1
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Nie HY, Ge J, Liu KG, Yue Y, Li H, Lin HG, Yan HF, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang JW, Zhou JL, Cui Y. The effects of microgravity on stem cells and the new insights it brings to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:1-17. [PMID: 38670635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques may undergo modifications in the future, as life scientists have widely acknowledged the ability of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems to accurately simulate in vivo biology. In recent years, researchers have discovered that microgravity devices can address many challenges associated with 3D cell culture. Stem cells, being pluripotent cells, are regarded as a promising resource for regenerative medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that 3D culture in microgravity devices can effectively guide stem cells towards differentiation and facilitate the formation of functional tissue, thereby exhibiting advantages within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, We delineate the impact of microgravity on the biological behavior of various types of stem cells, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing these alterations. These findings offer exciting prospects for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Nie
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Ge Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Guan Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Wu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Cui Y, Liu W, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Dai J. Advances in Microgravity Directed Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202768. [PMID: 36893386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to generate functional biological substitutes to repair, sustain, improve, or replace tissue function affected by disease. With the rapid development of space science, the application of simulated microgravity has become an active topic in the field of tissue engineering. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that microgravity offers excellent advantages for tissue engineering by modulating cellular morphology, metabolism, secretion, proliferation, and stem cell differentiation. To date, there have been many achievements in constructing bioartificial spheroids, organoids, or tissue analogs with or without scaffolds in vitro under simulated microgravity conditions. Herein, the current status, recent advances, challenges, and prospects of microgravity related to tissue engineering are reviewed. Current simulated-microgravity devices and cutting-edge advances of microgravity for biomaterials-dependent or biomaterials-independent tissue engineering to offer a reference for guiding further exploration of simulated microgravity strategies to produce engineered tissues are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Shuaijing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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3
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Prasad B, Grimm D, Strauch SM, Erzinger GS, Corydon TJ, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Richter P, Krüger M. Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9373. [PMID: 33317046 PMCID: PMC7764784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Gilmar Sidnei Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
- Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l’Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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4
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Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107572. [PMID: 32540473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing environments using their amazing flexibility to remodel themselves by a process called evolution. Environmental stress causes selective pressure and is associated with genetic and phenotypic shifts for better modifications, maintenance, and functioning of organismal systems. The natural evolution process can be used in complement to rational strain engineering for the development of desired traits or phenotypes as well as for the production of novel biomaterials through the imposition of one or more selective pressures. Space provides a unique environment of stressors (e.g., weightlessness and high radiation) that organisms have never experienced on Earth. Cells in the outer space reorganize and develop or activate a range of molecular responses that lead to changes in cellular properties. Exposure of cells to the outer space will lead to the development of novel variants more efficiently than on Earth. For instance, natural crop varieties can be generated with higher nutrition value, yield, and improved features, such as resistance against high and low temperatures, salt stress, and microbial and pest attacks. The review summarizes the literature on the parameters of outer space that affect the growth and behavior of cells and organisms as well as complex colloidal systems. We illustrate an understanding of gravity-related basic biological mechanisms and enlighten the possibility to explore the outer space environment for application-oriented aspects. This will stimulate biological research in the pursuit of innovative approaches for the future of agriculture and health on Earth.
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5
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Phelan MA, Gianforcaro AL, Gerstenhaber JA, Lelkes PI. An Air Bubble-Isolating Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor for Improved Spheroid/Organoid Formation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:479-488. [PMID: 31328683 PMCID: PMC6686703 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor is a powerful tool for the generation of sizeable, faster-growing organoids. However, the ideal, low-shear, modeled microgravity environment in the RWV is frequently disrupted by the formation of bubbles, a critical but understated failure mode. To address this, we have designed and fabricated a novel, modified RWV bioreactor capable of continuously removing bubbles while providing optimal fluid dynamics. We validated the capacity of this device with computational and empirical studies. We anticipate that our novel bioreactor will be more consistent and easier to use and may fill a unique and unmet niche in the burgeoning field of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Phelan
- Integrated Laboratory for Cellular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony L. Gianforcaro
- Integrated Laboratory for Cellular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan A. Gerstenhaber
- Integrated Laboratory for Cellular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter I. Lelkes
- Integrated Laboratory for Cellular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Li N, Wang C, Sun S, Zhang C, Lü D, Chen Q, Long M. Microgravity-Induced Alterations of Inflammation-Related Mechanotransduction in Endothelial Cells on Board SJ-10 Satellite. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1025. [PMID: 30108515 PMCID: PMC6079262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are mechanosensitive cells undergoing morphological and functional changes in space. Ground-based study has provided a body of evidences about how ECs can respond to the effect of simulated microgravity, however, these results need to be confirmed by spaceflight experiments in real microgravity. In this work, we cultured EA.hy926 ECs on board the SJ-10 Recoverable Scientific Satellite for 3 and 10 days, and analyzed the effects of space microgravity on the ECs. Space microgravity suppressed the glucose metabolism, modulated the expression of cellular adhesive molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD44, and depressed the pro-angiogenesis and pro-inflammation cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, it also induced the depolymerization of actin filaments and microtubules, promoted the vimentin accumulation, restrained the collagen I and fibronectin deposition, regulated the mechanotransduction through focal adhesion kinase and Rho GTPases, and enhanced the exosome-mediated mRNA transfer. Unlike the effect of simulated microgravity, neither three-dimensional growth nor enhanced nitric oxide production was observed in our experimental settings. This work furthers the understandings in the effects and mechanisms of space microgravity on ECs, and provides useful information for future spaceflight experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Grimm D, Egli M, Krüger M, Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Kopp S, Wehland M, Wise P, Infanger M, Mann V, Sundaresan A. Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions-Use of Stem Cells and Specialized Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:787-804. [PMID: 29596037 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental cell research studying three-dimensional (3D) tissues in space and on Earth using new techniques to simulate microgravity is currently a hot topic in Gravitational Biology and Biomedicine. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the use of stem cells and specialized cells for tissue engineering under simulated microgravity conditions. We will report on recent advancements in the ability to construct 3D aggregates from various cell types using devices originally created to prepare for spaceflights such as the random positioning machine (RPM), the clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, to engineer various tissues such as preliminary vessels, eye tissue, bone, cartilage, multicellular cancer spheroids, and others from different cells. In addition, stem cells had been investigated under microgravity for the purpose to engineer adipose tissue, cartilage, or bone. Recent publications have discussed different changes of stem cells when exposed to microgravity and the relevant pathways involved in these biological processes. Tissue engineering in microgravity is a new technique to produce organoids, spheroids, or tissues with and without scaffolds. These 3D aggregates can be used for drug testing studies or for coculture models. Multicellular tumor spheroids may be interesting for radiation experiments in the future and to reduce the need for in vivo experiments. Current achievements using cells from patients engineered on the RWV or on the RPM represent an important step in the advancement of techniques that may be applied in translational Regenerative Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark .,2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Egli
- 3 Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Krüger
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Riwaldt
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark .,4 Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sascha Kopp
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Wise
- 5 Hematology/Oncology, University of Southern California , Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manfred Infanger
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Mann
- 6 Department of Biology, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
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Buravkova LB, Rudimov EG, Andreeva ER, Grigoriev AI. The ICAM-1 expression level determines the susceptibility of human endothelial cells to simulated microgravity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2875-2885. [PMID: 29080356 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity is a principal risk factor hampering human cardiovascular regulation during space flights. Endothelial dysfunction associated with the impaired integrity and uniformity of the monolayer represents a potential trigger for vascular damage. We characterized the expression profile of the multi-step cascade of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, VE-cadherin) in umbilical cord endothelial cells (ECs) after 24 h of exposure to simulated microgravity (SMG), pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and the combination of the two. Random Positioning Machine (RPM)-mediated SMG was used to mimic microgravity effects. SMG stimulated the expression of E-selectin, which is known to be involved in slowing leukocyte rolling. Primary ECs displayed heterogeneity with respect to the proportion of ICAM-1-positive cells. ECs were divided into two groups: pre-activated ECs displaying high proportion of ICAM-1+ -cells (ECs-1) (greater than 50%) and non-activated ECs with low proportion of ICAM-1+ -cells (ECs-2) (less than 25%). Only non-activated ECs-2 responded to SMG by elevating gene transcription and increasing ICAM-1 and VE-cadherin expression. This effect was enhanced after cumulative SMG-TNF-α exposure. ECs-1 displayed an unexpected decrease in number of E-selectin- and ICAM-1-positive ECs and pronounced up-regulation of VCAM1 upon activation of inflammation, which was partially abolished by SMG. Thus, non-activated ECs-2 are quite resistant to the impacts of microgravity and even exhibited an elevation of the VE-cadherin gene and protein expression, thus improving the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Pre-activation of ECs with inflammatory stimuli may disturb the EC adhesion profile, attenuating its barrier function. These alterations may be among the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular dysregulation in real microgravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila B Buravkova
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene G Rudimov
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R Andreeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly I Grigoriev
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Laschke MW, Menger MD. Prevascularization in tissue engineering: Current concepts and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:112-21. [PMID: 26674312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival of engineered tissue constructs during the initial phase after their implantation depends on the rapid development of an adequate vascularization. This, in turn, is a major prerequisite for the constructs' long-term function. 'Prevascularization' has emerged as a promising concept in tissue engineering, aiming at the generation of a preformed microvasculature in tissue constructs prior to their implantation. This should shorten the time period during which the constructs are avascular and suffer hypoxic conditions. Herein, we provide an overview of current strategies for the generation of preformed microvascular networks within tissue constructs. In vitro approaches use cell seeding, spheroid formation or cell sheet technologies. In situ approaches use the body as a natural bioreactor to induce vascularization by angiogenic ingrowth or flap and arteriovenous (AV)-loop techniques. In future, these strategies may be supplemented by the transplantation of adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments or the in vitro generation of highly organized microvascular networks by means of sophisticated microscale technologies and microfluidic systems. The further advancement of these prevascularization concepts and their adaptation to individual therapeutic interventions will markedly contribute to a broad implementation of tissue engineering applications into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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10
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RhoGTPases as key players in mammalian cell adaptation to microgravity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:747693. [PMID: 25649831 PMCID: PMC4310447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/747693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies are revealing that cells reorganize their cytoskeleton when exposed to conditions of microgravity. Most, if not all, of the structural changes observed on flown cells can be explained by modulation of RhoGTPases, which are mechanosensitive switches responsible for cytoskeletal dynamics control. This review identifies general principles defining cell sensitivity to gravitational stresses. We discuss what is known about changes in cell shape, nucleus, and focal adhesions and try to establish the relationship with specific RhoGTPase activities. We conclude by considering the potential relevance of live imaging of RhoGTPase activity or cytoskeletal structures in order to enhance our understanding of cell adaptation to microgravity-related conditions.
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11
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The impact of microgravity and hypergravity on endothelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:434803. [PMID: 25654101 PMCID: PMC4309246 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells (ECs), which line the inner surface of vessels, play a fundamental role in maintaining vascular integrity and tissue homeostasis, since they regulate local blood flow and other physiological processes. ECs are highly sensitive to mechanical stress, including hypergravity and microgravity. Indeed, they undergo morphological and functional changes in response to alterations of gravity. In particular microgravity leads to changes in the production and expression of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules, which mainly result from changes in the remodelling of the cytoskeleton and the distribution of caveolae. These molecular modifications finely control cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. This review summarizes the state of the art on how microgravity and hypergravity affect cultured ECs functions and discusses some controversial issues reported in the literature.
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12
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Grimm D, Pietsch J, Wehland M, Richter P, Strauch SM, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Wise P, Bauer J. The impact of microgravity-based proteomics research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:465-76. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.926221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pietsch
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nils Erik Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Petra Wise
- Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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13
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Mekala NK, Baadhe RR, Potumarthi R. Mass transfer aspects of 3D cell cultures in tissue engineering. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology; National Institute of Technology; Warangal 506004 India
| | - Rama Raju Baadhe
- Department of Biotechnology; National Institute of Technology; Warangal 506004 India
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Williams SK, Touroo JS, Church KH, Hoying JB. Encapsulation of adipose stromal vascular fraction cells in alginate hydrogel spheroids using a direct-write three-dimensional printing system. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:448-54. [PMID: 24380055 PMCID: PMC3869411 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tissue function in vitro has been aided by the development of three-dimensional culture systems that more accurately duplicate the complex cell components of tissues and organs. Bioprinting of cells provides a rapid tissue fabrication technique that can be used to evaluate normal and pathologic conditions in vitro as well as to construct complex three-dimensional tissue structures for implantation in regenerative medicine therapies. Studies were performed using a direct write three-dimensional bioprinting system to fabricate adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cell spheroids. Human fat–derived stromal vascular fraction cells were mixed in 1.5% (w/v) alginate solutions, and fabrication conditions were varied to produce an array of spheroids. The spheroids were placed in spinner culture, and spheroid integrity and encapsulated cell viability were assessed for 16 days. Results establish the ability to tightly control adipose SVF spheroids in the range of 800–1500 μm. Fabrication conditions were used to control spheroid size, and the results illustrate the ability to construct spheroids of precise size and shape. The adipose SVF cell population remains viable and the spheroid integrity was maintained for 16 days in suspension culture. The direct-write printing of adipose stromal vascular fraction cell containing spheroids provides a rapid fabrication technology to support in vitro microphysiologic system studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James B Hoying
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute , Louisville, Kentucky
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15
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Versari S, Longinotti G, Barenghi L, Maier JAM, Bradamante S. The challenging environment on board the International Space Station affects endothelial cell function by triggering oxidative stress through thioredoxin interacting protein overexpression: the ESA-SPHINX experiment. FASEB J 2013; 27:4466-75. [PMID: 23913861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity generates alterations that are similar to those involved in age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular deconditioning, bone loss, muscle atrophy, and immune response impairment. Endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. To shed light on the underlying mechanism, we participated in the Progress 40P mission with Spaceflight of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs): an Integrated Experiment (SPHINX), which consisted of 12 in-flight and 12 ground-based control modules and lasted 10 d. Postflight microarray analysis revealed 1023 significantly modulated genes, the majority of which are involved in cell adhesion, oxidative phosphorylation, stress responses, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Thioredoxin-interacting protein was the most up-regulated (33-fold), heat-shock proteins 70 and 90 the most down-regulated (5.6-fold). Ion channels (TPCN1, KCNG2, KCNJ14, KCNG1, KCNT1, TRPM1, CLCN4, CLCA2), mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and focal adhesion were widely affected. Cytokine detection in the culture media indicated significant increased secretion of interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β. Nitric oxide was found not modulated. Our data suggest that in cultured HUVECs, microgravity affects the same molecular machinery responsible for sensing alterations of flow and generates a prooxidative environment that activates inflammatory responses, alters endothelial behavior, and promotes senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Versari
- 1CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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16
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Tashiro S, Tsumoto K, Sano E. Establishment of a microcarrier culture system with serial sub-cultivation for functionally active human endothelial cells. J Biotechnol 2012; 160:202-13. [PMID: 22465290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A microcarrier culture system was established for a large-scale production of functional human endothelial cells. It has been difficult to cultivate human endothelial cells in large quantities for the reasons that specific growth factor and extracellular matrix are required for the survival and proliferation of the cells and the life span of the primary cells are limited. A lot of studies have reported that the shear stress gives significant influences on the structure, growth rate and biological functions of endothelial cells. We aimed to develop a convenient microcarrier culture system for human endothelial cells which can reproduce the flow effects experienced in vivo or in vitro. In 200 mL volume culture, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) could be serially sub-cultivated by optimizing the culture conditions such as shear strength, growth factor, beads and seeding cell concentration, serum concentration, and passage timing. The growth rate was enhanced depending on the shear strength and the life span of the cells was elongated until over 43PDL which is much longer than those of monolayer cultures. The cells maintained the diploidy of over 80% without obvious abnormal changes in the chromosomes. The serially sub-cultured microcarrier cells maintained various endothelial cell functions such as the syntheses of von Willebrand factor (vWf), prostacyclin and other biological substances, the expression of CD31, and the VEGF(165) dependent growth characteristic. The synthesis of biological products was affected by shear strength. In the case of prostacyclin, a different synthesis response was observed between steady flow and transiently reduced shear strength. The synthesis of endothelin-1 (ET-1) was down-regulated by increase of shear strength different from those of other products. The culture system was scaled up until 2 L volume under the optimum DO control. The cells synthesized IL-6 in response to shear strength. These results indicate that the established microcarrier system might be able to contribute to the supply of functional human endothelial cells for various medical applications such as the reconstruction of injured blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis or restenosis of coronary arteries after angioplasty, and the construction of an anti-coagulable artificial blood vessel or an artificial skin with good transplant-ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnya Tashiro
- Department of Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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17
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Fasano A, Sztein MB. Engineering of a multicellular organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:e18-20. [PMID: 21723866 PMCID: PMC3328095 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 685 West Baltimore Street, Health Science Facility 1, Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Correspondence: Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, Tel.: 410 706 3374, Fax: 410 706 6205,
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, Health Science Facility 2, Room 351, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 685 West Baltimore Street, Health Science Facility 1, Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Griffoni C, Di Molfetta S, Fantozzi L, Zanetti C, Pippia P, Tomasi V, Spisni E. Modification of proteins secreted by endothelial cells during modeled low gravity exposure. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:265-72. [PMID: 21069737 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of the human body to microgravity, conditions that occurs during space flights, causes significant changes in the cardiovascular system. Many cell types have been involved in these changes, and the endothelium seems to play a major role. In endothelial cells (EC), it has been shown that modeled low gravity impairs nitric oxide synthesis, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix composition, cytoskeleton organization, cytokines, and growth factors secretion. Nevertheless, detailed analysis of EC physiological changes induced by microgravity exposure is still lacking. Secretome analysis is one of the most promising approaches for the identification of biomarkers directly related to the physiopathological cellular state. In this study, we analyzed in details the modifications of EC secretome by using umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells exposed to modeled low gravity conditions. By adopting a two-dimensional (2-D) proteomic approach, in conjunction with a technique for the compression of the dynamic range of proteins, we observed that modeled low gravity exposure of HUVE cells affected the secretion of proteins involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton assembly. Moreover, by using Luminex® suspension array systems, we found that the low gravity condition decreased in ECs the secretion of some key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α and IL-8, and of the pro-angiogenic factor bFGF. On the contrary, microgravity increase the secretion of two chemokines (Rantes and Eotaxin), involved in leukocytes recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Griffoni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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19
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Li P, Zhang Y, Wang YM, Duan CM, Hao T, Wu BL, Wang CY. RCCS enhances EOE cell proliferation and their differentiation into ameloblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:309-17. [PMID: 21667111 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article we report on the culturing of dental enamel organ epithelia (EOE) using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) bioreactor associated with a cytodex-3 microcarrier. This culture system enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of the EOE into ameloblasts. Primary dental EOE trypsinized from 4-day old post-natal rat pups were cultured in the RCCS associated with Cytodex-3. The results were analyzed in comparison to a conventional plate system (control). Cells grown in RCCS have shown higher viabilities (above 90%) and final cell densities in terms of cells/ml than in the control system. In the case of RCCS, 46±2 manifold increases were obtained, while significantly lower yields of 10.8±2.5 manifod were obtained for control plates. Throughout the experiments, glucose levels were maintained within the accepted physiological range. In this case, LDH levels are kept low (below 150 mmol/ml), which is in accordance with the low cell death observed in the RCCS. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cells that were spread and forming three dimensional aggregates on the surface of cytodex-3. Cells cultured in the RCCS exhibited a stronger positive immunofluorescence staining for ameloblastin than those in control plates. RT-PCR results revealed that cells cultured in RCCS have higher amelogenin mRNA levels compared to controls. We have done an exploratory study on biological characteristics and self-assembling of epithelium cellula intersitialis, which demonstrated that the special 3D environment enhanced the rat dental EOE cell proliferation and differentiation into ameloblasts. The study has revealed that RCCS could be used to study the reaction of the EOE cells, tooth enamel organ cells and mesenchymal cells under the spacial 3D culture system, which will also provide a novel hypothesis for dental regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Pellegrini M, Di Siena S, Claps G, Di Cesare S, Dolci S, Rossi P, Geremia R, Grimaldi P. Microgravity promotes differentiation and meiotic entry of postnatal mouse male germ cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9064. [PMID: 20140225 PMCID: PMC2816218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step of spermatogenesis is the entry of mitotic spermatogonia into meiosis. Progresses on these topics are hampered by the lack of an in vitro culture system allowing mouse spermatogonia differentiation and entry into meiosis. Previous studies have shown that mouse pachytene spermatocytes cultured in simulated microgravity (SM) undergo a spontaneous meiotic progression. Here we report that mouse mitotic spermatogonia cultured under SM with a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) enter into meiosis in the absence of any added exogenous factor or contact with somatic cells. We found that isolated Kit-positive spermatogonia under the RCCS condition enter into the prophase of the first meiotic division (leptotene stage), as monitored by chromosomal organization of the synaptonemal complex 3 protein (Scp3) and up-regulation of several pro-meiotic genes. SM was found to activate the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway and to induce in Kit-positive spermatogonia the last round of DNA replication, typical of the preleptotene stage. A PI3K inhibitor abolished Scp3 induction and meiotic entry stimulated by RCCS conditions. A positive effect of SM on germ cell differentiation was also observed in undifferentiated (Kit-negative) spermatogonia, in which RCCS conditions stimulate the expression of Kit and Stra8. In conclusion, SM is an artificial environmental condition which promotes postnatal male germ cell differentiation and might provide a tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the switch from mitosis to meiosis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Siena
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Claps
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Dolci
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Rossi
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Geremia
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grimaldi
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lovett M, Lee K, Edwards A, Kaplan DL. Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:353-70. [PMID: 19496677 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is currently limited by the inability to adequately vascularize tissues in vitro or in vivo. Issues of nutrient perfusion and mass transport limitations, especially oxygen diffusion, restrict construct development to smaller than clinically relevant dimensions and limit the ability for in vivo integration. There is much interest in the field as researchers have undertaken a variety of approaches to vascularization, including material functionalization, scaffold design, microfabrication, bioreactor development, endothelial cell seeding, modular assembly, and in vivo systems. Efforts to model and measure oxygen diffusion and consumption within these engineered tissues have sought to quantitatively assess and improve these design strategies. This review assesses the current state of the field by outlining the prevailing approaches taken toward producing vascularized tissues and highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lovett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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22
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Grimm D, Infanger M, Westphal K, Ulbrich C, Pietsch J, Kossmehl P, Vadrucci S, Baatout S, Flick B, Paul M, Bauer J. A delayed type of three-dimensional growth of human endothelial cells under simulated weightlessness. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2267-75. [PMID: 19226201 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form three-dimensional (3D) aggregates without any scaffold when they are exposed to microgravity simulated by a random positioning machine (RPM) but not under static conditions at gravity. Here we describe a delayed type of formation of 3D structures of ECs that was initiated when ECs cultured on a desktop RPM remained adherent for the first 5 days but spread over neighboring adherent cells, forming little colonies. After 2 weeks, tube-like structures (TSs) became visible in these cultures. They included a lumen, and they elongated during another 2 weeks of culturing. The walls of these TSs consisted mainly of single-layered ECs, which had produced significantly more beta(1)-integrin, laminin, fibronectin, and alpha-tubulin than ECs simultaneously grown adhering to the culture dishes under microgravity or normal gravity. The amount of actin protein was similar in ECs incorporated in TSs and in ECs growing at gravity. The ratio of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 to matrix metalloproteinase-2 found in the supernatants was lower at the seventh than at the 28th day of culturing. These results suggest that culturing ECs under conditions of modeled gravitational unloading represents a new technique for studying the formation of tubes that resemble vascular intimas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CBF/CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin , Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Ohyabu Y, Tanaka J, Ikada Y, Uemura T. Cartilage tissue regeneration from bone marrow cells by RWV bioreactor using collagen sponge scaffold. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Little L, Healy KE, Schaffer D. Engineering biomaterials for synthetic neural stem cell microenvironments. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1787-96. [PMID: 18476674 DOI: 10.1021/cr078228t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1760, USA
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25
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Mariotti M, Maier JAM. Gravitational unloading induces an anti-angiogenic phenotype in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:129-35. [PMID: 17979129 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Creating conditions similar to those occurring during exposure of cells to microgravity modulates endothelial functions. We have previously demonstrated that human macrovascular endothelial cells in simulated hypogravity proliferate faster than controls, partly because they downregulate interleukin 1alpha. On the contrary, murine microvascular endothelial cells are growth inhibited in simulated hypogravity, and this is due, at least in part, to the decrease of interleukin 6. Since endothelial cells are very heterogeneous and differences between various species have been reported, we exposed human microvascular cells to gravitational unloading and found that it retards cell growth without affecting cell migration. Interestingly, we detected the induction of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease-2, which inhibits endothelial growth in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Together with the finding that hypogravity stimulates the synthesis of nitric oxide, involved also in neovascularization, our results underscore a modulation of the angiogenic properties of microvascular human endothelial cells. We also show that hypogravity inhibits proteasome activity, thus suggesting that post-translational mechanisms are involved in the adaptations of these cells to hypogravity. These results underscore that hypogravity differently impacts on micro- and macro-vascular human endothelial cells. In particular, these results may shed some light on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the impairment of angiogenesis observed in different models in space. Our data might also explain why bioengineered tissues to be used for regenerative medicine fail to neovascularize when assembled in simulated hypogravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariotti
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan, Italy
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26
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Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:729-56. [PMID: 17950242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) regulate the passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway in epithelial and endothelial cells. TJs are highly dynamic structures whose degree of sealing varies according to external stimuli, physiological and pathological conditions. In this review we analyze how the crosstalk of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, myosin light chain kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Rho signaling pathways is involved in TJ regulation triggered by diverse stimuli. We also report how the phosphorylation of the main TJ components, claudins, occludin and ZO proteins, impacts epithelial and endothelial cell function.
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27
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Versari S, Villa A, Bradamante S, Maier JAM. Alterations of the actin cytoskeleton and increased nitric oxide synthesis are common features in human primary endothelial cell response to changes in gravity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1645-52. [PMID: 17609119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Because endothelial cells are fundamental to the maintenance of the functional integrity of the vascular wall, endothelial modifications in altered gravity conditions might offer some insights into the mechanisms leading to circulatory impairment in astronauts. We cultured human endothelial cells in a dedicated centrifuge (MidiCAR) to generate hypergravity and in two different devices, namely the Rotating Wall Vessel and the Random Positioning Machine, to generate hypogravity. Hypogravity stimulated endothelial growth, did not affect migration, and enhanced nitric oxide production. It also remodeled the actin cytoskeleton and reduced the total amounts of actin. Hypergravity did not affect endothelial growth, markedly stimulated migration, and enhanced nitric oxide synthesis. In addition, hypergravity altered the distribution of actin fibers without, however, affecting the total amounts of actin. A short exposure to hypergravity (8 min) abolished the hypogravity induced growth advantage. Our results indicate that cytoskeletal alterations and increased nitric oxide production represent common denominators in endothelial responses to both hypogravity and hypergravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Versari
- CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi, 19, Milano, Italy
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28
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Ohyabu Y, Kida N, Kojima H, Taguchi T, Tanaka J, Uemura T. Cartilaginous tissue formation from bone marrow cells using rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:1003-8. [PMID: 16986169 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This is the first successful report of the rapid regeneration of three-dimensional large and homogeneous cartilaginous tissue from rabbit bone marrow cells without a scaffold using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, which simulates a microgravity environment for cells. Bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks in DMEM were resuspended and cultured for 4 weeks in the chondrogenic medium within the vessel. Large cylindrical cartilaginous tissue with dimensions of (1.25 +/- 0.06) x (0.60 +/- 0.08) cm (height x diameter) formed. Their cartilage marker expression was confirmed by mRNA expressions of aggrecan, collagen type I and II, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA ratio. Their cartilaginous properties were demonstrated by toluidine blue, safranin-O staining, and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Ohyabu
- Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Central-6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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29
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Botta GP, Manley P, Miller S, Lelkes PI. Real-time assessment of three-dimensional cell aggregation in rotating wall vessel bioreactors in vitro. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:2116-27. [PMID: 17487203 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Until now, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have lacked non-invasive techniques for monitoring and manipulating three-dimensional (3D) tissue assembly from specific cell sources. We have set out to create an intelligent system that automatically diagnoses and monitors cell-cell aggregation as well as controls 3D growth of tissue-like constructs (organoids) in real time. The capability to assess, in real time, the kinetics of aggregation and organoid assembly in rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors could yield information regarding the biological mechanics of tissue formation. Through prototype iterations, we have developed a versatile high-resolution 'horizontal microscope' that assesses cell-cell aggregation and tissue-growth parameters in a bioreactor and have begun steps to intelligently control the development of these organoids in vitro. The first generation system was composed of an argon-ion laser that excited fluorescent beads at 457 nm and fluorescent cells at 488 nm while each was suspended in a high-aspect rotating vessel (HARV) type RWV bioreactor. An optimized system, which we introduce here, is based on a diode pumped solid state (DPSS) green laser that emits a wavelength at 532 nm. By exciting both calibration beads and stained cells with laser energy and viewing them in real time with a charge-coupled device (CCD) video camera, we have captured the motion of individual cells, observed their trajectories, and analyzed their aggregate formation. Future development will focus on intelligent feedback mechanisms in silico to control organoid formation and differentiation in bioreactors. As to the duration of this entire multistep protocol, the laser system will take about 1 h to set up, followed by 1 h of staining either beads or cells. Inoculating the bioreactors with beads or cells and starting the system will take approximately 1 h, and the video-capture segments, depending on the aims of the experiment, can take from 30 s to 5 min each. The total duration of a specific experimental protocol will also depend on the specific cell type used and on its population-doubling times so that the required numbers of cells are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Botta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Engineering, Drexel University, New College Building, 245 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Abilez O, Benharash P, Mehrotra M, Miyamoto E, Gale A, Picquet J, Xu C, Zarins C. A Novel Culture System Shows that Stem Cells Can be Grown in 3D and Under Physiologic Pulsatile Conditions for Tissue Engineering of Vascular Grafts. J Surg Res 2006; 132:170-8. [PMID: 16542683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently available vascular grafts have been limited by variable patency rates, material availability, and immunological rejection. The creation of a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) from autologous stem cells would potentially overcome these limitations. As a first step in creating a completely autologous TEVG, our objective was to develop a novel system for culturing undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) in a three-dimensional (3D) configuration and under physiological pulsatile flow and pressure conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bioreactor was created to provide pulsatile conditions to a specially modified four-well Labtek Chamber-Slide culture system. Undifferentiated mESC were either suspended in a 3D Matrigel matrix or suspended only in cell-culture media within the culture system. Pulsatile conditions were applied to the suspended cells and visualized by video microscopy. RESULTS Undifferentiated mESC were successfully embedded in a 3D Matrigel matrix and could withstand physiological pulsatile conditions. Video microscopy demonstrated that the mESC in the 3D matrix were constrained to the wells of the culture system, moved in unison with the applied flows, and were not washed downstream; this was in contrast to the mESC suspended in media alone. CONCLUSIONS Undifferentiated mESC can be grown in 3D and under pulsatile conditions. We will use these results to study the effects of long-term pulsatile conditions on the differentiation of mESC into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblast cells with the long-term goal of creating a completely autologous TEVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Abilez
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5431, USA.
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Höner zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Ott CM, Emami K, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Wilson JW, Richter EG, Goodwin TJ, Alexander JS, Pierson DL, Pellis N, Buchanan KL, Nickerson CA. Three-dimensional organotypic models of human colonic epithelium to study the early stages of enteric salmonellosis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1813-25. [PMID: 16730210 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 02/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture models used to study how Salmonella initiates disease at the intestinal epithelium would benefit from the recognition that organs and tissues function in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment and that this spatial context is necessary for development of cultures that more realistically resemble in vivo tissues/organs. Our aim was to establish and characterize biologically meaningful 3-D models of human colonic epithelium and apply them to study the early stages of enteric salmonellosis. The human colonic cell line HT-29 was cultured in 3-D and characterized by immunohistochemistry, histology, and scanning electron microscopy. Wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and an isogenic SPI-1 type three secretion system (TTSS) mutant derivative (invA) were used to compare the interactions with 3-D cells and monolayers in adherence/invasion, tissue pathology, and cytokine expression studies. The results showed that 3-D culture enhanced many characteristics normally associated with fully differentiated, functional intestinal epithelia in vivo, including better organization of junctional, extracellular matrix, and brush-border proteins, and highly localized mucin production. Wild-type Salmonella demonstrated increased adherence, but significantly lower invasion for 3-D cells. Interestingly, the SPI-I TTSS mutant showed wild-type ability to invade into the 3-D cells but did not cause significant structural changes to these cells. Moreover, 3-D cells produced less interleukin-8 before and after Salmonella infection. These results suggest that 3-D cultures of human colonic epithelium provide valuable alternative models to study human enteric salmonellosis with potential for novel insight into Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Höner zu Bentrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Cotrupi S, Ranzani D, Maier JAM. Impact of modeled microgravity on microvascular endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:163-8. [PMID: 16297993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells are protagonists in inflammation and angiogenesis. They contribute to the integrity of microvasculature by synthesizing a large array of cytokines, growth factors and mediators active on the endothelium itself, on smooth muscle cells and circulating leukocytes. Because space flight (i) associates with vascular impairment and (ii) modulates the cytokine network, we evaluated the effect of modeled microgravity on microvascular 1G11 cells. We found that modeled microgravity reversibly inhibits endothelial growth and this correlates with an upregulation of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor. By protein array, we found that microgravity inhibits the synthesis of interleukin 6, an event that may contribute to growth retardation. We also detected increased amounts of nitric oxide, a mediator of inflammatory responses, a potent vasodilator and a player in angiogenesis. The increased synthesis of nitric oxide is due, at least in part, to an upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Because low levels of IL-6 might contribute to endothelial growth retardation as well as to the enhancement of nitric oxide synthesis, we hypothesize a central role of IL-6 in modulating microvascular endothelial cell behaviour in modeled microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cotrupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Precliniche, Università di Milano, Medical School, Milan, Italy
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Konstantinov SM, Mindova MM, Gospodinov PT, Genova PI. Three-Dimensional Bioreactor Cultures: A Useful Dynamic Model for the Study of Cellular Interactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1030:103-15. [PMID: 15659786 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells is a developing area with emphasis on bioreactor systems for amelioration of culture conditions. A rational design of bioreactors, especially those allowing microgravity, could permit the production of stem cells and will offer new approaches for studying the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation, and signal transduction of cultured cells. The efficacy of two commercially available bioreactors (rotating-vessel miniPERM and static INTEGRA CL 350) to support long-term bone marrow cell cultures (LTBMCC) and three-dimensional growth of Hodgkin's lymphoma HD-MY-Z cells was investigated. In the miniPERM system, the growth of LTBMCC spheroids (containing 30-40 cells) was obtained. An essentially higher content of hematopoietic precursor cells (colony-forming units-granulocyte macrophage) was registered in the rotating-vessel system. In this bioreactor, a growth of large HD-MY-Z spheroids (containing 100-200 cells) was achieved. The composed mathematical models of the physicomechanical behavior of spheroids enabled the evaluation of the revolution frequency increase schedule. The differential equations took into account all inertial effects caused by the production module rotation movement as well as those caused by the relative movement of the spheroid in the fluid. The models aimed at the optimization of the rotation frequency increase schedule for different types of cells to reduce shear stress, augment productivity, and tolerate the growth of large spheroids. The models were numerically tested using MATLAB-SIMULINK software, and the trajectories of prestained HD-MY-Z spheroids were filmed. The coincidence of the theoretical and experimental trajectories was sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro M Konstantinov
- Laboratory for Experimental Chemotherapy, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lin HJ, O'Shaughnessy TJ, Kelly J, Ma W. Neural stem cell differentiation in a cell-collagen-bioreactor culture system. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 153:163-73. [PMID: 15527884 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells and neural progenitors (NSCs/NPs) are capable of self-renewal and can give rise to both neurons and glia. Such cells have been isolated from the embryonic brain and immobilized in three dimensional collagen gels. The collagen-entrapped NSCs/NPs recapitulate CNS stem cell development and form functional synapses and neuronal circuits. However, the cell-collagen constructs from static conditions contain hypoxic, necrotic cores and the cells are short-lived. In the present study, NSCs/NPs isolated from embryonic day 13 rat cortical neuroepithelium are immobilized in type I collagen gels and cultured in NASA-designed rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors for up to 9 weeks. Initially, during the first 2 weeks of culture, a lag phase of cellular growth and differentiation is observed in the RWV bioreactors. Accelerated growth and differentiation, with the cells beginning to form large aggregates (approximately 1 mm in diameter) without death cores, begins during the third week. The collagen-entrapped NSCs/NPs cultured in RWV show active neuronal generation followed by astrocyte production. After 6 weeks in rotary culture, the cell-collagen constructs contain over 10 fold greater nestin+ and GFAP+ cells and two-fold more TuJ1 gene expression than those found in static cultures. In addition, TuJ1+ neurons in RWV culture give rise to extensive neurite outgrowth and considerably more synapsin I+ pre-synaptic puncta surrounding MAP2+ cell bodies and dendrites. These results strongly suggest that the cell-collagen-bioreactor culture system supports long-term NSC/NP growth and differentiation, and RWV bioreactors can be useful in generating neural tissue like constructs, which may have the potential for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsingchi J Lin
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6920. 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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