1
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Evidence for an alternative genomic structure, mRNA and protein sequence of human ABCA13. Gene 2013; 515:298-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Selective gene expression analysis of muscular and vascular components in hearts using laser microdissection method. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:863410. [PMID: 22778964 PMCID: PMC3384972 DOI: 10.1155/2012/863410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The heart consists of various kinds of cell components. However, it has not been feasible to separately analyze the gene expression of individual components. The laser microdissection (LMD) method, a new technology to collect target cells from the microscopic regions, has been used for malignancies. We sought to establish a method to selectively collect the muscular and vascular regions from the heart sections and to compare the marker gene expressions with this method. Methods and Results. Frozen left ventricle sections were obtained from Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) at 24 weeks of age. Using the LMD method, the muscular and vascular regions were selectively collected under microscopic guidance. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a marker of cardiac myocytes, was expressed in the muscular samples, but not in the vascular samples, whereas α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of smooth muscle cells, was detected only in the vascular samples. Moreover, SHR-SP had significantly greater BNP upregulation than WKY (P < 0.05) in the muscular samples. Conclusions. The LMD method enabled us to separately collect the muscular and vascular samples from myocardial sections and to selectively evaluate mRNA expressions of the individual tissue component.
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3
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Genes involved in systemic and arterial bed dependent atherosclerosis--Tampere Vascular study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33787. [PMID: 22509262 PMCID: PMC3324479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with hundreds of genes influencing its progression. In addition, the phenotype of the disease varies significantly depending on the arterial bed. Methodology/Principal Findings We characterized the genes generally involved in human advanced atherosclerotic (AHA type V–VI) plaques in carotid and femoral arteries as well as aortas from 24 subjects of Tampere Vascular study and compared the results to non-atherosclerotic internal thoracic arteries (n=6) using genome-wide expression array and QRT-PCR. In addition we determined genes that were typical for each arterial plaque studied. To gain a comprehensive insight into the pathologic processes in the plaques we also analyzed pathways and gene sets dysregulated in this disease using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). According to the selection criteria used (>3.0 fold change and p-value <0.05), 235 genes were up-regulated and 68 genes down-regulated in the carotid plaques, 242 genes up-regulated and 116 down-regulated in the femoral plaques and 256 genes up-regulated and 49 genes down-regulated in the aortic plaques. Nine genes were found to be specifically induced predominantly in aortic plaques, e.g., lactoferrin, and three genes in femoral plaques, e.g., chondroadherin, whereas no gene was found to be specific for carotid plaques. In pathway analysis, a total of 28 pathways or gene sets were found to be significantly dysregulated in atherosclerotic plaques (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.25). Conclusions This study describes comprehensively the gene expression changes that generally prevail in human atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, site specific genes induced only in femoral or aortic plaques were found, reflecting that atherosclerotic process has unique features in different vascular beds.
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4
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Streb JW, Long X, Lee TH, Sun Q, Kitchen CM, Georger MA, Slivano OJ, Blaner WS, Carr DW, Gelman IH, Miano JM. Retinoid-induced expression and activity of an immediate early tumor suppressor gene in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18538. [PMID: 21483686 PMCID: PMC3071728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are used clinically to treat a number of hyper-proliferative disorders and have been shown in experimental animals to attenuate vascular occlusive diseases, presumably through nuclear receptors bound to retinoic acid response elements (RARE) located in target genes. Here, we show that natural or synthetic retinoids rapidly induce mRNA and protein expression of a specific isoform of A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 12 (AKAP12β) in cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) as well as the intact vessel wall. Expression kinetics and actinomycin D studies indicate Akap12β is a retinoid-induced, immediate-early gene. Akap12β promoter analyses reveal a conserved RARE mildly induced with atRA in a region that exhibits hyper-acetylation. Immunofluorescence microscopy and protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit overlay assays in SMC suggest a physical association between AKAP12β and PKA following retinoid treatment. Consistent with its designation as a tumor suppressor, inducible expression of AKAP12β attenuates SMC growth in vitro. Further, immunohistochemistry studies establish marked decreases in AKAP12 expression in experimentally-injured vessels of mice as well as atheromatous lesions in humans. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel role for retinoids in the induction of an AKAP tumor suppressor that blocks vascular SMC growth thus providing new molecular insight into how retiniods may exert their anti-proliferative effects in the injured vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Streb
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ting-Hein Lee
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiang Sun
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Kitchen
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Georger
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Orazio J. Slivano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Carr
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Taatjes DJ, Wadsworth MP, Quinn AS, Rand JH, Bovill EG, Sobel BE. Imaging aspects of cardiovascular disease at the cell and molecular level. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:235-45. [PMID: 18506469 PMCID: PMC2491710 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and molecular imaging has a long and distinguished history. Erythrocytes were visualized microscopically by van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, and microscope technology has evolved mightily since the first single-lens instruments, and now incorporates many types that do not use photons of light for image formation. The combination of these instruments with preparations stained with histochemical and immunohistochemical markers has revolutionized imaging by allowing the biochemical identification of components at subcellular resolution. The field of cardiovascular disease has benefited greatly from these advances for the characterization of disease etiologies. In this review, we will highlight and summarize the use of microscopy imaging systems, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser scanning cytometry, laser microdissection, and atomic force microscopy in conjunction with a variety of histochemical techniques in studies aimed at understanding mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases at the cell and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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6
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Schmidt A, Bilgasem S, Lorkowski S, Vischer P, Völker W, Breithardt G, Siegel G, Buddecke E. Exogenous nitric oxide regulates activity and synthesis of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:476-85. [PMID: 18578689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) - a major signalling molecule of the vascular system - is constitutively produced in endothelial cells (EC) by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Since a reduced NO synthesis is an early sign of endothelial dysfunction and NO delivering drugs are used to substitute the impaired endothelial NO production, we addressed the effect of exogenous NO on eNOS in human umbilical venous endothelial cell cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The synthetic NO donor DETA/NO (trade name, but in the following we refer to detNO), that releases NO in a strictly first order reaction with a half life of 20 h, was used in our experiments. RESULTS Short-term (20-30 min) detNO treatment of EC increases the Ser(1177) phosphorylation of the constitutively expressed endothelial NOS and the production of endogenous NO generated by eNOS from [(3)H]arginine. The phosphorylation of eNOS is Akt-dependent and completely reverted by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor LY294002. A prolonged continuous exposure of EC to detNO 150 micromol L(-1) over a period of 24-48 h causes a reversible cell cycle arrest at G(1)-phase associated with a larger cell volume and increased cell protein content (hypertrophic phenotype of EC). The eNOS protein and mRNA of the hypertrophic cells and the generation of endogenous NO are reduced but eNOS phosphorylation could still be elevated by stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSIONS Our data explain clinical studies describing a short-term but not a long-term benefit of NO treatment for patients with cardiovascular risk factors. The results could be a rational approach to develop a generation of NO donors accomplishing a retarded release from NO donors that mimic the low continuous pulsatile stress-induced release of endogenous NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research at University of Muenster, Germany.
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Stolle K, Schnoor M, Fuellen G, Spitzer M, Cullen P, Lorkowski S. Cloning, genomic organization, and tissue-specific expression of the RASL11B gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1769:514-24. [PMID: 17628721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RASL11B is a member of the small GTPase protein family with a high degree of similarity to RAS proteins. Cloning of RASL11B mRNA and in silico analyses revealed that the human RASL11B gene spans about 4.5 kb and comprises four exons on chromosomal locus 4q12. The proximal 5'-flanking region of the gene lacks a TATA box but is GC-rich and contains a CCAAT box and several Sp1 sites. Consistent with this, the RASL11B gene was found to be expressed in all tissues investigated, with highest levels in placenta and in primary macrophages. The predicted RASL11B protein has no typical prenylation signal, indicating that it is probably not anchored to cellular membranes. RASL11B was induced during maturation of THP-1 monocytic cells into macrophage-like cells and in coronary artery smooth muscle cells after treatment with TGF-beta1. These results indicate that RASL11B may play a role in TGF-beta1-mediated developmental processes and in pathophysiologies such as inflammation, cancer, and arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stolle
- Leibniz Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
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8
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Schmidt A, Lorkowski S, Seidler D, Breithardt G, Buddecke E. TGF-beta1 generates a specific multicomponent extracellular matrix in human coronary SMC. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:473-82. [PMID: 16796604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)) is postulated to play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of arterial tissue and protection against development of arteriosclerosis. The TGF-beta(1)-induced production of a stable extra-cellular matrix-rich plaque phenotype is suggested to be part of the protection against a switch to an unstable rupture-prone arteriosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study addresses the question of whether the expression profile and the type of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) generated by TGF-beta(1) stimulation have the structural feature of a fibril-rich stable matrix. Seventeen genes codings for ECM components of human coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after a 24-h stimulation by TGF-beta(1) have been analyzed. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA of genes under investigation. It was found that after TGF-beta(1) stimulation (a) the up-regulation of COL1A1-specific mRNA was associated with increased [(3)H]proline incorporation into the alpha-1 and -2 chains of collagen type I, (b) the up-regulation of biglycan- and syndecan-1-specific mRNA corresponded to an increased [(35)S]sulphate and [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into the biglycan molecule and to an increase of syndecan-1 protein, (c) the up-regulated FGF-2 gene accounted predominantly for the ECM-bound subfraction of FGF-2-protein and (d) fibronectin and thrombospondin exhibited a significantly higher mRNA level. In contrast collagen XIV, a minor collagen type, and the proteoglycan decorin were down-regulated. The down-regulated decorin changed its structure by elongation and reduced GlcA to IdoA epimerization of the dermatan sulphate side-chain as judged by [(35)S]sulphate metabolic labelling experiments. No significant changes in response to TGF-beta(1) were observed for the collagen types III, VI and XVI, for versican, perlecan and the syndecans-2 and -4. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded from the data that the TGF-beta(1)-induced formation of a highly specific multicomponent extra-cellular matrix on coronary arterial SMCs could provide in vivo mechanical strength to the neointima in arteriosclerotic lesions and to the fibrous cap overlying the lipid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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9
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Tharp DL, Wamhoff BR, Turk JR, Bowles DK. Upregulation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (IKCa1) mediates phenotypic modulation of coronary smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2493-503. [PMID: 16798818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01254.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation in atherosclerosis and restenosis is suppression of SMC differentiation marker genes, proliferation, and migration. Blockade of intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (IKCa1) has been shown to inhibit restenosis after carotid balloon injury in the rat; however, whether IKCa1 plays a role in SMC phenotypic modulation is unknown. Our objective was to determine the role of IKCa1 channels in regulating coronary SMC phenotypic modulation and migration. In cultured porcine coronary SMCs, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) increased TRAM-34 (a specific IKCa1 inhibitor)-sensitive K(+) current 20-fold; increased IKCa1 promoter histone acetylation and c-jun binding; increased IKCa1 mRNA approximately 4-fold; and potently decreased expression of the smooth muscle differentiation marker genes smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMalphaA), and smoothelin-B, as well as myocardin. Importantly, TRAM-34 completely blocked PDGF-BB-induced suppression of SMMHC, SMalphaA, smoothelin-B, and myocardin and inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated migration by approximately 50%. Similar to TRAM-34, knockdown of endogenous IKCa1 with siRNA also prevented the PDGF-BB-induced increase in IKCa1 and decrease in SMMHC mRNA. In coronary arteries from high fat/high cholesterol-fed swine demonstrating signs of early atherosclerosis, IKCa1 expression was 22-fold higher and SMMHC, smoothelin-B, and myocardin expression significantly reduced in proliferating vs. nonproliferating medial cells. Our findings demonstrate that functional upregulation of IKCa1 is required for PDGF-BB-induced coronary SMC phenotypic modulation and migration and support a similar role for IKCa1 in coronary SMC during early coronary atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Animals
- Becaplermin
- Biomarkers
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Phenotype
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- Tunica Media/cytology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Tharp
- E102 Veterinary Medicine Bldg., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Bujo H, Saito Y. Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration by Members of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Family. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1246-52. [PMID: 16574889 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000219692.78477.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor family members (LRs) play a key role in the catabolism of many membrane-associated proteins, such as complexes between proteinases and their receptors, in addition to being involved in lipoprotein metabolism as suspected by the hitherto well-established functions of low-density lipoprotein receptor, in a variety of tissues. Recent studies using receptor-deficient or -overexpressing animals and cells have suggested that certain LRs are important regulators of the migration (and proliferation) of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). LR expression is markedly induced in intimal or medial SMCs during the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Because LRs can modulate the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor and possibly of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, LRs may influence the migration of SMCs through functional modulation of these membrane receptors. Therefore, SMC migration may be regulated by time-restricted expression of LRs. In agreement with the concept of functional interaction between LRs and membrane signaling receptors, a negative regulator of uPA receptor protein catabolism, LR11, has been identified. Statins modulate the PDGF-induced migration of intimal SMCs via the LR11/uPA receptor cascade. Selective modification of the LRs/uPA receptor/PDGF receptor systems in SMCs may be important for suppression of atherosclerotic plaque formation as well as for preventing intimal thickening after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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11
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Stolle K, Schnoor M, Fuellen G, Spitzer M, Engel T, Spener F, Cullen P, Lorkowski S. Cloning, cellular localization, genomic organization, and tissue-specific expression of the TGFβ1-inducible SMAP-5 gene. Gene 2005; 351:119-30. [PMID: 15922870 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SMAP-5 is a member of the five-pass transmembrane protein family localizing in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins have been implicated in intracellular trafficking, in secretion and in vesicular transport. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SMAP-5 is a member of a small Rab GTPase interacting factor protein family. The human SMAP-5 gene spans about 12.5 kb and comprises 6 exons on chromosomal locus 5q32. The proximal 5'-flanking region of the gene lacks a TATA box and is highly GC rich. Consistent with this, the SMAP-5 gene is expressed in all tissues. The highest level of expression was found in coronary smooth muscle cells, in which expression of the SMAP-5 gene was induced by transforming growth factor beta1, thus indicating that this protein may play an important role in inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes/genetics
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Introns
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stolle
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
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12
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Greaves DR, Gordon S. Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Recent insights into the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors. J Lipid Res 2004; 46:11-20. [PMID: 15548472 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r400011-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors were originally defined by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins. Macrophages express at least six structurally different cell surface receptors for modified forms of LDL that contribute to foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. In addition to their role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, macrophage scavenger receptors, especially SR-A, play critical roles in innate immunity, apoptotic cell clearance, and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors as pattern recognition receptors for both infectious nonself (pathogens) and modified self (apoptotic cells and modified LDL). We critically evaluate the potential of scavenger receptors and their ligands as targets for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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