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Raman R, Villefranc JA, Ullmann TM, Thiesmeyer J, Anelli V, Yao J, Hurley JR, Pauli C, Bareja R, Wha Eng K, Dorsaint P, Wilkes DC, Beg S, Kudman S, Shaw R, Churchill M, Ahmed A, Keefer L, Misner I, Nichol D, Gumpeni N, Scognamiglio T, Rubin MA, Grandori C, Solomon JP, Song W, Mosquera JM, Dephoure N, Sboner A, Elemento O, Houvras Y. Inhibition of FGF receptor blocks adaptive resistance to RET inhibition in CCDC6-RET-rearranged thyroid cancer. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210390. [PMID: 35510953 PMCID: PMC9082625 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in RET lead to activation of ERK and AKT signaling and are associated with hereditary and sporadic thyroid cancer and lung cancer. Highly selective RET inhibitors have recently entered clinical use after demonstrating efficacy in treating patients with diverse tumor types harboring RET gene rearrangements or activating mutations. In order to understand resistance mechanisms arising after treatment with RET inhibitors, we performed a comprehensive molecular and genomic analysis of a patient with RET-rearranged thyroid cancer. Using a combination of drug screening and proteomic and biochemical profiling, we identified an adaptive resistance to RET inhibitors that reactivates ERK signaling within hours of drug exposure. We found that activation of FGFR signaling is a mechanism of adaptive resistance to RET inhibitors that activates ERK signaling. Combined inhibition of FGFR and RET prevented the development of adaptive resistance to RET inhibitors, reduced cell viability, and decreased tumor growth in cellular and animal models of CCDC6-RET-rearranged thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Raman
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Viviana Anelli
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - James R. Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rohan Bareja
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth Wha Eng
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Princesca Dorsaint
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - David C. Wilkes
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shaham Beg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Kudman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Reid Shaw
- SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Adnan Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Ian Misner
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Inc., Baltimore, MD
| | - Donna Nichol
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Inc., Baltimore, MD
| | - Naveen Gumpeni
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Theresa Scognamiglio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - James Patrick Solomon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Andrea Sboner
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Olivier Elemento
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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2
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Huisinga M, Bertrand L, Chamanza R, Damiani I, Engelhardt J, Francke S, Freyberger A, Harada T, Harleman J, Kaufmann W, Keane K, Köhrle J, Lenz B, Marty MS, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palazzi X, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Popp A, Rosol TJ, Strauss V, Van den Brink-Knol H, Wood CE, Yoshida M. Adversity Considerations for Thyroid Follicular Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies: Results From the 6th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 48:920-938. [PMID: 33334259 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320972009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized an expert workshop in May 2018 to address adversity considerations related to thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia (FCHH), which is a common finding in nonclinical toxicity studies that can have important implications for risk assessment of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and environmental chemicals. The broad goal of the workshop was to facilitate better alignment in toxicologic pathology and regulatory sciences on how to determine adversity of FCHH. Key objectives were to describe common mechanisms leading to thyroid FCHH and potential functional consequences; provide working criteria to assess adversity of FCHH in context of associated findings; and describe additional methods and experimental data that may influence adversity determinations. The workshop panel was comprised of representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States. Participants shared case examples illustrating issues related to adversity assessments of thyroid changes. Provided here are summary discussions, key case presentations, and panel recommendations. This information should increase consistency in the interpretation of adverse changes in the thyroid based on pathology findings in nonclinical toxicity studies, help integrate new types of biomarker data into the review process, and facilitate a more systematic approach to communicating adversity determinations in toxicology reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise Bertrand
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sabine Francke
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 4137US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Köhrle
- 72217Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Sue Marty
- 540144The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles E Wood
- 6893Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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3
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Levinson S, Cagan RL. Drosophila Cancer Models Identify Functional Differences between Ret Fusions. Cell Rep 2017; 16:3052-3061. [PMID: 27626672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated and compared Drosophila models of RET fusions CCDC6-RET and NCOA4-RET. Both RET fusions directed cells to migrate, delaminate, and undergo EMT, and both resulted in lethality when broadly expressed. In all phenotypes examined, NCOA4-RET was more severe than CCDC6-RET, mirroring their effects on patients. A functional screen against the Drosophila kinome and a library of cancer drugs found that CCDC6-RET and NCOA4-RET acted through different signaling networks and displayed distinct drug sensitivities. Combining data from the kinome and drug screens identified the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 plus the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib as a synergistic drug combination that is specific for NCOA4-RET. Our work emphasizes the importance of identifying and tailoring a patient's treatment to their specific RET fusion isoform and identifies a multi-targeted therapy that may prove effective against tumors containing the NCOA4-RET fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Levinson
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-1020, USA
| | - Ross L Cagan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-1020, USA.
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4
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Tronko ND, Pushkarev VM. Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: Molecular genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the thyroid gland. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models of metastatic human cancers are important tools in preclinical studies for testing new systematic therapies and studying effectors of cancer metastasis. The major drawbacks of current mouse models for metastatic thyroid cancer are that they have low metastasis rates and do not allow in vivo tumor detection. Here, we report and characterize an in vivo detectable metastasis mouse model of human thyroid cancer using multiple thyroid cancer cell lines. METHODS Human anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines 8505C, C-643, SW-1736, and THJ-16T; follicular thyroid cancer cell lines FTC-133, FTC-236, and FTC-238; and Hürthle cell carcinoma cell line XTC-1 were transfected with a linearized pGL4.51[luc2/CMV/Neo] vector or transduced with lentivirus containing Luc2-eGFP reporter genes. The stably transfected cells were injected intravenously into NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice. Tumors were detected with an in vivo imaging system-Xenogen IVIS. Vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, was used to treat lung metastases generated from 8505C-Luc2 cells with a BRAF(V600E) mutation to test the accuracy of the model to evaluate response to therapy. RESULTS Intravenous injection of as few as 30,000 8505C-Luc2 cells produced lung metastases in 100% of the injected mice, and many of these mice also developed bone metastases at a later stage of the disease. Similarly, metastatic tumors also developed in all mice injected with C-643-Luc2, THJ-16T-Luc2, FTC-133-Luc2, FTC-236-Luc2, FTC-238-Luc2, and XTC-1-Luc2 cells. The metastases were easily detectable in vivo, and tumor progression could be dynamically and accurately followed and correlated with the actual tumor burden. Furthermore, disease progression could be easily controlled by adjusting the number of injected cells. The in vivo treatment of 8505C xenograft lung metastases with vemurafenib dramatically reduced the growth and signal intensity with good correlation with actual tumor burden. CONCLUSIONS Herein we report an in vivo detectable mouse model of metastatic human thyroid cancer that is reliable and reproducible. It will serve as a useful tool in the preclinical testing of alternative systematic therapies for metastatic thyroid cancer, and for functional studies of thyroid cancer tumor biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zhang
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kelli Gaskins
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yin Xiong
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria J. Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Pozo K, Castro-Rivera E, Tan C, Plattner F, Schwach G, Siegl V, Meyer D, Guo A, Gundara J, Mettlach G, Richer E, Guevara JA, Ning L, Gupta A, Hao G, Tsai LH, Sun X, Antich P, Sidhu S, Robinson BG, Chen H, Nwariaku FE, Pfragner R, Richardson JA, Bibb JA. The role of Cdk5 in neuroendocrine thyroid cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:499-511. [PMID: 24135281 PMCID: PMC3849320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine cancer that originates from calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells, or C cells. We found that Cdk5 and its cofactors p35 and p25 are highly expressed in human MTC and that Cdk5 activity promotes MTC proliferation. A conditional MTC mouse model was generated and corroborated the role of aberrant Cdk5 activation in MTC. C cell-specific overexpression of p25 caused rapid C cell hyperplasia leading to lethal MTC, which was arrested by repressing p25 overexpression. A comparative phosphoproteomic screen between proliferating and arrested MTC identified the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) as a crucial Cdk5 downstream target. Prevention of Rb phosphorylation at Ser807/Ser811 attenuated MTC proliferation. These findings implicate Cdk5 signaling via Rb as critical to MTC tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pozo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Kim MK, Park SW, Kim SK, Park HJ, Eun YG, Kwon KH, Kim J. Association of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with papillary thyroid cancer and clinicopathologic features in a Korean population. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:1333-8. [PMID: 23166414 PMCID: PMC3492667 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.11.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; n = 133) and their clinicopathologic features and age-matched controls (n = 321) using direct sequencing. PTC patients were divided into subgroups according to size, number, location, extrathyroidal invasion and lymph node metastasis. The two SNPs of TLR2 gene were not associated with the development of PTC. In clinical analysis, two SNPs were associated with location of cancer (rs3804099, P = 0.032, OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.96 in log-additive model; rs3804100, P = 0.039, OR, 0.46, 95% CI, 0.22-0.96 in codominant1 model; P = 0.018, OR, 0.42, 95% CI, 0.21-0.87 in dominant model; P = 0.011, OR, 0.46, 95% CI, 0.25-0.85 in log-additive model). The allele frequencies of two SNPs also showed significant associations with location of cancer (rs3804099, P = 0.046, OR, 0.57, 95% CI, 0.33-0.99 and rs3804100, P = 0.019, OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.90). However, two SNPs were not associated with the clinicopathologic features of PTC. It is suggested that TLR2 polymorphisms may contribute to the clinicopathologic features of PTC, especially the PTC in both lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Jeong Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Gyu Eun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Kwon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ilsong Memorial Institute of Head and Neck Cancer, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jinju Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oriental Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Park SW, Kim MK, Kwon KH, Kim J. Association between a promoter polymorphism (rs2192752, -1028A/C) of interleukin 1 receptor, type I (IL1R1) and location of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a Korean population. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:501-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schreiber C, Vormbrock K, Ziebold U. Genes involved in the metastatic cascade of medullary thyroid tumours. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 878:217-228. [PMID: 22674136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-854-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The process of how a benign tumour turns invasive and capable to survive in distant organs remains poorly understood, despite the evidence that metastasis formation is the primary cause of cancer patient mortality. This ignorance is partly due to the lack of appropriate animal models from which to investigate this complex process. The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumour suppressor pathway (pRb/E2F) is mutated in almost all human tumours, and a number of laboratories have now established pRb- or E2F-deficient mouse models. Consistent with the role of mutation in retinoblastoma in cancer biology, Rb heterozygous mice are prone to develop tumours. Among the ensuing tumours, the medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) have a lessened tendency to form secondary cancers and metastases. Intriguingly, if an E2f3 mutation is introduced in this genetic background, more aggressive MTCs develop, which metastasize more frequently. Gene chip microarrays, however, provide an unbiased approach for examining the genome-wide expression levels and enable identification of a large set of metastasis-enriched gene sets. The identified genes may simply represent putative markers of the disease stage. Alternatively, genes may be identified that causally determine a link to the onset of metastasis. We describe the use of gene chip microarrays for identification of putative markers enriched in metastatic mouse MTCs. The chapter details how the most promising candidates are verified using additional methods, such as quantitative real-time PCR. In this case, co-transfection of the E2F-transcription factor using a heterologous reporter gene system is suggestive of E2Fs directly regulating putative metastasis markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schreiber
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Abou-El-Ardat K, Monsieurs P, Anastasov N, Atkinson M, Derradji H, De Meyer T, Bekaert S, Van Criekinge W, Baatout S. Low dose irradiation of thyroid cells reveals a unique transcriptomic and epigenetic signature in RET/PTC-positive cells. Mutat Res 2011; 731:27-40. [PMID: 22027090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high doses of radiation received in the wake of the Chernobyl incident and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been linked to the increased appearance of thyroid cancer in the children living in the vicinity of the site. However, the data gathered on the effect of low doses of radiation on the thyroid remain limited. We have examined the genome wide transcriptional response of a culture of TPC-1 human cell line of papillary thyroid carcinoma origin with a RET/PTC1 translocation to various doses (0.0625, 0.5, and 4Gy) of X-rays and compared it to response of thyroids with a RET/PTC3 translocation and against wild-type mouse thyroids irradiated with the same doses using Affymetrix microarrays. We have found considerable overlap at a high dose of 4Gy in both RET/PTC-positive systems but no common genes at 62.5mGy. In addition, the response of RET/PTC-positive system at all doses was distinct from the response of wild-type thyroids with both systems signaling down different pathways. Analysis of the response of microRNAs in TPC-1 cells revealed a radiation-responsive signature of microRNAs in addition to dose-responsive microRNAs. Our results point to the fact that a low dose of X-rays seems to have a significant proliferative effect on normal thyroids. This observation should be studied further as opposed to its effect on RET/PTC-positive thyroids which was subtle, anti-proliferative and system-dependent.
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11
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Wirth EK, Sheu SY, Chiu-Ugalde J, Sapin R, Klein MO, Mossbrugger I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, de Angelis MH, Krude H, Riebel T, Rothe K, Köhrle J, Schmid KW, Schweizer U, Grüters A. Monocarboxylate transporter 8 deficiency: altered thyroid morphology and persistent high triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio after thyroidectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:555-61. [PMID: 21813593 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormone transport across the plasma membrane depends on transmembrane transport proteins, including monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Mutations in MCT8 (or SLC16A2) lead to a severe form of X-linked psychomotor retardation, which is characterised by elevated plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) and low/normal thyroxine (T(4)). MCT8 contributes to hormone release from the thyroid gland. OBJECTIVE To characterise the potential impact of MCT8-deficiency on thyroid morphology in a patient and in Mct8-deficient mice. DESIGN Thyroid morphology in a patient carrying the A224V mutation was followed by ultrasound imaging for over 10 years. After thyroidectomy, a histopathological analysis was carried out. The findings were compared with histological analyses of mouse thyroids from the Mct8(-/y) model. RESULTS We show that an inactivating mutation in MCT8 leads to a unique, progressive thyroid follicular pathology in a patient. After thyroidectomy, histological analysis revealed gross morphological changes, including several hyperplastic nodules, microfollicular areas with stromal fibrosis and a small focus of microfollicular structures with nuclear features reminiscent of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). These findings are supported by an Mct8-null mouse model in which we found massive papillary hyperplasia in 6- to 12-month-old mice and nuclear features consistent with PTC in almost 2-year-old animals. After complete thyroidectomy and substitution with levothyroxine (l-T(4)), the preoperative, inadequately low T(4) and free T(4) remained, while increasing the l-T(4) dosage led to T(3) serum concentrations above the normal range. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate peripheral deiodination in the peculiar hormonal constellation of MCT8-deficient patients. Other MCT8-deficient patients should be closely monitored for potential thyroid abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/surgery
- Child
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Iodide Peroxidase/blood
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters/deficiency
- Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters/genetics
- Mutation/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/genetics
- Symporters
- Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Gland/surgery
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
- Thyroidectomy
- Thyroxine/blood
- Treatment Outcome
- Triiodothyronine/blood
- Ultrasonography
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Bihan H, Baudin E, Meas T, Leboulleux S, Al Ghuzlan A, Hannoteaux V, Travagli JP, Valleur P, Guillausseau PJ, Cohen R. Role of prophylactic thyroidectomy in RET 790 familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 34:493-8. [PMID: 21688339 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a family harboring RET 790 mutation and review the role of prophylactic thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. METHODS We evaluated in detail both clinical and biological follow-up and reviewed literature reports. RESULTS Among 86 family members, 15 of 22 members screened harbored the 790 mutation. Abnormal calcitonin levels were found in 8/15. Total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection cured the 5 operated patients (range, 45-76 years). Tumor staging was pT1N0M0. Among 10 carriers who did not undergo surgery, 3 patients had abnormal calcitonin levels. For the others, calcitonin levels remained <30 pg/mL. Two asymptomatic carriers were older than 70 years. Four subjects were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In RET codon 790 mutations families, a case-by-case decision instead of systematic prophylactic thyroidectomy should be discussed. Difficulties of follow-up should be taken into account and represent the main challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bihan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, Avicenne Hospital, Paris XIII University and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
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13
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Liu YY, Brandt MP, Shen DH, Kloos RT, Zhang X, Jhiang SM. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging for temporal dynamics of thyroidal and salivary radionuclide accumulation in 17-allyamino-17-demothoxygeldanamycin-treated thyroid cancer mouse model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:27-37. [PMID: 20943721 PMCID: PMC3902865 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective iodide uptake and prolonged iodine retention in the thyroid is the basis for targeted radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer patients; however, salivary gland dysfunction is the most frequent nonthyroidal complications. In this study, we have used noninvasive single photon emission computed tomography functional imaging to quantify the temporal dynamics of thyroidal and salivary radioiodine accumulation in mice. At 60 min post radionuclide injection, radionuclide accumulation in the salivary gland was generally higher than that in thyroid due to much larger volume of the salivary gland. However, radionuclide accumulation per anatomic unit in the salivary gland was lower than that in thyroid and was comparable among mice of different age and gender. Differently, radionuclide accumulation per anatomic unit in thyroid varied greatly among mice. The extent of thyroidal radioiodine accumulation stimulated by a single dose of exogenous bovine TSH (bTSH) in triiodothyronine (T₃)-supplemented mice was much less than that in mice received neither bTSH nor T₃ (nontreated mice), suggesting that the duration of elevated serum TSH level is important to maximize thyroidal radioiodine accumulation. Furthermore, the extent and duration of radioiodine accumulation stimulated by bTSH was less in the thyroids of the thyroid-targeted RET/PTC1 (thyroglobulin (Tg)-PTC1) mice bearing thyroid tumors compared with the thyroids in wild-type (WT) mice. Finally, the effect of 17-allyamino-17-demothoxygeldanamycin on increasing thyroidal, but not salivary, radioiodine accumulation was validated in both WT mice and Tg-PTC1 preclinical thyroid cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Liu
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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14
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Pignalosa D, Ritter S, Durante M. Inversions in Chromosome 10 of Human Thyroid Cells Induced by Accelerated Heavy Ions. Radiat Res 2010; 174:14-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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PET imaging of medullary thyroid carcinoma in MEN2A transgenic mice using 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:58-66. [PMID: 19655139 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 6-[(18)F]Fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA) is increasingly used for PET imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. In this study, we investigated the use of 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA to detect and to monitor the progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in a genetically engineered mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A). METHODS Dynamic [(18)F]FDG and 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA small animal PET scans were acquired during 60 or 90 min in 8- to 20-month-old MEN2A transgenic mice. The kinetics of 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA, standardized uptake values (SUV) at 60 min and tumour volumes were recorded. The detection of MTCs using PET was confirmed by autopsy and histological analysis. RESULTS 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA performs better than [(18)F]FDG for MTC detection in this transgenic mouse model. Uptake kinetics of 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA in MTCs are very different between mice but, in all cases, high contrast could be observed. Furthermore, 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA can detect tumours with sizes (1.8 mm(3)) that are near the resolution limit of PET, whereas they were undetectable by autopsy at the macroscopic level. CONCLUSION 6-[(18)F]F-L-DOPA PET imaging can monitor the progression of MTCs in a genetically engineered mouse model.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor and is increasing in incidence. The aim of this study was to review mouse models of differentiated thyroid cancer and how they elucidate human thyroid cancer biology. SUMMARY Differentiated thyroid cancer, primarily papillary and follicular, comprises the majority of thyroid cancers. There has been tremendous growth in the cross-talk between basic science and clinical practice for thyroid cancer management. Insight into the framework of genes responsible for differentiated thyroid cancer has been gained through the use of mouse models. Common genetic alterations found in human papillary thyroid cancer such as RET/PTC rearrangements or the BRAF(V600E) mutation have genetically modified mouse counterparts. These and other preclinical mouse models have validated the importance of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). RAS mutations have a role in both papillary and follicular thyroid cancer development. Mice with overactivation of the phosphatidylinol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT and/or thyrotropin-regulated signaling pathways have been found to develop follicular thyroid cancer. Additional mouse models of thyroid cancer that utilize inducible expression systems are in development or are being characterized and will better reflect the majority of human thyroid cancers which are non-hereditary. Advances in in vivo imaging of mice allow for earlier detection of metastasis and the ability to follow tumor growth or regression which may be used in evaluation of pharmaceutical agents. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models have expanded our understanding of the altered signaling pathways that contribute to thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and provide a powerful tool to develop novel diagnostic approaches and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Kim
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Mancini M, Vergara E, Salvatore G, Greco A, Troncone G, Affuso A, Liuzzi R, Salerno P, Scotto di Santolo M, Santoro M, Brunetti A, Salvatore M. Morphological ultrasound microimaging of thyroid in living mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4810-5. [PMID: 19589864 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for noninvasive microimaging of thyroid in living mice. Thyroid examination was performed by HFUS in 10 normal C57BL/6 mice, eight mice treated by propylthiouracil, and 22 Tg-TRK-T1 transgenic mice. The dimension of the gland and the presence of nodules were evaluated. Nodules were classified as malignant (hypoechogenicity, poorly defined margins, internal microcalcification, irregular shapes, and extra glandular extension) or not, and the findings were compared with histological data. Thyroid images were successfully obtained in all the animals analyzed. Normal thyroid reached a volume of 4.92 microl (range 2.11-4.92 microl). Mice with propylthiouracil-induced goiter showed diffuse thyroid enlargement (median volume 6.67 microl, range 4.09-8.82 microl). In 19 of 22 Tg-TRK-T1 mice (86%), HFUS identified a nodular process (the smallest detected nodule had a diameter of 0.46 mm). Eleven nodules were classified as malignant and eight as benign. Compared with histological analysis, HFUS showed a sensitivity of 100% in the detection of thyroid nodules and a specificity of 60% (two of the nodules identified by HFUS were not confirmed at the histology). The specificity and sensitivity of HFUS in predicting the malignancy of the thyroid nodules were 83 and 91%, respectively. Thus, HFUS is an accurate imaging modality that can potentially replace more invasive techniques, and, therefore, it represents a significant advancement in phenotypic assessment of mouse models of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mancini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development SDN, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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18
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Nucera C, Nehs MA, Mekel M, Zhang X, Hodin R, Lawler J, Nose V, Parangi S. A novel orthotopic mouse model of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2009; 19:1077-84. [PMID: 19772429 PMCID: PMC2833178 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic mouse models of human cancer represent an important in vivo tool for drug testing and validation. Most of the human thyroid carcinoma cell lines used in orthotopic or subcutaneous models are likely of melanoma and colon cancer. Here, we report and characterize a novel orthotopic model of human thyroid carcinoma using a unique thyroid cancer cell line. METHODS We used the cell line 8505c, originated from a thyroid tumor histologically characterized by anaplastic carcinoma cell features. We injected 8505c cells engineered using a green fluorescent protein-positive lentiviral vector orthotopically into the thyroid of severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Orthotopic implantation with the 8505c cells produced thyroid tumors after 5 weeks, showing large neck masses, with histopathologic features of a high-grade neoplasm (anaplasia, necrosis, high mitotic and proliferative indexes, p53 positivity, extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node and distant metastases) and immunoprofile of follicular thyroid cell origin with positivity for thyroid transcription factor-1 and PAX8, and for cytokeratins. CONCLUSIONS Here we describe a novel orthotopic thyroid carcinoma model using 8505c cells. This model can prove to be a reliable and useful tool to investigate in vivo biological mechanisms determining thyroid cancer aggressiveness, and to test novel therapeutics for the treatment of refractory or advanced thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Nucera
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A. Nehs
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michal Mekel
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Hodin
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack Lawler
- Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vânia Nose
- Endocrine Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kort EJ, Norton P, Haak P, Berghuis B, Ramirez S, Resau J. Review Paper: Gene Expression Profiling in Veterinary and Human Medicine: Overview of Applications and Proposed Quality Control Practices. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:598-603. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0276-r-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High throughput molecular analysis of veterinary tissue samples is being applied to a wide range of research questions aimed at improving survival, development of diagnostic assays, and improving the economics of commercial production of animal products. Many of these efforts also, implicitly or explicitly, have ramifications for the clinical care of humans and, potentially, animals. Here we provide an overview of applications of gene expression profiling in veterinary research and practice. We then focus on the current state of quality control and quality assurance efforts in gene expression profiling studies, underscoring lessons learned from such analysis of human samples. Finally, we propose practices aimed at ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of such assays. The implementation of quality assurance practices by a trained pathologist is an essential link in the chain of events leading ultimately to reliable and reproducible research findings and appropriate clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Kort
- Laboratorie of Molecular Epidemiology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - P. Norton
- Laboratorie of Molecular Epidemiology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - P. Haak
- Laboratorie of Molecular Epidemiology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - B. Berghuis
- Laboratorie of Analytical, Cellular, and Molecular Microscopy, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - S. Ramirez
- Laboratorie of Analytical, Cellular, and Molecular Microscopy, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - J. Resau
- Laboratorie of Molecular Epidemiology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
- Laboratorie of Analytical, Cellular, and Molecular Microscopy, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
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RET/PTC1-driven neoplastic transformation and proinvasive phenotype of human thyrocytes involve Met induction and beta-catenin nuclear translocation. Neoplasia 2009; 11:10-21. [PMID: 19107227 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RET gene by chromosomal rearrangements generating RET/PTC oncogenes is a frequent, early, and causative event in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We have previously shown that, in human primary thyrocytes, RET/PTC1 induces a transcriptional program including the MET proto-oncogene. In PTCs, beta-catenin is frequently mislocated to the cytoplasm nucleus. We investigated the interplay between Ret/ptc1 signaling and Met in regulating the proinvasive phenotype and beta-catenin localization in cellular models of human PTC. Here, we show that Met protein is expressed and is constitutively active in human thyrocytes exogenously expressing RET/PTC1 as well as a mutant (Y451F) devoid of the main Ret/ptc1 multidocking site. Both in transformed thyrocytes and in the human PTC cell line TPC-1, Ret/ptc1-Y451-dependent signaling and Met cooperated to promote a proinvasive phenotype. Accordingly, gene/functional silencing of either RET/PTC1 or MET abrogated early branching morphogenesis in TPC-1 cells. The same effect was obtained by blocking the common downstream effector Akt. Y451 of Ret/ptc1 was required to promote proliferation and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, suggesting that these oncogene-driven effects are Met-independent. Pharmacologic inhibition of Ret/ptc1 and Met tyrosine kinases by the multitarget small molecule RPI-1 blocked cell proliferation and invasive ability and dislocated beta-catenin from the nucleus. Altogether, these results support that Ret/ptc1 cross talks with Met at transcriptional and signaling levels and promotes beta-catenin transcriptional activity to drive thyrocyte neoplastic transformation. Such molecular network, promoting disease initiation and acquisition of a proinvasive phenotype, highlights new options to design multitarget therapeutic strategies for PTCs.
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21
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Targeting RET for thyroid cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:297-309. [PMID: 19028457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Jin L, Burniat A, Dumont JE, Miot F, Corvilain B, Franc B. Human thyroid tumours, the puzzling lessons from E7 and RET/PTC3 transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1874-83. [PMID: 18985036 PMCID: PMC2600679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rearranged RET/PTC3 (papillary thyroid carcinoma) proto-oncogene and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncogene induces in the mouse a neoplastic transformation of thyroid follicular cells. We present a detailed immuno-histological study (170 mouse thyroids: RET/PTC3, E7, wild type, 2- to 10-month-old) with cell cycle proliferation and signalling pathway indicators. The characteristics of both models are different. There is an 'oncogene dependent' cellular signature, maintained at all studied ages in the E7 model, less in the RET/PTC3 model. During tumour development a large heterogeneity occurred in the Tg-RET/PTC3 model within a same tumour or within a same thyroid lobe. The Tg-E7 model was less heterogeneous, with a dominant goitrous pattern. The solid tumour already described in the RET/PTC3 models associated with cribriform patterns, suggested 'PTC spindle cell changes' as in humans PTC rather than the equivalent of the solid human PTC. Proliferation and apoptosis in the two thyroid models are related to the causal oncogene rather than reflect a general tumorigenic process. The thyroids of RET/PTC3 mice appeared as a partial and transient model of human PTCs, whereas the Tg-E7 mice do not belong to the usual PTC type.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRIBHM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique.
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23
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Abstract
The genome has been sequenced. However, the functions of each gene remain to be elucidated through phenotypic analysis. This analysis has been called phenogenomics. That part of phenogenomics related to disease can be called pathogenomics or Genomic Pathology. The initial phases of disease analysis will use genetically modified mice. The proliferation of ambitious programs designed to use mice for phenogenomics has been met with alarm by comparative pathologists who note the lack of qualified genomic pathologists and of training programs in genomic pathology. While endocrine pathology offers a number of excellent examples of the contributions made by pathologists to the scientific literature, it also contains examples of the hazards of working with untrained, unwary personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana S Couto
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Room Z- 930, P.O. Box 270, New York, NY 10065, USA
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