The present study indicates that renal tubular damage was significantly related to several non-cancer disease causes of mortality in Japan's general population living in cadmium-non-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sakuma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuka Watanabe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masao Ishizaki
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Tehrani JM, Kennedy E, Tung PW, Burt A, Hermetz K, Punshon T, Jackson BP, Hao K, Chen J, Karagas MR, Koestler DC, Lester B, Marsit CJ. Human placental microRNAs dysregulated by cadmium exposure predict neurobehavioral outcomes at birth. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:1410-1418. [PMID: 35906307 PMCID: PMC9884320 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure has been implicated in both placental toxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes. Placental microRNAs (miRNAs) may function to developmentally program adverse pregnancy and newborn health outcomes in response to gestational Cd exposure. METHODS In a subset of the Rhode Island Child Health Study (RICHS, n = 115) and the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS, = 281), we used small RNA sequencing and trace metal analysis to identify Cd-associated expression of placental miRNAs using negative binomial generalized linear models. We predicted mRNAs targeted by Cd-associated miRNAs and relate them to neurobehavioral outcomes at birth through the integration of transcriptomic data and summary scores from the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). RESULTS Placental Cd concentrations are significantly associated with the expression level of five placental miRNAs in NHBCS, with similar effect sizes in RICHS. These miRNA target genes overrepresented in nervous system development, and their expression is correlated with NNNS metrics suggestive of atypical neurobehavioral outcomes at birth. CONCLUSIONS Gestational Cd exposure is associated with the expression of placental miRNAs. Predicted targets of these miRNAs are involved in nervous system development and may also regulate placental physiology, allowing their dysregulation to modify developmental programming of early life health outcomes. IMPACT This research aims to address the poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing adverse pregnancy and newborn health outcomes in response to Gestational cadmium (Cd) exposure. Our results outline a robust relationship between Cd-associated placental microRNA expression and NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS) at birth indicative of atypical neurobehavior. This study utilized healthy mother-infant cohorts to describe the role of Cd-associated dysregulation of placental microRNAs as a potential mechanism by which adverse neurobehavioral outcomes are developmentally programmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Tehrani
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kennedy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pei Wen Tung
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
- The Brown Center of the Study of Children at Risk, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Đorđević AB. The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315697. [PMID: 36497771 PMCID: PMC9736539 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal pollutant that accumulates, especially in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of kidneys, where it causes tubular cell injury, cell death and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Diet is the main Cd exposure source in non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a tolerable Cd intake of 0.83 μg/kg body weight/day, and its corresponding toxicity threshold level of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. The PROAST software was used to calculate the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMDL) values of Cd excretion (ECd) associated with injury to kidney tubular cells, a defective tubular reabsorption of filtered proteins, and a reduction in the estimated GFR (eGFR). Data were from 289 males and 445 females, mean age of 48.1 years of which 42.8% were smokers, while 31.7% had hypertension, and 9% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The BMDL value of ECd associated with kidney tubular cell injury was 0.67 ng/L of filtrate in both men and women. Therefore, an environmental Cd exposure producing ECd of 0.67 ng/L filtrate could be considered as Cd accumulation levels below which renal effects are likely to be negligible. A reduction in eGFR and CKD may follow when ECd rises from 0.67 to 1 ng/L of filtrate. These adverse health effects occur at the body burdens lower than those associated with ECd of 5.24 µg/g creatinine, thereby arguing that current health-guiding values do not provide a sufficient health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for CKD QLD, UQ Health Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatović”, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Satarug S, Đorđević AB, Yimthiang S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease. TOXICS 2022; 10:614. [PMID: 36287894 PMCID: PMC9607051 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal pollutant present in virtually all food types. Health guidance values were established to safeguard against excessive dietary Cd exposure. The derivation of such health guidance figures has been shifted from the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMD), termed BMDL. Here, we used the PROAST software to calculate the BMDL figures for Cd excretion (ECd) associated with a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Data were from 1189 Thai subjects (493 males and 696 females) mean age of 43.2 years. The overall percentages of smokers, hypertension and CKD were 33.6%, 29.4% and 6.2%, respectively. The overall mean ECd normalized to the excretion of creatinine (Ecr) as ECd/Ecr was 0.64 µg/g creatinine. ECd/Ecr, age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with increased prevalence odds ratios (POR) for CKD. BMI figures ≥24 kg/m2 were associated with an increase in POR for CKD by 2.81-fold (p = 0.028). ECd/Ecr values of 0.38-2.49 µg/g creatinine were associated with an increase in POR for CKD risk by 6.2-fold (p = 0.001). The NOAEL equivalent figures of ECd/Ecr based on eGFR reduction in males, females and all subjects were 0.839, 0.849 and 0.828 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The BMDL/BMDU values of ECd/Ecr associated with a 10% increase in CKD prevalence were 2.77/5.06 µg/g creatinine. These data indicate that Cd-induced eGFR reduction occurs at relatively low body burdens and that the population health risk associated with ECd/Ecr of 2.77-5.06 µg/g creatinine was not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatović”, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Supabhorn Yimthiang
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - David A. Vesey
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for CKD QLD, UQ Health Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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5
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Wong C, Roberts SM, Saab IN. Review of regulatory reference values and background levels for heavy metals in the human diet. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 130:105122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wen X, Li T, Xu X. Cadmium exposure in US adults, research based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 29:22293-22305. [PMID: 34782977 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant that has a wide range of adverse effects on human health. We described the distribution of blood Cd levels (BCLs) and urinary Cd levels (UCLs) in US adults aging ≥ 18 years over a 30-year period by using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and continuous NHANES (1999-2018). Geometric mean (GM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated among participants with valid BCLs (n=47889) or UCLs (n=33003). The prevalence of BCLs ≥ 0.5, ≥ 1.0 ug/L and UCLs ≥ 0.5, ≥ 1.0 ug/g creatinine were estimated. The results showed that for men and women, respectively, GM BCLs declined from 0.458 and 0.472 ug/L in 1999-2000 to 0.252 and 0.330 ug/L in 2017-2018, while GM UCLs declined from 0.266 and 0.376 ug/g creatinine in 1988-1991 to 0.145 and 0.231 ug/g creatinine in 2015-2016. The estimated prevalence of UCLs ≥ 0.5 ug/g creatinine among men and women declined from 31.96 and 45.34% during 1988-1991 to 7.88 and 18.73% in 2015-2016. Higher Cd exposure was associated with females, older age, poverty, lower education, and smoking. These results indicate that Cd exposure in US adults has declined over the past 30 years. However, there are still approximately 7.88% US men and 18.73% US women being exposed to Cd at levels reported to show toxic effects on kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wen
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610044, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610044, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Sun XL, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Nishijo M, Sakurai M, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y, Okamoto R, Ichimori A, Ohno N, Kobayashi S, Miyati T, Nogawa K, Suwazono Y. The relationship between cadmium exposure and renal volume in inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area of Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22372-22379. [PMID: 33420688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This follow-up study was conducted over 30 years in a cadmium-polluted area of Japan. Urinary cadmium (U-Cd) concentration decreased by nearly half from 1986 to 2008 in men and women. However, it increased from 2008 to 2014 and maintained similar levels in 2016. Because renal atrophy may induce an increase in U-Cd, kidney volumes were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in 2018. Based on the MRI results, we divided the participants into two groups, namely the normal group (n = 6, three men and three women) and the lesion group (n = 6, three men and three women). The level of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase/creatinine (U-NAG/Cr) in the lesion group was significantly higher than in the normal group. The level of serum alkaline phosphatase (Al-P) was positively associated with U-Cd. Age and renal cortex volumes showed significantly negative associations. However, U-Cd and renal cortex and kidney volumes showed no significant associations. These results suggest that U-NAG and serum Al-P were sensitive biomarkers to reflect renal tubular dysfunction and bone damage caused by cadmium poisoning. Individuals chronically exposed to Cd should be observed carefully, due to the increased effect of aging on renal cortex volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liang Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing, 314001, China
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Institute of Medical Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masao Ishizaki
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Medicine, School of Nursing, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Rie Okamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Akie Ichimori
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohno
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miyati
- School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Utilization of response surface methodology, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution by steel slag. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Shi P, Yan H, Fan X, Xi S. A benchmark dose analysis for urinary cadmium and type 2 diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116519. [PMID: 33493762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal referred to as one of the environmental endocrine disruptors. The dose-dependent association between Cd and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been elucidated, but the corresponding threshold has not been established. To evaluate the urinary Cd levels associated with T2DM, we perform a benchmark dose (BMD) analysis based on data from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted datasets were generated by the inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis to develop the robustness of our analysis. We inferred a strong positive association between urinary Cd and T2DM in unweighted and weighted populations. BMD and its low limit (BMDL) estimates for 5% benchmark responses (BMR) was 0.297 (0.198) and 0.190 (0.178) μg/g creatinine for each population, respectively. The sensitivity analysis by race, followed by weight of sum method showed similar estimates of urinary Cd level for the risk of developing T2DM, which are rather low and far less than those for the renal or bone disease development risk. This indicates that T2DM can be a sensitive outcome of Cd exposure and therefore should be taken into account in the development of standard regulatory limits for safe exposure to Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanchang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Fan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Ayouch I, Barrak I, Kassab Z, El Achaby M, Barhoun A, Draoui K. Improved recovery of cadmium from aqueous medium by alginate composite beads filled by bentonite and phosphate washing sludge. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen SC, Lin HC, Chen WY. Risks of consuming cadmium-contaminated shellfish under seawater acidification scenario: Estimates of PBPK and benchmark dose. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110763. [PMID: 32505759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We aim to assess the risks of renal dysfunction and osteoporosis that is attributed to the seawater acidification caused cadmium (Cd) level increase in human consumed shellfish. A physiology-based pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate Cd concentrations in urine and blood among shellfish-only consumers and among the general population. We used the benchmark dose (BMD) method to determine the threshold limits of Cd in urine for renal dysfunction and in blood for osteoporosis for assessing the human health risk. Our results revealed that seawater acidification could increase the Cd accumulation in shellfish by 10-13% compared to the situations under current pH levels. Under the lower seawater pH level, the daily intake of Cd could increase by 21%-67% among shellfish-only consumers, and by 13%-17% among the general population. Our findings indicated that seawater acidification would lead to a marginal increase in Cd intake among humans in shellfish-only consumers. The results of BMDs of urinary Cd showed that the threshold limits for renal dysfunction at 5% were 3.00 μg g-1 in males and 12.35 μg g-1 in females. For osteoporosis, the estimated BMDs of blood Cd were 7.95 μg L-1 in males and 1.23 μg L-1 in females. These results of the risk of Cd intake showed that the consumption of Cd-contaminated shellfish in the general population is largely unaffected by changes in seawater pH levels. Notably, the potential impact of seawater acidification on renal dysfunction for males in shellfish-only consumers face a 14% increase of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40242, Taiwan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, 40242, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Zhao D, Aravindakshan A, Hilpert M, Olmedo P, Rule AM, Navas-Acien A, Aherrera A. Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:36001. [PMID: 32186411 PMCID: PMC7137911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular, in part because they are perceived as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. An increasing number of studies, however, have found toxic metals/metalloids in e-cigarette emissions. OBJECTIVE We summarized the evidence on metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid), aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users across e-cigarette device systems to evaluate metal/metalloid exposure levels for e-cigarette users and the potential implications on health outcomes. METHODS We searched PubMed/TOXLINE, Embase®, and Web of Science for studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and biosamples of e-cigarette users. For metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid and aerosol samples, we collected the mean and standard deviation (SD) if these values were reported, derived mean and SD by using automated software to infer them if data were reported in a figure, or calculated the overall mean (mean ± SD) if data were reported only for separate groups. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids and aerosols were converted and reported in micrograms per kilogram and nanograms per puff, respectively, for easy comparison. RESULTS We identified 24 studies on metals/metalloids in e-liquid, e-cigarette aerosols, and human biosamples of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels, including aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc, were present in e-cigarette samples in the studies reviewed. Twelve studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-liquids (bottles, cartridges, open wick, and tank), 12 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in e-cigarette aerosols (from cig-a-like and tank devices), and 4 studies reported metal/metalloid levels in human biosamples (urine, saliva, serum, and blood) of e-cigarette users. Metal/metalloid levels showed substantial heterogeneity depending on sample type, source of e-liquid, and device type. Metal/metalloid levels in e-liquid from cartridges or tank/open wicks were higher than those from bottles, possibly due to coil contact. Most metal/metalloid levels found in biosamples of e-cigarette users were similar or higher than levels found in biosamples of conventional cigarette users, and even higher than those found in biosamples of cigar users. CONCLUSION E-cigarettes are a potential source of exposure to metals/metalloids. Differences in collection methods and puffing regimes likely contribute to the variability in metal/metalloid levels across studies, making comparison across studies difficult. Standardized protocols for the quantification of metal/metalloid levels from e-cigarette samples are needed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5686.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Atul Aravindakshan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Aherrera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yan J, Huo J, Li R, Jia Z, Song Y, Chen J, Zhang L. Benchmark dose estimation of urinary and blood cadmium as biomarkers of renal dysfunction among 40‐75‐year‐old non‐smoking women in rural areas of southwest China. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1433-1443. [PMID: 31313336 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuming Yan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jiao Huo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Renjia Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Zhenchao Jia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yang Song
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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15
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Environmental cadmium exposure induces alterations in the urinary metabolic profile of pregnant women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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The references level of cadmium intake for renal dysfunction in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9011. [PMID: 29899356 PMCID: PMC5998016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent several studies indicated that a more restrictive dietary intake guideline for cadmium should be made for sufficient health protection. In the present study, we showed the references level of food cadmium intake (FCd) and total cadmium intake (TCd) for renal dysfunction by using benchmark dose (BMD) approach. 342 subjects living in a control and a cadmium polluted area were included in this study. The FCd, TCd and cadmium in urine (UCd) and blood (BCd) were calculated or determined. Urinary β2Microglobulin (UBMG) was determined as indicator of renal function. The median FCd, TCd, UCd and BCd were 1.4 g, 1.4 g, 3.1 μg/g creatinine(cr) and 1.3 μg/L in control and 3.3 g, 3.6 g, 13.5 μg/g cr and 12.1 μg/L in polluted area. The 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of FCd for renal dysfunction were 1.36-1.55 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.88-1.11 g (BMR = 5%). The BMDLs of TCd were 1.29-1.46 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.73-0.95 g (BMR = 5%). FCd and TCd are valuable markers for the predication of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium. The BMDLs of FCd were close to previous report in Japan and the BMDLs of TCd were lower than the critical standard previously reported, in particular at BMR of 5% which can be interpreted as representing the influence of smoking.
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17
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Chen X, Zhu G, Wang Z, Liang Y, Chen B, He P, Nordberg M, Nordberg GF, Ding X, Jin T. The association between dietary cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction - the benchmark dose estimation of reference levels: the ChinaCad study. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1365-1373. [PMID: 29888394 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tolerable dietary intake of cadmium was recommended at provisional tolerable monthly intake of 25 μg kg-1 body weight. However, several studies indicated that this tolerable level should be re-evaluated for sufficient health protection. In this study, we show the reference levels of dietary cadmium intake for renal dysfunction by using a benchmark dose (BMD) approach. A total of 790 subjects (302 men and 488 women) living in control and cadmium-polluted areas were included. The dietary cadmium intake was estimated by a food survey. Blood cadmium, urinary cadmium and renal function markers (microalbuminuria, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase [NAG] and its isoform B [NAGB], β2 -microglobulin and retinol binding protein) in urine were measured. We calculated the 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of cumulative cadmium intake. In control and two polluted areas, the median cumulative cadmium intake was 0.5, 2.1 and 11.1 g. The odds ratio of the intermediate (1.0-3.0 g), second highest (3.0-11.0 g) and the highest cumulative cadmium intake (>11.0 g) compared with the lowest cumulative cadmium intake (<1.0 g) were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4-5.8), 8.1 (95% CI: 3.8-17.2) and 11.4 (95% CI: 6.5-26.4) for urinary NAG and 6.6 (95% CI: 3.2-13.8), 14.8 (95% CI: 6.8-32.2) and 22.5 (95% CI: 10.7-47.5) for urinary NAGB. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake were 1.1-1.2 g (benchmark response [BMR] = 5%) for urinary NAG, and were 0.7-0.9 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary NAGB, and were 1.3-1.4 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary β2 -microglobulin. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake in a Chinese population were lower than the critical standard previously reported. Further evaluations are needed for sufficient health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Monica Nordberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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18
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Satarug S. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:E15. [PMID: 29534455 PMCID: PMC5874788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels to quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign of impending kidney malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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19
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Nordberg GF, Bernard A, Diamond GL, Duffus JH, Illing P, Nordberg M, Bergdahl IA, Jin T, Skerfving S. Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chemistry and Human Health, Division VII of the International Union on Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides guidance on risk assessment methodology and, as appropriate, assessment of risks to human health from chemicals of exceptional toxicity. The aim of this document is to describe dose-response relationships for the health effects of low-level exposure to cadmium, in particular, with an emphasis on causation. The term “cadmium” in this document includes all chemical species of cadmium, as well as those in cadmium compounds. Diet is the main source of cadmium exposure in the general population. Smokers and workers in cadmium industries have additional exposure. Adverse effects have been shown in populations with high industrial or environmental exposures. Epidemiological studies in general populations have also reported statistically significant associations with a number of adverse health effects at low exposures. Cadmium is recognized as a human carcinogen, a classification mainly based on occupational studies of lung cancer. Other cancers have been reported, but dose-response relationships cannot be defined. Cardiovascular disease has been associated with cadmium exposure in recent epidemiological studies, but more evidence is needed in order to establish causality. Adequate evidence of dose-response relationships is available for kidney effects. There is a relationship between cadmium exposure and kidney effects in terms of low molecular mass (LMM) proteinuria. Long-term cadmium exposures with urine cadmium of 2 nmol mmol−1 creatinine cause such effects in a susceptible part of the population. Higher exposures result in increases in the size of these effects. This assessment is supported by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TKTD) modelling. Associations between urine cadmium lower than 2 nmol mmol−1 creatinine and LMM proteinuria are influenced by confounding by co-excretion of cadmium with protein. A number of epidemiological studies, including some on low exposures, have reported statistically significant associations between cadmium exposure and bone demineralization and fracture risk. Exposures leading to urine cadmium of 5 nmol mmol−1 creatinine and more increase the risk of bone effects. Similar associations at much lower urine cadmium levels have been reported. However, complexities in the cause and effect relationship mean that a no-effect level cannot be defined. LMM proteinuria was selected as the critical effect for cadmium, thus identifying the kidney cortex as the critical organ, although bone effects may occur at exposure levels similar to those giving rise to kidney effects. To avoid these effects, population exposures should not exceed that resulting in cadmium values in urine of more than 2 nmol mmol−1 creatinine. As cadmium is carcinogenic, a ‘safe’ exposure level cannot be defined. We therefore recommend that cadmium exposures be kept as low as possible. Because the safety margin for toxic effects in kidney and bone is small, or non-existent, in many populations around the world, there is a need to reduce cadmium pollution globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar F. Nordberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Department of Toxicology , Catholic University of Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - John H. Duffus
- The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology , 43 Mansionhouse Road , Edinburgh EH9 2JD, Scotland , UK
| | | | - Monica Nordberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ingvar A. Bergdahl
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine , Umeå University , SE-90187 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology , School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Staffan Skerfving
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
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Fujishiro H, Liu Y, Ahmadi B, Templeton DM. Protective effect of cadmium-induced autophagy in rat renal mesangial cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:619-631. [PMID: 29218509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium damages renal cells, and in particular may cause mesangial cell death by necrosis or apoptosis, depending on exposure conditions in cultured cells. However, there is an uncertainty as to whether Cd2+-induced autophagy can protect mesangial cells against these other mechanisms of cell death. We have used autophagy-incompetent mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells lacking the Atg16 gene, as well as cultured rat mesangial cells (RMC) in which Atg16 has been silenced, to examine this issue. Measuring the processing of LC3-I to LC3-II and expression of sequestosome-1 (p62), we define conditions under which RMC can be induced to undergo autophagy in response to 0-20 µM CdCl2. Similarly, Cd2+ can initiate autophagy in MEF cells. However, when autophagy is compromised, either by gene knockout in MEF cells or by RNA silencing in RMC, cell viability is decreased, and concomitantly a Cd2+ dose-dependent increase in pro-caspase-3 cleavage indicates the initiation of apoptotic cell death. In contrast to some previous reports, Cd2+-induced autophagy is not correlated with increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species but, among a panel of kinases investigated, is suppressed by inhibition of the Jun kinase. We conclude that concentrations of Cd2+ that initiate autophagy may afford renal mesangial cells some degree of protection against other modes (apoptosis, necrosis) of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Fujishiro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bilal Ahmadi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Douglas M Templeton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Wang H, Dumont X, Haufroid V, Bernard A. The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren. Environ Health 2017; 16:99. [PMID: 28899425 PMCID: PMC5596934 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in children have reported associations of urinary cadmium (U-Cd), used as biomarker of Cd body burden, with renal dysfunction, retarded growth and impaired cognitive development in children. Little is known, however, about factors influencing U-Cd in children and likely to act as confounders. METHODS In a cross-sectional study involving 249 schoolchildren (mean age, 5.72 years; 138 boys), we measured the urine concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead, albumin, alpha1-microglobulin (A1M), retinol-binding protein, β2-microglobulin and club cell protein (CC16). Determinants of U-Cd expressed per creatinine or adjusted to specific gravity were identified by multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Girls and boys had similar median concentrations of U-Cd (0.22 and 0.24 μg/L, 0.33 and 0.35 μg/g creatinine, respectively). When models were run without including creatinine or specific gravity among independent variables, urinary zinc, urinary A1M and age emerged as the strongest predictors of U-Cd expressed per g creatinine or adjusted to SG. When adding creatinine among predictors, urinary creatinine emerged as an additional strong predictor correlating negatively with U-Cd per g creatinine. This strong residual influence of diuresis, not seen when adding specific gravity among predictors, linked U-Cd to U-A1M or U-CC16 through secondary associations mimicking those induced by Cd nephrotoxity. CONCLUSIONS In young children U-Cd largely varies with diuresis, zinc metabolism and urinary A1M. These physiological determinants, unrelated to Cd body burden, may confound the child renal and developmental outcomes associated with low-level U-Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Dumont
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Huang K, Li H, Zhang B, Zheng T, Li Y, Zhou A, Du X, Pan X, Yang J, Wu C, Jiang M, Peng Y, Huang Z, Xia W, Xu S. Prenatal cadmium exposure and preterm low birth weight in China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:491-496. [PMID: 27436694 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Early studies have investigated the effect of prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure on birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, although the results of these studies are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to Cd and the risk of preterm low birth weight (PLBW). A total of 408 mother-infant pairs (102 PLBW cases and 306 pair matched controls) were selected from the participants enrolled in the Healthy Baby Cohort (HBC) study between 2012 and 2014 in Hubei province, China. Concentrations of Cd in maternal urine collected before delivery were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and adjusted by creatinine. A significant association was observed between higher maternal urinary Cd levels and risk of PLBW (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.75 for the medium tertile, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 3.47; adjusted OR=2.51 for the highest tertile, 95% CI: 1.24, 5.07; P trend=0.03). The association was more pronounced among female infants than male infants. Our study suggested that prenatal exposure to Cd at the current level encountered in China may potentially increase the risk of delivering PLBW infants, particularly for female infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown Universtiy, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofu Du
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansha Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection (HUST) and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Kubo K, Nogawa K, Kido T, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Estimation of Benchmark Dose of Lifetime Cadmium Intake for Adverse Renal Effects Using Hybrid Approach in Inhabitants of an Environmentally Exposed River Basin in Japan. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:20-26. [PMID: 28076652 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the reference level of lifetime cadmium intake (LCd) as the benchmark doses (BMDs) and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDLs) for various renal effects by applying a hybrid approach. The participants comprised 3,013 (1,362 men and 1,651 women) and 278 (129 men and 149 women) inhabitants of the Cd-polluted and nonpolluted areas, respectively, in the environmentally exposed Kakehashi River basin. Glucose, protein, aminonitrogen, metallothionein, and β2 -microglobulin in urine were measured as indicators of renal dysfunction. The BMD and BMDL that corresponded to an additional risk of 5% were calculated with background risk at zero exposure set at 5%. The obtained BMDLs of LCd were 3.7 g (glucose), 3.2 g (protein), 3.7 g (aminonitrogen), 1.7 g (metallothionein), and 1.8 g (β2 -microglobulin) in men and 2.9 g (glucose), 2.5 g (protein), 2.0 g (aminonitrogen), 1.6 g (metallothionein), and 1.3 g (β2 -microglobulin) in women. The lowest BMDL was 1.7 g (metallothionein) and 1.3 g (β2 -microglobulin) in men and women, respectively. The lowest BMDL of LCd (1.3 g) was somewhat lower than the representative threshold LCd (2.0 g) calculated in the previous studies. The obtained BMDLs may contribute to further discussion on the health risk assessment of cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kubo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Liu C, Li Y, Zhu C, Dong Z, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Xu Y. Benchmark dose for cadmium exposure and elevated N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20528-20538. [PMID: 27464656 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known nephrotoxic contaminant, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is considered to be an early and sensitive marker of tubular dysfunction. The link between Cd exposure and NAG level enables us to derive the benchmark dose (BMD) of Cd. Although several reports have already documented urinary Cd (UCd)-NAG relationships and BMD estimations, high heterogeneities arise due to the sub-populations (age, gender, and ethnicity) and BMD methodologies being employed. To clarify the influences that these variables exert, firstly, a random effect meta-analysis was performed in this study to correlate the UCd and NAG based on 92 datasets collected from 30 publications. Later, this established correlation (Ln(NAG) = 0.51 × Ln(UCd) + 0.83) was applied to derive the UCd BMD5 of 1.76 μg/g creatinine and 95 % lower confidence limit of BMD5 (BMDL5) of 1.67 μg/g creatinine. While the regressions for different age groups and genders differed slightly, it is age and not gender that significantly affects BMD estimations. Ethnic differences may require further investigation given that limited data is currently available. Based on a comprehensive and systematic literature review, this study is a new attempt to quantify the UCd-NAG link and estimate BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- CuiXia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
| | - YuBiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - ChunShui Zhu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, LianYungang, 222005, JiangSu, China
| | - ZhaoMin Dong
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia.
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - YanBin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - YiLu Xu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
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25
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Lundh T, Axmon A, Skerfving S, Broberg K. Cadmium and mercury exposure over time in Swedish children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:600-605. [PMID: 26922260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge about changes in exposure to toxic metals over time remains very sparse, in particular for children, the most vulnerable group. Here, we assessed whether a reduction in environmental pollution with cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) caused a change in exposure over time. In total, 1257 children (age 4-9) in two towns in Sweden were sampled once in 1986-2013. Blood concentrations of Cd (b-Cd; n=1120) and Hg (b-Hg; n=560) were determined. RESULTS The median b-Cd was 0.10 (geometric mean 0.10; range 0.010-0.61) μg/L and b-Hg was 0.91 (geometric mean 0.83; range 0.021-8.2) μg/L. Children living close to a smelter had higher b-Cd and b-Hg than those in urban and rural areas. There was no sex difference in b-Cd or b-Hg, and b-Cd and b-Hg showed no significant accumulation by age. b-Cd decreased only slightly (0.7% per year, p<0.001) over the study period. In contrast, b-Hg did show a clear decrease over the study period (3% per year, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The exposure to Cd was very low but still might increase the risk of disease later in life. Moreover, b-Cd only showed a minor decrease, indicating that Cd pollution should be further restricted. b-Hg was relatively low and decreasing, probably because of reduced use of dental amalgam and lower Hg intake from fish. The b-Cd and b-Hg levels decreased much less than the levels of lead in the blood as previously found in the same children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - S Skerfving
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - K Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden; Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Wang X, Wang Y, Feng L, Tong Y, Chen Z, Ying S, Chen T, Li T, Xia H, Jiang Z, Shang Q, Lou X, Lou J. Application of the Benchmark Dose (BMD) Method to Identify Thresholds of Cadmium-Induced Renal Effects in Non-Polluted Areas in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161240. [PMID: 27537182 PMCID: PMC4990304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The benchmark dose (BMD) method has been increasingly used to assess the health risks of cadmium (Cd) in epidemiological studies. The aim of our study was to estimate the threshold levels of urinary Cd (UCd) using the BMD method in a general population of Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province of China. In our study, a total of 934 people (469 men, 465 women) were recruited and morning urine samples were collected from all the participants. Levels of Cd, creatinine, and renal dysfunction indicators such as retinol binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine were detected for analysis of BMD and BMD low (BMDL) of UCd. RBP, β2-MG, and NAG in urine all correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with UCd except of age (P = 0.767). When the benchmark response (BMR) was 5%, the BMD/BMDL of UCd for RBP, β2-MG, and NAG was 1.69/ 0.89, 1.24/0.62, 0.85/0.49 μg/g Cr in men and 1.70/0.76, 1.35/0.64, 1.36/0.65 μg/g Cr in women, respectively. If the BMR was set at 10%, the BMD/BMDL of UCd for RBP, β2-MG, and NAG was 2.44/1.59, 2.09/1.30, 1.80/1.04 μg/g Cr in men and 2.43/1.53, 2.10/1.34, 2.31/1.37 μg/g Cr in women, respectively. Our results provided evidence for Cd-induced tubular effects in cadmium non-polluted areas in China. Both β2-MG and NAG were more sensitive than RBP in response to Cd exposure. But β2-MG was the most sensitive indicator in women, and NAG was the most sensitive one in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lingfang Feng
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tong
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Ying
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Xia
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Jiang
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XL)
| | - Jianlin Lou
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XL)
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27
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Eriksen KT, Levine K, McElroy J, Tjønneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Harrington JM, Meliker JR. Dietary Intake Estimates and Urinary Cadmium Levels in Danish Postmenopausal Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138784. [PMID: 26390122 PMCID: PMC4577120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a known carcinogen that can disrupt endocrine signalling. Cigarette smoking and food are the most common routes of non-occupational exposure to cadmium. Cadmium accumulates in the kidney and can be measured in urine, making urine cadmium (U-Cd) a biomarker of long-term exposure. However dietary-cadmium (D-Cd) intake estimates are often used as surrogate indicator of cadmium exposure in non-smoking subjects. It is therefore important to investigate the concordance between D-Cd estimates obtained with Food Frequency Questionnaires and U-Cd. METHODS U-Cd levels were compared with estimated dietary-cadmium (D-Cd) intake in 1764 post-menopausal women from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. For each participant, a food frequency questionnaire, and measures of cadmium content in standard recipes were used to judge the daily intake of cadmium, normalized by daily caloric intake. Cadmium was measured by ICP-MS in spot urine sampled at baseline and normalized by urinary creatinine. Information on diet, socio-demographics and smoking were self-reported at baseline. RESULTS Linear regressions between U-Cd and D-Cd alone revealed minimal but significant positive correlation in never smokers (R2 = 0.0076, β = 1.5% increase per 1 ng Cd kcal(-1), p = 0.0085, n = 782), and negative correlation in current smokers (R2 = 0.0184, β = 7.1% decrease per 1 ng Cd kcal(-1) change, p = 0.0006, n = 584). In the full study population, most of the variability in U-Cd was explained by smoking status (R2 = 0.2450, n = 1764). A forward selection model revealed that the strongest predictors of U-Cd were age in never smokers (Δ R2 = 0.04), smoking duration in former smokers (Δ R2 = 0.06) and pack-years in current smokers (Δ R2 = 0.07). Food items that contributed to U-Cd were leafy vegetables and soy-based products, but explained very little of the variance in U-Cd. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-Cd intake estimated from food frequency questionnaires correlates only minimally with U-Cd biomarker, and its use as a Cd exposure indicator may be of limited utility in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Keith Levine
- RTI International Trace Inorganics Department, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jane McElroy
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James M. Harrington
- RTI International Trace Inorganics Department, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaymie R. Meliker
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Fucic A, Plavec D, Casteleyn L, Aerts D, Biot P, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Knudsen LE, Castano A, Rudnai P, Gutleb A, Ligocka D, Lupsa IR, Berglund M, Horvat M, Halzlova K, Schoeters G, Koppen G, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Középesy S, Arendt M, Fischer ME, Janasik B, Gurzau AE, Gurzau ES, Grandér M, Larsson K, Jajcaj M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Sepai O, Exley K, Bartolome M, Cutanda F, Mazej D, Nielsen JKS, Snoj-Tratnik J, Schwedler G, Fiddicke U, Seiwert M, Govarts E, Den Hond E, Koch HM, Lopez A, Joas A, Joas R. Gender differences in cadmium and cotinine levels in prepubertal children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 141:125-131. [PMID: 25529752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to environmental stressors has been described for fetal and early childhood development. However, the possible susceptibility of the prepubertal period, characterized by the orchestration of the organism towards sexual maturation and adulthood has been poorly investigated and exposure data are scarce. In the current study levels of cadmium (Cd), cotinine and creatinine in urine were analyzed in a subsample 216 children from 12 European countries within the DEMOCOPHES project. The children were divided into six age-sex groups: boys (6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 years old), and girls (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years). The number of subjects per group was between 23 and 53. The cut off values were set at 0.1 µg/L for Cd, and 0.8 µg/L for cotinine defined according to the highest limit of quantification. The levels of Cd and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine level. In the total subsample group, the median level of Cd was 0.180 µg/L (range 0.10-0.69 µg/L), and for cotinine the median wet weight value was 1.50 µg/L (range 0.80-39.91 µg/L). There was no significant difference in creatinine and cotinine levels between genders and age groups. There was a significant correlation between levels of cadmium and creatinine in all children of both genders. This shows that even at such low levels the possible effect of cadmium on kidney function was present and measurable. An increase in Cd levels was evident with age. Cadmium levels were significantly different between 6-7 year old girls, 11 year old boys and 10-11 year old girls. As there was a balanced distribution in the number of subjects from countries included in the study, bias due to data clustering was not probable. The impact of low Cd levels on kidney function and gender differences in Cd levels needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - D Plavec
- Children Hospital Srebrnjak, Croatia
| | | | - D Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment - DG Environment, Belgium
| | - P Biot
- DG Environment, Multilateral and Strategic Affairs, Belgium
| | - A Katsonouri
- State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - M Cerna
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - A Castano
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - P Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - A Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | - D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - I-R Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, Romania
| | - M Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Horvat
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | - K Halzlova
- Public Health Authority, Slovak Republic; State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - G Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - G Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - A Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Republic of Cyprus
| | - A Krskova
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - S Középesy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - M Arendt
- Initiativ Liewensufank, Luxembourg
| | - M E Fischer
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - B Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | | | | | - M Grandér
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - K Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Jajcaj
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | - F Cutanda
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - D Mazej
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - U Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - M Seiwert
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - E Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - E Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - A Lopez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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29
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Ke S, Cheng XY, Zhang JY, Jia WJ, Li H, Luo HF, Ge PH, Liu ZM, Wang HM, He JS, Chen ZN. Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:656. [PMID: 26169263 PMCID: PMC4499937 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itai-itai disease primarily results from cadmium (Cd) exposure and is known as one of the four major pollution diseases in Japan. Cd pollution is more serious in several areas of China than in Japan. However, there is still a lack of information regarding the threshold level of Cd exposure for the adverse health effects in the general Chinese population. This study aims to evaluate the reference value of urinary Cd (UCd) for renal dysfunction in a Chinese population as the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) based on a large sample survey. METHODS A total of 6103 participants who lived in five Cd polluted areas of China participated in this study. We analyzed UCd levels as a biomarker of exposure and urinary β2-microglobulin (Uβ2-MG) levels as a renal tubular effect biomarker. The BMD studies were performed using BMD software. The benchmark response (BMR) was defined as a 10% additional risk above the background. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between the UCd levels and the prevalence of Uβ2-MG. The BMD of UCd for Uβ2-MG was estimated for each province. The findings showed that the BMD levels were related to the participants' geographic region, which may be partially due to the large differences in Cd exposure level, ethnic group, lifestyle and diet of the sample population in these study areas. The reference level of UCd for the renal effects was further evaluated by combining the five sets of data from all 6103 subjects. The overall BMDLs of UCd for Uβ2-MG with an excess risk of 10% were 2.00 μg/g creatinine (μg/g cr) in males and 1.69 μg/g cr in females, which were significantly lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold level of 5 μg/g cr for Cd-related renal effects. CONCLUSIONS The selection of the sample population and geographic region affected the BMDL evaluation. Based on the findings of this survey of a large sample population, the UCd BMDLs for Uβ2-MG in males with BMRs at 10% were 2.00 μg/g cr. The BMD was slightly lower in females, which indicated that females may be relatively more sensitive to Cd exposure than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ke
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi-Yu Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie-Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Jing Jia
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Fang Luo
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng-He Ge
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ze-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
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Suwazono Y, Nogawa K, Morikawa Y, Nishijo M, Kobayashi E, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Nogawa K. Renal tubular dysfunction increases mortality in the Japanese general population living in cadmium non-polluted areas. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:399-404. [PMID: 24938509 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the cause-effect relationship between renal tubular dysfunction and mortality. A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 900 men and 1313 women in 1993 or 1994 who lived in two cadmium non-polluted areas in Japan. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) for mortality were calculated using a proportional hazard regression. Forward stepwise model selection was applied to the potential covariates such as age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, various lifestyle factors and present illness. Simultaneously, the dose-effect relationship between renal tubular markers and urinary cadmium at baseline was evaluated using multiple regression analyses. In men, HR was significant for β2-MG (HR corresponding to an increase of 100 μg/g cre: 1.02) and NAG (HR corresponding to an increase of 1 IU/g cre: 1.05). In women, a significant HR was observed for β2-MG (HR corresponding to an increase of 100 μg/g cre: 1.01) and NAG (HR corresponding to an increase of 1 IU/g cre: 1.02). Dose-effect relationships were significant for urinary cadmium and all renal tubular markers in men and women. The present study indicated that renal tubular dysfunction was significantly related to mortality in the general population of cadmium non-polluted areas in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Suwazono
- 1] Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan [2] Center for Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kobayashi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koji Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Woo HD, Chiu WA, Jo S, Kim J. Benchmark Dose for Urinary Cadmium based on a Marker of Renal Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126680. [PMID: 25970611 PMCID: PMC4430293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low doses of cadmium can cause adverse health effects. Benchmark dose (BMD) and the one-sided 95% lower confidence limit of BMD (BMDL) to derive points of departure for urinary cadmium exposure have been estimated in several previous studies, but the methods to derive BMD and the estimated BMDs differ. Objectives We aimed to find the associated factors that affect BMD calculation in the general population, and to estimate the summary BMD for urinary cadmium using reported BMDs. Methods A meta-regression was performed and the pooled BMD/BMDL was estimated using studies reporting a BMD and BMDL, weighted by sample size, that were calculated from individual data based on markers of renal dysfunction. Results BMDs were highly heterogeneous across studies. Meta-regression analysis showed that a significant predictor of BMD was the cut-off point which denotes an abnormal level. Using the 95th percentile as a cut off, BMD5/BMDL5 estimates for 5% benchmark responses (BMR) of β2-microglobulinuria (β2-MG) estimated was 6.18/4.88 μg/g creatinine in conventional quantal analysis and 3.56/3.13 μg/g creatinine in the hybrid approach, and BMD5/BMDL5 estimates for 5% BMR of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) was 10.31/7.61 μg/g creatinine in quantal analysis and 3.21/2.24 g/g creatinine in the hybrid approach. However, the meta-regression showed that BMD and BMDL were significantly associated with the cut-off point, but BMD calculation method did not significantly affect the results. The urinary cadmium BMDL5 of β2-MG was 1.9 μg/g creatinine in the lowest cut-off point group. Conclusion The BMD was significantly associated with the cut-off point defining the abnormal level of renal dysfunction markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Dong Woo
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Seongil Jo
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
- * E-mail:
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. The protection conferred by chelation therapy in post-MI diabetics might be replicated by high-dose zinc supplementation. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:451-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen X, Wang Z, Zhu G, Liang Y, Jin T. Benchmark dose estimation of cadmium reference level for hypertension in a Chinese population. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:208-212. [PMID: 25528411 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium exposure can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. Benchmark dose has been used to estimate the reference point of cadmium for kidney and bone damage. In this study, we observed the association of blood pressure and cadmium in blood (BCd) and evaluated the reference level of cadmium for hypertension using benchmark dose (BMD) approach. A total of 441 subjects were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from each individual for BCd determination. Blood pressure was measured by electronic sphygmomanometer. BMD and BMDL were calculated using BMD software corresponding to additional risk of 10%. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of hypertension increased with the increasing of BCd, especially for SBP (χ(2)=3.9, p=0.047 in men; χ(2)=4.3, p=0.037 in women). With a benchmark response of 10%, the BMDL10 for hypertension (high SBP) was 0.95μg/L and 1.02μg/L for women and men, respectively; the BMDL10 for hypertension (high DBP) was 1.8μg/L and 1.66μg/L for women and men, respectively. Our data evidenced that BCd was associated with elevation in blood pressure and hypertension, especially for women. The reference level of cadmium for hypertension with high SBP was lower than that of high DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Hu J, Li M, Han TX, Chen JW, Ye LX, Wang Q, Zhou YK. Benchmark dose estimation for cadmium-induced renal tubular damage among environmental cadmium-exposed women aged 35-54 years in two counties of China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115794. [PMID: 25536107 PMCID: PMC4275258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of factors, including gender, age, smoking habits, and occupational exposure, affect the levels of urinary cadmium. Few studies have considered these influences when calculating the benchmark dose (BMD) of cadmium. In the present study, we aimed to calculate BMDs and their 95% lower confidence bounds (BMDLs) for cadmium-induced renal tubular effects in an age-specific population in south-central China. METHODS In this study, urinary cadmium, β2-microglobulin, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels were measured in morning urine samples from 490 randomly selected non-smoking women aged 35-54 years. Participants were selected using stratified cluster sampling in two counties (counties A and B) in China. Multiple regression and logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium levels and tubular effects. BMDs/BMDLs corresponding to an additional risk (benchmark response) of 5% and 10% were calculated with assumed cut-off values of the 84th and 90th percentile of urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels of the controls. RESULTS Urinary levels of β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase increased significantly with increasing levels of urinary cadmium. Age was not associated with urinary cadmium levels, possibly because of the narrow age range included in this study. Based on urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, BMDs and BMDLs of urinary cadmium ranged from 2.08 to 3.80 (1.41-2.18) µg/g cr for subjects in county A and from 0.99 to 3.34 (0.74-1.91) µg/g cr for those in county B. The predetermined benchmark response of 0.05 and the 90th percentiles of urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase levels of the subjects not exposed to cadmium (i.e., the control group) served as cut-off values. CONCLUSIONS The obtained BMDs of urinary cadmium were similar to the reference point of 1 µg/g cr, as suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, indicating that cadmium exposure must be reduced to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-xu Han
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-wei Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-xiang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YZ)
| | - Yi-kai Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (YZ)
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Nishijo M, Suwazono Y, Ruangyuttikarn W, Nambunmee K, Swaddiwudhipong W, Nogawa K, Nakagawa H. Risk assessment for Thai population: benchmark dose of urinary and blood cadmium levels for renal effects by hybrid approach of inhabitants living in polluted and non-polluted areas in Thailand. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:702. [PMID: 25012790 PMCID: PMC4227073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to estimate the benchmark doses (BMD) for renal effects for health risk assessment of residents living in Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas in a Thai population. Methods The study participants consisted of inhabitants aged 40 years or older who lived in a non-polluted area (40 men and 41 women) and in the environmentally polluted Mae Sot District (230 men and 370 women) located in northwestern Thailand. We measured urinary and blood cadmium (Cd) as markers of long-term exposure and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as renal tubular effect markers. An updated hybrid approach was applied to estimate the benchmark doses (BMD) and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDL) of urinary and blood Cd for Cd-induced renal effects in these subjects. BMD and BMDL corresponding to an additional risk (BMR) of 5% were calculated with the background risk at zero exposure set to 5% after adjusting for age and smoking status. Results The estimated BMDLs of urinary Cd for renal effect markers were 6.9 for urinary β2-MG and 4.4 for NAG in men and 8.1 for β2-MG and 6.1 for NAG μg/g creatinine (Creat) in women. These BMDLs of urinary Cd (μg/g Creat) for NAG were less than the geometric mean urinary Cd in the polluted area (6.5 in men and 7.1 in women). The estimated BMDLs of blood Cd (μg/L) were 6.2 for urinary β2-MG and 5.0 for NAG in men and 5.9 for β2-MG and 5.8 for NAG in women. The calculated BMDLs were similar or less compared with the geometric mean blood Cd (μg/L) in the polluted Thai area (6.9 in men and 5.2 in women). Conclusion The BMDLs of urinary and blood Cd for renal effects were estimated to be 4.4 - 8.1 μg/g Creat and 4.4 - 6.2 μg/L in the Thai population aged ≥ 40 years old, suggesting that more than 40% of the residents were at risk of adverse renal effects induced by Cd exposure in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchnada, 920-0293 Ishikawa, Japan.
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Suwazono Y, Nogawa K, Morikawa Y, Nishijo M, Kobayashi E, Kido T, Nakagawa H, Nogawa K. Impact of urinary cadmium on mortality in the Japanese general population in cadmium non-polluted areas. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:807-12. [PMID: 24924827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dose-effect relationship between urinary cadmium (U-Cd as an index of internal Cd exposure) and mortality in a cohort of the Japanese general population. METHODS A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 897 men and 1307 women who lived in two non-polluted areas in Japan. The subjects were categorized into four quartiles based on creatinine adjusted U-Cd (μg/g cre). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the quartiles of U-Cd for mortality was calculated using a proportional hazards regression. Forward stepwise model selection was applied to the potential covariates such as age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, various lifestyle factors and present illness. RESULTS The mortality rates per 1000 person years were 27.8 and 12.5 in men and women, respectively. In men, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 2.919 μg/g cre) showed a significant, positive HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.11-2.02) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.014). In women, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥ 3.943 μg/g cre) also showed a significant HR (1.50, 95%CI: 1.08-2.09) for mortality compared to the first quartile (< 1.140). CONCLUSION The present study clarified that U-Cd was significantly associated with increased mortality, indicating the worsened life prognosis of the general population in Cd non-polluted areas in Japan. These results highlight the importance of further discussion of the health risk assessment of Cd exposure in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchnada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchnada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kobayashi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchnada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Koji Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Åkesson A, Barregard L, Bergdahl IA, Nordberg GF, Nordberg M, Skerfving S. Non-renal effects and the risk assessment of environmental cadmium exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:431-8. [PMID: 24569905 PMCID: PMC4014752 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as a health hazard, both in industry and in general populations with high exposure. Under the currently prevailing health risk assessment, the relationship between urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentrations and tubular proteinuria is used. However, doubts have recently been raised regarding the justification of basing the risk assessment on this relationship at very low exposure. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to review available information on health effects of Cd exposure with respect to human health risk assessment. DISCUSSION The associations between U-Cd and urinary proteins at very low exposure may not be due to Cd toxicity, and the clinical significance of slight proteinuria may also be limited. More importantly, other effects have been reported at very low Cd exposure. There is reason to challenge the basis of the existing health risk assessment for Cd. Our review of the literature found that exposure to low concentrations of Cd is associated with effects on bone, including increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures, and that this observation has implications for the health risk assessment of Cd. Other effects associated with Cd should also be considered, in particular cancer, although the information is still too limited for appropriate use in quantitative risk assessment. CONCLUSION Non-renal effects should be considered critical effects in the health risk assessment of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pirard C, Koppen G, De Cremer K, Van Overmeire I, Govarts E, Dewolf MC, Van De Mieroop E, Aerts D, Biot P, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Castaño A, Esteban M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Joas R, Joas A, Van Loco J, Charlier C. Hair mercury and urinary cadmium levels in Belgian children and their mothers within the framework of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:730-740. [PMID: 24333995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A harmonized human biomonitoring pilot study was set up within the frame of the European projects DEMOCOPHES and COPHES. In 17 European countries, biomarkers of some environmental pollutants, including urinary cadmium and hair mercury, were measured in children and their mothers in order to obtain European-wide comparison values on these chemicals. The Belgian participant population consisted in 129 school children (6-11 years) and their mothers (≤ 45 years) living in urban or rural areas of Belgium. The geometric mean levels for mercury in hair were 0.383 μg/g and 0.204 μg/g for respectively mothers and children. Cadmium in mother's and children's urine was detected at a geometric mean concentration of respectively 0.21 and 0.04 μg/l. For both biomarkers, levels measured in the mothers and their child were correlated. While the urinary cadmium levels increased with age, no trend was found for hair mercury content, except the fact that mothers hold higher levels than children. The hair mercury content increased significantly with the number of dental amalgam fillings, explaining partially the higher levels in the mothers by their higher presence rate of these amalgams compared to children. Fish or seafood consumption was the other main parameter determining the mercury levels in hair. No relationship was found between smoking status and cadmium or mercury levels, but the studied population included very few smokers. Urinary cadmium levels were higher in both mothers and children living in urban areas, while for mercury this difference was only significant for children. Our small population showed urinary cadmium and hair mercury levels lower than the health based guidelines suggested by the WHO or the JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Only 1% had cadmium level slightly higher than the German HBM-I value (1 μg/l for adults), and 9% exceeded the 1 μg mercury/g hair suggested by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- CHU of Liege, Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Van Overmeire
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Christine Dewolf
- Provincial Institute Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire - Hainaut Hygiène Publique en (HVS-HPH), Boulevard Sainctelette, 55, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Els Van De Mieroop
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene (PIH), Boomgaardstraat 22 bus 1, 2600 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Place Victor Horta 40/10, 1060 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Place Victor Horta 40/10, 1060 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ludwine Casteleyn
- University of Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Gerda Schwedler
- Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Birgit K Schindler
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Exley
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Science International, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 København, Denmark.
| | - Reinhard Joas
- BiPRO GmbH, Grauertstrasse 12, 81545 Munich, Germany.
| | - Anke Joas
- BiPRO GmbH, Grauertstrasse 12, 81545 Munich, Germany.
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Charlier
- CHU of Liege, Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Wang Q, Hu J, Han TX, Li M, Zhao HH, Chen JW, Ye LX, Zhou YK. Application of BMD approach to identify thresholds of cadmium-induced renal effect among 35 to 55 year-old women in two cadmium polluted counties in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87817. [PMID: 24505316 PMCID: PMC3913698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause renal tubular dysfunction in humans. Women are among the high-risk group for Cd health effects. Determining the thresholds of Cd-induced renal effects is important. Thus, in this article, we aimed to identify the benchmark dose (BMD) and its low limit (BMDL) levels as the Cd thresholds for Chinese women. Methods Epidemiologic investigation was performed in county A and county B to obtain data on Cd exposure and its renal effect on respondents. Levels of Cd (UCd), β2-microglobulin (UB2M), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG) were measured in morning urine samples. The BMD approach was mainly performed. Results Results of the BMD approach were similar whether the method was conducted for the two sets of data (collected in CA and CB, respectively) separately or cooperatively. The BMD/BMDL values of UCd for all subjects were 1.07/0.44 and 2.12/0.53 µg/g cr based on UB2M and UNAG, respectively, given a predetermined BMR of 0.05. Conclusions The presented thresholds of Cd-induced renal effects (i.e., the BMDLs of UCd) are close to the counterpart values reported in Japan, Sweden and Belguim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-xu Han
- Qiangyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan-hu Zhao
- Chinese Minority Traditional Medical Center, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-wei Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-xiang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (YZ)
| | - Yi-kai Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (YZ)
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Nogawa K, Kido T, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Suwazono Y. Benchmark dose of cadmium concentration in rice for renal effects in a cadmium-polluted area in Japan. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:24-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nogawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kido
- Department of Community Health Nursing; Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakagawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
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Huang M, Choi SJ, Kim DW, Kim NY, Bae HS, Yu SD, Kim DS, Kim H, Choi BS, Yu IJ, Park JD. Evaluation of factors associated with cadmium exposure and kidney function in the general population. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:563-70. [PMID: 21786387 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential toxic metal which is widely distributed in the environment. The general population is exposed to low levels of Cd and the kidney is the organ most sensitive to Cd toxicity. This study was performed to simultaneously evaluate Cd exposure, kidney function, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the general population. A total of 643 adults were interviewed to document demographic characteristics, lifestyles, past-medical history, and diet during the last 24 h. We estimated daily Cd intake based on the diet of study subjects who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. Whole blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed to determine Cd concentrations and kidney function indices (β₂ -microglobulin [β₂-MG], N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase [NAG], metallothionein [MT]). The oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) was determined from the urine. The daily Cd intake from diet was established as 7.07 μg/day. The mean concentration of Cd measured in the blood was 1.22 μg/L and urine was 0.95 μg/g creatinine. The concentrations of Cd in blood and urine were higher in females than in males. The blood levels of Cd were affected by sex, age, and smoking, and urine Cd was influenced by sex, age, and blood Cd. The urine Cd was positively correlated with MT, NAG activity, and MDA in females, but with NAG only in males. The blood Cd was associated with MT in males. Increased NAG activity was observed when Cd in urine reached 1.0 μg Cd/g creatinine and was also affected by age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Urinary MT only responded to Cd in urine or blood. In summary, exposure to Cd in the general population was influenced by various factors including sex, age, and smoking habits. Such exposure might eventually cause tubular damage in the kidneys through the oxidative stress mechanism, and females might be more susceptible than males to Cd exposure under the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Environmental cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: a review. Int J Public Health 2013; 58:737-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Lee M, Choi T, Kim J, Woo HD. Bayesian Analysis of Dose-Effect Relationship of Cadmium for Benchmark Dose Evaluation. KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.5351/kjas.2013.26.3.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Murakami K, Miyamoto K, Hosoi Y, Murata K, Kayama F. Age-relevant renal effects of cadmium exposure through consumption of home-harvested rice in female Japanese farmers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 56:1-9. [PMID: 23542681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There are cadmium-polluted areas in Japan, where farmers may be at risk of renal dysfunction due to cadmium exposure through consumption of home-harvested rice. The aims of this study were to investigate levels of cadmium exposure and accumulation and their renal effects in female farmers residing in cadmium-polluted areas, and to consider the relevance of age to the effects of cadmium. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1200 women (40-79years old) without symptomatic disorders in two cadmium-polluted areas and one unpolluted area as a control. Rice, blood, and urine samples were collected to measure the cadmium levels, together with urinary levels of α1-microglobulin and β2-microglobulin for renal tubular function. Cadmium levels in rice were significantly higher in the polluted areas than control area. Blood and urinary cadmium levels, along with urinary protein levels, were also significantly higher in the polluted areas, especially among the elder subjects. There was one case of cadmium nephropathy in the polluted areas. Age- and urinary cadmium-specific analysis for all the subjects showed a mild linear dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium and proteins in the younger women, and a steep progress of renal dysfunction over the threshold of urinary cadmium (10μg/g creatinine) in the older women. In conclusion, the aged women in the polluted areas showed high accumulation of cadmium and deterioration of renal function through consumption of rice. Also, the aging process itself appeared to contribute to the different renal effects of cadmium observed in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyogo Horiguchi
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Gunier RB, Horn-Ross PL, Canchola AJ, Duffy CN, Reynolds P, Hertz A, Garcia E, Rull RP. Determinants and within-person variability of urinary cadmium concentrations among women in northern California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:643-9. [PMID: 23552363 PMCID: PMC3672909 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentration is considered a biomarker of long-term exposure. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to evaluate the within-person correlation among repeat samples and to identify predictors of U-Cd concentrations. METHODS U-Cd concentrations (micrograms per liter) were measured in 24-hr urine samples collected from 296 women enrolled in the California Teachers Study in 2000 and a second 24-hr sample collected 3-9 months later from 141 of the participants. Lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained via questionnaires. The Total Diet Study database was used to quantify dietary cadmium intake based on a food frequency questionnaire. We estimated environmental cadmium emissions near participants' residences using a geographic information system. RESULTS The geometric mean U-Cd concentration was 0.27 µg/L and the range was 0.1-3.6 µg/L. The intraclass correlation among repeat samples from an individual was 0.50. The use of a single 24-hr urine specimen to characterize Cd exposure in a case-control study would result in an observed odds ratio of 1.4 for a true odds ratio of 2.0. U-Cd concentration increased with creatinine, age, and lifetime pack-years of smoking among ever smokers or lifetime intensity-years of passive smoking among nonsmokers, whereas it decreased with greater alcohol consumption and number of previous pregnancies. These factors explained 42-44% of the variability in U-Cd concentrations. CONCLUSION U-Cd levels varied with several individual characteristics, and a single measurement of U-Cd in a 24-hr sample did not accurately reflect medium- to long-term body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Gunier
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Benchmark dose for estimation of cadmium reference level for osteoporosis in a Chinese female population. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:592-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nava-Ruíz C, Méndez-Armenta M. Cadmium, Lead, Thallium: Occurrence, Neurotoxicity and Histopathological Changes of the Nervous System. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Linderholm K, Mattsson JE, Tillman AM. Phosphorus flows to and from Swedish agriculture and food chain. AMBIO 2012; 41:883-93. [PMID: 22627872 PMCID: PMC3492564 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus flows in Swedish agriculture and food chain were studied by material flow analysis. The system studied included agriculture, food consumption, related waste and wastewater from private households and municipal wastewater treatment plants. Swedish farmland had net annual phosphorus inputs of ~12, 600 metric tons (4.1 kg P ha(-1)) in 2008-2010. The total import of phosphorus in food and feed to Sweden exceed imports of phosphorus in fertilizers. Despite strict animal density regulations relating to manure phosphorus content, phosphorus is accumulating on Swedish animal farms. The total quantity of manure produced greatly exceeds imported mineral phosphorus fertilizer and almost equals total phosphorus inputs to Swedish farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Linderholm
- Department of Agrosystems, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU Alnarp, P. O. Box 104, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
- Dalsjövägen 11, 784 77 Borlänge, Sweden
| | - Jan Erik Mattsson
- Department of Agrosystems, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU Alnarp, P. O. Box 104, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Tillman
- Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zinc and multi-mineral supplementation should mitigate the pathogenic impact of cadmium exposure. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:642-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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