1
|
Lu HJ, Koju N, Sheng R. Mammalian integrated stress responses in stressed organelles and their functions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1095-1114. [PMID: 38267546 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) triggered in response to various cellular stress enables mammalian cells to effectively cope with diverse stressful conditions while maintaining their normal functions. Four kinases (PERK, PKR, GCN2, and HRI) of ISR regulate ISR signaling and intracellular protein translation via mediating the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) at Ser51. Early ISR creates an opportunity for cells to repair themselves and restore homeostasis. This effect, however, is reversed in the late stages of ISR. Currently, some studies have shown the non-negligible impact of ISR on diseases such as ischemic diseases, cognitive impairment, metabolic syndrome, cancer, vanishing white matter, etc. Hence, artificial regulation of ISR and its signaling with ISR modulators becomes a promising therapeutic strategy for relieving disease symptoms and improving clinical outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the essential mechanisms of ISR and describe the ISR-related pathways in organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Meanwhile, the regulatory effects of ISR modulators and their potential application in various diseases are also enumerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Nirmala Koju
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue J, Liu Z, Liao Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Mo L, Dong R, Li Q, Sun X, Xie J, Yang P. Undersized telomeres in regulatory T cells link to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. iScience 2024; 27:108615. [PMID: 38205251 PMCID: PMC10777067 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are an important biomarker in the cell destiny. The relationship between telomeres and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the link between Tregs' telomere length and allergic rhinitis (AR)'s pathogenesis. Here, we report that low telomerase activity and high endoplasmic reticulum stress status were observed in Tregs from AR patients, as shown in the results. Immune regulatory molecules levels were correlated with the length of Tregs' telomeres. The immune-suppressive functions of Tregs were associated with the telomere length/Telomerase reverse transcriptase/Telomerase protein component 1 status in Tregs. The levels of telomere length/telomerase in airway Tregs were reduced by sensitization. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway of proline-rich receptor-like protein kinase-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2a) was associated with the regulation of telomerase. Inhibiting eIF2a had an effect on upregulating telomerase activity in Tregs and mitigating experimental AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhizhen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Ministry of Education of China, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Shenzhen Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology of Shenzhen University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Shenzhen Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology of Shenzhen University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Mo
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology of Shenzhen University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xizhuo Sun
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Ministry of Education of China, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology of Shenzhen University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Makaram NS, Simpson AHRW. Disease-modifying agents in osteoarthritis: where are we now and what does the future hold? Bone Joint Res 2023; 12:654-656. [PMID: 37839796 PMCID: PMC10577043 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1210.bjr-2023-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(10):654–656.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navnit S. Makaram
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. H. R. W. Simpson
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iyer S, Adams DJ. Bone and the Unfolded Protein Response: In Sickness and in Health. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:96-109. [PMID: 37243756 PMCID: PMC10326125 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation and optimal function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are contingent on synthesis and maintenance of a healthy proteome. Impaired and/or altered secretory capacity of these skeletal cells is a primary driver of most skeletal diseases. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) orchestrates the folding and maturation of membrane as well as secreted proteins at high rates within a calcium rich and oxidative organellar niche. Three ER membrane proteins monitor fidelity of protein processing in the ER and initiate an intricate signaling cascade known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to remediate accumulation of misfolded proteins in its lumen, a condition referred to as ER stress. The UPR aids in fine-tuning, expanding and/or modifying the cellular proteome, especially in specialized secretory cells, to match everchanging physiologic cues and metabolic demands. Sustained activation of the UPR due to chronic ER stress, however, is known to hasten cell death and drive pathophysiology of several diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that ER stress and an aberrant UPR may contribute to poor skeletal health and the development of osteoporosis. Small molecule therapeutics that target distinct components of the UPR may therefore have implications for developing novel treatment modalities relevant to the skeleton. This review summarizes the complexity of UPR actions in bone cells in the context of skeletal physiology and osteoporotic bone loss, and highlights the need for future mechanistic studies to develop novel UPR therapeutics that mitigate adverse skeletal outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Iyer
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Mailstop:8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave, Mailstop:8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pharmaceutical therapeutics for articular regeneration and restoration: state-of-the-art technology for screening small molecular drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8127-8155. [PMID: 34783870 PMCID: PMC8593173 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage caused by sports injury or osteoarthritis (OA) has gained increased attention as a worldwide health burden. Pharmaceutical treatments are considered cost-effective means of promoting cartilage regeneration, but are limited by their inability to generate sufficient functional chondrocytes and modify disease progression. Small molecular chemical compounds are an abundant source of new pharmaceutical therapeutics for cartilage regeneration, as they have advantages in design, fabrication, and application, and, when used in combination, act as powerful tools for manipulating cellular fate. In this review, we present current achievements in the development of small molecular drugs for cartilage regeneration, particularly in the fields of chondrocyte generation and reversion of chondrocyte degenerative phenotypes. Several clinically or preclinically available small molecules, which have been shown to facilitate chondrogenesis, chondrocyte dedifferentiation, and cellular reprogramming, and subsequently ameliorate cartilage degeneration by targeting inflammation, matrix degradation, metabolism, and epigenetics, are summarized. Notably, this review introduces essential parameters for high-throughput screening strategies, including models of different chondrogenic cell sources, phenotype readout methodologies, and transferable advanced systems from other fields. Overall, this review provides new insights into future pharmaceutical therapies for cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kimura F, Miyazawa K, Hamamura K, Tabuchi M, Sato T, Asano Y, Kako S, Aoki Y, Sugita Y, Maeda H, Togari A, Goto S. Suppression of alveolar bone resorption by salubrinal in a mouse model of periodontal disease. Life Sci 2021; 284:119938. [PMID: 34506837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between stress to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and periodontitis has been known, and ER stress induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis results in the loss of alveolar bone. Salubrinal is a small synthetic compound and attenuates ER stress through inhibition of de-phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). In this study, we examined whether salubrinal attenuates periodontitis in a mouse model of experimental periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated loss of alveolar bone and attachment levels in periodontium using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, respectively. Furthermore, we measured osteoclast numbers using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and osteoblast numbers using HE staining for bone resorption and for bone formation, respectively. To examine the inhibitory effects of salubrinal against pro-inflammatory cytokines, we measured TNF-α and IL1-β score in periodontium using immunohistostaining. KEY FINDINGS The results revealed that salubrinal suppressed loss of alveolar bone and attachment levels in periodontium induced by periodontitis. It decreased osteoclast numbers and increased osteoblasts. It also suppressed the expression levels of TNF-α in periodontium. SIGNIFICANCE These results show that salubrinal alleviates periodontitis through suppression of alveolar bone resorption and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, and promotion of the bone formation. Since salubrinal has been shown to have these beneficial effects for periodontal disease, it may provide a novel therapeutic possibility for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Kimura
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masako Tabuchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takuma Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Asano
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kako
- Department of Pediatric dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akifumi Togari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Targeting cellular stress in vitro improves osteoblast homeostasis, matrix collagen content and mineralization in two murine models of osteogenesis imperfecta. Matrix Biol 2021; 98:1-20. [PMID: 33798677 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are caused by glycine substitutions in the triple helical domain of type I collagen α chains, which delay collagen folding, and cause the synthesis of collagen triple helical molecules with abnormal structure and post-translational modification. A variable extent of mutant collagen ER retention and other secondary mutation effects perturb osteoblast homeostasis and impair bone matrix quality. Amelioration of OI osteoblast homeostasis could be beneficial both to osteoblast anabolic activity and to the content of the extracellular matrix they deposit. Therefore, the effect of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on cell homeostasis, collagen trafficking, matrix production and mineralization was investigated in primary osteoblasts from two murine models of moderate OI, Col1a1+/G349C and Col1a2+/G610C. At the cellular level, 4-PBA prevented intracellular accumulation of collagen and increased protein secretion, reducing aggregates within the mutant cells and normalizing ER morphology. At the extracellular level, increased collagen incorporation into matrix, associated with more mature collagen fibrils, was observed in osteoblasts from both models. 4-PBA also promoted OI osteoblast mineral deposition by increasing alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Targeting osteoblast stress with 4-PBA improved both cellular and matrix abnormalities in culture, supporting further in vivo studies of its effect on bone tissue composition, strength and mineralization as a potential treatment for classical OI.
Collapse
|
8
|
Salubrinal Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis through Promoting P65 Degradation in Osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073501. [PMID: 33800699 PMCID: PMC8037325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex systemic autoimmune disorder that primarily involves joints, further affects the life quality of patients, and has increased mortality. The pathogenesis of RA involves multiple pathways, resulting in some patients showing resistance to the existing drugs. Salubrinal is a small molecule compound that has recently been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on bone tissue. However, the effect of Salubrinal in RA has not been clearly confirmed. Hence, we induced collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice and found that Salubrinal treatment decreased the clinical score of CIA mice, inhibiting joint damage and bone destruction. Furthermore, Salubrinal treatment downregulated osteoclast number in knee joint of CIA in mice, and suppressed bone marrow-derived osteoclast formation and function, downregulated osteoclast-related gene expression. Moreover, Salubrinal treatment inhibited RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling pathway, and promoted P65 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, further restrained RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. This study explains the mechanism by which Salubrinal ameliorates arthritis of CIA in mice, indicating that Salubrinal may be a potential drug for RA, and expands the potential uses of Salubrinal in the treatment of bone destruction-related diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zadorozhnii PV, Kiselev VV, Kharchenko AV. In silico toxicity evaluation of Salubrinal and its analogues. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105538. [PMID: 32889087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a comprehensive in silico toxicity assessment of Salubrinal and its analogues containing a cinnamic acid residue or quinoline ring using the online servers admetSAR, ADMETlab, ProTox, ADVERPred, Pred-hERG and Vienna LiverTox. Apart from rare exceptions, in all 55 studied structures, mild or practical absence of acute toxicity was predicted for rats (III or IV toxicity class). Cardiotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects were predicted for Salubrinal and its analogues. We constructed models of the main predicted anti-targets hERG, BSEP, MRP3, MRP4 and AhR using the principle of homologous modeling. Molecular docking studies were carried out with the obtained models. We carried out molecular docking for all targets using AutoDock Vina, implemented in the PyRx 0.8 software package. According to the results of molecular docking, the compounds analyzed are potential moderate or weak hERG blockers. Induction of cholestasis and, as a consequence, liver damage by these drugs, directly related to inhibition of BSEP, MRP3 and MRP4, most likely will not be observed. Interaction with AhR for the studied compounds is impossible for steric reasons and, as a consequence, toxic effects on the immune and other organ systems associated with the activation of the AhR signaling pathway are excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo V Zadorozhnii
- Department of pharmacy and technology of organic substances, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro 49005, Ukraine.
| | - Vadym V Kiselev
- Department of pharmacy and technology of organic substances, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro 49005, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr V Kharchenko
- Department of pharmacy and technology of organic substances, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro 49005, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cartilage comprises a single cell type, the chondrocyte, embedded in a highly complex extracellular matrix. Disruption to the cartilage growth plate leads to reduced bone growth and results in a clinically diverse group of conditions known as genetic skeletal diseases (GSDs). Similarly, long-term degradation of articular cartilage can lead to osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterised by joint pain and stiffness. As professionally secreting cells, chondrocytes are particularly susceptible to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and this has been identified as a core disease mechanism in a group of clinically and pathologically related GSDs. If unresolved, ER stress can lead to chondrocyte cell death. Recent interest has focused on ER stress as a druggable target for GSDs and this has led to the first clinical trial for a GSD by repurposing an antiepileptic drug. Interestingly, ER stress markers have also been associated with OA in multiple cell and animal models and there is increasing interest in it as a possible therapeutic target for treatment. In summary, chondrocyte ER stress has been identified as a core disease mechanism in GSDs and as a contributory factor in OA. Thus, chondrocyte ER stress is a unifying factor for both common and rare cartilage-related diseases and holds promise as a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Helen F Dietmar
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Pirog
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
da Silva DC, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Pereira DM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: Tools and strategies to understand its complexity. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104702. [PMID: 32068119 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comprises a network of tubules and vesicles that constitutes the largest organelle of the eukaryotic cell. Being the location where most proteins are synthesized and folded, it is crucial for the upkeep of cellular homeostasis. Disturbed ER homeostasis triggers the activation of a conserved molecular machinery, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), that comprises three major signaling branches, initiated by the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Given the impact of this intricate signaling network upon an extensive list of cellular processes, including protein turnover and autophagy, ER stress is involved in the onset and progression of multiple diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. There is, for this reason, an increasing number of publications focused on characterizing and/or modulating ER stress, which have resulted in a wide array of techniques employed to study ER-related molecular events. This review aims to sum up the essentials on the current knowledge of the molecular biology of endoplasmic reticulum stress, while highlighting the available tools used in studies of this nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Correia da Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-213, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-213, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-213, Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-213, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amin AK, Simpson AHRW, Hall AC. Iatrogenic articular cartilage injury: the elephant in the operating theatre. Bone Joint J 2017; 99-B:1555-1556. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b12.bjj-2017-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Amin
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51
Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, ES16, 4SU, UK
| | | | - A. C. Hall
- University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson
Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh
EH8 9XD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu D, Zhang Y, Li X, Li J, Yang S, Xing X, Fan G, Yokota H, Zhang P. eIF2α signaling regulates ischemic osteonecrosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5062. [PMID: 28698612 PMCID: PMC5505953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) primarily results from ischemia/hypoxia to the femoral head, and one of the cellular manifestations is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To understand possible linkage of ischemic osteonecrosis to the ER stress, a surgery-induced animal model was employed and salubrinal was administered to evaluate the role of ER stress. Salubrinal is a synthetic chemical that inhibits de-phosphorylation of eIF2α, and it can suppress cell death from the ER stress at a proper dose. The results indicated that the ER stress was associated with ONFH and salubrinal significantly improved ONFH-induced symptoms such as osteonecrosis, bone loss, reduction in vessel perfusion, and excessive osteoclastogenesis in the femoral head. Salubrinal also protected osteoblast development by upregulating the levels of ATF4, ALP and RUNX2, and it stimulated angiogenesis of endothelial cells through elevating ATF4 and VEGF. Collectively, the results support the notion that the ER stress is an important pathological outcome in the surgery-induced ONFH model, and salubrinal improves ONFH symptoms by enhancing angiogenesis and bone healing via suppressing the ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
- TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinle Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300457, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in hydrostatic pressure-induced apoptosis in rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 429:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
15
|
Takigawa S, Frondorf B, Liu S, Liu Y, Li B, Sudo A, Wallace JM, Yokota H, Hamamura K. Salubrinal improves mechanical properties of the femur in osteogenesis imperfecta mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:154-161. [PMID: 27743814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salubrinal is an agent that reduces the stress to the endoplasmic reticulum by inhibiting de-phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). We and others have previously shown that the elevated phosphorylation of eIF2α stimulates bone formation and attenuates bone resorption. In this study, we applied salubrinal to a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta (Oim), and examined whether it would improve Oim's mechanical property. We conducted in vitro experiments using RAW264.7 pre-osteoclasts and bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs), and performed in vivo administration of salubrinal to Oim (+/-) mice. The animal study included two control groups (wildtype and Oim placebo). The result revealed that salubrinal decreased expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and suppressed osteoclast maturation, and it stimulated mineralization of mesenchymal stem cells from BMDCs. Furthermore, daily injection of salubrinal at 2 mg/kg for 2 months made stiffness (N/mm) and elastic module (GPa) of the femur undistinguishable to those of the wildtype control. Collectively, this study supported salubrinal's beneficial role to Oim's femora. Unlike bisphosphonates, salubrinal stimulates bone formation. For juvenile OI patients who may favor strengthening bone without inactivating bone remodeling, salubrinal may present a novel therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takigawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Brian Frondorf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baiyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao Z, Nie L, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Cheng L. Salubrinal Suppresses IL-17-Induced Upregulation of MMP-13 and Extracellular Matrix Degradation Through the NF-kB Pathway in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Inflammation 2016; 39:1997-2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
17
|
Wen J, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Chen S, Li H. The Protective Effects of Salubrinal on the Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of the Temporomandibular Joint under Various Compressive Mechanical Stimulations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155514. [PMID: 27196267 PMCID: PMC4873203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive mechanical loads on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can cause mandibular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone erosion, but the treatment of these conditions remains challenging. Salubrinal, which target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha, has been shown to have multiple beneficial effects on skeletal tissue. Here, we examined the effect of a Salubrinal injection on the mandibular cartilage and subchondral bone of the TMJ under various compressive stresses. We conducted in vivo analyses in rat models using various compressive stresses (40 g and 80 g), and we observed time-related degeneration and pathological changes in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the TMJ at days 1, 3 and 7 through histological measurements, subcellular observation, and changes in proliferation and apoptosis. After the Salubrinal injection, the thickness of the cartilage recovered, and the pathological change was alleviated. In the Salubrinal/light (Sal/light) compressive stress group, the drug altered the proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes most significantly at day 1. In the Salubrinal/heavy (Sal/heavy) compressive stress group, the drug increased the proliferation of chondrocytes most significantly at day 1 and reduced the apoptosis of chondrocytes most significantly at day 7. Salubrinal also increased the area of the bone trabeculae and suppressed inflammatory responses and pathological change in the subchondral bone of the TMJ. Together, these results indicate that the administration of Salubrinal reduces apoptosis and strengthens the proliferation of chondrocyte to varying degrees at days 1, 3 and 7 under various compressive mechanical stresses, both of which contribute to the recovery of cartilage thickness and the alleviation of pathological change. Salubrinal also suppresses inflammatory responses and pathological change in the subchondral bone of the TMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wen
- Orthodontic Department, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Orthodontic Department, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Orthodontic Department, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Pathological Department, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Li
- Orthodontic Department, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guanabenz Downregulates Inflammatory Responses via eIF2α Dependent and Independent Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050674. [PMID: 27164082 PMCID: PMC4881500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated stress responses (ISR) may lead to cell death and tissue degeneration via eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α)-mediated signaling. Alleviating ISR by modulating eIF2α phosphorylation can reduce the symptoms associated with various diseases. Guanabenz is known to elevate the phosphorylation level of eIF2α and reduce pro-inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of its action is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathway through which guanabenz induces anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells, in particular macrophages. Genome-wide mRNA profiling followed by principal component analysis predicted that colony stimulating factor 2 (Csf2, or GM-CSF as granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor) is involved in the responses to guanabenz. A partial silencing of Csf2 or eIF2α by RNA interference revealed that Interleukin-6 (IL6), Csf2, and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) are downregulated by guanabenz-driven phosphorylation of eIF2α. Although expression of IL1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) was suppressed by guanabenz, their downregulation was not directly mediated by eIF2α signaling. Collectively, the result herein indicates that anti-inflammatory effects by guanabenz are mediated by not only eIF2α-dependent but also eIF2α-independent signaling.
Collapse
|
19
|
Comitato A, Di Salvo MT, Turchiano G, Montanari M, Sakami S, Palczewski K, Marigo V. Dominant and recessive mutations in rhodopsin activate different cell death pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2801-2812. [PMID: 27149983 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in rhodopsin (RHO) are a common cause of retinal dystrophy and can be transmitted by dominant or recessive inheritance. Clinical symptoms caused by dominant and recessive mutations in patients and animal models are very similar but the molecular mechanisms leading to retinal degeneration may differ. We characterized three murine models of retina degeneration caused by either Rho loss of function or expression of the P23H dominant mutation in Rho. Rho loss of function is characterized by activation of calpains and apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) in dying photoreceptors. Retinas bearing the P23H dominant mutations activate both the calpain-Aif cell death pathway and ER-stress responses that together contribute to photoreceptor cell demise. In vivo treatment with the calpastatin peptide, a calpain inhibitor, was strongly neuroprotective in mice lacking Rho while photoreceptor survival in retinas expressing the P23H dominant mutation was more affected by treatment with salubrinal, an inhibitor of the ER-stress pathway. The further reduction of photoreceptor cell demise by co-treatment with calpastatin and salubrinal suggests co-activation of the calpain and ER-stress death pathways in mice bearing dominant mutations in the Rho gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Di Salvo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sanae Sakami
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang Y, Hu X, Lu X. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, possesses chondroprotective efficacy in a rat model of osteoarthritis through suppression local renin-angiotensin system. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12584-12592. [PMID: 26550169 PMCID: PMC4612854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A local tissue-specific renin-angiotensin system (local RAS) has emerged as a regulator of cartilage development and homeostasis. However, no report has described the chondroprotective efficacy of RAS inhibitor. Therefore, we studied the pharmacological function of captopril on hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, cartilaginous degeneration and RAS components expression in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS OA was surgically induced in the right knee of male rats. Animal groups included age matched sham control (sham group), OA placebo (OA group), and OA treated with captopril (CAP group). Eight weeks after the induction of OA, the tibias were isolated and the sagittal sections were stained with Safranin O and Masson-Trichrome. The mRNA and protein expression of RAS components were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting respectively. RESULTS The thickness of articular cartilage was reduced in the proximal tibia of the OA group, and decreased thickness of articular cartilage of the OA mice was effectively reversed by captopril treatment. Histological analyses revealed remarkable chondrocytes abnormality in OA rats, which were characterized by a marked expansion of hypertrophic zone and inhibition of proliferative zone of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate of tibia. However, captopril-treated could reverse chondrocytes abnormality in OA rats. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of RAS components, renin, ACE, Ang II AT1R were upregulated in the proximal tibia of OA rats, however, the AT2R expression was suppressed. Intriguingly, captopril-treated could inhibit the activation of RAS in OA rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that captopril could attenuate OA-induced osteoarticular injury, at least partially, through suppression local RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongwei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|