1
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Park SY, Karantenislis G, Rosen HT, Sun H. Effects of energy drinks on myogenic differentiation of murine C2C12 myoblasts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8481. [PMID: 37231025 PMCID: PMC10213057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks, often advertised as dietary supplements that enhance physical and mental performance, have gained increasing popularity among adolescents and athletes. Several studies on individual ingredients such as caffeine or taurine have reported either adverse or favorable influences on myogenic differentiation, a key process in muscle regeneration to repair microtears after an intense workout session. However, the impact of different energy drinks with various formulas on muscle differentiation has never been reported. This study aims to examine the in vitro effects of various energy drink brands on myogenic differentiation. Murine C2C12 myoblast cells were induced to differentiate into myotubes in the presence of one of eight energy drinks at varying dilutions. A dose-dependent inhibition of myotube formation was observed for all energy drinks, supported by reduced percentage of MHC-positive nuclei and fusion index. Moreover, expression of myogenic regulatory factor MyoG and differentiation marker MCK were also decreased. Furthermore, given the variation in formulas of different energy drinks, there were remarkable differences in the differentiation and fusion of myotubes between energy drinks. This is the first study to investigate the impact of various energy drinks on myogenic differentiation and our results suggest an inhibitory effect of energy drinks in muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25 Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | | | - Hannah T Rosen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25 Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Division of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25 Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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2
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Garrett B, Caulfield T, Murdoch B, Brignall M, Kapur AK, Murphy S, Nelson E, Reardon J, Harrison M, Hislop J, Wilson‐Keates BJ, Anthony J, Loewen PS, Musoke RM, Braun J. A taxonomy of risk-associated alternative health practices: A Delphi study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:1163-1181. [PMID: 34041822 PMCID: PMC9291966 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Defining alternative health care and the recording of associated adverse events and harm remains problematic. This Canadian study aimed to establish and classify risk-associated alternative health practices in a Delphi study undertaken with an interdisciplinary panel of 17 health experts in 2020. It provides a new functional definition of alternative health care and an initial taxonomy of risk-associated alternative health care practices. A number of risk-associated practices were identified and categorized into general practices that conflict with biomedical care or largely untested therapies, alternative beliefs systems, physical manipulative alternative therapies, and herbal and nutritional supplements. Some risk significant harms including major physical injuries or even death. The lack of systematic methods for recording adverse events in alternative health care makes establishing the frequency of such events challenging. However, it is important that people engaging with alternative health care understand they are not necessarily risk-free endeavours, and what those risks are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Garrett
- School of NursingUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Blake Murdoch
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | | | - Susan Murphy
- Department of Physical TherapyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Erin Nelson
- Faculty of LawHealth Law InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jillian Reardon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Mark Harrison
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHEOS)St. Paul’s HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jonathan Hislop
- Family MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | | | - Joseph Anthony
- Department of Physical TherapyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Peter S. Loewen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Richard M. Musoke
- School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Joan Braun
- Bora Laskin Faculty of LawLakehead UniversityThunder BayONCanada
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3
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Joseph T, Philips CA. An odd cause of acute liver injury in a young woman - 'Lest we forget' thy supplements. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101654. [PMID: 33636362 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Joseph
- Department of Gastroenterology, K.V.M Hospital Ltd, Cherthala, Kerala, India.
| | - Cyriac Abby Philips
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Center, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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4
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Dworzański W, Sembratowicz I, Cholewińska E, Tutaj K, Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J, Ognik K. Effects of Different Chromium Compounds on Hematology and Inflammatory Cytokines in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet. Front Immunol 2021; 12:614000. [PMID: 33717096 PMCID: PMC7953491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.614000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine how a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium affects hematological and immune parameters of the blood of rats. The rats received a standard diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with chromium at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in the form of chromium(III) picolinate, chromium(III)-methionine or nano-sized chromium. Selected hematological parameters were determined in the blood of the rats, including total white blood cell (WBC) count, leukogram, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT) and platelet percentage (PCT), as well as immune parameters: levels of immunoglobulins A and E (IgA and IgE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp); and levels of caspase 3 and 8 (Casp3 and Casp8). Feeding rats a high-fat diet increased blood markers of induction of inflammation, ie pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and also significantly increased IgE. The diet had no effect on the blood count, except for an increase in the number of neutrophils. The chromium compounds tested, particularly Cr-Met and Cr-NPs, stimulated the immune system of the rats, as indicated by increased concentrations of IgA, IgE, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and Cp. Given the increase in inflammatory mediators induced by chromium, it should not be used to mitigate the effects of a high-fat diet. Moreover, chromium picolinate and chromium nanoparticles were shown to increase the content of caspase 3 and 8 in the blood of rats, which indicates a pro-apoptotic effect. The effects of the use of chromium nanoparticles include reductions in the WBC count and in the thrombocyte count (leuko- and thrombopenia). Taking account these data the use of chromium as dietary supplement should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dworzański
- Chair and Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Sembratowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Cholewińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tutaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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5
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Cross LV, Thomas JR. Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Supplements for Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2021; 34:67-72. [PMID: 33627996 PMCID: PMC7887529 DOI: 10.2337/ds19-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes V Cross
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - James R Thomas
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY
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Honkasaari N, Lainiala O, Laine O, Reito A, Eskelinen A. No association between blood count levels and whole-blood cobalt and chromium levels in 1,900 patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 2020; 91:711-716. [PMID: 33003969 PMCID: PMC8023953 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2020.1827191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose - The accelerated wear of poorly functioning metal-on-metal (MoM) hip implants may cause elevated whole-blood cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) levels. Hematological and endocrinological changes have been described as the most sensitive adverse effects due to Co exposure. We studied whether there is an association between whole-blood Co/Cr levels and leukocyte, hemoglobin, or platelet levels. Patients and methods - We analyzed whole-blood Co and Cr values and complete blood counts (including leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets) from 1,900 patients with MoM hips. The mean age at the time of whole-blood metal ion measurements was 67 years (SD 10). The mean time from primary surgery to whole-blood metal ion measurement was 8.2 years (SD 3.0). The mean interval between postoperative blood counts and metal ion measurements was 0.2 months (SD 2.7). Results - The median Co value was 1.9 µg/L (0.2-225), Cr 1.6 µg/L (0.2-125), mean leukocyte count 6.7 × 109/L (SD 1.9), hemoglobin value 143 g/L (SD 13), and platelet count 277 × 109/L (SD 70). We did not observe clinically significant correlations between whole-blood Co/Cr and leukocyte, hemoglobin, or platelet counts. Interpretation - Elevated whole-blood Co and Cr values are unlikely to explain abnormal blood counts in patients with MoM hips and the reason for possible abnormal blood counts should be sought elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Honkasaari
- Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere,University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere
| | - Olli Lainiala
- Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere,University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere,Correspondence:
| | - Outi Laine
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere,Tampere University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aleksi Reito
- Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere,University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere
| | - Antti Eskelinen
- Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere,University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere
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7
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Graf C, Elmassry M, Chu VM, Pawar D, Tijani L. Plexus Slim®-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Cureus 2020; 12:e11413. [PMID: 33312809 PMCID: PMC7725491 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common cause of thrombocytopenia. Due to the many possible precipitating factors, the diagnostic approach can be complex in nature. Much of the published literature on drug-induced ITP (DITP) report on quinine-induced thrombocytopenia. Here we present a case of the proposed dietary cause of DITP by the weight loss supplement Plexus® which contains two potential thrombocytopenia-causing compounds, garcinia cambogia fruit extract, and chromium polynicotinate. This case highlights how a thorough patient history, including evaluation of supplement use and dietary habits, can be of the utmost importance in the workup of ITP.
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Watanabe M, Risi R, Masi D, Caputi A, Balena A, Rossini G, Tuccinardi D, Mariani S, Basciani S, Manfrini S, Gnessi L, Lubrano C. Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2873. [PMID: 32962190 PMCID: PMC7551574 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision focusing on most currently marketed dietary supplements claimed to favor weight loss, classifying them by their purported mechanism of action. We conclude by proposing a combination of supplements most supported by current evidence, that leverages all mechanisms of action possibly leading to a synergistic effect and greater weight loss in the foreseen absence of adverse events. Further studies will be needed to confirm the weight loss and metabolic improvement that may be obtained through the use of the proposed combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Renata Risi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Davide Masi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Alessandra Caputi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Balena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Giovanni Rossini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
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9
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Pala R, Sari MA, Erten F, Er B, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Deeh PBD, Sahin N, Cinar V, Komorowski JR, Sahin K. The effects of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid metabolism in running rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 58:126434. [PMID: 31778961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium picolinate (CrPic) is commonly used to reduce muscle fatigue after exercise. We aimed to elucidate the effects of CrPic on glucose and lipid metabolism and the expression of glucose transporters in exercised rats. METHODS Forty-two male Wistar rats (8-week-old) were distributed into six groups (n = 7) as follows: Control, CrPic, Chronic Exercise (CEx), CEx + CrPic, Acute Exercise (AEx), and AEx + CrPic. CEx consists of 30 m/min, 30 min/day, and 5 days/week for 6 weeks. CrPic was supplemented at 400 μg elemental Cr/kg of diet for 6 weeks. In the AEx groups, animals were run on the treadmill at 30 m/min until exhaustion. RESULTS CEx significantly lowered blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, but elevated insulin concentration (IC), compared with control (P < 0.05). CEx significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum, liver, and muscle while AEx elevated it (P < 0.001 for all). CrPic significantly decreased BG, TC, TG levels, and increased IC with a remarkable effect in CEx rats (P < 0.01). CrPic also significantly reduced serum, liver, and muscle MDA levels (P < 0.001). Both AEx and CEx increased the expression of liver glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) and muscle GLUT-4 with the highest level in CEx rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, CrPic supplementation significantly elevated GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expressions in the liver and muscle of sedentary and exercise-treated rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CrPic improves various metabolic parameters and reduces oxidative stress in CEx and AEx rats by decreasing BG, TC, TG, MDA levels in serum and elevating GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expression in the liver and muscle samples. The efficacy of CrPic was more pronounced in CEx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragip Pala
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Sari
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fusun Erten
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | | | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Vedat Cinar
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - James R Komorowski
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Nutrition 21 Inc, New York, United States of America
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
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Oketch-Rabah HA, Roe AL, Rider CV, Bonkovsky HL, Giancaspro GI, Navarro V, Paine MF, Betz JM, Marles RJ, Casper S, Gurley B, Jordan SA, He K, Kapoor MP, Rao TP, Sherker AH, Fontana RJ, Rossi S, Vuppalanchi R, Seeff LB, Stolz A, Ahmad J, Koh C, Serrano J, Low Dog T, Ko R. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) comprehensive review of the hepatotoxicity of green tea extracts. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:386-402. [PMID: 32140423 PMCID: PMC7044683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the United States Pharmacopeia's ongoing review of dietary supplement safety data, a new comprehensive systematic review on green tea extracts (GTE) has been completed. GTEs may contain hepatotoxic solvent residues, pesticide residues, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and elemental impurities, but no evidence of their involvement in GTE-induced liver injury was found during this review. GTE catechin profiles vary significantly with manufacturing processes. Animal and human data indicate that repeated oral administration of bolus doses of GTE during fasting significantly increases bioavailability of catechins, specifically EGCG, possibly involving saturation of first-pass elimination mechanisms. Toxicological studies show a hepatocellular pattern of liver injury. Published adverse event case reports associate hepatotoxicity with EGCG intake amounts from 140 mg to ∼1000 mg/day and substantial inter-individual variability in susceptibility, possibly due to genetic factors. Based on these findings, USP included a cautionary labeling requirement in its Powdered Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract monograph that reads as follows: "Do not take on an empty stomach. Take with food. Do not use if you have a liver problem and discontinue use and consult a healthcare practitioner if you develop symptoms of liver trouble, such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)."
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Key Words
- ADME, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, area under the curve
- Bw, body weight
- C, Catechin
- CAM, causality assessment method
- CG, (+)‐catechin‐3‐gallate
- CIH, Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis
- CMC, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls
- COMT, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase
- Camellia sinensis
- ConA, Concanavalin A
- DILI, drug‐induced liver injury
- DILIN, Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network
- DO, Diversity Outbred
- DS, Dietary Supplement
- DSAE, JS3 USP Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard-Setting Subcommittee
- Dietary supplements
- EC, (–)‐epicatechin
- ECG, (‐)‐epicatechin‐3‐gallate
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- EGC, (–)‐epigallocatechin
- EGCG, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- GC, (+)‐gallocatechin
- GCG, (–)‐gallocatechin‐3‐gallate
- GT(E), green tea or green tea extract
- GT, green tea
- GTE, green tea extract
- GTEH, EP Green Tea Extract Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel
- Green tea
- Green tea extract
- HDS, herbal dietary supplement
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- Hepatotoxicity
- LD50, lethal dose, median
- LFT(s), liver function test(s)
- LT(s), Liver test(s)
- Liver injury
- MGTT, Minnesota Green Tea Trial
- MIDS, multi-ingredient dietary supplement
- MRL, maximum residue limit
- NAA, N-acetyl aspartate
- NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- NTP, National Toxicology Program
- OSM, online supplementary material
- PAs, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- PD-1, Programmed death domain-1
- PDGTE, powdered decaffeinated green tea extract
- PK/PD, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- RUCAM, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method
- SIDS, single-ingredient dietary supplement
- TGF-beta, Transforming growth factor beta
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
- γ-GT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen A. Oketch-Rabah
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy L. Roe
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Vice Chair, (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Cynthia V. Rider
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Gabriel I. Giancaspro
- U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Victor Navarro
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Mary F. Paine
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Betz
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. Marles
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Casper
- U.S. FDA Liaison to the USP GTEH EP (2015-2020 cycle)
| | - Bill Gurley
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Scott A. Jordan
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kan He
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mahendra P. Kapoor
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Theertham P. Rao
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Simona Rossi
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | | | - Leonard B. Seeff
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Andrew Stolz
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm 9B-16, Bethesda, MD, 20892,USA
| | - Jose Serrano
- Expert Members of the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), USA
- Liver Diseases Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tieraona Low Dog
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Ko
- United States Pharmacopeia Green Tea Hepatotoxicity Expert Panel (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle), Rockville, MD, USA
- Chair (USP GTEH EP, 2015-2020 cycle)
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11
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Risks associated with fat burners: A toxicological perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Complementary and integrative medicine in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 24:87-91. [PMID: 30540575 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) use is widely prevalent in kidney transplant recipients but studies of efficacy or potential harm are sparse. This review examines prevalence of use of CIM and discusses potential beneficial and harmful aspects of CIM in renal transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS The prevalence of CIM use in kidney transplant patients varies from 12 to 45%. There is a knowledge gap regarding CIM modalities among healthcare professionals that may contribute to reluctance to discuss CIM use with patients. Patients often do not spontaneously disclose its use, and those that use it may be more likely to be nonadherent to allopathic therapies. Herbal supplements may be nephrotoxic or interact with pharmaceutical agents, including calcineurin inhibitors. More data are needed to assess the potential benefits of other modalities of CIM, including yoga, Tai Chi or meditation, as these modalities have been beneficial for people with diabetes or hypertension, both of which are common in the posttransplant period. SUMMARY Despite a high prevalence of CIM use in kidney transplant recipients, data are limited regarding risks and benefits. Education of healthcare providers who care for kidney transplant recipients should be encouraged. Intervention studies should be designed to investigate the CIM modalities, including yoga, meditation and Tai Chi that have been shown to be beneficial in other chronic diseases.
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Wu CT, Chiu CY, Huang CF, Peng FC, Liu SH. Genotoxicity and 28-day oral toxicity studies of a functional food mixture containing maltodextrin, white kidney bean extract, mulberry leaf extract, and niacin-bound chromium complex. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Brown AC. Kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 107:502-519. [PMID: 28755953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No tabular summary of potentially life-threatening, kidney-toxic dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) based on PubMed case reports is currently available online and continually updated to forewarn United States consumers, clinicians, and companies manufacturing DS. The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of kidney toxicity case reports related to DS. METHODS Documented PubMed case reports (1966 to May 2016, and cross-referencing) of DS appearing to contribute to kidney toxicity were listed in "DS Toxic Tables." Keywords included "herb" or "dietary supplement" combined with "kidney" to generate an overview list, and possibly "toxicity" to narrow the selection. Case reports were excluded if they involved herb combinations (some exceptions), Chinese herb mixtures, teas of mixed herb contents, mushrooms, poisonous plants, self-harm, excessive doses (except vitamins/minerals), legal or illegal drugs, drug-herbal interactions, and confounders of drugs or diseases. Since commercial DS often include a combination of ingredients, they were treated separately; so were foods. A few foods with kidney-toxic effects were listed in a fourth table. The spectrum of herbal or DS-induced kidney injuries included kidney stones, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, necrosis, acute kidney injury (AKI; previously known as acute renal failure [ARF]), chronic kidney disease, kidney transplant, and death. RESULTS Approximately 7 herbs (minus 4 no longer for sale) and 10 dietary supplements (minus 3 excluded due to excessive doses + germanium that is no longer sold) have been related to kidney injury case reports published in PubMed (+crosslisting) in the last 50 + years (1966 to May 2016). The implicated herbs include Chinese yew (Taxus celbica) extract, impila (Callilepis laureola), morning cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl), St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), thundergod vine (Tripterygium wilfordii hook F), tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) and wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba). No longer sold in the United States are chocolate vine or mu tong (Caulis aristolochiae), guang fang ji (Aristolochia fangchi), ma huang (Ephedra sinica), and Tenshin Tokishigyaku-ka-goshuyu-shokyo-to. The DS include bile (sheep), chlorella, chromium (Cr), CKLS, creatine, gallbladder (fish), glucosamine, hydrazine, N.O.-Xplode, Spanish fly, and excess intakes of vitamins A, C, and D. Germanium (Ge) is not available for sale. The top two DS with the largest number of reported publications, but not always case reports, in descending order, were the aristolochic acid-containing herbs guang fang ji (mistaken identity) and chocolate vine or mu tong. The remaining DS featured one to three publications over a 50+ year period. Numerous case reports were reported for kidney-toxic foods: djenkol bean, gallbladders (carp fish, pufferfish, & snake), and star fruit (only in chronic kidney disease patients), and uncooked yam powder or juice. CONCLUSION This online "DS Toxic Table" provides clinicians, consumers, and manufacturers with a list of herbs that could potentially contribute to kidney injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christine Brown
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, MEB 223, Honolulu, HI, USA; University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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15
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Necyk C, Zubach-Cassano L. Natural Health Products and Diabetes: A Practical Review. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:642-647. [PMID: 28826695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of natural health product (NHP) use in Canada is extensive. Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, use NHPs at a higher rate than the general population. Many NHPs exert hypoglycemic effects, among other effects relevant to diabetes management. To provide a practical, clinical review of NHPs with such effects targeted to pharmacists, a literature search was performed to collect data on the efficacy and safety profiles of 10 commonly used NHPs that exert antidiabetic properties. The following NHPs are included in this clinical review: alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, magnesium, bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, milk thistle, Reishi mushroom and white mulberry. Given the potential of NHPs to additively cause hypoglycemia when used concurrently with conventional medications, pharmacists should be up to date with current evidence around NHPs that may affect diabetes care to prevent adverse reactions and interactions. In addition, effective and respectful communication with patients around NHP use and collaboration with various health-care providers are essential in the patient care process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Necyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Capone K, Sriram S, Patton T, Weinstein D, Newton E, Wroblewski K, Sentongo T. Effects of Chromium on Glucose Tolerance in Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition Therapy. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 33:426-432. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617711162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Capone
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sudhir Sriram
- Section of Pediatric Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Patton
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dana Weinstein
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ellen Newton
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen Wroblewski
- Department of Health Studies, Statistical Analysis, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy Sentongo
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Simsek N, Akinci L, Alan H, Gecör O, Özan Ü. Determination of trace elements in kidneys, livers and brains of rats with sealer implants by ICP-MS. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1282327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Simsek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Levent Akinci
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Alan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Orhan Gecör
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Özan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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18
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Wani S, Weskamp C, Marple J, Spry L. Acute Tubular Necrosis Associated with Chromium Picolinate–Containing Dietary Supplement. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 40:563-6. [PMID: 16492795 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To report a case of acute tubular necrosis associated with the use of a chromium picolinate–containing dietary supplement. Case Summary: A 24-year-old white male who had been ingesting a dietary supplement (Arsenal X) for 2 weeks during his workout sessions developed acute renal failure. Radiologic investigation showed the presence of a solitary right kidney, and an open renal biopsy confirmed features of acute tubular necrosis. He developed significant renal impairment that required hemodialysis. He was also treated with plasmapheresis and steroids, as a diagnosis of pulmonary-renal syndrome was entertained early in the disease course, which was subsequently ruled out. The patient ultimately recovered and, on outpatient visits, was noted to have normal renal function. Discussion: The use of dietary supplements has become increasingly popular in the US, and these supplements are not subject to stringent premarketing testing or postmarketing surveillance. The main ingredients in the supplement discussed here were chromium picolinate, Sida cordifolia, synephrine, and guarana. An objective causality assessment using the Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable association between the use of this supplement and the development of acute renal failure in this patient. Conclusions: Current information regarding the beneficial effects of trivalent chromium is not very robust; therefore, use of this agent cannot be recommended at this time. This report serves as an important reminder to the public, as well as healthcare providers, of potential nephrotoxic reactions to dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Wani
- BryanLGH Medical Center, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, 68502, USA.
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19
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Sardesai VM, Myers T. Clinincal Observations: Nutrient Supplements in Clinical Care. Nutr Clin Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088453360101600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Liepa G. Editorial: Cardioprotective Effects of ω-3 Fatty Acids: A Critical Review That Should Be Read by a Wide Range of Health Professionals. Nutr Clin Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088453360101600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Herbal poisoning exposures reported to poison centers increased by 344% after passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, with 24412 exposures reported in 2003. Increased toxicity is speculated to be related to lack of child-resistant packaging, new issues of contamination, proliferation of multiple ingredient products, excessive concentration of active ingredients, and discovery of new drug-herb interactions. This review addresses contamination issues such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, homeopathic remedies, microbes, insects, environmental chemicals, and mis-identification of one plant for another. Toxicity issues covered include carcinogenicity, delay in seeking medical treatment when using herbs to treat serious illness, toxic components, hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, epileptogenic compounds, cardiac toxins, gastrointestinal toxins, and hematologic toxins. Common drug-herb interactions are discussed. The pharmacist plays an important role in patient education and evaluation of potential toxicities related to herbal supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Smolinske
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan Regional Poison Control Center, Wayne State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Levina A, Pham THN, Lay PA. Binding of Chromium(III) to Transferrin Could Be Involved in Detoxification of Dietary Chromium(III) Rather than Transport of an Essential Trace Element. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - T. H. Nguyen Pham
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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23
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Levina A, Pham THN, Lay PA. Binding of Chromium(III) to Transferrin Could Be Involved in Detoxification of Dietary Chromium(III) Rather than Transport of an Essential Trace Element. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8104-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - T. H. Nguyen Pham
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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24
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Dallago BSL, Lima BAF, Braz SV, Mustafa VDS, McManus C, Paim TDP, Campeche A, Gomes EF, Louvandini H. Tissue accumulation and urinary excretion of Cr in chromium picolinate (CrPic)-supplemented lambs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 35:30-5. [PMID: 27049124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) concentrations in liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lymph node, skeletal muscle, bone, testis and urine of lambs were measured to trace the biodistribution and bioaccumulation of Cr after oral supplementation with chromium picolinate (CrPic). Twenty-four Santa Inês lambs were treated with four different concentrations of CrPic: placebo, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500 mg of CrPic/animal/day for 84 days. The basal diet consisted of Panicum maximum cv Massai hay and concentrate. Cr concentrations were measured by ICP-MS measuring (52)Cr as collected mass. There was a positive linear relationship between dose administered and the accumulation of Cr in the heart, lungs and testis. Urinary excretion of Cr occurred in a time and dose-dependent manner, so the longer or more dietary Cr provided, the greater excretion of the element. As some non-carcass components (such as lungs or heart) are added to bone and visceral meal to feed animals, there is a risk of bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to Cr offered as CrPic in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stéfano Lima Dallago
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC-Sul, Brasília/DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Informação Genético-Sanitária da Pecuária Brasileira (CNPq/INCT/IGSPB), Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Alcântara Ferreira Lima
- Laboratório de Geocronologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Rede Geochronos, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília/DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Shélida Vasconcelos Braz
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília/DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa da Silva Mustafa
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Hospital Veterinário L4-Norte, Brasília/DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Concepta McManus
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC-Sul, Brasília/DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Informação Genético-Sanitária da Pecuária Brasileira (CNPq/INCT/IGSPB), Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil.
| | - Tiago do Prado Paim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Iporá, Av. Oeste s/n, Iporá/GO, CEP 76200-000, Brazil.
| | - Aline Campeche
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, n° 303, Caixa Postal 96, Piracicaba/SP, CEP 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Edgard Franco Gomes
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, n° 303, Caixa Postal 96, Piracicaba/SP, CEP 13400-970, Brazil.
| | - Helder Louvandini
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, n° 303, Caixa Postal 96, Piracicaba/SP, CEP 13400-970, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Informação Genético-Sanitária da Pecuária Brasileira (CNPq/INCT/IGSPB), Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil.
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Kuzu UB, Öztaş E, Turhan N, Saygili F, Suna N, Yildiz H, Kaplan M, Akpinar MY, Akdoğan M, Kaçar S, Kiliç ZMY, Köksal AŞ, Ödemiş B, Kayaçetin E. Clinical and histological features of idiosyncratic liver injury: Dilemma in diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:277-91. [PMID: 25926402 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is becoming a worldwide problem with its still unexplained properties. METHODS The data of patients who were diagnosed with DILI between January 2008 and December 2013 were assessed. RESULTS Five patients had been diagnosed with intrinsic and 82 patients with idiosyncratic DILI. The most common causative agents were antimicrobial drugs. The most common injury pattern was hepatocellular. When patients with bilirubin levels of more than 5 mg/dL were divided into two groups according to receiving steroid therapy (n = 11) or not (n = 40), there was not any significant difference according to their clinical results (P > 0.05). Five of the idiosyncratic DILI patients were diagnosed with drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DI-AIH). In histopathological examination, hepatic rosette formation and emperipolesis were observed to be more common among patients with DI-AIH when compared with ones without (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in the remaining patients with DILI (n = 77), three of them were diagnosed with classic autoimmune hepatitis during long-term follow up (range, 11-51 months). CONCLUSION The most common causes were antimicrobials, but any agents that have not been defined to cause DILI can induce DILI. The efficacy of steroids in DILI has not been observed but all deaths were observed in the steroid-free group. The association of DILI and AIH was observed in two different types in terms of diagnosis in our study. The first association was DI-AIH. The second one is the classical AIH which developed in three patients after a few months following spontaneous recovery of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erkin Öztaş
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Turhan
- Pathology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Jagannati M, Ramya I, Sathyendra S. Occupation-related chromium toxicity a rare cause of renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2016; 20:150-152. [PMID: 28446841 PMCID: PMC5384394 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.203135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 21-year-old gentleman, a worker in a mobile phone shop, was admitted with rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and pulmonary edema requiring mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. After extensive workup and ruling out other causes, heavy metal poisoning was considered. Investigations during the course of the hospital stay revealed chromium poisoning. With repeated hemodialysis, his parameters normalized and he was discharged home in a stable condition. Diagnosis of chromium toxicity needs high index of suspicion. A history of occupational exposure might offer a clue to diagnosis. With hemodialysis and supportive care, it is a potentially salvageable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeera Jagannati
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I Ramya
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmya Sathyendra
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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McIver DJ, Grizales AM, Brownstein JS, Goldfine AB. Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Is Lower in US Adults Taking Chromium-Containing Supplements. J Nutr 2015; 145:2675-82. [PMID: 26446484 PMCID: PMC4656904 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.214569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplement use is widespread in the United States. Although it has been suggested in both in vitro and small in vivo human studies that chromium has potentially beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes (T2D), chromium supplementation in diabetes has not been investigated at the population level. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the use and potential benefits of chromium supplementation in T2D by examining NHANES data. METHODS An individual was defined as having diabetes if he or she had a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of ≥6.5%, or reported having been diagnosed with diabetes. Data on all consumed dietary supplements from the NHANES database were analyzed, with the OR of having diabetes as the main outcome of interest based on chromium supplement use. RESULTS The NHANES for the years 1999-2010 included information on 62,160 individuals. After filtering the database for the required covariates (gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, body mass index, diabetes diagnosis, supplement usage, and laboratory HbA1c values), and when restricted to adults, the study cohort included 28,539 people. A total of 58.3% of people reported consuming a dietary supplement in the previous 30 d, 28.8% reported consuming a dietary supplement that contained chromium, and 0.7% consumed supplements that had "chromium" in the title. Compared with nonusers, the odds of having T2D (HbA1c ≥6.5%) were lower in persons who consumed chromium-containing supplements within the previous 30 d than in those who did not (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.86; P = 0.001). Supplement use alone (without chromium) did not influence the odds of having T2D (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.03; P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Over one-half the adult US population consumes nutritional supplements, and over one-quarter consumes supplemental chromium. The odds of having T2D were lower in those who, in the previous 30 d, had consumed supplements containing chromium. Given the magnitude of exposure, studies on safety and efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McIver
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Ana Maria Grizales
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - John S Brownstein
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
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28
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Mazzanti G, Di Sotto A, Vitalone A. Hepatotoxicity of green tea: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1175-91. [PMID: 25975988 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Green tea (GT), obtained from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Fam. Theaceae), is largely used for its potential health benefits such as reduction in risk of cardiovascular diseases and weight loss. Nevertheless, it is suspected to induce liver damage. Present work reviews the hepatic adverse reactions associated with GT-based herbal supplements, published by the end of 2008 to March 2015. A systematic research was carried out on PubMed, MedlinePlus, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, without any language restriction. Moreover, some accessible databases on pharmacovigilance or phytovigilance were consulted. The causality assessment was performed using the CIOMS/RUCAM score. Nineteen cases of hepatotoxicity related to the consumption of herbal products containing GT were identified. The hepatic reactions involved mostly women (16/19); the kind of liver damage was generally classified as hepatocellular (16/19). The causality assessment between consumption of herbal preparation and hepatic reaction resulted as probable in eight cases and as possible in eleven cases. In seven cases, patients used preparations containing only GT, while twelve reactions involved patients who took multicomponent preparations (MC). The reactions induced by GT had a generally long latency (179.1 ± 58.95 days), and the outcome was always resolution, with recovery time of 64.6 ± 17.78 days. On the contrary, liver injury associated with MC had a shorter latency (44.7 ± 13.85 days) and was more serious in four cases that required liver transplantation and, when resolution occurred, the recovery time was longer (118.9 ± 38.79). MC preparations contained numerous other components, many of which are suspected to induce liver damage, so it is difficult to ascribe the toxicity to one specific component, e.g., GT. Present data confirm a certain safety concern with GT, even if the number of hepatic reactions reported is low considering the great extent of use of this supplement. The mechanism of GT hepatotoxicity remains unclear, but factors related to the patient are becoming predominant. A major safety concern exists when GT is associated with other ingredients that can interact between them and with GT, enhancing the risk of liver damage. Patients should be discouraged from using herbal or dietary supplements containing complex mixtures and should be encouraged to use herbal and dietary supplement possibly under supervision of healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mazzanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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Monnot AD, Christian WV, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. Correlation of blood Cr(III) and adverse health effects: Application of PBPK modeling to determine non-toxic blood concentrations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:618-37. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.926472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kirk J, Dunker KS. Dietary counseling: the ingredient for successfully addressing the use of herbal supplements and probiotics in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2014; 21:377-84. [PMID: 24969391 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, herbal medicines represent a $60 billion industry, and they account for approximately 20% of the overall drug market. Herbs (or herbals) that improve the taste of foods as flavor enhancement spices can generally be used safely by the CKD patient population. However, many herbals are sold as dietary supplements for medicinal use, and these are regulated as foods not drugs, thus allowing herbal supplements to be sold without premarket evaluation or approval by the Food and Drug Administration. In the absence of required testing, many herbal supplements are manufactured inconsistently with wide variations in composition. It is essential for the nephrology practitioner to assess CKD patients regarding their use of these products to understand their risks and benefits and to educate patients and families. This article will discuss some of the more commonly used products and their potential positive and adverse effects on CKD patients.
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Abstract
In the recent era, use of various nutritional supplements is highly encouraged amongst the people of United States. Weight loss supplements are major part of the nutritional supplements and their usage is unregulated in the US. Obesity is a major health concern in the US and Americans spend around $30 billion a year for weight loss supplements. At times, these supplements can be responsible for documented or undocumented adverse drug effects. The health consequences related to these supplements are often overlooked by the general public, even though FDA issues advisories regarding them. One common supplement used for weight loss was Hydroxycut (Iovate Health Sciences Research, Oakville, Ontario, Canada). Hydroxycut was recalled from the market after a FDA warning in May 2009 because of 23 reports of serious health problems ranging from jaundice and elevated liver enzymes to liver damage. 1 This case report adds evidence for Hydroxycut - induced hepatotoxicity. A 27 year old man with right upper quadrant pain and jaundice was found to have elevated liver enzymes and was taking Hydroxycut along with other supplements. Liver biopsy showed drug induced hepatotoxicity. Discontinuation of Hydroxycut dramatically improved liver functions and related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dh Kaswala
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (Formerly UMDNJ-NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Shah
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (Formerly UMDNJ-NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - N Patel
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (Formerly UMDNJ-NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Raisoni
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (Formerly UMDNJ-NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (Formerly UMDNJ-NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
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Rodríguez de la Flor M, Hernández-Vaquero D, Fernández-Carreira JM. Metal presence in hair after metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:2025-31. [PMID: 23893786 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The elevation of metal levels in serum and urine during post-operative follow-up is a frequent find following the implantation of certain models of metal-on-metal hip prostheses. Among 45 patients with the same resurfacing prostheses, chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) levels in serum and urine were determined at 3, 4, 5, and 6 years after surgery. In the same period, levels of Cr, Co and molibdene (Mo) in scalp hair were also measured. Mean Cr and Co levels in serum were 8.29 µg/L (SD 17.97) and 8.38 µg/L (SD 21.97), respectively, whereas in urine levels were 16.20 µg/L (SD SD 32.55) and 75.40 µg/L (SD 190.86), respectively. In hair, mean Cr level were 163.27 µg/g (SD 300.62), mean Co level 61.98 µg/g (SD 126.48), and Mo 31.36 µg/g (SD 37.86). A high concordance was observed between chromium-urine and chromium-serum and between cobalt-urine and cobalt-hair. A moderate concordance was present between cobalt-urine and cobalt-serum, and between cobalt-hair and cobalt-serum. Eleven patients required revision surgery, five of them due to metallosis and periarticular cyst. At 1 year after reintervention, analytics were performed again and the following decrease rates were found: 42.8% in Cr levels, 51.1% in Mo levels, and 90.3% in Co levels.
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Petala E, Dimos K, Douvalis A, Bakas T, Tucek J, Zbořil R, Karakassides MA. Nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on mesoporous silica: characterization and reactivity for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:295-306. [PMID: 23959249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
MCM-41-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was sytnhesized by impregnating the mesoporous silica martix with ferric chloride, followed by chemical reduction with NaHB4. The samples were studied with a combination of characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, N2 adsorption measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), magnetization measurements, and thermal analysis methods. The experimental data revealed development of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles with an elliptical shape and a maximum size of ∼80 nm, which were randomly distributed and immobilized on the mesoporous silica surface. Surface area measurements showed that the porous MCM-41 host matrix maintains its hexagonal mesoporous order structure and exhibits a considerable high surface area (609 m(2)/g). Mössbauer and magnetization measurements confirmed the presence of core-shell iron nanoparticles composed of a ferromagnetic metallic core and an oxide/hydroxide shell. The kinetic studies demonstrated a rapid removal of Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solutions in the presence of these stabilized nZVI particles on MCM-41, and a considerably increased reduction capacity per unit mass of material in comparison to that of unsupported nZVI. The results also indicate a highly pH-dependent reduction efficiency of the material, whereas their kinetics was described by a pseudo-first order kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17.listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Martino F, Puddu PE, Pannarale G, Colantoni C, Martino E, Niglio T, Zanoni C, Barillà F. Low dose chromium-polynicotinate or policosanol is effective in hypercholesterolemic children only in combination with glucomannan. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stein SA, Mc Nurlan M, Phillips BT, Messina C, Mynarcik D, Gelato M. Chromium Therapy for Insulin Resistance Associated with HIV-Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 25346863 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, HIV disease has become a chronic condition, but with a number of metabolic complications including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension and an increased incidence of atherosclerosis. The aim of the current study was to test the safety and efficacy of chromium picolinate for HIV- associated insulin resistance. MATERIALS/METHODS The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with subjects receiving 500μg of chromium picolinate or placebo twice daily for two months. HIV- infected subjects were selected based on a fasting concentration of plasma glucose greater than 5.5mmol/L or a plasma glucose concentration of greater than 7.7mmol/L (but less than 11mmol/L) 2h after oral ingestion of 75g of glucose. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with a hyper-insulinemic-euglycemic clamp and glucose tolerance was assessed with the oral glucose tolerance test. Subjects were monitored closely for alterations in viral load, CD4+ cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit, kidney and liver function, and fasting lipid profiles. RESULTS Forty-three subjects were enrolled and 39 completed the protocol (20 in the chromium-supplemented and 19 in the placebo arm). Following chromium-supplementation, there were no significant changes in either insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. There was a significant improvement in serum HDL cholesterol concentration in the group supplemented with chromium. CONCLUSIONS Chromium picolinate supplementation at this level was well-tolerated, but overall was not an effective therapy for insulin resistance in these HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Stein
- Departments of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Mc Nurlan
- Departments of Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Brett T Phillips
- Departments of Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Messina
- Departments of Medicine Preventive Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Mynarcik
- Departments of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Marie Gelato
- Departments of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Król E, Krejpcio Z, Michalak S, Wójciak RW, Bogdański P. Effects of combined dietary chromium(III) propionate complex and thiamine supplementation on insulin sensitivity, blood biochemical indices, and mineral levels in high-fructose-fed rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:350-9. [PMID: 23065486 PMCID: PMC3510416 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the first step in glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, thus effective prevention strategies should also include dietary interventions to enhance insulin sensitivity. Nutrients, such as microelement chromium(III) and thiamine, play regulatory roles in carbohydrate metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the insulin-sensitizing potential of the combined supplementary chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) and thiamine in insulin resistance animal model (rats fed a high-fructose diet). The experiment was carried out on 40 nine-week-old male Wistar rats divided into five groups (eight animals each). Animals were fed ad libitum: the control diet (AIN-93 M) and high-fructose diets with and without a combination of two levels of CrProp (0.1 and 1 mg Cr/kg body mass/day) and two levels of thiamine (0.5 and 10 mg/kg body mass/day) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment rats were sacrificed to collect blood and internal organs for analyses of blood biochemical and hematologic indices as well as tissular microelement levels that were measured using appropriate methods. It was found that both supplementary CrProp and thiamine (given alone) have significant insulin-sensitizing and moderate blood-lipid-lowering properties, while the combined supplementation with these agents does not give synergistic effects in insulin-resistant rats. CrProp given separately increased kidney Cu and Cr levels, while thiamine alone increased hepatic Cu contents and decreased renal Zn and Cu contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624, Poznan, Poland.
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Masharani U, Gjerde C, McCoy S, Maddux BA, Hessler D, Goldfine ID, Youngren JF. Chromium supplementation in non-obese non-diabetic subjects is associated with a decline in insulin sensitivity. BMC Endocr Disord 2012. [PMID: 23194380 PMCID: PMC3537689 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of chromium supplements is widespread for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus but there are conflicting reports on efficacy, possibly reflecting discrepant effects across different populations. In the present studies, we test the hypothesis that chromium supplementation raises serum chromium levels and correspondingly improves insulin sensitivity. METHODS A double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial was conducted on 31 non-obese, normoglycemic subjects. After baseline studies, the subjects were randomized to placebo or chromium picolinate 500 μg twice a day. The primary endpoint was change in insulin sensitivity as measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Pre-specified secondary endpoints included fasting lipids, blood pressure, weight, body composition measured by DXA scan. RESULTS After 16 weeks of chromium picolinate therapy there was no significant change in insulin sensitivity between groups (p=0.83). There was, however, a strong association between serum chromium and change in insulin resistance (β = -0.83, p=0.01), where subjects with the highest serum chromium had a worsening of insulin sensitivity. This effect could not be explained by changes in physiological parameters such as body weight, truncal fat and serum lipids with chromium therapy. CONCLUSIONS Chromium therapy did not improve insulin sensitivity in non-obese normoglycemic individuals. Further, subjects who have high serum chromium levels paradoxically had a decline in insulin sensitivity. Caution therefore should be exercised in recommending the use of this supplement. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on the NIH registry (clinicaltrials.gov) and the identifier is NCT00846248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Masharani
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
| | - Christine Gjerde
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
| | - Shelley McCoy
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
| | - Betty A Maddux
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
| | - Danielle Hessler
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
| | - Jack F Youngren
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1222, USA
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Golubnitschaja O, Yeghiazaryan K. Opinion controversy to chromium picolinate therapy's safety and efficacy: ignoring 'anecdotes' of case reports or recognising individual risks and new guidelines urgency to introduce innovation by predictive diagnostics? EPMA J 2012; 3:11. [PMID: 23039227 PMCID: PMC3515400 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the important physiologic function of trivalent chromium in glucose/insulin homeostasis, some commercial organisations promote Cr3+ supplements in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; regulation of reducing carbohydrate carvings and appetite; prevention of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance; regulation of body composition, including reducing fat mass and increasing lean body mass; optimal body building for athletes; losing weight; treatment of atypical depression as an antidepressant; and prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. On one hand, case reports are commented as 'nonevidence-based anecdotes'. On the other hand, a number of independent studies warn against adverse health outcomes assigned to chromium picolinate (CrPic) dietary application. This review analyses opinion controversies, demonstrates highly individual reactions towards CrPic dietary supplements and highlights risks when the dietary supplements are used freely as therapeutic agents, without application of advanced diagnostic tools to predict individual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golubnitschaja
- Department of Radiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str, 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
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Drake TC, Rudser KD, Seaquist ER, Saeed A. Chromium infusion in hospitalized patients with severe insulin resistance: a retrospective analysis. Endocr Pract 2012; 18:394-8. [PMID: 22297054 DOI: 10.4158/ep11243.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of intravenous chromium on serum glucose and insulin infusion rates in hospitalized patients with severe insulin resistance. METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed hospital records from January 1, 2008, to December 1, 2008, to identify patients for whom intravenous chromium was ordered at our academic medical center. To be included, patients were required to demonstrate profound insulin resistance and uncontrolled hyperglycemia (defined as the inability to achieve a blood glucose value less than 200 mg/dL during the 12 hours before chromium was given despite administration of continuous insulin infusion at a rate of 20 or more units/h) and to have received a continuous infusion of chromium chloride at 20 mcg/h for 10 to 15 hours for a total dose of 200 to 240 mcg. RESULTS Fourteen patients met our inclusion criteria. Over the hour preceding intravenous chromium infusion, the mean ± standard deviation rate of insulin infusion was 31 ± 15 units/h, and blood glucose was 326 ± 86 mg/dL. Twelve hours after the initiation of chromium, these values were 16 ± 16 units/h and 162 ± 76 mg/dL, respectively (P = .011 for difference in mean insulin rate from baseline, P<.001 for difference in mean blood glucose from baseline) and 24 hours after, these values were 12 ± 15 units/h and 144 ± 48 mg/dL, respectively (P<.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous chromium decreases insulin needs and improves glucose control at 12 and 24 hours compared with baseline values. Chromium appears to improve hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in acutely ill patients and represents a potential new therapy. Future prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Drake
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Wang MQ, Li H, He YD, Wang C, Tao WJ, Du YJ. Efficacy of dietary chromium (III) supplementation on tissue chromium deposition in finishing pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:316-21. [PMID: 22383078 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different forms of trivalent chromium (Cr) supplementation on tissue chromium deposition in finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs with an initial average body mass 65.57±1.05 kg were blocked by body mass and randomly assigned to four treatments with three replicates. Pigs were offered one of four diets including a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 200 μg/kg chromium from either chromium chloride (CrCl(3)), chromium picolinate (CrPic) or chromium nanocomposite (CrNano) for 40 days. During the trial, all pigs were given free access to feed and water. After feeding trial, eight pigs from each treatment were slaughtered for samples collection. The results showed that supplemental CrNano increased Cr content in blood, longissimus muscle, heart, liver, kidney, jejunum, and ileum (P<0.05). Supplemental Cr from three sources increased Cr excretion from all feces (P<0.05). Urinary Cr excretion was increased by CrNano or CrPic supplementation significantly. These results suggested that chromium nanocomposite exhibited more effective on tissue Cr deposition in pigs, which indicated higher absorption compared with CrCl(3) and CrPic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Qi Wang
- Animal Science College, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Vanek VW, Borum P, Buchman A, Fessler TA, Howard L, Jeejeebhoy K, Kochevar M, Shenkin A, Valentine CJ. A.S.P.E.N. position paper: recommendations for changes in commercially available parenteral multivitamin and multi-trace element products. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:440-91. [PMID: 22730042 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612446706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The parenteral multivitamin preparations that are commercially available in the United States (U.S.) meet the requirements for most patients who receive parenteral nutrition (PN). However, a separate parenteral vitamin D preparation (cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol) should be made available for treatment of patients with vitamin D deficiency unresponsive to oral vitamin D supplementation. Carnitine is commercially available and should be routinely added to neonatal PN formulations. Choline should also be routinely added to adult and pediatric PN formulations; however, a commercially available parenteral product needs to be developed. The parenteral multi-trace element (TE) preparations that are commercially available in the U.S. require significant modifications. Single-entity trace element products can be used to meet individual patient needs when the multiple-element products are inappropriate (see Summary/A.S.P.E.N. Recommendations section for details of these proposed modifications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W Vanek
- St. Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown, OH 44501-1790, USA.
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Luyckx VA. Nephrotoxicity of alternative medicine practice. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2012; 19:129-41. [PMID: 22578672 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of alternative medicine is highly prevalent around the world; in many areas, this is so because of lack of access to, or trust in, Western medicine, and also because they are considered "natural" and therefore safe. The kidney is an organ vulnerable to toxic insults by virtue of its anatomy and function. Reports of nephrotoxicity associated with alternative medicine use encompass all forms of renal dysfunction, ranging from electrolyte abnormalities and proteinuria to acute and CKD, renal failure, and death. In countries where intensive care and dialysis support are not available, mortality is high. Mechanisms of alternative medicine-associated kidney injury include direct nephrotoxicity, which may be augmented by underlying predisposing conditions such as dehydration; contamination, or adulteration of remedies; inappropriate use or preparation of a remedy; or interactions with other medications. The use of alternative medicines is underreported to clinicians. Because many patients strongly believe in the powers of alternative medicines, it is important that alternative medicines not be demonized as a whole, but that their use and consequences be closely observed and reported to build a more comprehensive understanding of their impact in our clinical practice and to foster research on the potential harm or, in some cases, possible benefits.
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Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, Baig JA, Wadhwa SK, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Shah F, Jamali MK, Arain MB. Chromium and manganese levels in biological samples of normal and night blindness children of age groups (3-7) and (8-12) years. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:103-15. [PMID: 20857341 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the levels of chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in scalp hair, blood, and urine of night blindness in children age ranged (3-7) and (8-12) years of both genders, comparing them to sex- and age-matched controls. A microwave-assisted wet acid digestion procedure, was developed as a sample pretreatment, for the determination of Cr and Mn in biological samples of night blindness children. The proposed method was validated by using conventional wet digestion and certified reference samples of hair, blood and urine. The digests of all biological samples were analyzed for Cr and Mn by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated significantly higher levels of Cr, whilst low level of Mn in the biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of male and female night blindness children, compared with control subjects of both genders. These data present guidance to clinicians and other professional investigating deficiency of Mn and excessive level of Cr in biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of night blindness children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
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Król E, Krejpcio Z. Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of chromium(III) propionate complex in high-fat diet fed and STZ injected rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3217-23. [PMID: 21939728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the anti-diabetic potential of the chromium(III) propionate complex (CrProp) in a diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats (n=28, 8-week old) were divided into 4 groups (with 7 rats each) and fed at libitum: the control diet (AIN-93M), and high-fat diets with or without supplementary CrProp (10 and 50mg Crkg(-1) diet; 1 and 5 mg kg(-1) body mass per day) for 5 weeks, and subsequently injected with STZ to induce diabetes. Rats were further fed the same diets for another week until the end of the experiment. Blood indices and the contents of minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Cr) in rat tissues were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Supplementary CrProp did not affect blood glucose level, but significantly improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR index) and reduced serum levels of triacylglycerols, total and LDL cholesterols. Both supplementary dosages of CrProp (10 and 50mg Cr kg(-1) diet) normalized the increased liver Fe content, reduced hepatic and renal Cu levels and elevated renal Cr contents in diabetic rats. In conclusion, CrProp has a significant anti-diabetic (insulin-sensitizing and hypolipidemic) potential; thus it might be a candidate for a therapeutic agent in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
The kidneys are famously responsible for maintaining external balance of prevalent minerals, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium. The kidney's role in handling trace minerals is more obscure to most nephrologists. Similarly, the impact of kidney failure on trace mineral metabolism is difficult to anticipate. The associated dietary modifications and dialysis create the potential for trace mineral deficiencies and intoxications. Indeed, there are numerous reports of dialysis-associated mishaps causing mineral intoxication, notable for the challenge of assigning causation. Equally challenging has been the recognition of mineral deficiency syndromes, amid what is often a cacophony of multiple comorbidities that vie for the attention of clinicians who care for patients with chronic kidney disease. In this paper, I review a variety of minerals, some of which are required for maintenance of normal human physiology (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's list of essential minerals), and some that have attracted attention in the care of dialysis patients. For each mineral, I will discuss its role in normal physiology and will review reported deficiency and toxicity states. I will point out the interesting inter-relationships between several of the elements. Finally, I will address the special concerns of aluminum and magnesium as they pertain to the dialysis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Kasama
- Division of Nephrology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey 08103 , USA.
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47
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An Investigation of Aircraft Worker Anemia. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:548-52. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318216d471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of chromium picolinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to foodstuff for particular nutritional uses and to foods intended for the general population. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Royer DJ, George JN, Terrell DR. Thrombocytopenia as an adverse effect of complementary and alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:421-9. [PMID: 20525061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a well-recognized adverse effect of many drugs. However, the association of thrombocytopenia with complementary/alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages has been rarely described, except for reports of thrombocytopenia caused by quinine-containing beverages. OBJECTIVES To systematically identify all published reports of thrombocytopenia associated with these substances and to assess the evidence supporting their causal association with thrombocytopenia. METHODS Eleven databases were searched to identify relevant published reports. A priori criteria were defined for article selection and assessment. Each selected article was independently assessed by the three authors to document the presence of the criteria and determine the level of evidence for a causal association of the reported substance with thrombocytopenia. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles were identified that reported the occurrence of thrombocytopenia with 25 substances (other than quinine). However, only six articles describing five substances (cow's milk, cranberry juice, Jui [Chinese herbal tea], Lupinus termis bean, and tahini [pulped sesame seeds]) reported clinical data supporting definite evidence of a causal association with thrombocytopenia. Four articles provided probable evidence for four additional substances, and five articles provided possible evidence for five additional substances. In the remaining articles, the association with thrombocytopenia was unlikely or the articles were excluded from review. CONCLUSIONS Reports of thrombocytopenia describing definite or probable evidence for an association of a complementary/alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages are rare. Whether the occurrence of thrombocytopenia with these substances is uncommon or unrecognized is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Kim BG, Adams JM, Jackson BA, Lindemann MD. Effects of chromium(III) picolinate on cortisol and DHEAs secretion in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 133:171-80. [PMID: 19554276 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic) effects on circulating steroid hormones have been reported in various experimental animals. However, direct effects of CrPic on adrenocortical steroidogenesis are uncertain. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of CrPic on cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAs) secretion from H295R cells. In experiment 1, a 24-h exposure to CrPic (0 to 200 microM) had both linear (p < 0.001) and quadratic (p < 0.001) effects on cortisol secretion from forskolin-stimulated cells with the highest cortisol secretion at 0.1 microM of CrPic and the lowest at 200 microM of CrPic. In experiment 2, a 48-h exposure to CrPic (200 microM) decreased cortisol (p < 0.07) release from forskolin-stimulated cells during a 24-h collection period. In experiment 3, a 48-h exposure to CrPic (100 microM) decreased cortisol (p < 0.05) and DHEAs (p < 0.01) from forskolin-stimulated cells during a 24-h sampling period. In experiment 4, a 24-h exposure to forskolin followed by a 24-h exposure to both forskolin and CrPic (100 and 200 microM) decreased both cortisol and DHEAs secretion (p < 0.01). This study suggests that at high concentrations, CrPic inhibits aspects of steroidogenesis in agonist-stimulated adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beob G Kim
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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