1
|
Djeghdi K, Schumacher C, Bauernfeind V, Gunkel I, Wilts BD, Steiner U. Anoplophora graafi longhorn beetle coloration is due to disordered diamond-like packed spheres. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2509-2517. [PMID: 38389437 PMCID: PMC10933740 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
While artificial photonic materials are typically highly ordered, photonic structures in many species of birds and insects do not possess a long-range order. Studying their order-disorder interplay sheds light on the origin of the photonic band gap. Here, we investigated the scale morphology of the Anoplophora graafi longhorn beetle. Combining small-angle X-ray scattering and slice-and-view FIB-SEM tomography with molecular dynamics and optical simulations, we characterised the chitin sphere assemblies within blue and green A. graafi scales. The low volume fraction of spheres and the number of their nearest neighbours are incompatible with any known close-packed sphere morphology. A short-range diamond lattice with long-range disorder best describes the sphere assembly, which will inspire the development of new colloid-based photonic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Djeghdi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- National Competence Center in Bioinspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Schumacher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Viola Bauernfeind
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- National Competence Center in Bioinspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- National Competence Center in Bioinspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- National Competence Center in Bioinspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- National Competence Center in Bioinspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Wilts BD. Reversible Temperature Sensing using Blue-Winged Grasshopper Coloracris azureus Wings. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310193. [PMID: 38366281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Thermochromic materials have been widely investigated due to their relevance in technological applications, including anti-counterfeiting materials, fashion accessories, displays, and temperature sensors. While many organisms exhibit color changes, few studies have explored the potential of the responsive natural materials for temperature sensing, especially given the often limited and irreversible nature of these changes in live specimens. Here, it is shown that the hindwings of the blue-winged grasshopper Coloracris azureus can act as a reversible, power-free bio-thermometer, transitioning from blue to purple/red in a 30-100°C temperature range. Using microspectrophotometry, light microscopy and Raman microscopy, it is found that the blue color of the wings originates from pigmentary coloration, based on a complex of astaxanthin and proteins. The thermochromic shift from blue to red, induced by a temperature increase, is attributed to a denaturation of this carotenoprotein complex, upon which astaxanthin is released. This process is reversible upon a subsequent temperature decrease. The color changes are both swift and consistent upon temperature change, making the grasshopper's wings suitable as direct visual sensors on thermally dynamic, curved surfaces. The potential possibilities of sustainable, power-free temperature sensors or microthermometers based on biomaterials are demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamdoh A, Miller S, Gao Y, Zou Y, Smith M, Jiang L, Pau S. Polarization properties and Umov effect of human hair. Sci Rep 2024; 14:412. [PMID: 38172617 PMCID: PMC10764807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the polarization properties of various hair colors using several techniques, including polarization ray tracing, full Stokes, and Mueller matrix imaging. Our analysis involved studying hair in both indoor and outdoor settings under varying lighting conditions. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between hair color and the degree of linear polarization. Specifically, light-colored hair, such as white and blond, exhibits high albedo and low DoLP. In contrast, dark hair, like black and brown hair, has low albedo and high DoLP. Our research also revealed that a single hair strand displays high diattenuation near specular reflections but high depolarization in areas with diffuse reflections. Additionally, we investigated the wavelength dependency of the polarization properties by comparing the Mueller matrix under illumination at 450 nm and 589 nm. Our investigation demonstrates the impact of hair shade and color on polarization properties and the Umov effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Hamdoh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Sawyer Miller
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yufei Gao
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yang Zou
- Axometrics, Inc., Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | | | - Linan Jiang
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stanley Pau
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stavenga DG, Kats K, Leertouwer HL. Polarized iridescence of the tropical carpenter bee, Xylocopa latipes. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:877-883. [PMID: 36385431 PMCID: PMC10643292 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tropical carpenter bee, Xylocopa latipes, has metallic-reflecting, iridescent wings. The wing reflectance spectra for TE- and TM-polarized light depend on the angle of light incidence in a way characteristic for dielectric multilayers. Anatomy indicates the presence of melanin multilayers in the wing's chitinous matrix. A simple optical model of melanin multilayers explains the angle dependence of the wing reflectance spectra. The wing reflections that occur upon oblique illumination exhibit colourful and strongly polarized light patterns, which may mediate intraspecific signaling and mutual recognition by conspecifics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim Kats
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thayer RC, Patel NH. A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution and biological production. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245940. [PMID: 37937662 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development and genetic regulation. We have also created a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conducted a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Thayer
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vanthournout B, Janssens F, Debruyn G, Mertens J, Clerck KD, D’Alba L, Shawkey M. Rapid and reversible humidity-dependent colour change by water film formation in a scaled springtail. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230228. [PMID: 37788712 PMCID: PMC10547546 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colour is often not a static trait but can change over time either through biotic or abiotic factors. Humidity-dependent colour change can occur through either morphological change (e.g. to feather barbules in birds) or by the replacement of air by water causing a shift in refractive index, as seen in arthropod multi-layer cuticles or scales. The scaled springtail Lepidocyrtus cyaneus has scales that produce colour largely via thin film interference from their lamina. We observed a marked colour change from golden to violet/purple coloration in humid conditions. Light microscopy, micro-spectrophotometry, contact angle goniometry and optical modelling indicate that the formation of a thin film of water on top of the hydrophilic scales increases their laminar thin film thickness, causing a shift towards violet/purple colour. Evaporation of the water film causes the metallic golden colour to return. This constitutes a remarkably rapid colour change (in the order of seconds), only limited by the speed of water film condensation and evaporation, that may serve as inspiration for new dynamically coloured materials and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Vanthournout
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Frans Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Gerben Debruyn
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan Mertens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Liliana D’Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piszter G, Nagy G, Kertész K, Baji Z, Kovács K, Bálint Z, Horváth ZE, Pap JS, Biró LP. Investigating the Effect of Reflectance Tuning on Photocatalytic Dye Degradation with Biotemplated ZnO Photonic Nanoarchitectures Based on Morpho Butterfly Wings. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093584. [PMID: 37176465 PMCID: PMC10179795 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photonic nanoarchitectures of butterfly wings can serve as biotemplates to prepare semiconductor thin films of ZnO by atomic layer deposition. The resulting biotemplated ZnO nanoarchitecture preserves the structural and optical properties of the natural system, while it will also have the features of the functional material. The ZnO-coated wings can be used directly in heterogeneous photocatalysis to decompose pollutants dissolved in water upon visible light illumination. We used the photonic nanoarchitectures of different Morpho butterflies with different structural colors as biotemplates and examined the dependence of decomposition rates of methyl orange and rhodamine B dyes on the structural color of the biotemplates and the thickness of the ZnO coating. Using methyl orange, we measured a ten-fold increase in photodegradation rate when the 20 nm ZnO-coated wings were compared to similarly coated glass substrates. Using rhodamine B, a saturating relationship was found between the degradation rate and the thickness of the deposited ZnO on butterfly wings. We concluded that the enhancement of the catalytic efficiency can be attributed to the slow light effect due to a spectral overlap between the ZnO-coated Morpho butterfly wings reflectance with the absorption band of dyes, thus the photocatalytic performance could be changed by the tuning of the structural color of the butterfly biotemplates. The photodegradation mechanism of the dyes was investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Piszter
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kertész
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Baji
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bálint
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 13 Baross St., 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Endre Horváth
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Sándor Pap
- Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Péter Biró
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Finet C, Ruan Q, Bei YY, You En Chan J, Saranathan V, Yang JKW, Monteiro A. Multi-scale dissection of wing transparency in the clearwing butterfly Phanus vitreus. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230135. [PMID: 37254701 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical transparency is rare in terrestrial organisms, and often originates through loss of pigmentation and reduction in scattering. The coloured wings of some butterflies and moths have repeatedly evolved transparency, offering examples of how they function optically and biologically. Because pigments are primarily localized in the scales that cover a colourless wing membrane, transparency has often evolved through the complete loss of scales or radical modification of their shape. Whereas bristle-like scales have been well documented in glasswing butterflies, other scale modifications resulting in transparency remain understudied. The butterfly Phanus vitreus achieves transparency while retaining its scales and exhibiting blue/cyan transparent zones. Here, we investigate the mechanism of wing transparency in P. vitreus by light microscopy, focused ion beam milling, microspectrophotometry and optical modelling. We show that transparency is achieved via loss of pigments and vertical orientation in normal paddle-like scales. These alterations are combined with an anti-reflective nipple array on portions of the wing membrane being more exposed to light. The blueish coloration of the P. vitreus transparent regions is due to the properties of the wing membrane, and local scale nanostructures. We show that scale retention in the transparent patches might be explained by these perpendicular scales having hydrophobic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang Bei
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
| | - Vinodkumar Saranathan
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, National University of Singapore, 138609 Singapore
- NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (NUSNNI), National University of Singapore, 117581 Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Szischik C, Inchaussandague M, Skigin D. Electromagnetic response of corrugated multilayer systems inspired by the Dione vanillae butterfly scales. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:C68-C73. [PMID: 37132958 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.479677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the microstructures in the wing scales of the butterfly Dione vanillae, we investigate the optical response of two multilayer structures, which include one or two corrugated interfaces. The reflectance is calculated using the C-method and is compared with that of a planar multilayer. We perform a detailed analysis of the influence of each geometric parameter and study the angular response, which is important for structures exhibiting iridescence. The results of this study aim to contribute to the design of multilayer structures with predetermined optical responses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bálint Z, Katona G, Sáfián S, Collins S, Piszter G, Kertész K, Biró LP. Measuring and Modelling Structural Colours of Euphaedra neophron (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Finely Tuned by Wing Scale Lower Lamina in Various Subspecies. INSECTS 2023; 14:303. [PMID: 36975988 PMCID: PMC10059759 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The nymphalid butterfly Euphaedra neophron (Hopffer, 1855) is the only structurally coloured species representing the genus along the Indian Ocean coast in East Africa and Southern Africa, with a distribution from southern Somalia to the Kwa-Zulu-Natal region of South Africa. The range of E. neophron is subdivided to several, geographically distinct populations, currently recognised as subspecies by taxonomists on the basis of violet, blue, and green-coloured morphs. We investigated the optical mechanism of all these morphs by various materials science techniques. We found that the structural colour is generated by the lower lamina of the cover scales and the different colours are tuned according to their thickness, which was also proved by modelling. The colour tuning of the different subspecies does not reflect any clinal pattern, be it geographical or altitudinal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bálint
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Katona
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Sáfián
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross utca 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
- African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Gábor Piszter
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kertész
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Péter Biró
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklós St., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eliason CM, Cooper JC, Hackett SJ, Zahnle E, Pequeño Saco TZ, Maddox JD, Hains T, Hauber ME, Bates JM. Interspecific hybridization explains rapid gorget colour divergence in Heliodoxa hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221603. [PMID: 36866078 PMCID: PMC9974296 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a known source of morphological, functional and communicative signal novelty in many organisms. Although diverse mechanisms of established novel ornamentation have been identified in natural populations, we lack an understanding of hybridization effects across levels of biological scales and upon phylogenies. Hummingbirds display diverse structural colours resulting from coherent light scattering by feather nanostructures. Given the complex relationship between feather nanostructures and the colours they produce, intermediate coloration does not necessarily imply intermediate nanostructures. Here, we characterize nanostructural, ecological and genetic inputs in a distinctive Heliodoxa hummingbird from the foothills of eastern Peru. Genetically, this individual is closely allied with Heliodoxa branickii and Heliodoxa gularis, but it is not identical to either when nuclear data are assessed. Elevated interspecific heterozygosity further suggests it is a hybrid backcross to H. branickii. Electron microscopy and spectrophotometry of this unique individual reveal key nanostructural differences underlying its distinct gorget colour, confirmed by optical modelling. Phylogenetic comparative analysis suggests that the observed gorget coloration divergence from both parentals to this individual would take 6.6-10 My to evolve at the current rate within a single hummingbird lineage. These results emphasize the mosaic nature of hybridization and suggest that hybridization may contribute to the structural colour diversity found across hummingbirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Eliason
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Jacob C. Cooper
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
- Directora de Monitoreo y Evaluacion de Recursos Naturales del Territorio, Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Shannon J. Hackett
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Erica Zahnle
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
| | - Tatiana Z. Pequeño Saco
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Joseph Dylan Maddox
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Taylor Hains
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, School at Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - John M. Bates
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borgmann LM, Johnsen S, Santos de Oliveira C, Martins de Souza E Silva J, Li J, Kirchlechner C, Gomard G, Wiegand G, Hölscher H. Porous polymeric microparticles foamed with supercritical CO 2as scattering white pigments. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:026011. [PMID: 36731134 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acb899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commercially relevant white pigment. Nonetheless, it is widely criticized due to its energy-intensive extraction and costly disposal of harmful by-products. Furthermore, recent studies discuss its potential harm for the environment and the human health. Environment-friendly strategies for the replacement of TiO2as a white pigment can be inspired from nature. Here whiteness often originates from broadband light scattering air cavities embedded in materials with refractive indices much lower than that of TiO2. Such natural prototypes can be mimicked by introducing air-filled nano-scale cavities into commonly used polymers. Here, we demonstrate the foaming of initially transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres with non-toxic, inert, supercritical CO2. The properties of the foamed, white polymeric pigments with light scattering nano-pores are evaluated as possible replacement for TiO2pigments. For that, the inner foam structure of the particles was imaged by phase-contrast x-ray nano-computed tomography (nano-CT), the optical properties were evaluated via spectroscopic measurements, and the mechanical stability was examined by micro compression experiments. Adding a diffusion barrier surrounding the PMMA particles during foaming allows to extend the foaming process towards smaller particles. Finally, we present a basic white paint prototype as exemplary application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maren Borgmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Siegbert Johnsen
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Juliana Martins de Souza E Silva
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physics, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Kirchlechner
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Gomard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Carl Zeiss AG, Zeiss Innovation Hub, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 6, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Wiegand
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jeon DJ, Ji S, Lee E, Kang J, Kim J, D'Alba L, Manceau M, Shawkey MD, Yeo JS. How keratin cortex thickness affects iridescent feather colours. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220786. [PMID: 36686555 PMCID: PMC9832292 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bright, saturated iridescent colours of feathers are commonly produced by single and multi-layers of nanostructured melanin granules (melanosomes), air and keratin matrices, surrounded by an outer keratin cortex of varying thicknesses. The role of the keratin cortex in colour production remains unclear, despite its potential to act as a thin film or absorbing layer. We use electron microscopy, optical simulations and oxygen plasma-mediated experimental cortex removal to show that differences in keratin cortex thickness play a significant role in producing colours. The results indicate that keratin cortex thickness determines the position of the major reflectance peak (hue) from nanostructured melanosomes of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) feathers. Specifically, the common pheasant has appropriate keratin cortex thickness to produce blue and green structural colours. This finding identifies a general principle of structural colour production and sheds light on the processes that shaped the evolution of brilliant iridescent colours in the common pheasant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jeon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmuk Ji
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Lee
- Department of Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jong-Souk Yeo
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Narkevicius A, Parker RM, Ferrer-Orri J, Parton TG, Lu Z, van de Kerkhof GT, Frka-Petesic B, Vignolini S. Revealing the Structural Coloration of Self-Assembled Chitin Nanocrystal Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203300. [PMID: 35623033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural coloration of arthropods often arises from helicoidal structures made primarily of chitin. Although it is possible to achieve analogous helicoidal architectures by exploiting the self-assembly of chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), to date no evidence of structural coloration has been reported from such structures. Previous studies are identified to have been constrained by both the experimental inability to access sub-micrometer helicoidal pitches and the intrinsically low birefringence of crystalline chitin. To expand the range of accessible pitches, here, ChNCs are isolated from two phylogenetically distinct sources of α-chitin, namely fungi and shrimp, while to increase the birefringence, an in situ alkaline treatment is performed, increasing the intensity of the reflected color by nearly two orders of magnitude. By combining this treatment with precise control over ChNC suspension formulation, structurally colored chitin-based films are demonstrated with reflection tunable from blue to near infrared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Narkevicius
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jordi Ferrer-Orri
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gea T van de Kerkhof
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Justyn NM, Heine KB, Hood WR, Peteya JA, Vanthournout B, Debruyn G, Shawkey MD, Weaver RJ, Hill GE. A combination of red structural and pigmentary coloration in the eyespot of a copepod. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220169. [PMID: 35611618 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the specific mechanisms of colour production in biological systems are diverse, the mechanics of colour production are straightforward and universal. Colour is produced through the selective absorption of light by pigments, the scattering of light by nanostructures or a combination of both. When Tigriopus californicus copepods were fed a carotenoid-limited diet of yeast, their orange-red body coloration became faint, but their eyespots remained unexpectedly bright red. Raman spectroscopy indicated a clear signature of the red carotenoid pigment astaxanthin in eyespots; however, refractive index matching experiments showed that eyespot colour disappeared when placed in ethyl cinnamate, suggesting a structural origin for the red coloration. We used transmission electron microscopy to identify consecutive nanolayers of spherical air pockets that, when modelled as a single thin film layer, possess the correct periodicity to coherently scatter red light. We then performed microspectrophotometry to quantify eyespot coloration and confirmed a distinct colour difference between the eyespot and the body. The observed spectral reflectance from the eyespot matched the reflectance predicted from our models when considering the additional absorption by astaxanthin. Together, this evidence suggests the persistence of red eyespots in copepods is the result of a combination of structural and pigmentary coloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Justyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kyle B Heine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jennifer A Peteya
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Bram Vanthournout
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerben Debruyn
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ryan J Weaver
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
At the Intersection of Natural Structural Coloration and Bioengineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020066. [PMID: 35645193 PMCID: PMC9149877 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of us get inspired by and interact with the world around us based on visual cues such as the colors and patterns that we see. In nature, coloration takes three primary forms: pigmentary coloration, structural coloration, and bioluminescence. Typically, pigmentary and structural coloration are used by animals and plants for their survival; however, few organisms are able to capture the nearly instantaneous and visually astounding display that cephalopods (e.g., octopi, squid, and cuttlefish) exhibit. Notably, the structural coloration of these cephalopods critically relies on a unique family of proteins known as reflectins. As a result, there is growing interest in characterizing the structure and function of such optically-active proteins (e.g., reflectins) and to leverage these materials across a broad range of disciplines, including bioengineering. In this review, I begin by briefly introducing pigmentary and structural coloration in animals and plants as well as highlighting the extraordinary appearance-changing capabilities of cephalopods. Next, I outline recent advances in the characterization and utilization of reflectins for photonic technologies and and discuss general strategies and limitations for the structural and optical characterization of proteins. Finally, I explore future directions of study for optically-active proteins and their potential applications. Altogether, this review aims to bring together an interdisciplinary group of researchers who can resolve the fundamental questions regarding the structure, function, and self-assembly of optically-active protein-based materials.
Collapse
|
18
|
Parisotto A, Steiner U, Cabras AA, Van Dam MH, Wilts BD. Pachyrhynchus Weevils Use 3D Photonic Crystals with Varying Degrees of Order to Create Diverse and Brilliant Displays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200592. [PMID: 35426236 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brilliant appearance of Easter Egg weevils, genus Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), originates from complex dielectric nanostructures within their elytral scales and elytra. Previous work, investigating singular members of the Pachyrhynchus showed the presence of either quasi-ordered or ordered 3D photonic crystals based on the single diamond ( Fd3¯m ) symmetry in their scales. However, little is known about the diversity of the structural coloration mechanisms within the family. Here, the optical properties within Pachyrhynchus are investigated by systematically identifying their spectral and structural characteristics. Four principal traits that vary their appearance are identified and the evolutionary history of these traits to identify ecological trends are reconstructed. The results indicate that the coloration mechanisms across the Easter Egg weevils are diverse and highly plastic across closely related species with features appearing at multiple independent times across their phylogeny. This work lays a foundation for a better understanding of the various forms of quasi-ordered and ordered diamond photonic crystal within arthropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parisotto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Analyn Anzano Cabras
- Coleoptera Research Center, Institute for Biodiversity and Environment, University of Mindanao, Matina, Davao City, 8000, Philippines
| | - Matthew H Van Dam
- Entomology Department, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yoshida K, Katsurashima Y, Takahashi L. Analysis of Surface Patterns and Electric Field Simulation of Antireflective Green Lacewing Wings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3098-3104. [PMID: 35245075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural coloration and decoloration are problems of scientific interest for a long time. Hence, the fundamental investigations on structures and the optical properties of insect wings have been performed. As a part of such studies, we elucidate the optical properties of green lacewing wings via observation and simulation. First, we elucidate the surface pattern of green lacewing wings using a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. A cross-shaped pattern of a Fourier spectrum is obtained, and the concise wing model with the surface protrusions arranged in a square grid on a base substrate is constructed in reference to the obtained Fourier spectrum. Next, we perform a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation to elucidate a light path through wings with and without surface protrusions. The FDTD simulation results indicate that the surface protrusions of a wing increase and decrease the intensity of the transmitted and reflected light, respectively, which is an antireflection behavior. This phenomenon was also observed in the case of 45° incident light. The intensity of transmitted light coupled to wings is induced by surface protrusions with a stepwise refractive index between air and a substrate, which induces antireflection. In particular, transmitted light is increased by the surface protrusions of wings in the range of 500-800 nm wavelength. The intensities of transmitted and reflected light are affected by the direction of incident electric field (polarization) in the case of wings with protrusions arranged in the same direction (parallel). Hence, the surface protrusions are arranged in a square grid to reduce the influence of the polarization direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuro Katsurashima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Leona Takahashi
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krishna A, Nie X, Briscoe AD, Lee J. Air temperature drives the evolution of mid-infrared optical properties of butterfly wings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24143. [PMID: 34921152 PMCID: PMC8683501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uncovers a correlation between the mid-infrared emissivity of butterfly wings and the average air temperature of their habitats across the world. Butterflies from cooler climates have a lower mid-infrared emissivity, which limits heat losses to surroundings, and butterflies from warmer climates have a higher mid-infrared emissivity, which enhances radiative cooling. The mid-infrared emissivity showed no correlation with other investigated climatic factors. Phylogenetic independent contrasts analysis indicates the microstructures of butterfly wings may have evolved in part to regulate mid-infrared emissivity as an adaptation to climate, rather than as phylogenetic inertia. Our findings offer new insights into the role of microstructures in thermoregulation and suggest both evolutionary and physical constraints to butterflies' abilities to adapt to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Krishna
- Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA. .,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Xiao Nie
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Adriana D. Briscoe
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Justyn NM, Nallapaneni A, Parnell AJ, Karim A, Shawkey MD. A synergistic combination of structural and pigmentary colour produces non-spectral colour in the purple-breasted cotinga, Cotinga cotinga (Passeriformes: Cotingidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most studies of animal coloration focus on spectral colours, which are colours evoked by single peaks within the wavelengths of visible light. It is poorly understood how non-spectral colours (those produced by a combination of reflectance peaks) are produced, despite their potential significance to both animal communication and biomimicry. Moreover, although both pigmentary and structural colour production mechanisms have been well characterized in feathers independently, their interactions have received considerably less attention, despite their potential to broaden the available colour spectrum. Here, we investigate the colour production mechanisms of the purple feathers of the purple-breasted cotinga (Cotinga cotinga). The purple feather colour results from both the coherent scattering of light by a sphere-type nanomatrix of β-keratin and air (spongy layer) in the barbs, which produces a blue–green colour, and the selective absorption of light in the centre of the bird-visible spectrum by the methoxy-carotenoid, cotingin. This unusual combination of carotenoid and nanostructure with a central air vacuole, in the absence of melanin, is a blueprint of a synergistic way to produce a non-spectral colour that would be difficult to achieve with only a single colour production mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Justyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Freyer P, Wilts BD, Stavenga DG. Cortex Thickness Is Key for the Colors of Iridescent Starling Feather Barbules With a Single, Organized Melanosome Layer. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.746254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The iridescent plumage of many birds is structurally colored due to an orderly arrangement of melanosomes in their feather barbules. Here, we investigated the blue- to purple-colored feathers of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the blue and green feathers of the Cape starling (Lamprotornis nitens). In both cases, the barbules contain essentially a single layer of melanosomes, but in S. vulgaris they are solid and rod-shaped, and in L. nitens they are hollow and rod- as well as platelet-shaped. We analyzed the coloration of the feathers by applying imaging scatterometry, bifurcated-probe- and micro-spectrophotometry. The reflectance spectra of the feathers of the European starling showed multiple peaks and a distinct, single peak for the Cape starling feathers. Assuming that the barbules of the two starling species contain a simple multilayer, consisting locally only of a cortex plus a single layer of melanosomes, we interpret the experimental data by applying effective-medium-multilayer modeling. The optical modeling provides quantitative insight into the function of the keratin cortex thickness, being the principal factor to determine the peak wavelength of the reflectance bands; the melanosome layer only plays a minor role. The air cavity in the hollow melanosomes of the Cape starling creates a strongly enhanced refractive index contrast, thus very effectively causing a high reflectance.
Collapse
|
23
|
McCoy DE, Shneidman AV, Davis AL, Aizenberg J. Finite-difference Time-domain (FDTD) Optical Simulations: A Primer for the Life Sciences and Bio-Inspired Engineering. Micron 2021; 151:103160. [PMID: 34678583 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Light influences most ecosystems on earth, from sun-dappled forests to bioluminescent creatures in the ocean deep. Biologists have long studied nano- and micro-scale organismal adaptations to manipulate light using ever-more sophisticated microscopy, spectroscopy, and other analytical equipment. In combination with experimental tools, simulations of light interacting with objects can help researchers determine the impact of observed structures and explore how variations affect optical function. In particular, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is widely used throughout the nanophotonics community to efficiently simulate light interacting with a variety of materials and optical devices. More recently, FDTD has been used to characterize optical adaptations in nature, such as camouflage in fish and other organisms, colors in sexually-selected birds and spiders, and photosynthetic efficiency in plants. FDTD is also common in bioengineering, as the design of biologically-inspired engineered structures can be guided and optimized through FDTD simulations. Parameter sweeps are a particularly useful application of FDTD, which allows researchers to explore a range of variables and modifications in natural and synthetic systems (e.g., to investigate the optical effects of changing the sizes, shape, or refractive indices of a structure). Here, we review the use of FDTD simulations in biology and present a brief methods primer tailored for life scientists, with a focus on the commercially available software Lumerical FDTD. We give special attention to whether FDTD is the right tool to use, how experimental techniques are used to acquire and import the structures of interest, and how their optical properties such as refractive index and absorption are obtained. This primer is intended to help researchers understand FDTD, implement the method to model optical effects, and learn about the benefits and limitations of this tool. Altogether, FDTD is well-suited to (i) characterize optical adaptations and (ii) provide mechanistic explanations; by doing so, it helps (iii) make conclusions about evolutionary theory and (iv) inspire new technologies based on natural structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dakota E McCoy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alexander L Davis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Campus Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dolinko A, Borgmann L, Lutz C, Curticean ER, Wacker I, Vidal MS, Szischik C, Donie Y, Inchaussandague M, Skigin D, Hölscher H, Tubaro P, Barreira A. Analysis of the optical properties of the silvery spots on the wings of the Gulf Fritillary, Dione vanillae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19341. [PMID: 34588495 PMCID: PMC8481520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral face of the wings of the butterfly Dione vanillae is covered with bright and shiny silvery spots. These areas contain densely packed ground- and coverscales with a bright metallic appearance reflecting more than 50% of light uniformly over the visible range. Our analysis shows that this optically attractive feature is caused by the inner microstructure of the scales located in these areas. Electron microscopy of cross sections through the scales shows that upper and lower lamina, supporting trabeculae, and topping ridges can be approximated by a 'circus tent'-like geometry. By simulating its optical properties, we show that a moderate disorder of this geometry is important for the uniform reflection of light resulting in the silvery appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Dolinko
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Borgmann
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Lutz
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ernest Ronald Curticean
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- CryoEM, BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Sol Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela Szischik
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yidenekachew Donie
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Inchaussandague
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Skigin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute for Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Pablo Tubaro
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Barreira
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias, Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" MACN-CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Politi Y, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Barth FG. The spider cuticle: a remarkable material toolbox for functional diversity. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200332. [PMID: 34334021 PMCID: PMC8326826 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered systems are typically based on a large variety of materials differing in composition and processing to provide the desired functionality. Nature, however, has evolved materials that are used for a wide range of functional challenges with minimal compositional changes. The exoskeletal cuticle of spiders, as well as of other arthropods such as insects and crustaceans, is based on a combination of chitin, protein, water and small amounts of organic cross-linkers or minerals. Spiders use it to obtain mechanical support structures and lever systems for locomotion, protection from adverse environmental influences, tools for piercing, cutting and interlocking, auxiliary structures for the transmission and filtering of sensory information, structural colours, transparent lenses for light manipulation and more. This paper illustrates the 'design space' of a single type of composite with varying internal architecture and its remarkable capability to serve a diversity of functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Politi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich G. Barth
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hou J, Aydemir BE, Dumanli AG. Understanding the structural diversity of chitins as a versatile biomaterial. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200331. [PMID: 34334022 PMCID: PMC8326827 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has adopted many different structural conformations using a combination of different natural processes like biopolymerization, crystallization and non-equilibrium self-assembly. This leads to a number of striking physical effects like complex light scattering and polarization as well as unique mechanical properties. In doing so, chitin uses a fine balance between the highly ordered chain conformations in the nanofibrils and random disordered structures. In this opinion piece, we discuss the structural hierarchy of chitin, its crystalline states and the natural biosynthesis processes to create such specific structures and diversity. Among the examples we explored, the unified question arises from the generation of completely different bioarchitectures like the Christmas tree-like nanostructures, gyroids or helicoidal geometries using similar dynamic non-equilibrium growth processes. Understanding the in vivo development of such structures from gene expressions, enzymatic activities as well as the chemical matrix employed in different stages of the biosynthesis will allow us to shift the material design paradigms. Certainly, the complexity of the biology requires a collaborative and multi-disciplinary research effort. For the future's advanced technologies, using chitin will ultimately drive many innovations and alternatives using biomimicry in materials science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Berk Emre Aydemir
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stavenga DG. The wing scales of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, are thin film reflectors causing strong iridescence and polarization. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271006. [PMID: 34291802 PMCID: PMC8353264 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal wings of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, display an angle-dependent pink, structural color. This effect is created by light interference in the lower lamina of the wing scales, which acts as an optical thin film. The scales feature extremely large windows that enhance the scale reflectance, because the upper lamina of ridges and cross-ribs is very sparse. Characteristic for thin film reflectors, the spectral shape of the reflected light strongly depends on the angle of light incidence, shifting from pink to yellow when changing the angles of illumination and observation from normal to skew, and also the degree of polarization strongly varies. The simultaneous spectral and polarization changes serve a possibly widespread, highly effective system among butterflies for intraspecific communication during flight. Summary: The dorsal wings of the mother-of-pearl butterfly, Protogoniomorpha parhassus, show characteristics of thin film reflectors, allowing simultaneous spectral and polarization changes, which may be important in intraspecific communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pavlović D, Savić-Šević S, Salatić B, Lazović V, Zhang W, Zhang D, Pantelić D. Synergy of interference, scattering and pigmentation for structural coloration of Jordanita globulariae moth. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6477-6485. [PMID: 34137771 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural and pigment colorations are omnipresent in insects, producing a range of colors for camouflage, warning, mimicry and other strategies necessary for survival. Structural coloration has attracted a lot of attention due to its significance in biophotonics, biomimetics and even esthetic appeal. The coupling of structural and pigment colorations has been largely unnoticed. Herein we show how pigments, scattering and interference work together in two-dimensional waveguiding structures to produce the coloration of Jordanita globulariae (Huebner, 1793), a moth whose forewings sparkle with slightly iridescent green scales. We show that subwavelength structures scatter and couple light into a concave multilayered structure to enhance the absorption of pigments. A finite element method (FEM) model, adequately describing the photonic properties of J. globulariae, was developed based on the nanoscale architecture of the insect's wing scales. The principle of absorption enhanced by scattering and waveguiding is present in many insect species and might be imitated to tailor the spectral properties of optical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Pavlović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 18, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Branislav Salatić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 18, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Lazović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 18, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Wang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, Pregrevica 18, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vanthournout B, Rousaki A, Parmentier T, Janssens F, Mertens J, Vandenabeele P, D'Alba L, Shawkey M. Springtail coloration at a finer scale: mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210188. [PMID: 34229459 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms and evolution of metallic structural colours are of both fundamental and applied interest, yet most work in arthropods has focused on derived butterflies and beetles with distinct hues. In particular, basal hexapods-groups with many scaled, metallic representatives-are currently poorly studied and controversial, with some recent studies suggesting either that thin-film (lamina thickness) or diffraction grating (longitudinal ridges, cross-ribs) elements produce these colours in early Lepidoptera and one springtail (Collembola) species. Especially the collembolan basal scale design, consisting of a single lamina and longitudinal ridges with smooth valleys lacking cross-ribs, makes them an interesting group to explore the mechanisms of metallic coloration. Using microspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling, we investigated scale colour in seven springtail species that show clear metallic coloration. Reflectance spectra are largely uniform and exhibit a broadband metallic/golden coloration with peaks in the violet/blue region. Our simulations confirm the role of the longitudinal ridges, working in conjunction with thin-film effects to produce a broadband metallic coloration. Broadband coloration occurs through spatial colour mixing, which probably results from nanoscale variation in scale thickness and ridge height and distance. These results provide crucial insights into the colour production mechanisms in a basal scale design and highlight the need for further investigation of scaled, basal arthropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Vanthournout
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Anastasia Rousaki
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Institute of Complex Systems, and Institute of Life, Earth, and the Environment, Namur University, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Frans Janssens
- Department of Biology, Antwerp University, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
| | - Johan Mertens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Raman Spectroscopy Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Archaeometry Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Matthew Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kryuchkov M, Savitsky V, Wilts BD, Gray E, Katanaev VL. Light Polarization by Biological Nanocoatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23481-23488. [PMID: 33974394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light plays paramount functions for living beings in nature. In addition to color, the polarization of light is used by many animals for navigation and communication. In this study, we describe the light polarizing role of special nanostructures coating cuticular surfaces of diverse arthropods. These structures are built as parallel nanoscale ridges covering the eyes of the sunlight-navigating spider Drassodes lapidosus and of the water pond-swarming black fly Simulium vittatum, as well as the light-emitting abdominal lantern of the firefly Aquatica lateralis. Exact topography and dimensions of the parallel nanoridges provide different light polarizing efficiencies and wavelength sensitivity. Optical modeling confirms that the nanoscale ridges are responsible for the spectral polarization dependency. Co-opting from our recent work on the self-assembly of Drosophila corneal nanostructures, we engineer arthropod-like parallel nanoridges on artificial surfaces, which recapitulate the light polarization effects. Our work highlights the fundamental importance of nanocoatings in arthropods for the light polarization management and provides a new biomimetic approach to produce ordered nanostructures under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kryuchkov
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Savitsky
- Zoological Museum of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Bol'shaya Nikitskaya str. 2, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elmer Gray
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Biological Sciences Building 413, Georgia 30602 Athens, United States
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Street 8, Vladivostok 690922, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Valeriano WW, Andrade RR, Vasco JP, Malachias A, Neves BRA, Guimarães PSS, Rodrigues WN. Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:139-150. [PMID: 33564609 PMCID: PMC7849231 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the varying dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system via electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and to show how this method is useful to study natural photonic crystals. We mapped the dielectric constant of the cross section of the posterior wing of the damselfly Chalcopteryx rutilans with nanometric resolution. We obtained structural information on its constitutive nanolayers and the absolute values of their dielectric constant. By relating the measured profile of the static dielectric constant to the profile of the refractive index in the visible range, combined with optical reflectance measurements and simulation, we were able to describe the origin of the strongly iridescent wing colors of this Amazonian rainforest damselfly. The method we demonstrate here should be useful for the study of other biological nanostructured systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wescley Walison Valeriano
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade
- Centro de Microscopia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo Vasco
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Malachias
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Microscopia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Microscopia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hutsebaut J, Leertouwer HL, Stavenga DG. Polymorphism of Colias croceus from the Azores caused by differential pterin expression in the wing scales. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104114. [PMID: 32905790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pierid butterfly Colias croceus (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785), established in the Azores archipelago, is polymorphic with six forms, C. croceus f. croceus ♂ and ♀, C. c. f. cremonae ♂ and ♀, C. c. f. helice ♀, and C. c. f. cremonaehelice ♀. We investigated the optical mechanisms underlying the wing colouration of the butterflies by performing spectrophotometry and imaging scatterometry of the variously coloured wing areas and scales. The scale colouration is primarily due to wavelength-selective absorption of incident light by pterins expressed in granular beads in the wing scales, but thin film reflections of the scales' lower lamina and scale stacking also contribute. Three forms (croceus ♂ and ♀ and helice ♀) are consistent with the patterns of the well-known 'alba' polymorphism. We postulate the coexistence of a second polymorphism, 'cremonae', to understand the three other forms (cremonae ♂ and ♀, and cremonaehelice ♀), which are characterized by the absence of red pigment, presumably due to the differential blocking of erythropterin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Surfaces and Thin Films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Surfaces and Thin Films, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Mouchet SR, Luke S, McDonald LT, Vukusic P. Optical costs and benefits of disorder in biological photonic crystals. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:9-48. [PMID: 33000817 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photonic structures in ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered forms have evolved across many different animal and plant systems. They can produce complex and often functional optical responses through coherent and incoherent scattering processes, often too, in combination with broadband or narrowband absorbing pigmentation. Interestingly, these systems appear highly tolerant of faults in their photonic structures, with imperfections in their structural order appearing not to impact, discernibly, the systems' optical signatures. The extent to which any such biological system deviates from presenting perfect structural order can dictate the optical properties of that system and, thereby, the optical properties that system delivers. However, the nature and extent of the optical costs and benefits of imperfect order in biological systems demands further elucidation. Here, we identify the extent to which biological photonic systems are tolerant of defects and imperfections. Certainly, it is clear that often significant inherent variations in the photonic structures of these systems, for instance a relatively broad distribution of lattice constants, can consistently produce what appear to be effective visual appearances and optical performances. In this article, we review previously investigated biological photonic systems that present ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered structures. We discuss the form and nature of the optical behaviour of these structures, focusing particularly on the associated optical costs and benefits surrounding the extent to which their structures deviate from what might be considered ideal systems. Then, through detailed analyses of some well-known 1D and 2D structurally coloured systems, we analyse one of the common manifestations of imperfect order, namely, the extent and nature of positional disorder in the systems' spatial distribution of layers and scattering centres. We use these findings to inform optical modelling that presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the optical costs and benefits of such positional disorder among ordered and quasi-ordered 1D and 2D photonic systems. As deviation from perfectly ordered structures invariably limits the performance of technology-oriented synthetic photonic processes, we suggest that the use of bio-inspired fault tolerance principles would add value to applied photonic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien R Mouchet
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. and Department of Physics, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Luke T McDonald
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Pete Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Freyer P, Stavenga DG. Biophotonics of diversely coloured peacock tail feathers. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:49-62. [PMID: 32720960 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peacock feathers feature a rich gamut of colours, created by a most sophisticated structural colouration mechanism. The feather barbules contain biophotonic structures consisting of two-dimensionally-ordered lattices of cylindrical melanosomes and air channels embedded in keratin. Here, we study the reflectance characteristics of the various peacock tail feather colours by applying bifurcated-probe- and micro-spectrophotometry and imaging scatterometry. We compare the experimental results with published anatomical SEM and TEM data, using a transfer-matrix based effective-medium multilayer model that includes the number and diameter of the melanosome rodlets and air channels, the lattice spacing and the keratin cortex thickness, together with the recently determined wavelength-dependence of the refractive indices of keratin and melanin. Slight variations in the parameter values cause substantial changes in the spectral position and shape of the reflectance bands. We find that the number of layers crucially determines the number of peaks in the reflectance spectra. For a small number of melanosome layers, the reflectance band shape is particularly sensitive to the properties of the uppermost layer, which provides a simple mechanism for tuning the feather colours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Freyer
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Keratin-based biomaterials represent an attractive opportunity in the fields of wound healing and tissue regeneration, not only for their chemical and physical properties, but also for their ability to act as a delivery system for a variety of payloads. Importantly, keratins are the only natural biomaterial that is not targeted by specific tissue turnover-related enzymes, giving it potential stability advantages and greater control over degradation after implantation. However, in-situ polymerization chemistry in some keratin systems are not compatible with cells, and incorporation within constructs such as hydrogels may lead to hypoxia and cell death. To address these challenges, we envisioned a pre-formed keratin microparticle on which cells could be seeded, while other payloads (e.g. drugs, growth factors or other biologic compounds) could be contained within, although studies investigating the potential partitioning between phases during emulsion polymerization would need to be conducted. This study employs well-established water-in-oil emulsion procedures as well as a suspension culture method to load keratin-based microparticles with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Fabricated microparticles were characterized for size, porosity and surface structure and further analyzed to investigate their ability to form gels upon hydration. The suspension culture technique was validated based on the ability for loaded cells to maintain their viability and express actin and vinculin proteins, which are key indicators of cell attachment and growth. Maintenance of expression of markers associated with cell plasticity was also investigated. As a comparative model, a collagen-coated microparticle (Sigma) of similar size was used. Results showed that an oxidized form of keratin ("keratose" or "KOS") formed unique microparticle structures of various size that appeared to contain a fibrous sub-structure. Cell adhesion and viability was greater on keratin microparticles compared to collagen-coated microparticles, while marker expression was retained on both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Thompson
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Burn and Soft Tissue Research Division, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Giuffre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Claire McClenny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark Van Dyke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barry MA, Berthier V, Wilts BD, Cambourieux MC, Bennet P, Pollès R, Teytaud O, Centeno E, Biais N, Moreau A. Evolutionary algorithms converge towards evolved biological photonic structures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12024. [PMID: 32694514 PMCID: PMC7374560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature features a plethora of extraordinary photonic architectures that have been optimized through natural evolution in order to more efficiently reflect, absorb or scatter light. While numerical optimization is increasingly and successfully used in photonics, it has yet to replicate any of these complex naturally occurring structures. Using evolutionary algorithms inspired by natural evolution and performing particular optimizations (maximize reflection for a given wavelength, for a broad range of wavelength or maximize the scattering of light), we have retrieved the most stereotypical natural photonic structures. Whether those structures are Bragg mirrors, chirped dielectric mirrors or the gratings on top of Morpho butterfly wings, our results indicate how such regular structures might have spontaneously emerged in nature and to which precise optical or fabrication constraints they respond. Comparing algorithms show that recombination between individuals, inspired by sexual reproduction, confers a clear advantage that can be linked to the fact that photonic structures are fundamentally modular: each part of the structure has a role which can be understood almost independently from the rest. Such an in silico evolution also suggests original and elegant solutions to practical problems, as illustrated by the design of counter-intuitive anti-reflective coatings for solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Berthier
- TAO, Inria, LRI, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR 6823, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claire Cambourieux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Bennet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rémi Pollès
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Teytaud
- TAO, Inria, LRI, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR 6823, Orsay Cedex, France.,Facebook AI Research, 6 rue Menars, 75000, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Centeno
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Graduate Center of CUNY and Department of Biology, CUNY Brooklyn College, New York, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Antoine Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ren A, Day CR, Hanly JJ, Counterman BA, Morehouse NI, Martin A. Convergent Evolution of Broadband Reflectors Underlies Metallic Coloration in Butterflies. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
39
|
Nishiyama R, Yoshioka S. Detailed analysis of photonic structure in the wing scale of Rajah Brooke's birdwing butterfly. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16782-16794. [PMID: 32549493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The male Rajah Brooke's birdwing butterfly, Trogonoptera brookiana, has black wings with bright green stripes, and the unique microstructure in the wing scales causes wavelength-selective reflection. It has been reported that the reflectance spectrum has several peaks in the visible wavelength range. However, there has been little progress in the interpretation of the spectral shape, and questions remain unanswered. For example, what are the physical origins of the observed reflectance peaks, and how are their wavelengths determined? To answer these questions, we performed a detailed analysis of the photonic structure of the wing scale of Trogonopterabrookiana. The reflectance spectrum also shows strong polarization dependence. This paper describes the analysis for TM polarization, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal ridges on the scale. We first constructed a realistic structural model that reproduced the experimentally determined reflectance spectrum. We then simplified the model and calculated the reflectance spectrum while varying several structural parameters. For three of the four observed spectral peaks, our calculations revealed the reflection paths for constructive interference to explain the peak wavelengths. A possible origin of the fourth peak is discussed. Such detailed understanding of natural photonic structures can inspire optical component design.
Collapse
|
40
|
McCoy DE, McCoy VE, Mandsberg NK, Shneidman AV, Aizenberg J, Prum RO, Haig D. Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190589. [PMID: 31088270 PMCID: PMC6532503 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Male peacock spiders (Maratus, Salticidae) compete to attract female mates using elaborate, sexually selected displays. They evolved both brilliant colour and velvety black. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy, hyperspectral imaging and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling to investigate the deep black surfaces of peacock spiders. We found that super black regions reflect less than 0.5% of light (for a 30° collection angle) in Maratus speciosus (0.44%) and Maratus karrie (0.35%) owing to microscale structures. Both species evolved unusually high, tightly packed cuticular bumps (microlens arrays), and M. karrie has an additional dense covering of black brush-like scales atop the cuticle. Our optical models show that the radius and height of spider microlenses achieve a balance between (i) decreased surface reflectance and (ii) enhanced melanin absorption (through multiple scattering, diffraction out of the acceptance cone of female eyes and increased path length of light through absorbing melanin pigments). The birds of paradise (Paradiseidae), ecological analogues of peacock spiders, also evolved super black near bright colour patches. Super black locally eliminates white specular highlights, reference points used to calibrate colour perception, making nearby colours appear brighter, even luminous, to vertebrates. We propose that this pre-existing, qualitative sensory experience—‘sensory bias’—is also found in spiders, leading to the convergent evolution of super black for mating displays in jumping spiders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dakota E McCoy
- 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA
| | - Victoria E McCoy
- 2 Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn , Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Nikolaj K Mandsberg
- 3 Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark.,4 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- 4 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- 4 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA.,5 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA , USA.,6 Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Richard O Prum
- 7 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511 , USA
| | - David Haig
- 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tsai CC, Childers RA, Nan Shi N, Ren C, Pelaez JN, Bernard GD, Pierce NE, Yu N. Physical and behavioral adaptations to prevent overheating of the living wings of butterflies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:551. [PMID: 31992708 PMCID: PMC6987309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The wings of Lepidoptera contain a matrix of living cells whose function requires appropriate temperatures. However, given their small thermal capacity, wings can overheat rapidly in the sun. Here we analyze butterfly wings across a wide range of simulated environmental conditions, and find that regions containing living cells are maintained at cooler temperatures. Diverse scale nanostructures and non-uniform cuticle thicknesses create a heterogeneous distribution of radiative cooling that selectively reduces the temperature of structures such as wing veins and androconial organs. These tissues are supplied by circulatory, neural and tracheal systems throughout the adult lifetime, indicating that the insect wing is a dynamic, living structure. Behavioral assays show that butterflies use wings to sense visible and infrared radiation, responding with specialized behaviors to prevent overheating of their wings. Our work highlights the physiological importance of wing temperature and how it is exquisitely regulated by structural and behavioral adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard A Childers
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Norman Nan Shi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Western Digital, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Crystal Ren
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Julianne N Pelaez
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gary D Bernard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Eliason CM, Maia R, Parra JL, Shawkey MD. Signal evolution and morphological complexity in hummingbirds (Aves:
Trochilidae
). Evolution 2020; 74:447-458. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Eliason
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago
| | - Rafael Maia
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago
| | - Juan L. Parra
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology University of Ghent 9000 Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schenk F, Stavenga DG. The lesser purple emperor butterfly, Apatura ilia: from mimesis to biomimetics. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:145-160. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By selecting various effect pigments, and using the lesser purple emperor butterfly, Apatura ilia, as an exemplar, we have accurately mimicked the butterfly’s iridescence in art.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schenk
- School of Art
- Institute of Creative Arts
- Birmingham City University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Doekele G. Stavenga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
D'Alba L, Wang B, Vanthournout B, Shawkey MD. The golden age of arthropods: ancient mechanisms of colour production in body scales. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190366. [PMID: 31575346 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect colour is extremely diverse and produced by a large number of pigmentary and nanostructural mechanisms. Considerable research has been dedicated to these optical mechanisms, with most of it focused on chromatic colours, such as blues and greens, and less on achromatic colours like white and gold. Moreover, studies on the evolution of these colours are less common and largely limited to inferences from extant organisms, in part because of the limited amount and types of available fossil material. Here, we directly compare nanostructure and colour of extant and amber-preserved (approx. 15 and 99 Myr old, respectively) gold-coloured representatives of micromoths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) and springtails (Collembola: Tomoceridae). Using electron microscopy, microspectrophotometry and finite domain time difference optical modelling, we show that golden coloration in the extant micromoth is produced by nanometre-scale crossribs that function as zero-order diffraction gratings and in the springtail by a diffraction grating without crossribs. Surprisingly, nanostructure and thus predicted colour of the amber-preserved specimens were nearly identical to those of their extant counterparts. Removal of amber enabled direct colour measurement of the fossil micromoth and further revealed that its colour matched both that of the extant specimen and the predicted colour, providing further support for our optical models. Our data thus clearly show an early origin and striking conservation of scale nanostructures and golden coloration, suggesting strong selection pressure either on the colour itself or on the mechanisms that produce the colour. Furthermore, we show the thus-far untapped potential for the use of amber-preserved specimens in studies on the evolution of organismal coloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bram Vanthournout
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wilts BD, Mothander K, Kelber A. Humidity-dependent colour change in the green forester moth, Adscita statices. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190516. [PMID: 31530115 PMCID: PMC6769142 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The colours of insects serve important visual functions in aiding mate recognition, camouflage and warning. The display of insects is usually static, as cuticle coloration does not (or hardly) change during the lifespan of a mature imago form. Here, we describe a case of humidity-dependent, brilliant coloration in the green forester moth, Adscita statices. We show, by employing spectroscopic and ultrastructural methods, that the moth's colour results from the interference of incident light with an unusual hydrophilic melanized-chitin multilayer present in the wing scales. Humidity changes in the environment affect the multilayer properties, causing a significant shift of the green-peaking reflectance in the dry state to a rusty colour when damp, resulting in the strong colour change between day and dusk or dawn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Mothander
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Almut Kelber
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Parnell AJ, Bradford JE, Curran EV, Washington AL, Adams G, Brien MN, Burg SL, Morochz C, Fairclough JPA, Vukusic P, Martin SJ, Doak S, Nadeau NJ. Wing scale ultrastructure underlying convergent and divergent iridescent colours in mimetic Heliconius butterflies. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0948. [PMID: 29669892 PMCID: PMC5938584 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescence is an optical phenomenon whereby colour changes with the illumination and viewing angle. It can be produced by thin film interference or diffraction. Iridescent optical structures are fairly common in nature, but relatively little is known about their production or evolution. Here we describe the structures responsible for producing blue-green iridescent colour in Heliconius butterflies. Overall the wing scale structures of iridescent and non-iridescent Heliconius species are very similar, both having longitudinal ridges joined by cross-ribs. However, iridescent scales have ridges composed of layered lamellae, which act as multilayer reflectors. Differences in brightness between species can be explained by the extent of overlap of the lamellae and their curvature as well as the density of ridges on the scale. Heliconius are well known for their Müllerian mimicry. We find that iridescent structural colour is not closely matched between co-mimetic species. Differences appear less pronounced in models of Heliconius vision than models of avian vision, suggesting that they are not driven by selection to avoid heterospecific courtship by co-mimics. Ridge profiles appear to evolve relatively slowly, being similar between closely related taxa, while ridge density evolves faster and is similar between distantly related co-mimics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - James E Bradford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Emma V Curran
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adam L Washington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Gracie Adams
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Melanie N Brien
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephanie L Burg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | | | | | - Pete Vukusic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Simon J Martin
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Scott Doak
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicola J Nadeau
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
González Jiménez M, Babayan SA, Khazaeli P, Doyle M, Walton F, Reedy E, Glew T, Viana M, Ranford-Cartwright L, Niang A, Siria DJ, Okumu FO, Diabaté A, Ferguson HM, Baldini F, Wynne K. Prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:76. [PMID: 31544155 PMCID: PMC6753605 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15201.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. One of the main causes is the resistance that Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. Anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. Therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. Here, we demonstrate a machine-learning based approach that uses mid-infrared spectra of mosquitoes to characterise simultaneously both age and species identity of females of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, using laboratory colonies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based prediction of mosquito age structures was statistically indistinguishable from true modelled distributions. The accuracy of classifying mosquitoes by species was 82.6%. The method has a negligible cost per mosquito, does not require highly trained personnel, is rapid, and so can be easily applied in both laboratory and field settings. Our results indicate this method is a promising alternative to current mosquito species and age-grading approaches, with further improvements to accuracy and expansion for use with wild mosquito vectors possible through collection of larger mid-infrared spectroscopy data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pegah Khazaeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finlay Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elliott Reedy
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Glew
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Doreen J. Siria
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Burg SL, Washington A, Coles DM, Bianco A, McLoughlin D, Mykhaylyk OO, Villanova J, Dennison AJC, Hill CJ, Vukusic P, Doak S, Martin SJ, Hutchings M, Parnell SR, Vasilev C, Clarke N, Ryan AJ, Furnass W, Croucher M, Dalgliesh RM, Prevost S, Dattani R, Parker A, Jones RAL, Fairclough JPA, Parnell AJ. Liquid–liquid phase separation morphologies in ultra-white beetle scales and a synthetic equivalent. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
49
|
Kaspar P, Sobola D, Sedlák P, Holcman V, Grmela L. Analysis of color shift on butterfly wings by Fourier transform of images from atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:2007-2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kaspar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and CommunicationBrno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic
| | - Dinara Sobola
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and CommunicationBrno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sedlák
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and CommunicationBrno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Holcman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and CommunicationBrno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Grmela
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and CommunicationBrno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
González Jiménez M, Babayan SA, Khazaeli P, Doyle M, Walton F, Reedy E, Glew T, Viana M, Ranford-Cartwright L, Niang A, Siria DJ, Okumu FO, Diabaté A, Ferguson HM, Baldini F, Wynne K. Prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:76. [PMID: 31544155 PMCID: PMC6753605 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15201.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. One of the main causes is the resistance that Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. Anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. Therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. Here, we demonstrate a machine-learning based approach that uses mid-infrared spectra of mosquitoes to characterise simultaneously both age and species identity of females of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, using laboratory colonies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based prediction of mosquito age structures was statistically indistinguishable from true modelled distributions. The accuracy of classifying mosquitoes by species was 82.6%. The method has a negligible cost per mosquito, does not require highly trained personnel, is rapid, and so can be easily applied in both laboratory and field settings. Our results indicate this method is a promising alternative to current mosquito species and age-grading approaches, with further improvements to accuracy and expansion for use with wild mosquito vectors possible through collection of larger mid-infrared spectroscopy data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pegah Khazaeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finlay Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elliott Reedy
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Glew
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Doreen J. Siria
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|