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Porto PS, Rivera A, Moonrinta R, Wobus CE. Entry and egress of human astroviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:81-119. [PMID: 37832992 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses encapsidate a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome into ∼30nm icosahedral particles that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, but their biology is not well understood. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are divided into three clades: classical HAstV serotypes 1-8, and novel or non-classical HAstV of the MLB and VA clades. These viruses are part of two genogroups and phylogenetically cluster with other mammalian astroviruses, highlighting their zoonotic potential. HAstV are a highly prevalent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, primarily in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Additionally, asymptomatic infections and extraintestinal disease (e.g., encephalitis), are also observed, mostly in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, respectively. While these viruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccines or antivirals are available to prevent or treat infections. This is in large part due to their understudied nature and the limited understanding of even very basic features of their life cycle and pathogenesis at the cellular and organismal level. This review will summarize molecular features of human astrovirus biology, pathogenesis, and tropism, and then focus on two stages of the viral life cycle, namely entry and egress, since these are proven targets for therapeutic interventions. We will further highlight gaps in knowledge in hopes of stimulating future research into these understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Rootjikarn Moonrinta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states.
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Raji AA, Omar AR. Pathogenesis of Chicken Astrovirus Related Illnesses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899901. [PMID: 35754540 PMCID: PMC9231584 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the several known viruses, chicken astrovirus (CAstV) has been associated with diarrhea, runting-stunting syndrome, severe kidney disease, and gout, and white chick syndrome (WCS) in young broiler chicks. Discovered in 2004, CAstV consists of two genogroups with an expanding subgroup because of the diversity exhibited in its viral capsid sequence. Despite these findings, there exists a dearth of knowledge on its pathogenesis. This review highlights the pathogenesis and development of in vivo and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Abdullahi Raji
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience and Department of Veterinary pathology and Microbiology Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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3
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Shah AU, Li Y, Ouyang W, Wang Z, Zuo J, Shi S, Yu Q, Lin J, Yang Q. From nasal to basal: single-cell sequencing of the bursa of Fabricius highlights the IBDV infection mechanism in chickens. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 34915931 PMCID: PMC8675306 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickens, important food animals and model organisms, are susceptible to many RNA viruses that invade via the nasal cavity. To determine the nasal entry site of the virus and clarify why avians are susceptible to RNA viruses, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was selected because it is a typical avian RNA virus that infects chickens mainly via the nasal route. RESULTS First, we found that IBDV infected the posterior part of the nasal cavity in chickens, which is rich in lymphoid tissue and allows the virus to be easily transferred to the blood. Via the blood circulation, IBDV infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and was transferred to the bursa of Fabricius to damage the IgM + B lymphocyte population. Subsequently, the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) results suggested the more detailed response of different bursal cell populations (B cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts) to IBDV. Regarding B cells, IBDV infection greatly decreased the IgM + B cell population but increased the IgA + B cell population in the bursal follicles. In contrast to B cells, bursal epithelial cells, especially basal cells, accumulated a large number of IBDV particles. Furthermore, we found that both innate RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were highly expressed in the IBDV-infected groups, while dicer and ago2 expression was largely blocked by IBDV infection. This result suggests that dicer-related RNA interference (RNAi) might be an effective antiviral strategy for IBDV infection in avian. CONCLUSION Our study not only comprehensively elaborates on the transmission of airborne IBDV via the intranasal route and establishes the main target cell types for productive IBDV infection but also provides sufficient evidence to explain the cellular antiviral mechanism against IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ullah Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Shi
- Shanghai OE Biotech. Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Mor SK, Kumar R, Sobhy NM, Singh A, Kakrudi N, Marusak RA, Goyal SM, Porter RE. Enteric Viruses Associated with Mid-growth Turkey Enteritis. Avian Dis 2021; 64:471-477. [PMID: 33347553 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.4.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since August 2014, the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has received cases of turkey enteritis that are clinically different from previously described cases of poult enteritis syndrome and light turkey syndrome. The birds develop dark green and extremely foul-smelling diarrhea starting at 8-10 wk of age, which may last up to 15-16 wk of age. The affected turkey flocks show poor uniformity, and feed conversion and market weights are reduced. Multiple-age farms are affected more often than the single-age farms. Morbidity varies from flock to flock and in some cases reaches 100%. At necropsy, undigested feed with increased mucus is observed in the intestines along with prominent mucosal congestion and/or hemorrhage. Microscopically, lymphocytic infiltrates expand the villi in duodenum and jejunum to form lymphoid follicles, which are often accompanied by heterophils. Next generation sequencing (Illumina Miseq) on a pool of feces from affected birds identified genetic sequences of viruses belonging to Astroviridae, Reoviridae, Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Adenoviridae. On testing pools of fecal samples from apparently healthy (16 pools) and affected birds (30 pools), there was a higher viral load in the feces of affected birds. Picobirnavirus was detected only in the affected birds; 20 of 30 pools (66.7%) were positive. These results indicate that a high viral load of turkey picobirnavirus alone, or in association with novel picornaviruses, may be a cause of this new type of turkey enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.,U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute (DUVASU), Mathura, UP 281001, India
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Azad Singh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Nima Kakrudi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | | | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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5
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Morita H, Yasuda M, Yamamoto M, Tomiyama Y, Uchida R, Ka Y, Ogura T, Kawai K, Suemizu H, Hayashimoto N. Pathogenesis of murine astrovirus in experimentally infected mice. Exp Anim 2021; 70:355-363. [PMID: 33828018 PMCID: PMC8390316 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are often associated with gastrointestinal diseases in mammals and birds. Murine astrovirus (MuAstV) is frequently detected in laboratory mice. Previous studies on MuAstV in mice did not report any symptoms or lesions. However, little information is available regarding its pathogenicity in immunodeficient mice. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally infected germ-free NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Sug/ShiJic (NOG) mice, which are severely immunodeficient, with MuAstV. Germ-free mice were used for experimental infection to eliminate the effects of intestinal bacteria. Mice in each group were then necropsied and subjected to PCR for MuAstV detection, MuAstV RNA quantification in each organ, and histopathological examination at 4 and 28 days post inoculation (DPI). Tissue samples from the small intestine were examined by transmission electron microscopy. No symptoms or abnormalities were detected in any mice during necropsy. The MuAstV concentration was highest in the lower small intestine, where it increased approximately 8-fold from 4 to 28 DPI. Transmission electron microscopy revealed circular virus particles of approximately 25 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm of the villous epithelial cells of the lower small intestine. Histopathological examination did not reveal any abnormalities, such as atrophy, in the intestinal villi. Our results suggest that MuAstV proliferates in the villous epithelial cells of the lower small intestine and has weak pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Morita
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yasuda
- Pathology Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yurina Tomiyama
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ritsuki Uchida
- JAC Inc., No. 44 Kouwa building, 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0043, Japan
| | - Yuyo Ka
- Animal Resource Technology Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Animal Resource Technology Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Pathology Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hayashimoto
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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Shehata AA, Basiouni S, Sting R, Akimkin V, Hoferer M, Hafez HM. Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072063. [PMID: 34359191 PMCID: PMC8300142 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) causes severe economic losses in turkeys. Several agents were described to be associated with the PEMS; however, a specific etiological agent(s) has not been identified. The diagnosis of PEMS is still a huge challenge for several reasons: (1) no specific clinical signs or pathognomonic lesions, (2) isolation of some enteric viruses still difficult, (3) the pathogenicity of several enteric viruses in turkeys is not fully understood, (4) PEMS is an interaction between several known and might be unknown agents and (5) opportunistic microorganisms also have a role in the pathogenesis of PEMS. Both electron microscopy and molecular techniques can be used for diagnosis of PEMS and might help to discover unknown causes. Until now, no specific vaccines against enteric viruses associated with PEMS. However, biosecurity, maintaining a healthy gut and strengthening the immune system of turkey poults using probiotics, prebiotics and/or phytogenic substances are crucial factors to prevent and/or reduce losses of PEMS in turkeys. This review is a call for scientists to perform further research to investigate the real cause(s) of PEMS and to develop a preventive strategy against it. Abstract Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
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7
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Cortez V, Boyd DF, Crawford JC, Sharp B, Livingston B, Rowe HM, Davis A, Alsallaq R, Robinson CG, Vogel P, Rosch JW, Margolis E, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus infects actively secreting goblet cells and alters the gut mucus barrier. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2097. [PMID: 32350281 PMCID: PMC7190700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a global cause of pediatric diarrhea, but they are largely understudied, and it is unclear how and where they replicate in the gut. Using an in vivo model, here we report that murine astrovirus preferentially infects actively secreting small intestinal goblet cells, specialized epithelial cells that maintain the mucus barrier. Consequently, virus infection alters mucus production, leading to an increase in mucus-associated bacteria and resistance to enteropathogenic E. coli colonization. These studies establish the main target cell type and region of the gut for productive murine astrovirus infection. They further define a mechanism by which an enteric virus can regulate the mucus barrier, induce functional changes to commensal microbial communities, and alter host susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hannah M Rowe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy Davis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ramzi Alsallaq
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elisa Margolis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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8
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Fang Q, Wang C, Liu H, Wu Q, Liang S, Cen M, Dong Q, Wei Y, Chen Y, Ouyang K, Wei Z, Huang W. Pathogenic Characteristics of a Porcine Astrovirus Strain Isolated in China. Viruses 2019; 11:E1156. [PMID: 31847270 PMCID: PMC6949928 DOI: 10.3390/v11121156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviral infection is considered to be one of the causes of mammalian diarrheal diseases. It has been shown that astrovirus infections cause varying degrees of diarrhea in turkeys and mice. However, the pathogenesis of porcine astrovirus is unknown. In this study, the virulence of a cytopathic porcine astrovirus (PAstV) strain (PAstV1-GX1) isolated from the PK-15 cell line was tested using seven-day-old nursing piglets. The results showed that PAstV1-GX1 infection could cause mild diarrhea, growth retardation, and damage of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa. However, all the above symptoms could be restored within 7 to 10days post inoculation (dpi). To evaluate the innate immunity response of PAstV in vivo, the alteration of inflammatory cytokine expression in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1 was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mRNA expression levels of the IFNβ and ISG54 were found to be significantly elevated in virus-infected piglets. In contrast, expression of IFNλ was downregulated in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1. In addition, the mRNA expression of the tight junction protein 1 and 2 and zonula occludin 1, which are associated with the intestinal barrier permeability, were affected after PAstV1 infection. The present study adds to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PAstV and has established an animal model for further study of pig astrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No.100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Q.F.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (S.L.); (M.C.); (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (K.O.)
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No.100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China; (Q.F.); (C.W.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (S.L.); (M.C.); (Q.D.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (K.O.)
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9
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Astrovirus and the microbiome. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:10-15. [PMID: 31163291 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although astroviruses are most commonly associated with acute gastrointestinal illness in humans, their ability to infect a broad range of hosts and cause a spectrum of disease makes them widespread and complex pathogens. The precise mechanisms that dictate the course of astrovirus disease have not been studied extensively but are likely driven by multifactorial host-microbe interactions. Recent insights from studies of animal astrovirus infections have revealed both beneficial and detrimental effects for the host. However, further in-depth studies are needed to fully explore the consequences of astrovirus-induced changes in the gut microenvironment as well as the role of the microbiota in astrovirus infection.
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Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Hargest V, Johnson C, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus Biology and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2017; 4:327-348. [PMID: 28715976 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that cause gastrointestinal illness. Although a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea, human astroviruses are among the least characterized enteric RNA viruses. However, by using in vitro methods and animal models to characterize virus-host interactions, researchers have discovered several important properties of astroviruses, including the ability of the astrovirus capsid to act as an enterotoxin, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Improved animal models are needed to study this phenomenon, along with the pathogenesis of astroviruses, particularly in those strains that can cause extraintestinal disease. Much like for other enteric viruses, the current dogma states that astroviruses infect in a species-specific manner; however, this assumption is being challenged by growing evidence that these viruses have potential to cross species barriers. This review summarizes these remarkable facets of astrovirus biology, highlighting critical steps toward increasing our understanding of this unique enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , , .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Cydney Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; , , , , ,
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Marvin SA. The Immune Response to Astrovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 9:v9010001. [PMID: 28042824 PMCID: PMC5294970 DOI: 10.3390/v9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide and are clinically importantly pathogens in the elderly and immunocompromised populations. Although the use of cell culture systems and small animal models have enhanced our understanding of astrovirus infection and pathogenesis, little is known about the immune response to astrovirus infection. Studies from humans and animals suggest that adaptive immunity is important in restricting classic and novel astrovirus infections, while studies from animal models and cell culture systems suggest that an innate immune system plays a role in limiting astrovirus replication. The relative contribution of each arm of the immune system in restricting astrovirus infection remains unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to astrovirus infection and highlights some of the key questions that stem from these studies. A full understanding of the immune response to astrovirus infection is required to be able to treat and control astrovirus-induced gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Marvin
- Biology Department, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA.
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12
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High prevalence and diversity of bovine astroviruses in the faeces of healthy and diarrhoeic calves in South West Scotland. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:70-6. [PMID: 25979841 PMCID: PMC4464496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Faeces from calves and adult cattle were examined by PCR for astrovirus (AstV). Genotypically varied AstV were detected in faecal samples from 74% of calves. AstV was detected in only 15% of faecal samples from adult cattle. There was no association between presence of AstV and diarrhoea in calves. AstV was associated with the presence of rotavirus Group A in calves.
Astroviruses (AstV) are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses and one of the major causes of infant diarrhoea worldwide. Diarrhoea is a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in calves; therefore, we investigated whether the presence of AstV is associated with calf diarrhoea. We identified diverse AstV lineages from faecal samples of both healthy and diarrhoeic calves and healthy adult cattle in South West Scotland. AstV was common in calves (present in 74% (85/115) of samples) but uncommon in adult cattle (present in 15% (3/20) of samples). No association was found between the presence of AstV and calf diarrhoea or the presence of a specific AstV lineage and calf diarrhoea. AstV was strongly associated with the presence of rotavirus Group A (RVA), and a protective effect of age was evident for both AstV and RVA. Co-infections with multiple AstV lineages were detected in several calves and serial infection with different viruses could also be seen by longitudinal sampling of individuals. In summary, our study found genotypically diverse AstV in the faeces of calves in South West Scotland. However, no association was identified between AstV and calf diarrhoea, which suggests the virus does not play a primary role in the aetiology of calf diarrhoea in the group studied.
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Alavarez JM, Ferreira CSA, Ferreira AJP. Enteric viruses in turkey flocks: a historic review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603225-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Moura-Alvarez J, Nuñez LFN, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Knöbl T, Chacón JL, Moreno AM, Jones RC, Ferreira AJP. Detection of enteric pathogens in Turkey flocks affected with severe enteritis, in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1051-8. [PMID: 24817479 PMCID: PMC7089275 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two flocks of turkeys affected by enteric problems, with ages between 10 and 104 days and located in the Southern region of Brazil, were surveyed for turkey by PCR for turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), rotavirus, reovirus, Salmonella spp., and Lawsonia intracellularis (Li) infections. Eleven profiles of pathogen combination were observed. The most frequently encountered pathogen combinations were TCoV-Li, followed by TCoV-TAstV-2-Li, TCoV-TastV-2. Only TCoV was detected as the sole pathogen in three flocks. Eight and 19 flocks of the 22 were positive for TAstV-2 and TCoV, respectively. Six were positive for Salmonella spp. and L. intracellularis was detected in 12 turkey flocks. Reovirus and HEV were not detected in this survey. These results throw new light on the multiple etiology of enteritis in turkeys. The implications of these findings and their correlation with the clinical signs are comprehensively discussed, illustrating the complexity of the enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma Moura-Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Koo BS, Lee HR, Jeon EO, Jang HS, Han MS, Mo IP. An unusual case of concomitant infection with chicken astrovirus and group A avian rotavirus in broilers with a history of severe clinical signs. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:231-3. [PMID: 23814478 PMCID: PMC3694197 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular study of intestinal samples from 21 broiler flocks with a history of enteritis revealed that 23.8% and 14.3% were positive for chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and avian rotavirus (ARV), respectively. CAstV and group A ARV were simultaneously detected in only one broiler flock. Birds in this group developed the significant intestinal lesions characterized by frothy contents, paleness, and thin intestinal walls. In this report we present an unusual case of runting stunting syndrome (RSS) with a history of high mortality and growth retardation in broiler chickens. We also make the first identification of CAstV and group A ARV in broiler chickens in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Sang Koo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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18
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Stenglein MD, Velazquez E, Greenacre C, Wilkes RP, Ruby JG, Lankton JS, Ganem D, Kennedy MA, DeRisi JL. Complete genome sequence of an astrovirus identified in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with gastroenteritis. Virol J 2012; 9:216. [PMID: 22998755 PMCID: PMC3502403 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A colony of domestic rabbits in Tennessee, USA, experienced a high-mortality (~90%) outbreak of enterocolitis. The clinical characteristics were one to six days of lethargy, bloating, and diarrhea, followed by death. Heavy intestinal coccidial load was a consistent finding as was mucoid enteropathy with cecal impaction. Preliminary analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in the stool of one of the affected rabbits. Analysis using the Virochip, a viral detection microarray, suggested the presence of an astrovirus, and follow-up PCR and sequence determination revealed a previously uncharacterized member of that family. Metagenomic sequencing enabled the recovery of the complete viral genome, which contains the characteristic attributes of astrovirus genomes. Attempts to propagate the virus in tissue culture have yet to succeed. Although astroviruses cause gastroenteric disease in other mammals, the pathogenicity of this virus and the relationship to this outbreak remains to be determined. This study therefore defines a viral species and a potential rabbit pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Abstract
Avian astroviruses comprise a diverse group of viruses affecting many avian species and causing enteritis, hepatitis, and nephritis. To date, six different astroviruses have been identified in avian species based on the species of origin and viral genome characteristics: two turkey-origin astroviruses [Turkey Astrovirus type 1 (TAstV-1) and type 2 (TAstV-2)]; two chicken-origin astroviruses [Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) and Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV)]; and two duck-origin astrovirus [Duck Astrovirus type 1 (DAstV-1) and type 2 (DAstV-2)]. ANV has also been detected in turkeys, ducklings, pigeons, and guinea fowl; and TAstrovirus-2-like viruses have also been found in guinea fowl. Astroviruses are commonly associated with enteric disease syndromes in poultry including runting-stunting syndrome of broilers (RSS), poult enteritis complex or syndrome (PEC or PES), poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS), and enteritis in guinea fowl. The molecular characterization of the different avian astroviruses shows great genetic variability among each type, and this variability influences the ability to detect these viruses by molecular and serological techniques. In this chapter, we review the different aspects related to avian astroviruses, including molecular biology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- , Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, 38105 Tennessee USA
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Toffan A, Catania S, Salviato A, De Battisti C, Vascellari M, Toson M, Capua I, Cattoli G. Experimental infection of poults and guinea fowl with genetically distinct avian astroviruses. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:429-35. [PMID: 22900602 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.704980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Avian astroviruses, of the genus Avastrovirus, are recognized as being the cause of enteritis in different bird species worldwide. In particular, turkeys are very susceptible and can be severely affected by this viral agent. More recently, astroviruses were detected in diseased guinea fowl in Italy but whether or not they were the causative agents of the clinical disease was not established. Despite the distribution and relevance of Avastrovirus infection, very little information on pathogenesis or factors influencing the pathogenicity of astroviruses is available. To increase available data on the pathogenesis of these viruses and to test the hypothesis of possible interspecies transmission, experimental infections were carried out in turkeys and guinea fowl with two genetically distinct avian astroviruses, namely TK-6363 and GF-5497, originating respectively from diseased turkey poults and guinea fowl. Data obtained in our study show that both of the viruses selected were able to infect young birds of the species in which they were originally detected. Additionally, these viruses were able to infect young birds of different species causing clinical signs, thus providing experimental evidence for the infection of distinct avian astroviruses in different avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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21
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Biđin M, Lojkić I, Tišljar M, Biđin Z, Majnarić D. Astroviruses associated with stunting and pre-hatching mortality in duck and goose embryos. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:91-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.642796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Meyerhoff RR, Nighot PK, Ali RA, Blikslager AT, Koci MD. Characterization of turkey inducible nitric oxide synthase and identification of its expression in the intestinal epithelium following astrovirus infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 35:63-9. [PMID: 22118854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme has long been recognized as a key mediator of innate immune responses to infectious diseases across the phyla. Its role in killing or inactivating bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens has been documented in numerous host systems. iNOS, and its innate immune mediator NO has also been described to have negative consequence on host tissues as well; therefore understanding the pathogenesis of any infectious agent which induces iNOS expression requires a better understanding of the role iNOS and NO play in that disease. Previous studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated evidence for increased levels of iNOS and activity of its innate immune mediator NO in the intestine of turkeys infected with astrovirus. To begin to characterize the role iNOS plays in the innate immune response to astrovirus infection, we identified, characterized, developed tkiNOS specific reagents, and demonstrated that the intestinal epithelial cells induce expression of iNOS following astrovirus infection. These data are the first to our knowledge to describe the tkiNOS gene, and demonstrate that astrovirus infection induces intestinal epithelial cells to express iNOS, suggesting these cells play a key role in the antiviral response to enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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23
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De Benedictis P, Schultz-Cherry S, Burnham A, Cattoli G. Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1529-44. [PMID: 21843659 PMCID: PMC7185765 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses first identified in 1975 in children suffering from diarrhea and then described in a wide variety of animals. To date, the list of animal species susceptible to astrovirus infection has expanded to 22 animal species or families, including domestic, synantropic and wild animals, avian, and mammalian species in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, second only to rotavirus infections, but in animals their association with enteric diseases is not well documented, with the exception of turkey and mink astrovirus infection. Genetic variability has been described in almost all astrovirus species sufficiently examined infecting mammals and birds; however, antigenic variability has been demonstrated for human astroviruses but is far less investigated in animal viruses. Interestingly, there is an increasing evidence of recombination events occurring in astroviruses, which contributes to increase the genetic variability of this group of viruses. A wide variety of species infected, the evident virus genetic diversity and the occurrence of recombination events indicate or imply either cross-species transmission and subsequent virus adaptation to new hosts or the co-infection of the same host with different astroviruses. This can also favor the emergence of novel astroviruses infecting animals or with a zoonotic potential. After more than 30 years from their first description in humans, there are many exciting streams of research to be explored and intriguing questions that remain to be answered about the relatively under-studied Astroviridae family. In the present work, we will review the existing knowledge concerning astrovirus infections in humans and animals, with particular focus on the molecular biology, interspecies transmission and zoonotic potential of this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Research & Innovation Department, Division of Biomedical Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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24
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Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. Comparison of capsid gene sequences of turkey astrovirus-2 from poult-enteritis-syndrome-affected and apparently healthy turkeys. Arch Virol 2011; 156:969-77. [PMID: 21327787 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine genetic variations in the capsid gene of turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2) detected in apparently healthy and poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected turkeys. Capsid genes of astroviruses obtained from 30 PES-affected and 45 apparently healthy turkey flocks had sequence homologies of 73.4-100% and 72.4-100% at the nucleotide levels, respectively. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed one amino acid deletion at position 552 in 28 (93.3%) of 30 PES-affected cases. However, there were two deletions (at positions 551 and 552) in 31 (68.9%) of 45 TAstV-2 from apparently healthy flocks. The TAstV-2 (6.7%) from two PES-affected cases had two amino acid insertions each between positions 552 and 553, while TAstV-2 from 14 (31.1%) of 45 healthy flocks had two insertions at the same position. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences revealed that the astroviruses in this study were closely related to most of the previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The sequence homology of TAstV-2 in this study ranged from 70.4% to 99.4% at the nucleotide level with those of previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The variations at the amino acid level in the capsid gene suggest the possibility of the existence of different serotypes of turkey astrovirus. The close relationship of turkey astroviruses from apparently healthy flocks to those from PES-affected cases in capsid gene phylogeny necessitates further studies to compare complete capsid gene sequences from both types of flocks from different geographic areas for better understanding of TAstV circulating in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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25
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Banos-Lara MDR, Méndez E. Role of individual caspases induced by astrovirus on the processing of its structural protein and its release from the cell through a non-lytic mechanism. Virology 2010; 401:322-32. [PMID: 20347468 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspases (Casp) activity has been associated with the intracellular proteolytic processing of the structural protein to yield the mature capsid formed by VP70 and with the cell release of human astrovirus (HAstV). This work describes the role of individual Casp on these events. The activity of initiator (-8, -9) and executioner (-3/7) Casp was clearly detected at 12h post-infection. All these proteases were able to cleave VP90 in an in vitro assay, but this processing was blocked in cells transfected with siRNA against Casp-3, -9, but not against Casp-8. In contrast, virus release, observed in the absence of cell lysis, was more drastically affected by either silencing Casp-3 or in the presence of the inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO. Cleavage of VP90 to yield VP70 was mapped at motif TYVD(657). These data indicate that the processing of VP90 and the release of HAstV from the cell are two Casp-related, but apparently independent, events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma del Rocío Banos-Lara
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
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26
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Nighot PK, Moeser A, Ali RA, Blikslager AT, Koci MD. Astrovirus infection induces sodium malabsorption and redistributes sodium hydrogen exchanger expression. Virology 2010; 401:146-54. [PMID: 20219227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are known to be a leading cause of diarrhea in infants and the immunocompromised; however, our understanding of this endemic pathogen is limited. Histological analyses of astrovirus pathogenesis demonstrate clinical disease is not associated with changes to intestinal architecture, inflammation, or cell death. Recent studies in vitro have suggested that astroviruses induce actin rearrangement leading to loss of barrier function. The current study used the type-2 turkey astrovirus (TAstV-2) and turkey poult model of astrovirus disease to examine how astrovirus infection affects the ultrastructure and electrophysiology of the intestinal epithelium. These data demonstrate that infection results in changes to the epithelial ultrastructure, rearrangement of F-actin, decreased absorption of sodium, as well as redistribution of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) from the membrane to the cytoplasm. Collectively, these data suggest astrovirus infection induces sodium malabsorption, possibly through redistribution of specific sodium transporters, which results in the development of an osmotic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Nighot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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27
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Day JM. Pathogenesis of type 2 turkey astroviruses with variant capsid genes in 2-day-old specific pathogen free poults. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:193-201. [PMID: 18393099 DOI: 10.1080/03079450801932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of three different type 2 turkey astroviruses (TAstV-2) was studied in specific pathogen free turkeys. These viruses differ based on sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Poults were inoculated at 2 days of age and examined during 14 days for clinical signs and virus shedding. All inoculated poults presented signs of enteric disease including diarrhoea and growth depression. Virus presence and shedding was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from intestinal contents and cloacal swabs collected at 3, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation. Viraemia was also confirmed by this method. Common lesions observed at necropsy were dehydration; distended intestines filled with watery contents and undigested feed, and dilated caeca with foamy contents. Microscopic lesions present in the intestines consisted of mild crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy and lymphocytic infiltration, and were most common in the jejunum. Presence of the viruses was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization in both villi and crypt enterocytes in the jejunum and, less frequently, the duodenum, ileum and caeca. Mild lesions consisting mainly of lymphocytic infiltration were also observed in other organs including the pancreas, liver, spleen and kidneys. Mild to moderate bursal atrophy occurred in all TAstV-2-infected poults examined; however, no specific viral staining was observed in this organ or any other tissues examined apart from the intestines. In conclusion, TAstV-2 viruses with variant capsids produce a similar enteric disease in young turkeys and may also affect the immune system of the birds by causing bursal lymphoid depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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28
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Tang Y, Murgia MV, Ward L, Saif YM. Pathogenicity of Turkey Astroviruses in Turkey Embryos and Poults. Avian Dis 2006; 50:526-31. [PMID: 17274289 DOI: 10.1637/7510-012806r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of turkey astrovirus 2001 (TAstV2001) and turkey astrovirus 1987 (TAstV1987) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) turkey embryos and commercial poults was investigated. The virus shedding in poults was monitored using electron microscopy (EM) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during the 14-day experimental period. Both viruses caused enteritis and growth depression in SPF turkey embryos and poults. The TAstV2001 did not induce macroscopic or microscopic lesions in thymuses and bursas of embryos or poults. No macroscopic changes were observed in thymuses and bursas of embryos and poults inoculated with TAstV1987, and no statistically significant differences in bursa weight/ body weight ratios (P > 0.05) were detected. However, TAstV1987 infection resulted in microscopic lesions in bursas but not in thymuses of infected embryos and poults. Both TAstV2001 and TAstV1987 were shed during the whole 14-day experimental period as detected by EM and RT-PCR. These findings indicated that both TAstV1987 and TAstV2001 are etiologic agents of turkey enteritis. In addition, TAstV1987 might cause impairment of the immune system of infected poults. The pathogenicity of TAstV1987 is somewhat different from TAstV2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, PR China
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29
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Cattoli G, De Battisti C, Toffan A, Salviato A, Lavazza A, Cerioli M, Capua I. Co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages of astroviruses in turkeys and guinea fowl. Arch Virol 2006; 152:595-602. [PMID: 17106624 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the genus Astrovirus have been increasingly associated with enteritis in mammalian and avian species, including turkeys. More recently, astroviruses have also been detected in diseased guinea fowl. In turkeys, two genetically distinct types of astrovirus have been reported, namely turkey astrovirus 1 and 2 (TAstV1 and TAstV2). The prevalence and the pathogenesis of astrovirus infections in this species is currently unknown, with the exception of data generated in the USA. In the present report, we have demonstrated the co-circulation of distinct genetic lineages of astroviruses infecting turkeys and guinea fowl. The predominant lineage infecting turkeys is genetically related to the American TAstV2, but genetic variability within this lineage was demonstrated. Other isolates appeared to be either TastV1-related or unrelated to any other known isolate. Astroviruses infecting guinea fowl were more closely related to TAstV2, and interspecies transmissions between turkeys and guinea fowl is suggested as a possible mechanism by which these viruses may have evolved, based on the genetic data available. This investigation provides genetic and epidemiological information contributing to a better understanding of enteric viral infections in turkeys and guinea fowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cattoli
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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30
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Villarreal LYB, Assayag MS, Brandão PE, Chacón JLV, Bunger AND, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Gomes CR, Jones RC, Ferreira AJP. Identification of turkey astrovirus and turkey coronavirus in an outbreak of Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2006000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of diarrhea worldwide. In spite of its impact on human health, little is known about astrovirus pathogenesis. One reason for this may be the lack of a suitable small animal model for infection. In recent years, there has been increasing information on the mechanism of astrovirus-induced disease in mammals (including humans) and birds. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on astrovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Moser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53575, USA
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Sebire NJ, Malone M, Shah N, Anderson G, Gaspar HB, Cubitt WD. Pathology of astrovirus associated diarrhoea in a paediatric bone marrow transplant recipient. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:1001-3. [PMID: 15333670 PMCID: PMC1770412 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus infection often causes outbreaks of self limiting diarrhoea, but may also infect patients who are immunodeficient or immunocompromised. Although there are previous publications relating to various aspects of astroviruses, there is a minimal amount of literature on the histopathological features of gastrointestinal astrovirus infection in humans. We report the histopathological findings, including immunohistochemical and electron microscopic features, of astrovirus infection in a bone marrow transplant recipient aged 4 years with diarrhoea. The appearance of a small intestinal biopsy did not suggest graft versus host disease, but demonstrated villous blunting, irregularity of surface epithelial cells, and an increase in lamina propria inflammatory cell density. Immunohistochemical staining with a murine astrovirus group specific monoclonal antibody demonstrated progressively more extensive staining in the duodenal and jejunal biopsies, predominantly restricted to the luminal surface and cytoplasm of surface epithelial cells, most marked at the villus tips. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated viral particles within the cytoplasm of enterocytes, focally forming paracrystalline arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Sebire
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Koci MD, Kelley LA, Larsen D, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus-induced synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to virus control during infection. J Virol 2004; 78:1564-74. [PMID: 14722310 PMCID: PMC321379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.3.1564-1574.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus is one of the major causes of infant and childhood diarrhea worldwide. Our understanding of astrovirus pathogenesis trails behind our knowledge of its molecular and epidemiologic properties. Using a recently developed small-animal model, we investigated the mechanisms by which astrovirus induces diarrhea and the role of both the adaptive and innate immune responses to turkey astrovirus type-2 (TAstV-2) infection. Astrovirus-infected animals were analyzed for changes in total lymphocyte populations, alterations in CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratios, production of virus-specific antibodies (Abs), and macrophage activation. There were no changes in the numbers of circulating or splenic lymphocytes or in CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratios compared to controls. Additionally, there was only a modest production of virus-specific Abs. However, adherent spleen cells from infected animals produced more nitric oxide (NO) in response to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. In vitro analysis demonstrated that TAstV-2 induced macrophage production of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Studies using NO donors and inhibitors in vivo demonstrated, for the first time, that NO inhibited astrovirus replication. These studies suggest that NO is important in limiting astrovirus replication and are the first, to our knowledge, to describe the potential role of innate immunity in astrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Koci
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Koci MD, Moser LA, Kelley LA, Larsen D, Brown CC, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus induces diarrhea in the absence of inflammation and cell death. J Virol 2003; 77:11798-808. [PMID: 14557664 PMCID: PMC229260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11798-11808.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the mechanisms of astrovirus-induced diarrhea. One reason for this is the lack of a small-animal model. Recently, we isolated a novel strain of astrovirus (TAstV-2) from turkeys with the emerging infectious disease poult enteritis mortality syndrome. In the present studies, we demonstrate that TAstV-2 causes growth depression, decreased thymus size, and enteric infection in infected turkeys. Infectious TAstV-2 can be recovered from multiple tissues, including the blood, suggesting that there is a viremic stage during infection. In spite of the severe diarrhea, histopathologic changes in the intestine were mild and there was a surprising lack of inflammation. This may be due to the increased activation of the potent immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta during astrovirus infection. These studies suggest that the turkey will be a useful small-animal model with which to study astrovirus pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Koci
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Public health concerns related to enteric viral agents, such as astroviruses and caliciviruses, include their ability to cause sporadic diarrhea, large outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and hospitalizations or deaths resulting from vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular assays has increased awareness of these enteric pathogens and reduced the 'diagnostic gap' or unknown causes of non-bacterial gastroenteritis. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular assays have been applied to further describe the epidemiology of human astroviruses from a variety of geographic areas. The burden of astrovirus infections compared with other enteric viral agents, including rotaviruses, caliciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses have been reported. New methods for detection of astroviruses such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and molecular typing methods have advanced the understanding of the epidemiology. Additional molecular studies have described the protein processing mechanisms of this single-stranded RNA virus. SUMMARY Astroviruses are increasingly recognized as significant gastrointestinal pathogens. The understanding of molecular epidemiology and molecular processing of the virus may lead to specific prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolan E Walter
- Center for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters and Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23510-1001, USA
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