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Mizuguchi H, Kizaki K, Kimura A, Kushibiki S, Ikuta K, Kim YH, Sato S. Anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody mitigates ruminal lipopolysaccharide release without acute-phase inflammation or liver transcriptomic responses in Holstein bulls. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e34. [PMID: 34056875 PMCID: PMC8170223 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody administration has the potential benefits of neutralizing and consequently controlling rumen-derived LPS during subacute ruminal acidosis. Four Holstein bulls were used in this crossover study with a 2-week wash-out period. Anti-LPS antibody (0 or 4 g) was administered once daily for 14 days. Significantly lower ruminal LPS and higher 1-h mean ruminal pH were identified in the 4 g group. However, blood metabolites, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and hepatic transcriptomes were not different between the two groups. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigated ruminal LPS release and pH depression without accompanying responses in acute-phase inflammation or hepatic transcriptomic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Awaji Agricultural Technology Center, Minimi-Awaji 656-0442, Japan
| | - Yo Han Kim
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.,Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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2
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Mizuguchi H, Ikeda T, Watanabe Y, Kushibiki S, Ikuta K, Kim YH, Sato S. Anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody administration mitigates ruminal lipopolysaccharide release and depression of ruminal pH during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge in Holstein bull cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:905-910. [PMID: 33883339 PMCID: PMC8267201 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody on rumen fermentation and LPS
activity were investigated during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge. Eleven
Holstein cattle (164 ± 14 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cattle were fed a
roughage diet on days −11 to −1 (pre-challenge) and day 2 (post-challenge), and a
high-grain diet on days 0 and 1 (SARA challenge). For 14 days, 0-, 2-, or 4-g of anti-LPS
antibody was administered once daily through a rumen fistula. Ruminal pH was measured
continuously, and rumen fluid and blood samples were collected on days −1, 0, 1, and 2.
Significantly lower ruminal LPS activity on day 1 was observed in the 2- and 4-g groups
than those in the 0-g group. In addition, significantly higher 1-hr mean ruminal pH on
SARA challenge period (days 0 and 1) was identified in the 4-g group than in the 0-g
group. However, rumen fermentation measurements (total volatile fatty acid [VFA], VFA
components, NH3-N and lactic acid) and peripheral blood metabolites (glucose,
free fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate
aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) were not different among the groups
during the experimental periods. Therefore, anti-LPS antibody administration mitigates LPS
release and pH depression without the depression of rumen fermentation and peripheral
blood metabolites during SARA challenge in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoki Ikeda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanabe
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shiro Kushibiki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Awaji Agricultural Technology Center, Minami-Awaji, Hyogo 656-0442, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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3
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Fukasawa M, Komatsu T, Higashiyama Y. The influence of concentrate-rich diet on daily sleep and lying postures of Japanese black cows. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13356. [PMID: 32219967 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is one of the essential behaviors in mammalian health and welfare. In this study, we focused on how concentrate-rich diets (Conc) can influence the sleep of cattle. We hypothesized that Conc would suppress the daily sleep of cows because of behavioral frustration according to shorter eating and rumination. We subjected six Japanese black cows according to crossover experimental design. There were two diet treatments. In the Conc group, 70% of required TDN was supplied by concentrate and 30% by grass silage. On the other hand, in roughage fed group (Rough), all required TDN was supplied by grass silage. Maintenance behaviors, postures of cows, and sleep posture were measured by electronic devices. Cows fed with Conc spent less time in eating and rumination and spent more time in rest than Rough. However, contrary to our hypothesis, cows fed with Conc showed longer daily sleep posture duration (96.2 min/day vs. 69.1 min/day) and more frequent sleep posture bouts (15.4 times/day vs. 11.1 times/day) than Rough. We discussed about following possible explanations why cows fed with Conc slept longer as satisfaction, illness, displacement behavior, and shifting sleep posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tokushi Komatsu
- Division of Livestock and Forage Research, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yumi Higashiyama
- Division of Livestock and Forage Research, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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4
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Ohtaki T, Ogata K, Kajikawa H, Sumiyoshi T, Asano S, Tsumagari S, Horikita T. Effect of high-concentrate corn grain diet-induced elevated ruminal lipopolysaccharide levels on dairy cow liver function. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:971-977. [PMID: 32461536 PMCID: PMC7399309 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-concentrate diet destroys gram-negative bacteria in the cattle rumen, leading to elevated ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. LPS causes liver inflammation through the
hepatic portal vein but little is known about the effects of rumen-derived LPS on liver function and the reproductive organs. In this study, we determined the effect of increasing
rumen fluid LPS levels on liver function and genital LPS levels. Cows were assigned to control (CON; n=5) and high-concentrate diet (HC; n=7) groups. We observed that the ruminal
LPS and haptoglobin (Hp) levels were significantly higher and albumin levels were lower in the HC group than in the CON group. In the HC group, The Hp levels and aspartate
transaminase (AST) activity were significantly higher and the total cholesterol levels were significantly lower after high-concentrate diet feeding than before feeding. No
differences were observed in LPS levels in the peripheral veins, hepatic veins, hepatic portal vein, uterine perfusate, and follicular fluids between the groups. In all samples,
the LPS level in the hepatic portal vein blood positively correlated with the AST activity and serum amyloid A level. In conclusion, our results indicate that high-concentrate
diets do not have a direct effect on the reproductive organs upon a moderate ruminal LPS level increase. However, an increased ruminal LPS influx into the liver might affect
negatively liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Ohtaki
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kanae Ogata
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sumiyoshi
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Sanae Asano
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Tsumagari
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horikita
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Yoshioka M, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Okada H, Yamanaka N. Establishment of SV40 large T antigen-immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines and their immunological responses to deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1372-1379. [PMID: 27624824 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immortalized bovine sinusoidal cell lines provide useful tools to study the immunological responses in the liver to the gastrointestinal tract-derived toxic substances, which may cause systemic symptoms in the affected livestock. Here, we established two immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines, endothelial-like B46, and myofibroblast-like A26, from primary cultures of bovine liver cells by the transfection with SV40 large T antigen. The pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in these cell lines to deoxynivalenol (DON) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were then compared to those in the primary bovine Kupffer cells (BKC). BKC were highly responsive to LPS, showing increased levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA 3 h after stimulation. DON induced similar pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in BKC, except for IL-6. The endothelial B46 cells exhibited upregulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 3 h after stimulation by LPS. In contrast to the stimulation by LPS, B46 had relatively low pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to DON, except for IL-1α, which was moderately induced at 3 h and increased at 24 h after stimulation. The myofibroblast-like A26 cells exhibited low responses in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines to LPS or DON; however, the expression of IL-6 was significantly observed 3 h after DON stimulation. Our results suggest that bovine liver sinusoidal cells have distinctive pro-inflammatory cytokine responses against harmful substances, and these immune responses might determine the consequence of systemic inflammations in the diseased animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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6
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Inoue K, Honda T, Oyama K. Economic losses related to internal diseases in Japanese black cattle. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:736-41. [PMID: 26277864 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the direct economic losses due to the condemnation of the liver and large intestine because of internal diseases (multifocal necrosis in the liver (MNL) and inflammation of the large intestine (ILI)), and the indirect losses because of reductions in carcass performance from MNL, bovine abdominal fat necrosis (BFN) and ILI using data from 5383 Japanese Black cattle. Direct losses were estimated by multiplying the price of the condemned part by the frequency of its occurrence owing to the disease. Similarly, indirect losses were estimated as the product of unit carcass price and reduction in carcass weight (CW) due to the disease. The direct impact on the beef cattle industry from MNL and ILI was estimated at around $1.29 million (US$1 = ¥120) per year. A least-squares analysis showed that MNL had no influence on any carcass trait, whereas BFN and ILI significantly reduced CW, rib eye area and darkened the beef. ILI also reduced rib thickness. The indirect losses from BFN and ILI were estimated as a maximum of $131.7 and $256.4 per animal and around $6.26 million and $4.03 million for the industry, respectively, mostly because of the reduction in CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inoue
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Fukushima, Japan.,Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kasai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kasai, Japan
| | - Kenji Oyama
- Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kasai, Japan
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7
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Inoue K, Honda T, Oyama K. Genetic relationships between internal diseases diagnosed at slaughter and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2714-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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8
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High concentrate diet induced mucosal injuries by enhancing epithelial apoptosis and inflammatory response in the hindgut of goats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111596. [PMID: 25356790 PMCID: PMC4214727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is widely accepted that lipopolysaccharide and volatile fatty acids (VFA) accumulate in the digestive tract of ruminants fed diets containing high portions of grain. Compared to the ruminal epithelium, the hindgut epithelium is composed of a monolayer structure that is more "leaky" for lipopolysaccharide and susceptible to organic acid-induced damage. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in epithelial structure, apoptosis and inflammatory response in the hindgut of goats fed a high-concentrate diet for 6 weeks. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight local Chinese goats with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to two groups: one group was fed a high-concentrate diet (65% concentrate of dry matter, HC) and the other group was fed a low-concentrate diet (35% concentrate of dry matter, LC) for 6 wks. Ruminal fluid, plasma, and hindgut mucosa tissues were collected. Histological techniques, real-time PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate the tissues structure, cell apoptosis and local inflammation in the hindguts. RESULTS Feeding HC diet for 6 wks resulted in a significant decrease of ruminal pH (p<0.01), and ruminal lipopolysaccharide concentrations were significantly increased in HC goats (p<0.05). Obvious damage was observed to mucosal epithelium of the hindgut and the intercellular tight junctions in HC, but not in LC, goats. The expression of MyD88 and caspase-8 mRNA was increased in colonic epithelium of HC goats compared to LC (p<0.05), and the expression of TLR-4 and caspase-3 showed a tendency to increase. In the cecum, interleukin-1β mRNA expression was decreased (p<0.05), and caspase-3 showed a potential increase (p = 0.07) in HC goats. The level of NF-κB protein was increased in colonic epithelium of HC goats. Caspase-3 activity was elevated in both colon and cecum, whereas caspase-8 activity was statistically increased only in colon. CONCLUSIONS Feeding a high-concentrate diet to goats for 6 wks led to hindgut mucosal injuries via activating epithelial cells apoptosis and local inflammatory response.
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9
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Golder HM, Lean IJ, Rabiee AR, King R, Celi P. Effects of grain, fructose, and histidine feeding on endotoxin and oxidative stress measures in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7881-91. [PMID: 24119801 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal endotoxin and plasma oxidative stress biomarker concentrations were studied in dairy heifers challenged with grain, fructose, and histidine in a partial factorial study. Holstein-Friesian heifers [n=30; average body weight (BW) of 359.3±47.3 kg] were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no grain); (2) grain [crushed triticale at 1.2% of BW dry matter intake (DMI)]; (3) grain (0.8% of BW DMI) + fructose (0.4% of BW DMI); (4) grain (1.2% of BW DMI) + histidine (6g/head); and (5) grain (0.8% of BW DMI) + fructose (0.4% of BW DMI) + histidine (6 g/head). Rumen samples were collected by stomach tube 5, 65, 115, 165, and 215 min after diet consumption and blood samples at 5 and 215 min after consumption. Rumen fluid was analyzed for endotoxin concentrations. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of the following oxidative stress biomarkers: reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), advanced oxidation protein products, and ceruloplasmin, and activity of glutathione peroxidase. Dietary treatment had no effect on concentrations of endotoxin or oxidative stress biomarkers. We observed no interactions of treatment by time. Ruminal concentrations of endotoxin decreased during the sampling period from 1.12×10(5) ± 0.06 to 0.92×10(5) endotoxin units/mL ± 0.05 (5 and 215 min after diet consumption, respectively). Concentrations of dROM and the oxidative stress index (dROM/BAP × 100) increased over the sampling period, from 108.7 to 123.5 Carratelli units (Carr U), and from 4.1 to 4.8, respectively. Ceruloplasmin concentrations markedly declined 5 min after the consumption of diets, from 190 to 90 mg/L over the 215-min sampling period. Overall, a single feeding challenge for dairy cattle with grain, fructose, and histidine, and combinations thereof, may not be sufficient to induce marked changes in endotoxin or oxidative stress biomarker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Dairy Science Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570; SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570.
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Li S, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Kroeker A, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Gozho GN, Plaizier JC. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis challenges on fermentation and endotoxins in the rumen and hindgut of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:294-303. [PMID: 22192209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge (GBSC) and an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) on fermentation and endotoxins in the rumen and in the cecum, as well as on endotoxins in peripheral blood, were determined. Six nonlactating Holstein cows with cannulas in the rumen and cecum were used in the study. A 3×3 Latin square arrangement of treatments with 4-wk experimental periods was adopted. During the first 3 wk of each experimental period, all cows received a diet containing 70% forages [dry matter (DM) basis]. In wk 4 of each period, cows received 1 of the following 3 diets: the 70% forage diet fed during wk 1 to 3 (control), a diet in which 34% of the dietary DM was replaced with grain pellets made of 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barely (GBSC), or a diet in which 37% of dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground alfalfa (APSC). Rumen pH was monitored continuously using indwelling pH probes, and rumen fluid, blood, cecal digesta, and fecal grab samples were collected immediately before feed delivery at 0900 h and at 6 h after feed delivery on d 3 and 5 of wk 4. The time for which rumen pH was below 5.6 was 56.4, 225.2, and 298.8 min/d for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. Compared with the control, SARA challenges resulted in similar reductions in cecal digesta pH, which were 7.07, 6.86, and 6.79 for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. Compared with the control, only GBSC increased starch content in cecal digesta, which averaged 2.8, 2.6, and 7.4% of DM for the control, APSC, and GBSC, respectively. Free lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) concentration in rumen fluid increased from 10,405 endotoxin units (EU)/mL in the control treatment to 30,715 and 168,391 EU/mL in APSC and GBSC, respectively. Additionally, GBSC increased the LPS concentration from 16,508 to 118,522 EU/g in wet cecal digesta, and from 12,832 to 93,154 EU/g in wet feces. The APSC treatment did not affect LPS concentrations in cecal digesta and feces. All concentrations of LPS in blood plasma were below the detection limit of >0.05 EU/mL of the technique used. Despite the absence of LPS in blood, only GBSC increased the concentration of LPS-binding protein in blood plasma, which averaged, 8.9, 9.5, and 12.1mg/L for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. This suggests that GBSC caused translocation of LPS from the digestive tract but that LPS was detoxified before entering the peripheral blood circulation. The higher LPS concentration in cecal digesta in the GBSC compared with the APSC suggests a higher risk of LPS translocation in the large intestine in GBSC than in APSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Shimada N, Murata H, Mikami O, Yoshioka M, Guruge KS, Yamanaka N, Nakajima Y, Miyazaki S. Effects of feeding calves genetically modified corn bt11: a clinico-biochemical study. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1113-5. [PMID: 17085894 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified corn Bt11 is insect-resistant and expresses Cry1Ab toxin, an insecticidal protein, in kernels. Although Bt11 corn is considered safe based on animal performance, there are no reports available on the clinico-biochemical effects of feeding it to cattle. In this study, we evaluated the effects of feeding Bt11 to calves, using blood and ruminal clinico-biochemical parameters. Our three-month-long feeding experiment demonstrated that calves (n=6), fed with a ration containing 43.3% of Bt11 corn kernels as dry matter, did not develop any discernible clinical, hematological, biochemical, or ruminal abnormalities as compared with control calves (n=6) fed non-Bt11 corn. The results suggest that the transgenic Bt11 has no negative clinico-biochemical effects on calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shimada
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Elsasser TH, Blum JW, Kahl S. Characterization of calves exhibiting a novel inheritable TNF-α hyperresponsiveness to endotoxin: associations with increased pathophysiological complications. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:2045-55. [PMID: 15661839 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01050.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of calves, herein termed “hyperresponders” (HPR), was identified and defined by the patterns of plasma TNF-α concentrations that developed following two challenges with endotoxin (LPS, 0.8 μg Escherichia coli 055:B5 LPS/kg0.75live body wt) separated by 5 days. The principle characteristic of HPR calves was a failure to develop tolerance to repeated LPS challenge that was evident in the magnitude of the TNF-α concentrations and prolonged severity of pathological sequellae. Whereas calves failing to develop LPS tolerance were identified on the basis of their excessive in vivo plasma TNF-α concentration responses, in vitro TNF-α responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from each calf and challenged with LPS or PMA did not correlate or predict the magnitude of in vivo plasma TNF response of the calf. Intentional breeding to obtain calves from bulls and/or cows documented as HPR resulted in offspring displaying the HPR character when similar progeny calves were tested with LPS in vivo, with extensive controls in place to account for sources of variability in the general TNF-α response to LPS that might compromise interpretation of the data. Feed intake, clinical serology and hematology profiles, and acute-phase protein responses of HPR calves following LPS were significantly different from those of calves displaying tolerance. These results suggest that the pattern of plasma TNF-α changes that evolve from a low-level double LPS challenge effectively reveal the presence of a genetic potential for animals to display excessive or prolonged pathological response to LPS-related stress and compromised prognosis for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Elsasser
- Growth Biology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, B-200, Rm. 201, B.A.R.C.-east, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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13
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Wittek T, Fürll M, Constable PD. Prevalence of Endotoxemia in Healthy Postparturient Dairy Cows and Cows with Abomasal Volvulus or Left Displaced Abomasum. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Mateus L, Lopes da Costa L, Diniz P, Ziecik AJ. Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2003; 76:143-54. [PMID: 12586488 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(02)00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood concentrations of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and endotoxin, and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), PGFM and endotoxin were evaluated in 14 dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (mild (n=6) and heavy (n=8)). Endotoxin was measured using a quantitative kinetic assay. Cows with heavy endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of plasma PGFM (P<0.01) and uterine fluid PGE(2) and endotoxin (P<0.05) than cows with mild endometritis. Concentrations of PGFM in plasma and uterine fluid, of PGFM and PGE(2), and PGE(2) and endotoxin in uterine fluid were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The presence of endotoxin in plasma was detected in one out of six mild and in eight out of eight heavy endometritis cows. Peak plasma endotoxin concentrations (0.08-9.14 endotoxin units/ml (EU/ml) were observed between 1 and 12 days postpartum (pp) and thereafter amounts generally remained below 0.1 EU/ml (last day of detection: Day 27 pp). Abnormal ovarian function was observed in six cows (four with prolonged anoestrus and two with long luteal phase after the first postpartum ovulation). Plasma endotoxin concentrations were detected in the anoestric cows. The results suggest that: (i) concentrations of uterine fluid endotoxin and PGE(2) and of plasma PGFM are related to the degree of endometritis; (ii) absorption of endotoxin from the uterus to the bloodstream occurs, mainly in heavy endometritis cows; and (iii) there is a relationship between uterine infection, endotoxin production and resumption of pp ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateus
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Reproduction and Obstetrics, Rua Prof. Cid dos Santos, Polo Universitário, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
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Shimada N, Kim YS, Miyamoto K, Yoshioka M, Murata H. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin on mammalian cells. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:187-91. [PMID: 12655112 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are considered to be highly specific insecticidal proteins. Judged to be safe for humans and farm animals due to their insect-oriented selective toxicity, the proteins have been utilized as a biological pesticide and introduced into genetically modified plants. However, some critical fundamental characters of the Cry proteins remain unclear, and the direct effects of activated Cry proteins on mammalian cells have not yet been fully confirmed. Therefore, in this study we employed primary cultured bovine hapatocytes as a model system to determine if Cry1Ab, a Cry protein, affects mammalian cells. There were no significant changes in the secretion of albumin or the morphology of the Cry1Ab-treated cells. The LDH release showed a tendency to increase after the administration of Cry1Ab, but not significantly. Taking these results on bovine hepatocytes into consideration, Cry1Ab has little acute toxicity on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shimada
- Department of Safety Research, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
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Suzuki C, Yoshioka K, Iwamura S, Hirose H. Endotoxin induces delayed ovulation following endocrine aberration during the proestrous phase in Holstein heifers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 20:267-78. [PMID: 11518620 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(01)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of endotoxin on follicular growth and on secretion of LH, estradiol-17beta, progesterone and cortisol during the proestrous phase in cattle was investigated. Holstein heifers were treated with PGF2alpha at 11-13 d after ovulation to induce luteolysis. At 42 hr after PGF2alpha treatment, heifers were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli, O111:B4, 5 microg/kg, n = 6) or saline (control; n = 6) by i.v. bolus injection. Ovarian structures were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected at various times for hormonal analysis. The duration from PGF2alpha treatment to ovulation was significantly longer in the LPS group (8.0 +/- 1.3 d) than in the control group (4.2 +/- 0.2 d). LPS significantly reduced the pulse frequency of LH for 6 hr after the administration, and increased the mean concentration and pulse amplitude of LH from 3 to 6 hr after the administration. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and cortisol were transiently increased after LPS administration. The plasma concentration of estradiol-17beta was significantly decreased at 24 hr after LPS administration compared to that in the controls. Five of six LPS-treated heifers exhibited no preovulatory LH surge until 120 hr after PGF2alpha treatment and the remaining heifer exhibited the surge at 108 hr after PGF2alpha treatment, while the LH surge was observed at 54-78 hr after PGF2alpha treatment in control heifers. These results suggest that endotoxin disrupts progression of the proestrous phase of cattle, interrupting the preovulatory estradiol rise and thus delaying the LH surge and the subsequent ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Suzuki
- National Institute of Animal Health, Laboratory of Theriogenology, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Narita M, Kimura K, Tanimura N, Arai S, Tsuboi T, Katsuda K. Immunohistochemical characterization of calf pneumonia produced by the combined endobronchial administration of bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica. J Comp Pathol 2000; 123:126-34. [PMID: 11032665 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ten calves ("group 4") were inoculated endobronchially with Pasteurella haemolytica 4 days after inoculation with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Four calves (group 3) were similarly inoculated with P. haemolytica alone, and three (group 2) with BHV-1 alone. All group 4 animals showed severe respiratory signs and had bilateral lobar pneumonia; one died 6 days after inoculation with P. haemolytica. Two types of pneumonic lesion were observed. One was characterized by interlobular and interstitial lymphatic thrombosis, fibrinous pleuritis and coagulative necrosis, and the other by necrotizing bronchiolitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies. The former type of lesion was associated with the presence of P. haemolytica antigen and the latter with the presence of BHV-1 antigen. The weight of infection of BHV-1 and P. haemolytica in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid was clearly reflected in the immunohistochemical demonstration of the corresponding antigens in BAL fluid cells. Group 4 calves differed from the calves of groups 1-3 in showing 10-1530 times more endotoxin in BAL fluid. These findings suggested that BHV-1 infection partly destroyed the clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract epithelium and exacerbated the subsequent P. haemolytica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narita
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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Yoshioka M, Ito T, Miyazaki S, Nakajima Y. The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in bovine Kupffer cells stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 66:301-7. [PMID: 9880106 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, in response to gut-derived bacteria, viruses and endogenous endotoxins, are thought to be a major source of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators. In the present study, we investigated the mode of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by bovine Kupffer cells in response to LPS in vitro. By semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNAs were expressed between 3 and 12 h after stimulation with 1 microg/ml of LPS. The IL-1alpha transcript also increased at 3 h, and then disappeared at 6 h. Although IL-6 mRNA was slightly expressed without stimulation, it increased and reached a peak after 6 h, and then decreased to normal levels by 24 h. The secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1 was detected after 3 h and increased until 12 and 24 h, respectively, as detected by bioassay. IL-6 was secreted at a low level without stimulation, peaked 6 h after stimulation and remained elevated until 24 h. The secretion of prostaglandin E2 continued to increase for 24 h. These results suggest that several inflammatory cytokines released from bovine Kupffer cells are regulated in different modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yoshioka M, Nakajima Y, Ito T, Mikami O, Tanaka S, Miyazaki S, Motoi Y. Primary culture and expression of cytokine mRNAs by lipopolysaccharide in bovine Kupffer cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 58:155-63. [PMID: 9336883 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are sessile tissue macrophages that have a role in liver defense against endogenous endotoxins. Because little information is available on the role of bovine Kupffer cells, we developed a primary culture method to investigate the function of bovine Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells were isolated from the caudate lobe of calf liver by perfusion with collagenase and pronase. Then, the cells were purified by gradient centrifugation followed by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. With the methods, a mean number of 1.5 x 10(6) Kupffer cells with a final viability of over 98% was obtained from 1 g of the liver. Over 95% of the isolated cells were positive for non-specific esterase activity and had surface molecule of CD68. The cultured Kupffer cells expressed mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 by stimulation for 3 h with lipopolysaccharide. The primary culture of bovine Kupffer cells could be useful to investigate the systemic inflammatory response in bovine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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