1
|
Chu YP, Jin LW, Wang LC, Ho PC, Wei WY, Tsai KJ. Transthyretin attenuates TDP-43 proteinopathy by autophagy activation via ATF4 in FTLD-TDP. Brain 2023; 146:2089-2106. [PMID: 36355566 PMCID: PMC10411944 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) proteinopathies are accompanied by the pathological hallmark of cytoplasmic inclusions in the neurodegenerative diseases, including frontal temporal lobar degeneration-TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We found that transthyretin accumulates with TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions in frontal temporal lobar degeneration-TDP human patients and transgenic mice, in which transthyretin exhibits dramatic expression decline in elderly mice. The upregulation of transthyretin expression was demonstrated to facilitate the clearance of cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions through autophagy, in which transthyretin induces autophagy upregulation via ATF4. Of interest, transthyretin upregulated ATF4 expression and promoted ATF4 nuclear import, presenting physical interaction. Neuronal expression of transthyretin in frontal temporal lobar degeneration-TDP mice restored autophagy function and facilitated early soluble TDP-43 aggregates for autophagosome targeting, ameliorating neuropathology and behavioural deficits. Thus, transthyretin conducted two-way regulations by either inducing autophagy activation or escorting TDP-43 aggregates targeted autophagosomes, suggesting that transthyretin is a potential modulator therapy for neurological disorders caused by TDP-43 proteinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Chu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Liang-Chao Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yen Wei
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilson MR, Satapathy S, Vendruscolo M. Extracellular protein homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:235-245. [PMID: 36828943 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The protein homeostasis (proteostasis) system encompasses the cellular processes that regulate protein synthesis, folding, concentration, trafficking and degradation. In the case of intracellular proteostasis, the identity and nature of these processes have been extensively studied and are relatively well known. By contrast, the mechanisms of extracellular proteostasis are yet to be fully elucidated, although evidence is accumulating that their age-related progressive impairment might contribute to neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. Constitutively secreted extracellular chaperones are emerging as key players in processes that operate to protect neurons and other brain cells by neutralizing the toxicity of extracellular protein aggregates and promoting their safe clearance and disposal. Growing evidence indicates that these extracellular chaperones exert multiple effects to promote cell viability and protect neurons against pathologies arising from the misfolding and aggregation of proteins in the synaptic space and interstitial fluid. In this Review, we outline the current knowledge of the mechanisms of extracellular proteostasis linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and we examine the latest understanding of key molecules and processes that protect the brain from the pathological consequences of extracellular protein aggregation and proteotoxicity. Finally, we contemplate possible therapeutic opportunities for neurodegenerative diseases on the basis of this emerging knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Sandeep Satapathy
- Blavatnik Institute of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Della Malva A, Santillo A, Priolo A, Marino R, Ciliberti MG, Sevi A, Albenzio M. Effect of hazelnut skin by-product supplementation in lambs' diets: Implications on plasma and muscle proteomes and first insights on the underlying mechanisms. J Proteomics 2023; 271:104757. [PMID: 36273509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hazelnut skin by-product supplementation on lamb meat quality characteristics and plasma and muscle proteomes. Twenty-two Valle del Belice male lambs were divided into two experimental groups: control (C), fed a maize-barley diet and hazelnut (H), fed hazelnut skin by-product as maize partial replacer in the concentrate diet. The meat of lambs fed hazelnut skin showed greater values of lightness, redness, yellowness, and chroma color parameters together with the highest myofibril fragmentation index. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry applied on plasma proteome identified 20 protein spots corresponding to 18 unique gene names to be differently expressed due to hazelnut skin by-product substitution. For the early post-mortem muscle, 23 protein spots (42 unique gene names) were significantly up-regulated due to hazelnut skin by-product supplementation. Four proteins these being APOA1, PHB, ACTG1 and ALB, were found to be common to the two proteomes suggesting that these proteins could be candidate biomarkers to monitor in vita and post-mortem lamb meat quality traits. This study evidenced the main mechanisms involved in the supplementation of hazelnut skin by-product in lambs' diet and confirmed the possibility of using plasma proteome as a non-invasive way to predict lamb meat quality. SIGNIFICANCE: Maximizing the use of agro-industrial by-products as replacers of traditional feedstuff for improving animal products is one of the important challenges to preserving natural resources and guaranteeing environmental sustainability. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) skin, obtained as a results of hazelnut roasting, represents a valuable by-products due to its high content in unsaturated fatty acids, tannins, and vitamins. Thus, including hazelnut skin by-product in small ruminant nutrition could reduce the costs of animal feedings for farmers as well as improve meat nutritional and sensorial characteristics. Additionally, monitoring the meat quality characteristics with fast, accurate, and non-invasive tools to find, before slaughter, animals with desired quality characteristics is of growing interest in the last years. In this regard, the objectives of this study were to assess i) the effect of hazelnut skin supplementation on lamb meat quality characteristics and plasma and muscle proteomes, and ii) whether analyzing plasma proteome by using a gel-based proteomic approach could effectively offer a more readily available option for determining lamb meat quality. Taken together, the proteomic approach applied to plasma and muscle proteomes, allowed us to reveal the pathways and the potential candidate plasma biomarkers to predict lamb meat production in the pre-slaughter phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Della Malva
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Priolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Ciliberti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Agostino Sevi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Satapathy S, Wilson M. Roles of constitutively secreted extracellular chaperones in neuronal cell repair and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:769-772. [PMID: 36204835 PMCID: PMC9700095 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control involves many processes that jointly act to regulate the expression, localization, turnover, and degradation of proteins, and has been highlighted in recent studies as critical to the differentiation of stem cells during regeneration. The roles of constitutively secreted extracellular chaperones in neuronal injury and disease are poorly understood. Extracellular chaperones are multifunctional proteins expressed by many cell types, including those of the nervous system, known to facilitate protein quality control processes. These molecules exert pleiotropic effects and have been implicated as playing important protective roles in a variety of stress conditions, including tissue damage, infections, and local tissue inflammation. This article aims to provide a critical review of what is currently known about the functions of extracellular chaperones in neuronal repair and regeneration and highlight future directions for this important research area. We review what is known of four constitutively secreted extracellular chaperones directly implicated in processes of neuronal damage and repair, including transthyretin, clusterin, α2-macroglobulin, and neuroserpin, and propose that investigation into the effects of these and other extracellular chaperones on neuronal repair and regeneration has the potential to yield valuable new therapies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Janisse SE, Sharma VA, Caceres A, Medici V, Heffern MC. Systematic Evaluation of Copper(II)-Loaded Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography For Selective Enrichment of Copper-Binding Species in Human Serum and Plasma. Metallomics 2022; 14:6656374. [PMID: 35929804 PMCID: PMC9434637 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Copper is essential in a host of biological processes, and disruption of its homeostasis is associated with diseases including neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders. Extracellular copper shifts in its speciation between healthy and disease states, and identifying molecular components involved in these perturbations could widen the panel of biomarkers for copper status. While there have been exciting advances in approaches for studying the extracellular proteome with mass-spectrometry-based methods, the typical workflows disrupt metal-protein interactions due to the lability of these bonds either during sample preparation or in gas-phase environments. We sought to develop and apply a workflow to enrich for and identify protein populations with copper-binding propensities in extracellular fluids using an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) resin. The strategy was optimized using human serum to allow for maximum quantity and diversity of protein enrichment. Protein populations could be differentiated based on protein load on the resin, likely on account of differences in abundance and affinity. The enrichment workflow was applied to plasma samples from patients with Wilson disease (WD) and protein IDs and differential abundancies compared to healthy subjects were compared to those yielded from a traditional proteomic workflow. While the IMAC workflow preserved differential abundance and protein ID information from the traditional workflow, it identified several additional proteins being differentially abundant including those involved in lipid metabolism, immune system, and antioxidant pathways. Our results suggest the potential for this IMAC workflow to identify new proteins as potential biomarkers in copper-associated disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Janisse
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vibha A Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amanda Caceres
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, PSSB Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Amyloids are organized suprastructural polypeptide arrangements. The prevalence of amyloid-related processes of pathophysiological relevance has been linked to aging-related degenerative diseases. Besides the role of genetic polymorphisms on the relative risk of amyloid diseases, the contributions of nongenetic ontogenic cluster of factors remain elusive. In recent decades, mounting evidences have been suggesting the role of essential micronutrients, in particular transition metals, in the regulation of amyloidogenic processes, both directly (such as binding to amyloid proteins) or indirectly (such as regulating regulatory partners, processing enzymes, and membrane transporters). The features of transition metals as regulatory cofactors of amyloid proteins and the consequences of metal dyshomeostasis in triggering amyloidogenic processes, as well as the evidences showing amelioration of symptoms by dietary supplementation, suggest an exaptative role of metals in regulating amyloid pathways. The self- and cross-talk replicative nature of these amyloid processes along with their systemic distribution support the concept of their metastatic nature. The role of amyloidosis as nutrient sensors would act as intra- and transgenerational epigenetic metabolic programming factors determining health span and life span, viability, which could participate as an evolutive selective pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ueda M. Transthyretin: Its function and amyloid formation. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105313. [PMID: 35218869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR), which is one of the major amyloidogenic proteins in systemic amyloidosis, forms extracellular amyloid deposits in the systemic organs such as nerves, ligaments, heart, and arterioles, and causes two kinds of systemic amyloidosis, hereditary ATTR (ATTRv) amyloidosis induced by variant TTR and aging-related wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. More than 150 different mutations, most of which are amyloidogenic, have been reported in the TTR gene. Since most disease-associated mutations affect TTR tetramer dissociation rates, destabilization of TTR tetramers is widely believed to be a critical step in TTR amyloid formation. Recently, effective disease-modifying therapies such as TTR tetramer stabilizers and TTR gene silencing therapies have been developed for ATTR amyloidosis. This study reviews the clinical phenotypes of ATTR amyloidosis, TTR features, and recent progress in promising therapies for ATTR amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piórkowska K, Żukowski K, Połtowicz K, Witarski W, Nowak J, Potocka P, Ropka-Molik K. Hypothalamus-pituitary axis transcriptomic modification dependent on growth rate in geese (Anser anser domesticus). Anim Genet 2021; 52:834-847. [PMID: 34595762 DOI: 10.1111/age.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary axis is involved in digest processing, stress response, energy storage and many other processes. In birds, this control differs from in mammals, such as regulation of appetite and satiety centre. The transcriptomics analyses of both brain structures can explain and identify the molecular processes related to body growth and development and nutritional status. Many reports describe chicken transcriptome in literature, but gene expression studies in the other poultry species are extremely rare. Therefore, the present research undertook the attempt to explain hypothalamus-pituitary processes in domestic geese-Polish White Kołuda®, main Polish line. After 16 weeks of fattening, significant differences in geese weight were observed. Therefore, transcriptome of pituitary and hypothalamus profiles could be compared between low and high growth rate geese groups. Due to the lack of domestic geese genome assembly in the public databases, we used three mapping approaches: de novo analysis, mapping to two other pink-footed and swan geese genomes. The functional examination showed that the most enriched biological process in the geese hypothalamus covered the immune response. Moreover, in the hypothalamus, proteins typical for the pituitary such as PRL and GH were differentially expressed (DE). Our study recommends one gene as a candidate for growth rate in geese-the FOS gene, which encodes Fos proto-oncogene-DE in both analysed tissues. The FOS gene is involved in regulating feeding behaviour, immune regulation, stimulating cellular proliferation and controlling growth hormone synthesis. Moreover, the present investigation indicates DE genes involved in gene expression regulation. The study delivers new information about the changes in the pituitary-hypothalamic axis in geese dependent on growth rate differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Kacper Żukowski
- Department of Cattle Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Połtowicz
- Department of Poultry Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witarski
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowak
- Department of Poultry Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Paulina Potocka
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Experimental Station Kołuda Wielka, Janikowo, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Magalhães J, Eira J, Liz MA. The role of transthyretin in cell biology: impact on human pathophysiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6105-6117. [PMID: 34297165 PMCID: PMC11073172 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is an extracellular protein mainly produced in the liver and choroid plexus, with a well-stablished role in the transport of thyroxin and retinol throughout the body and brain. TTR is prone to aggregation, as both wild-type and mutated forms of the protein can lead to the accumulation of amyloid deposits, resulting in a disease called TTR amyloidosis. Recently, novel activities for TTR in cell biology have emerged, ranging from neuronal health preservation in both central and peripheral nervous systems, to cellular fate determination, regulation of proliferation and metabolism. Here, we review the novel literature regarding TTR new cellular effects. We pinpoint TTR as major player on brain health and nerve biology, activities that might impact on nervous systems pathologies, and assign a new link between TTR and angiogenesis and cancer. We also explore the molecular mechanisms underlying TTR activities at the cellular level, and suggest that these might go beyond its most acknowledged carrier functions and include interaction with receptors and activation of intracellular signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessica Eira
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Almeida Liz
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wieczorek E, Ożyhar A. Transthyretin: From Structural Stability to Osteoarticular and Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1768. [PMID: 34359938 PMCID: PMC8307983 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein transporting hormones in the plasma and brain, which has many other activities that have not been fully acknowledged. TTR is a positive indicator of nutrition status and is negatively correlated with inflammation. TTR is a neuroprotective and oxidative-stress-suppressing factor. The TTR structure is destabilized by mutations, oxidative modifications, aging, proteolysis, and metal cations, including Ca2+. Destabilized TTR molecules form amyloid deposits, resulting in senile and familial amyloidopathies. This review links structural stability of TTR with the environmental factors, particularly oxidative stress and Ca2+, and the processes involved in the pathogenesis of TTR-related diseases. The roles of TTR in biomineralization, calcification, and osteoarticular and cardiovascular diseases are broadly discussed. The association of TTR-related diseases and vascular and ligament tissue calcification with TTR levels and TTR structure is presented. It is indicated that unaggregated TTR and TTR amyloid are bound by vicious cycles, and that TTR may have an as yet undetermined role(s) at the crossroads of calcification, blood coagulation, and immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wieczorek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Physiological Metals Can Induce Conformational Changes in Transthyretin Structure: Neuroprotection or Misfolding Induction? CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma homotetrameric protein that transports thyroxine and retinol. TTR itself, under pathological conditions, dissociates into partially unfolded monomers that aggregate and form fibrils. Metal ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ play a controversial role in the TTR amyloidogenic pathway. TTR is also present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where it behaves as one of the major Aβ-binding-proteins. The interaction between TTR and Aβ is stronger in the presence of high concentrations of Cu2+. Crystals of TTR, soaked in solutions of physiological metals such as Cu2+ and Fe2+, but not Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ni2+, revealed an unusual conformational change. Here, we investigate the effects that physiological metals have on TTR, in order to understand if metals can induce a specific and active conformation of TTR that guides its Aβ-scavenging role. The capability of certain metals to induce and accelerate its amyloidogenic process is also discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yamauchi K. The interaction of zinc with the multi-functional plasma thyroid hormone distributor protein, transthyretin: evolutionary and cross-species comparative aspects. Biometals 2021; 34:423-437. [PMID: 33686575 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence has been accumulated showing the interrelationship between zinc and the plasma thyroid hormone (TH) distributor protein, transthyretin (TTR). TTR is a multi-functional protein, which emerged from 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase (HIUHase) by neo-functionalization after gene duplication during early chordate evolution. HIUHase is also a zinc-binding protein. Most biochemical and molecular biological findings have been obtained from mammalian studies. However, in the past two decades, it has become clear that fish TTR displays zinc-dependent TH binding. After a brief introduction on plasma zinc, THs and their binding proteins, this review will focus on the role of zinc in TTR functions of various vertebrates. In particular primitive fish TTR has an extremely high zinc content, with an increased number of histidine residues which are involved in TH binding. However, zinc-dependent TH binding may have been gradually lost from TTRs during higher vertebrate evolution. Although human TTR has a low zinc content, zinc plays an essential role in TTR functions other than TH binding: the stability of TTR-holo retinol binding protein 4 (holoRBP4) complex, TTR amyloidogenesis, the sequestration of amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils and cryptic proteolytic activity. The interaction of TTR with metallothioneins may be a critical step in the exertion of some of these functions. Evolutionary and physiological insights on zinc-dependent functions of TTRs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bezerra F, Saraiva MJ, Almeida MR. Modulation of the Mechanisms Driving Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:592644. [PMID: 33362465 PMCID: PMC7759661 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.592644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses are systemic diseases associated with TTR aggregation and extracellular deposition in tissues as amyloid. The most frequent and severe forms of the disease are hereditary and associated with amino acid substitutions in the protein due to single point mutations in the TTR gene (ATTRv amyloidosis). However, the wild type TTR (TTR wt) has an intrinsic amyloidogenic potential that, in particular altered physiologic conditions and aging, leads to TTR aggregation in people over 80 years old being responsible for the non-hereditary ATTRwt amyloidosis. In normal physiologic conditions TTR wt occurs as a tetramer of identical subunits forming a central hydrophobic channel where small molecules can bind as is the case of the natural ligand thyroxine (T4). However, the TTR amyloidogenic variants present decreased stability, and in particular conditions, dissociate into partially misfolded monomers that aggregate and polymerize as amyloid fibrils. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for these amyloidoses may target different steps in the disease process such as decrease of variant TTR (TTRv) in plasma, stabilization of TTR, inhibition of TTR aggregation and polymerization or disruption of the preformed fibrils. While strategies aiming decrease of the mutated TTR involve mainly genetic approaches, either by liver transplant or the more recent technologies using specific oligonucleotides or silencing RNA, the other steps of the amyloidogenic cascade might be impaired by pharmacologic compounds, namely, TTR stabilizers, inhibitors of aggregation and amyloid disruptors. Modulation of different steps involved in the mechanism of ATTR amyloidosis and compounds proposed as pharmacologic agents to treat TTR amyloidosis will be reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Bezerra
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Almeida
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou J, Jangili P, Son S, Ji MS, Won M, Kim JS. Fluorescent Diagnostic Probes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001945. [PMID: 32902000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating disorders that feature progressive and selective loss of function or structure of anatomically or physiologically associated neuronal systems. Both chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality along with the death of neurons in different areas of the brain; moreover, there are few or no effective curative therapy options for treating these disorders. There is an urgent need to diagnose neurodegenerative disease as early as possible, and to distinguish between different disorders with overlapping symptoms that will help to decide the best clinical treatment. Recently, in neurodegenerative disease research, fluorescent-probe-mediated biomarker visualization techniques have been gaining increasing attention for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. A survey of fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases is provided. These imaging probes are categorized based on the different potential biomarkers of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Guides to develop new sensing strategies, recognition mechanisms, as well as the ideal features to further improve neurodegenerative disease fluorescence imaging are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Subin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Myung Sun Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ciccone L, Tonali N, Nencetti S, Orlandini E. Natural compounds as inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis and neuroprotective agents: analysis of structural data for future drug design. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1145-1162. [PMID: 32419519 PMCID: PMC7301710 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1760262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds, such as plant and fruit extracts have shown neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that several natural compounds binding to transthyretin (TTR) can be useful in amyloidosis prevention. TTR is a transporter protein that under physiological condition carries thyroxine (T4) and retinol in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); it also has a neuroprotective role against Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, TTR also is an amyloidogenic protein responsible for familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC). The TTR amyloidogenic potential is speeded up by several point mutations. One therapeutic strategy against TTR amyloidosis is the stabilisation of the native tetramer by natural compounds and small molecules. In this review, we examine the natural products that, starting from 2012 to present, have been studied as a stabiliser of TTR tetramer. In particular, we discussed the chemical and structural features which will be helpful for future drug design of new TTR stabilisers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoló Tonali
- CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Function of Transthyretin Complexes with Metallothionein in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239003. [PMID: 33256250 PMCID: PMC7730073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed types of dementia in the elderly. An important pathological feature in AD is the aggregation and deposition of the β-amyloid (Aβ) in extracellular plaques. Transthyretin (TTR) can cleave Aβ, resulting in the formation of short peptides with less activity of amyloid plaques formation, as well as being able to degrade Aβ peptides that have already been aggregated. In the presence of TTR, Aβ aggregation decreases and toxicity of Aβ is abolished. This may prevent amyloidosis but the malfunction of this process leads to the development of AD. In the context of Aβplaque formation in AD, we discuss metallothionein (MT) interaction with TTR, the effects of which depend on the type of MT isoform. In the brains of patients with AD, the loss of MT-3 occurs. On the contrary, MT-1/2 level has been consistently reported to be increased. Through interaction with TTR, MT-2 reduces the ability of TTR to bind to Aβ, while MT-3 causes the opposite effect. It increases TTR-Aβ binding, providing inhibition of Aβ aggregation. The protective effect, assigned to MT-3 against the deposition of Aβ, relies also on this mechanism. Additionally, both Zn7MT-2 and Zn7MT-3, decrease Aβ neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons probably because of a metal swap between Zn7MT and Cu(II)Aβ. Understanding the molecular mechanism of metals transfer between MT and other proteins as well as cognition of the significance of TTR interaction with different MT isoforms can help in AD treatment and prevention.
Collapse
|
17
|
Saponaro F, Kim JH, Chiellini G. Transthyretin Stabilization: An Emerging Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228672. [PMID: 33212973 PMCID: PMC7698513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR), previously named prealbumin is a plasma protein secreted mainly by the liver and choroid plexus (CP) that is a carrier for thyroid hormones (THs) and retinol (vitamin A). The structure of TTR, with four monomers rich in β-chains in a globular tetrameric protein, accounts for the predisposition of the protein to aggregate in fibrils, leading to a rare and severe disease, namely transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). Much effort has been made and still is required to find new therapeutic compounds that can stabilize TTR ("kinetic stabilization") and prevent the amyloid genetic process. Moreover, TTR is an interesting therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases due to its recognized neuroprotective properties in the cognitive impairment context and interestingly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much evidence has been collected regarding the neuroprotective effects in AD, including through in vitro and in vivo studies as well as a wide range of clinical series. Despite this supported hypothesis of neuroprotection for TTR, the mechanisms are still not completely clear. The aim of this review is to highlight the most relevant findings on the neuroprotective role of TTR, and to summarize the recent progress on the development of TTR tetramer stabilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Hae Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea;
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sinha A, Chang JC, Xu P, Gindinova K, Cho Y, Sun W, Wu X, Li YM, Greengard P, Kelly JW, Sinha SC. Brain Permeable Tafamidis Amide Analogs for Stabilizing TTR and Reducing APP Cleavage. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1973-1979. [PMID: 33062181 PMCID: PMC7549266 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tafamidis, 1, a potent transthyretin kinetic stabilizer, weakly inhibits the γ-secretase enzyme in vitro. We have synthesized four amide derivatives of 1. These compounds reduce production of the Aβ peptide in N2a695 cells but do not inhibit the γ-secretase enzyme in cell-free assays. By performing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we have shown that TTR inhibits Aβ oligomerization and that addition of tafamidis or its amide derivative does not affect TTR's ability to inhibit Aβ oligomerization. The piperazine amide derivative of tafamidis (1a) efficiently penetrates and accumulates in mouse brain and undergoes proteolysis under physiological conditions in mice to produce tafamidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sinha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jerry C Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Peng Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Katherina Gindinova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Younhee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weilin Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yue Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vardi A, Ben-Dor S, Cho SM, Kalinke U, Spanier J, Futerman AH. Mice defective in interferon signaling help distinguish between primary and secondary pathological pathways in a mouse model of neuronal forms of Gaucher disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:265. [PMID: 32892753 PMCID: PMC7487497 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 1 interferon (IFN) response is part of the innate immune response and best known for its role in viral and bacterial infection. However, this pathway is also induced in sterile inflammation such as that which occurs in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD), a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by mutations in GBA. METHODS Mice were injected with conduritol B-epoxide, an irreversible inhibitor of acid beta-glucosidase, the enzyme defective in nGD. MyTrMaSt null mice, where four adaptors of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are deficient, were used to determine the role of the IFN pathway in nGD pathology. Activation of inflammatory and other pathways was analyzed by a variety of methods including RNAseq. RESULTS Elevation in the expression of PRRs associated with the IFN response was observed in CBE-injected mice. Ablation of upstream pathways leading to IFN production had no therapeutic benefit on the lifespan of nGD mice but attenuated neuroinflammation. Primary and secondary pathological pathways (i.e., those associated or not with mouse survival) were distinguished, and a set of ~210 genes including those related to sphingolipid, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism, along with a number of inflammatory pathways related to chemokines, TNF, TGF, complement, IL6, and damage-associated microglia were classified as primary pathological pathways, along with some lysosomal and neuronal genes. CONCLUSIONS Although IFN signaling is the top elevated pathway in nGD, we demonstrate that this pathway is not related to mouse viability and is consequently defined as a secondary pathology pathway. By elimination, we defined a number of critical pathways that are directly related to brain pathology in nGD, which in addition to its usefulness in understanding pathophysiological mechanisms, may also pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic paradigms by targeting such pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Soo Min Cho
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Current address: NuriScience Inc., Achasan-ro 320, Seoul, 05053, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu YC, Hsu WL, Ma YL, Lee EHY. Melatonin Induction of APP Intracellular Domain 50 SUMOylation Alleviates AD through Enhanced Transcriptional Activation and Aβ Degradation. Mol Ther 2020; 29:376-395. [PMID: 32950104 PMCID: PMC7791018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but post-translational modification of AICD has rarely been studied and its role in AD is unknown. In this study, we examined the role and molecular mechanism of AICD SUMOylation in the pathogenesis of AD. We found that AICD is SUMO-modified by the SUMO E3 ligase protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) in the hippocampus at Lys-43 predominantly, and that knockdown of PIAS1 decreases endogenous AICD SUMOylation. AICD SUMOylation increases AICD association with its binding protein Fe65 and increases AICD nuclear translocation. Furthermore, AICD SUMOylation increases AICD association with cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and p65 and their DNA binding for transcriptional activation of neprilysin (NEP) and transthyretin (TTR), two major Aβ-degrading enzymes, respectively. Consequently, AICD SUMOylation decreases the Aβ level, Aβ oligomerization, and amyloid plaque deposits. It also rescues spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Conversely, blockade of AICD SUMOylation at Lys-43 produces the opposite effects. Melatonin is identified as an endogenous stimulus that induces AICD SUMOylation. It also decreases the Aβ level and rescues reduction of PIAS1, NEP, and TTR expression in APP/PS1 mice. In this study, we demonstrate that AICD SUMOylation functions as a novel endogenous defense mechanism to combat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Li Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H Y Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Undiscovered Roles for Transthyretin: From a Transporter Protein to a New Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062075. [PMID: 32197355 PMCID: PMC7139926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR), an homotetrameric protein mainly synthesized by the liver and the choroid plexus, and secreted into the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid, respectively, has been specially acknowledged for its functions as a transporter protein of thyroxine and retinol (the latter through binding to the retinol-binding protein), in these fluids. Still, this protein has managed to stay in the spotlight as it has been assigned new and varied functions. In this review, we cover knowledge on novel TTR functions and the cellular pathways involved, spanning from neuroprotection to vascular events, while emphasizing its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We describe details of TTR as an amyloid binding protein and discuss its interaction with the amyloid Aβ peptides, and the proposed mechanisms underlying TTR neuroprotection in AD. We also present the importance of translating advances in the knowledge of the TTR neuroprotective role into drug discovery strategies focused on TTR as a new target in AD therapeutics.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liraglutide Protects Against Brain Amyloid-β 1-42 Accumulation in Female Mice with Early Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology by Partially Rescuing Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051746. [PMID: 32143329 PMCID: PMC7084254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, being characterized by the deposition of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (enriched in the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), respectively) and memory loss. Aging, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and female sex (especially after menopause) are risk factors for AD, but their crosslinking mechanisms remain unclear. Most clinical trials targeting AD neuropathology failed and it remains incurable. However, evidence suggests that effective anti-T2D drugs, such as the GLP-1 mimetic and neuroprotector liraglutide, can be also efficient against AD. Thus, we aimed to study the benefits of a peripheral liraglutide treatment in AD female mice. We used blood and brain cortical lysates from 10-month-old 3xTg-AD female mice, treated for 28 days with liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, once/day) to evaluate parameters affected in AD (e.g., Aβ and p-tau, motor and cognitive function, glucose metabolism, inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress). Despite the limited signs of cognitive changes in mature female mice, liraglutide only reduced their cortical Aβ1–42 levels. Liraglutide partially attenuated brain estradiol and GLP-1 and activated PKA levels, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in these AD female mice. Our results support the earlier use of liraglutide as a potential preventive/therapeutic agent against the accumulation of the first neuropathological features of AD in females.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tola AJ, Leelawatwattana L, Prapunpoj P. The catalytic kinetics of chicken transthyretin towards human Aβ 1-42. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108610. [PMID: 31454704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The novel property of transthyretin (TTR) as a protease has been proposed to be significant. However, the study of TTR proteolysis properties has not been completely elucidated. Herein, we first report the catalytic activity of chicken TTR from plasma determined by using fluorescently labeled amyloid beta 1-42 peptide (Aβ1-42), and compared it with human TTR (human TTR) from plasma and recombinant Crocodylus porosus TTR. The enzyme kinetic study revealed that the affinity for Aβ1-42 of chicken TTR and C. porosus TTR (KM values were 12.72 ± 0.27 μM and 16.21 ± 0.02 μM, respectively) were significantly lower than human TTR (KM was 43.05 ± 0.39 μM). In addition, the catalytic efficiency of chicken TTR (Kcat/KM was 310,386.87 ± 13,627.12 M-1 s-1) was 4.3 and 5.5 folds higher than those of C. porosus TTR and human TTR (Kcat/KM were 72,893.80 ± 355.74 M-1 s-1 and 56,519.12 ± 5009.50 M-1 s-1, respectively), respectively. These results does not only indicated the relationship between structure and the proteolytic activity of TTR, but also suggested a potential development of TTR as a therapeutic anti-Aβ agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adesola Julius Tola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Ladda Leelawatwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Porntip Prapunpoj
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tangthavewattana S, Leelawatwattana L, Prapunpoj P. The hydrophobic C-terminal sequence of transthyretin affects its catalytic kinetics towards amidated neuropeptide Y. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:594-604. [PMID: 30984535 PMCID: PMC6443995 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a transporter for thyroid hormone and retinol binding protein that has recently been reported to have proteolytic activity against certain substrates, including amidated neuropeptide Y (NPY). However, the proteolytic activity of TTR towards NPY is not fully understood. Here, we used fluorescence-based assays to determine the catalytic kinetics of human TTR towards human amidated NPY. The Michaelis constant (KM) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of TTR proteolysis were 15.88 ± 0.44 μm and 687 081 ± 35 692 m -1·s-1, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated an effect of the C-terminal sequence of TTR. When the C-terminal sequence of TTR was made more hydrophobic, the KM and kcat/KM changed to 12.87 ± 0.22 μm and 983 755 ± 18 704 m -1·s-1, respectively. Our results may be useful for the development of TTR as a therapeutic agent with low risk of the undesirable symptoms that develop from amidated NPY, and for further improvement of the kcat/KM of TTR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ladda Leelawatwattana
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiThailand
| | - Porntip Prapunpoj
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiThailand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liraglutide and its Neuroprotective Properties-Focus on Possible Biochemical Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Ischemic Events. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051050. [PMID: 30823403 PMCID: PMC6429395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog (glucagon like peptide-1) used primarily in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and obesity. The literature starts to suggest that liraglutide may reduce the effects of ischemic stroke by activating anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as limiting the harmful effects of free radicals. The GLP-1R expression has been reported in the cerebral cortex, especially occipital and frontal lobes, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. Liraglutide reduced the area of ischemia caused by MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), limited neurological deficits, decreased hyperglycemia caused by stress, and presented anti-apoptotic effects by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins and reduction of Bax and Bad protein expression. The pharmaceutical managed to decrease concentrations of proapoptotic factors, such as NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa β), ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), caspase-3, and reduced the level of TUNEL-positive cells. Liraglutide was able to reduce the level of free radicals by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the superoxide dismutase level (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Liraglutide may affect the neurovascular unit causing its remodeling, which seems to be crucial for recovery after stroke. Liraglutide may stabilize atherosclerotic plaque, as well as counteract its early formation and further development. Liraglutide, through its binding to GLP-1R (glucagon like peptide-1 receptor) and consequent activation of PI3K/MAPK (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mitogen associated protein kinase) dependent pathways, may have a positive impact on Aβ (amyloid beta) trafficking and clearance by increasing the presence of Aβ transporters in cerebrospinal fluid. Liraglutide seems to affect tau pathology. It is possible that liraglutide may have some stem cell stimulating properties. The effects may be connected with PKA (phosphorylase kinase A) activation. This paper presents potential mechanisms of liraglutide activity in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sharma M, Khan S, Rahman S, Singh LR. The Extracellular Protein, Transthyretin Is an Oxidative Stress Biomarker. Front Physiol 2019; 10:5. [PMID: 30733681 PMCID: PMC6353848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular protein, transthyretin is responsible for the transport of thyroxin and retinol binding protein complex to the various parts of the body. In addition to this transport function, transthyretin has also been involved in cardiovascular malfunctions, polyneuropathy, psychological disorders, obesity and diabetes, etc. Recent developments have evidenced that transthyretin has been associated with many other biological functions that are directly or indirectly associated with the oxidative stress, the common hallmark for many human diseases. In this review, we have attempted to address that transthyretin is associated with oxidative stress and could be an important biomarker. Potential future perspectives have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meesha Sharma
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeza Khan
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lim HR, Kim SY, Jeon EH, Kim YL, Shin YM, Koo TS, Park SJ, Hong KB, Choi S. A highly sensitive fluorescent probe that quantifies transthyretin in human plasma as an early diagnostic tool of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10424-10427. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A robust and simple fluorescent assay for the quantification of TTR in human plasma was developed by utilizing an indole-based fluorophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Lim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeon
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Lan Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Shin
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Gachon University
- Incheon 406-799
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC)
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF)
- Daegu 701-310
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development
- Chungnam National University
- Daejon
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cai H, Li M, Sun X, Plath M, Li C, Lan X, Lei C, Huang Y, Bai Y, Qi X, Lin F, Chen H. Global Transcriptome Analysis During Adipogenic Differentiation and Involvement of Transthyretin Gene in Adipogenesis in Cattle. Front Genet 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 30405687 PMCID: PMC6200853 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays central role in determining the gustatory quality of beef, but traditional Chinese beef cattle have low levels of fat content. We applied RNA-seq to study the molecular mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation in Qinchuan cattle. A total of 18,283 genes were found to be expressed in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes, respectively. 470 of which were significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) [false discovery rate (FDR) values < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 2]. In addition, 4534 alternative splicing (AS) events and 5153 AS events were detected in preadipocytes and adipocytes, respectively. We constructed a protein interaction network, which suggested that collagen plays an important role during bovine adipogenic differentiation. We characterized the function of the most down-regulated DEG (P < 0.001) among genes we have detected by qPCR, namely, the transthyretin (TTR) gene. Overexpression of TTR appears to promote the expression of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (P < 0.05) and fatty acid binding Protein 4 (FABP4) (P < 0.05). Hence, TTR appears to be involved in the regulation of bovine adipogenic differentiation. Our study represents the comprehensive approach to explore bovine adipocyte differentiation using transcriptomic data and reports an involvement of TTR during bovine adipogenic differentiation. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying bovine adipogenic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingxun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Congjun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinglei Qi
- Biyang Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, China
| | - Fengpeng Lin
- Biyang Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ciccone L, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Mourier G, Savko M, Nencetti S, Orlandini E, Servent D, Stura EA, Shepard W. Copper mediated amyloid-β binding to Transthyretin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13744. [PMID: 30213975 PMCID: PMC6137083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR), a homotetrameric protein that transports thyroxine and retinol both in plasma and in cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid provides a natural protective response against Alzheimer's disease (AD), modulates amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition by direct interaction and co-localizes with Aβ in plaques. TTR levels are lower in the CSF of AD patients. Zn2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+ transform TTR into a protease able to cleave Aβ. To explain these activities, monomer dissociation or conformational changes have been suggested. Here, we report that when TTR crystals are exposed to copper or iron salts, the tetramer undergoes a significant conformational change that alters the dimer-dimer interface and rearranges residues implicated in TTR's ability to neutralize Aβ. We also describe the conformational changes in TTR upon the binding of the various metal ions. Furthermore, using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) with immobilized Aβ(1-28), we observe the binding of TTR only in the presence of copper. Such Cu2+-dependent binding suggests a recognition mechanism whereby Cu2+ modulates both the TTR conformation, induces a complementary Aβ structure and may participate in the interaction. Cu2+-soaked TTR crystals show a conformation different from that induced by Fe2+, and intriguingly, TTR crystals grown in presence of Aβ(1-28) show different positions for the copper sites from those grown its absence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- CEA Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingènierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carole Fruchart-Gaillard
- CEA Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingènierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Mourier
- CEA Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingènierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Savko
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universitá di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universitá di Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53-55, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Denis Servent
- CEA Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingènierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Enrico A Stura
- CEA Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingènierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Johnson BA, Coutts M, Vo HM, Hao X, Fatima N, Rivera MJ, Sims RJ, Neel MJ, Kang YJ, Monuki ES. Accurate, strong, and stable reporting of choroid plexus epithelial cells in transgenic mice using a human transthyretin BAC. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:22. [PMID: 30111340 PMCID: PMC6094443 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroid plexus epithelial cells express high levels of transthyretin, produce cerebrospinal fluid and many of its proteins, and make up the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Choroid plexus epithelial cells are vital to brain health and may be involved in neurological diseases. Transgenic mice containing fluorescent and luminescent reporters of these cells would facilitate their study in health and disease, but prior transgenic reporters lost expression over the early postnatal period. METHODS Human bacterial artificial chromosomes in which the transthyretin coding sequence was replaced with DNA for tdTomato or luciferase 2 were used in pronuclear injections to produce transgenic mice. These mice were characterized by visualizing red fluorescence, immunostaining, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase enzyme assay. RESULTS Reporters were faithfully expressed in cells that express transthyretin constitutively, including choroid plexus epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelium, pancreatic islets, and liver. Expression of tdTomato in choroid plexus began at the appropriate embryonic age, being detectable by E11.5. Relative levels of tdTomato transcript in the liver and choroid plexus paralleled relative levels of transcripts for transthyretin. Expression remained robust over the first postnatal year, although choroid plexus transcripts of tdTomato declined slightly with age whereas transthyretin remained constant. TdTomato expression patterns were consistent across three founder lines, displayed no sex differences, and were stable across several generations. Two of the tdTomato lines were bred to homozygosity, and homozygous mice are healthy and fertile. The usefulness of tdTomato reporters in visualizing and analyzing live Transwell cultures was demonstrated. Luciferase activity was very high in homogenates of choroid plexus and continued to be expressed through adulthood. Luciferase also was detectable in eye and pancreas. CONCLUSIONS Transgenic mice bearing fluorescent and luminescent reporters of transthyretin should prove useful for tracking transplanted choroid plexus epithelial cells, for purifying the cells, and for reporting their derivation from stem cells. They also should prove useful for studying transthyretin synthesis by other cell types, as transthyretin has been implicated in many functions and conditions, including clearance of β-amyloid peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease, heat shock in neurons, processing of neuropeptides, nerve regeneration, astrocyte metabolism, and transthyretin amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Margaret Coutts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Hillary M Vo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Xinya Hao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Nida Fatima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Maria J Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, USA
| | - Robert J Sims
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, USA
| | - Michael J Neel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA. .,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA. .,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garai K, Posey AE, Li X, Buxbaum JN, Pappu RV. Inhibition of amyloid beta fibril formation by monomeric human transthyretin. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1252-1261. [PMID: 29498118 PMCID: PMC6032350 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric protein that is found in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Dissociation of TTR tetramers sets off a downhill cascade of amyloid formation through polymerization of monomeric TTR. Interestingly, TTR has an additional, biologically relevant activity, which pertains to its ability to slow the progression of amyloid beta (Aβ) associated pathology in transgenic mice. In vitro, both TTR and a kinetically stable variant of monomeric TTR (M-TTR) inhibit the fibril formation of Aβ1-40/42 molecules. Published evidence suggests that tetrameric TTR binds preferentially to Aβ monomers, thus destabilizing fibril formation by depleting the pool of Aβ monomers from aggregating mixtures. Here, we investigate the effects of M-TTR on the in vitro aggregation of Aβ1-42 . Our data confirm previous observations that fibril formation of Aβ is suppressed in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of M-TTR. Despite this, we find that sub-stoichiometric levels of M-TTR are not bona fide inhibitors of aggregation. Instead, they co-aggregate with Aβ to promote the formation of large, micron-scale insoluble, non-fibrillar amorphous deposits. Based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements, we find that M-TTR does not interact with monomeric Aβ. Two-color coincidence analysis of the fluorescence bursts of Aβ and M-TTR labeled with different fluorophores shows that M-TTR co-assembles with soluble Aβ aggregates and this appears to drive the co-aggregation into amorphous precipitates. Our results suggest that mimicking the co-aggregation activity with protein-based therapeutics might be a worthwhile strategy for rerouting amyloid beta peptides into inert, insoluble, and amorphous deposits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Garai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097St. LouisMissouri63130
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 36/P Gopanpally Village, SerilingampallyHyderabad500019India
| | - Ammon E. Posey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097St. LouisMissouri63130
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torey Pines RoadLa JollaCalifornia92037
| | - Joel N. Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torey Pines RoadLa JollaCalifornia92037
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097St. LouisMissouri63130
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Neuron-derived transthyretin modulates astrocytic glycolysis in hormone-independent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106625-106638. [PMID: 29290976 PMCID: PMC5739761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that neurons alter the expression of astrocytic metabolic enzymes by secretion of until now unknown molecule(s) into extracellular fluid. Here, we present evidence that neuron-derived transthyretin (TTR) stimulates expression of glycolytic enzymes in astrocytes which is reflected by an increased synthesis of ATP. The action of TTR is restricted to regulatory enzymes of glycolysis: phosphofructokinase P (PFKP) and pyruvate kinase M1/M2 isoforms (PKM1/2). The regulation of PFK and PKM expression by TTR is presumably specific for brain tissue and is independent of the role of TTR as a carrier protein for thyroxine and retinol. TTR induced expression of PKM and PFK is mediated by the cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway and is antagonized by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Our results provide the first experimental evidence for action of TTR as a neuron-derived energy metabolism activator in astrocytes and describe the mechanisms of its action. The data presented here suggest that TTR is involved in a mechanism in which neurons stimulate degradation of glycogen-derived glucosyl units without significant modulation of glucose uptake by glial cells.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers as Predictors of Shunt Response in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review. Can J Neurol Sci 2017; 45:3-10. [PMID: 29125088 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2017.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely accepted treatment for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion shunt procedure, to which approximately 80% of patients will respond. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify which CSF biomarkers have been investigated in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, and to analyze the level of evidence for each. METHODS To find all relevant articles, a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted. RESULTS The literature search identified 344 unique citations, of which 13 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in our review. These 13 studies reported on 37 unique biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The available studies suggest that there is evidence for the utility of CSF biomarkers in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, though none have been shown to predict shunt response with both high sensitivity and specificity. We found that there is no available evidence for the use of Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ43, APL1β25, APL1β27, APL1β28, sAPP, aAPPα, sAPPβ, TNF-α, MCP-1, sCD40L, sulfatide, MBP, L-PGDS, cystatin C, transthyretin, TGF-β2, or YKL-40 in predicting shunt response. There is minimal evidence for the use of TGF-β1, TBR-II, homocysteine, and interleukins (particularly IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). However, the available evidence suggests that these biomarkers warrant further investigation. Aβ42, tau, p-tau, NFL, and LRG have the greatest amount of evidence for their predictive value in determining shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Future research should be guided by, but not limited to, these biomarkers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva CS, Eira J, Ribeiro CA, Oliveira Â, Sousa MM, Cardoso I, Liz MA. Transthyretin neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease is dependent on proteolysis. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:10-14. [PMID: 28780366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the hippocampus is one of the major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. The modulation of Aβ levels in the brain results from an equilibrium between its production from the amyloid precursor protein and removal by amyloid clearance proteins, which might occur via enzymatic (Aβ-degrading enzymes) or nonenzymatic (binding/transport proteins) reactions. Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the major Aβ-binding proteins acting as a neuroprotector in AD. In addition, TTR cleaves Aβ peptide in vitro. In this work, we show that proteolytically active TTR, and not the inactive form of the protein, impacts on Aβ fibrillogenesis, degrades neuronal-secreted Aβ, and reduces Aβ-induced toxicity in hippocampal neurons. Our data demonstrate that TTR proteolytic activity is required for the neuroprotective effect of the protein constituting a putative novel therapeutic target for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S Silva
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessica Eira
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Ribeiro
- Modulation in Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Modulation in Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica M Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Modulation in Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A Liz
- Neurodegeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen R, Chen CP, Preston JE. Effects of transthyretin on thyroxine and β-amyloid removal from cerebrospinal fluid in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:844-50. [PMID: 27220110 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a binding protein for the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4 ), retinol and β-amyloid peptide. TTR aids the transfer of T4 from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but also prevents T4 loss from the blood-CSF barrier. It is, however, unclear whether TTR affects the clearance of β-amyloid from the CSF. This study aimed to investigate roles of TTR in β-amyloid and T4 efflux from the CSF. Eight-week-old 129sv male mice were anaesthetized and their lateral ventricles were cannulated. Mice were infused with artificial CSF containing (125) I-T4 /(3) H-mannitol, or (125) I-Aβ40/(3) H-inulin, in the presence or absence of TTR. Mice were decapitated at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 minutes after injection. The whole brain was then removed and divided into different regions. The radioactivities in the brain were determined by liquid scintillation counting. At baseline, the net uptake of (125) I-T4 into the brain was significantly higher than that of (125) I-Aβ40, and the half time for efflux was shorter ((125) I-T4 , 5.16; (3) H-mannitol, 7.44; (125) I-Aβ40, 8.34; (3) H-inulin, 10.78 minutes). The presence of TTR increased the half time for efflux of (125) I-T4 efflux, and caused a noticeable increase in the uptake of (125) I-T4 and (125) I-Aβ40 in the choroid plexus, whilst uptakes of (3) H-mannitol and (3) H-inulin remained similar to control experiments. This study indicates that thyroxine and amyloid peptide effuse from the CSF using different transporters. TTR binds to thyroxine and amyloid peptide to prevent the loss of thyroxine from the brain and redistribute amyloid peptide to the choroid plexus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoli Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Carl P Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, China
| | - Jane E Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Buxbaum JN, Johansson J. Transthyretin and BRICHOS: The Paradox of Amyloidogenic Proteins with Anti-Amyloidogenic Activity for Aβ in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:119. [PMID: 28360830 PMCID: PMC5350149 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are physiologically insoluble biophysically specific β-sheet rich structures formed by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. In vivo tissue amyloid formation is responsible for more than 30 different disease states in humans and other mammals. One of these, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the most common form of human dementia for which there is currently no definitive treatment. Amyloid fibril formation by the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is considered to be an underlying cause of AD, and strategies designed to reduce Aβ production and/or its toxic effects are being extensively investigated in both laboratory and clinical settings. Transthyretin (TTR) and proteins containing a BRICHOS domain are etiologically associated with specific amyloid diseases in the CNS and other organs. Nonetheless, it has been observed that TTR and BRICHOS structures are efficient inhibitors of Aβ fibril formation and toxicity in vitro and in vivo, raising the possibility that some amyloidogenic proteins, or their precursors, possess properties that may be harnessed for combating AD and other amyloidoses. Herein, we review properties of TTR and the BRICHOS domain and discuss how their abilities to interfere with amyloid formation may be employed in the development of novel treatments for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA; Scintillon InstituteSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jan Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Duarte AC, Hrynchak MV, Gonçalves I, Quintela T, Santos CRA. Sex Hormone Decline and Amyloid β Synthesis, Transport and Clearance in the Brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27632792 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones (SH) are essential regulators of the central nervous system. The decline in SH levels along with ageing may contribute to compromised neuroprotection and set the grounds for neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. In Alzheimer's disease, besides other pathological features, there is an imbalance between amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, leading to its accumulation in the brain of older subjects. Aβ accumulation is a primary cause for brain inflammation and degeneration, as well as concomitant cognitive decline. There is mounting evidence that SH modulate Aβ production, transport and clearance. Importantly, SH regulate most of the molecules involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, their transport across brain barriers for elimination, and their degradation in the brain interstitial fluid. This review brings together data on the regulation of Aβ production, metabolism, degradation and clearance by SH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Duarte
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M V Hrynchak
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Costa AR, Marcelino H, Gonçalves I, Quintela T, Tomás J, Duarte AC, Fonseca AM, Santos CRA. Sex Hormones Protect Against Amyloid-β Induced Oxidative Stress in the Choroid Plexus Cell Line Z310. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27328988 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) epithelium is a unique structure in the brain that forms an interface between the peripheral blood on the basal side and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the apical side. It is a relevant source of many polypeptides secreted to the CSF with neuroprotective functions and also participates in the elimination and detoxification of brain metabolites, such as β-amyloid (Aβ) removal from the CSF through transporter-mediated influx. The CP is also a target tissue for sex hormones (SHs) that have recognised neuroprotective effects against a variety of insults, including Aβ toxicity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system. The present study aimed to understand how SHs modulate Aβ-induced oxidative stress in a CP cell line (Z310 cell line) by analysing the effects of Aβ1-42 on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and apoptosis, as well as by assessing how 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) modulated these effects and the cellular uptake of Aβ1-42 by CP cells. Our findings show that E2 and DHT treatment reduce Aβ1-42 -induced oxidative stress and the internalisation of Aβ1-42 by CP epithelial cells, highlighting the importance of considering the background of SHs and therefore sex-related differences in Aβ metabolism and clearance by CP cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - H Marcelino
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A M Fonseca
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Laiterä T, Kurki MI, Pursiheimo JP, Zetterberg H, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes AM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. The Expression of Transthyretin and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor is Altered in the Brain of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:959-68. [PMID: 26444765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a dementing condition in which Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are frequently observed in the neocortex. iNPH patients with prominent Aβ pathology show AD-related alterations in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing resulting from increased γ-secretase activity. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess potential alterations in the global gene expression profile in the brain of iNPH patients as compared to non-demented controls and to evaluate the levels of the identified targets in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of iNPH patients. METHODS The genome-wide expression profile of ~35,000 probes was assessed in the RNA samples obtained from 22 iNPH patients and eight non-demented control subjects using a microarray chip. The soluble levels of sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and transthyretin (TTR) were measured from the CSF of 102 iNPH patients using ELISA. RESULTS After correcting the results for multiple testing, significant differences in the expression of TTR and A βPP were observed between iNPH and control subjects. The mRNA levels of TTR were on average 17-fold lower in iNPH samples compared to control samples. Conversely, the expression level of A βPP was on average three times higher in iNPH samples as compared to control samples. Interestingly, the expression of α-secretase (ADAM10) was also increased in iNPH patients. In the lumbar CSF samples, soluble TTR levels showed a significant positive correlation with sAβPPα and sAβPPβ, but TTR levels did not predict the brain pathology or the shunt response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest differences in the expression profile of key factors involved in AD-related cellular events in the brain of iNPH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laiterä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Adam P, Křížková S, Heger Z, Babula P, Pekařík V, Vaculovičoá M, Gomes CM, Kizek R, Adam V. Metallothioneins in Prion- and Amyloid-Related Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:637-56. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Křížková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Pekařík
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičoá
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Selective expression of transthyretin in subtypes of lung cancer. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:239-47. [PMID: 26943652 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is expressed primarily in liver, choroid plexus of brain and pancreatic islet A and B cells. It is also synthesized in some endocrine tumors. In the present study, the protein expression of TTR in lung cancer tissues and cell lines was investigated by western blot. The mRNA expression of TTR in 24 pairs of frozen lung cancer tissues was examined by RT-PCR. The specific expression and cellular distribution of TTR were also evaluated in 104 paraffin-embedded lung cancer samples and 3 normal lung tissues by immunohistochemistry. Similarly, the subcellular localization and expression of TTR were further analyzed in lung cancer cell lines. With the exception of mucinous adenocarcinoma, the expression of TTR protein was observed in all tested subtypes of lung carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma displayed the highest positive expression rate of TTR, accounting for 84.4 %, and the positive expression rate of TTR was up to 85.7 % at stages III and IV. The secretory bubbles with strong TTR staining were observed in luminal cells of lung cancer. Furthermore, the localization of TTR in the cytoplasm of lung cancer cells and the secretion of TTR into extracellular milieu were also confirmed. Taken together, TTR is selectively synthesized in lung cancer cells and can be secreted extracellularly.
Collapse
|
42
|
Simões CJV, Almeida ZL, Costa D, Jesus CSH, Cardoso AL, Almeida MR, Saraiva MJ, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Brito RMM. A novel bis-furan scaffold for transthyretin stabilization and amyloid inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:823-840. [PMID: 27020050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel bis-furan scaffold tailored for high efficiency at inhibiting transthyretin amyloid formation is reported. In vitro results show that the discovered compounds are more efficient inhibitors of amyloid formation than tafamidis, a drug currently used in the treatment of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), despite their lower molecular weight and lipophilicity. Moreover, ex vivo experiments with the strongest inhibitor in the series, conducted in human blood plasma from normal and FAP Val30Met-transthyretin carriers, disclose remarkable affinity and selectivity profiles. The promises and challenges facing further development of this compound are discussed under the light of increasing evidence implicating transthyretin stability as a key factor not only in transthyretin amyloidoses and several associated co-morbidities, but also in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J V Simões
- BSIM(2) - Drug Discovery, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Zaida L Almeida
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dora Costa
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina S H Jesus
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- Centro de Química de Coimbra and Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Han SH, Park JC, Mook-Jung I. Amyloid β-interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease: From accomplices to possible therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:17-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
44
|
Vieira M, Leal SS, Gomes CM, Saraiva MJ. Evidence for synergistic action of transthyretin and IGF-I over the IGF-I receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:797-804. [PMID: 26804653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) has a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system (CNS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral ischemia. Increased levels of TTR and activated insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) are associated with reduced neurodegeneration in an AD mouse model. In the present study, we found that TTR and IGF-I have a synergistic effect on activation of one of the IGF-IR signaling pathways. Hippocampus of TTR null mice present decreased levels of phosphorylated IGF-IR and Akt when compared with TTR wild type littermate animals. Cell studies reveal the synergistic effect of TTR and IGF-I in promoting IGF-IR signaling even under glutamate induced toxicity. TTR:IGF-IR complexes are identified and a bio-layer interferometry assay demonstrated an interaction between TTR and IGF-IR with a KD ranging from 99 to 744nM. In summary, our results point to a new TTR role through the IGF-I axis, mediated through TTR-IGF-IR interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vieira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Unidade de Neurobiologia Molecular, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia S Leal
- Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Gomes
- Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Unidade de Neurobiologia Molecular, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang F, Zhang P, Liu H, Fan M, Chen X. Proteomic analysis of mouse soleus muscles affected by hindlimb unloading and reloading. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:803-11. [PMID: 25656502 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disuse muscle atrophy, induced by prolonged space flight, bed rest, or denervation, is a common process with obvious changes in slow-twitch soleus muscles. METHODS Proteomic analysis was performed on mouse soleus subjected to hindlimb unloading (HU) and hindlimb reloading (HR) to identify new dysregulated proteins. RESULTS Following HU, the mass and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers decreased, but they recovered after HR. Proteomic analyses revealed 9 down-regulated and 7 up-regulated proteins in HU, and 2 down-regulated and 5 up-regulated proteins in HR. The dysregulated proteins were mainly involved in energy metabolism, protein degradation, and cytoskeleton stability. Among the dysregulated proteins were fatty acid binding protein 3, α-B crystalline, and transthyretin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that muscle atrophy induced by unloading is related to activation of proteolysis, metabolic alterations toward glycolysis, destruction of myofibrillar integrity, and dysregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs). The dysregulated proteins may play a role in muscle atrophy and the recovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Beijing, 100094, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Beijing, 100094, P.R. Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang X, Hjorth E, Vedin I, Eriksdotter M, Freund-Levi Y, Wahlund LO, Cederholm T, Palmblad J, Schultzberg M. Effects of n-3 FA supplementation on the release of proresolving lipid mediators by blood mononuclear cells: the OmegAD study. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:674-681. [PMID: 25616438 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p055418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) induce resolution of inflammation. SPMs are derivatives of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and may mediate their beneficial effects. It is unknown whether supplementation with PUFAs influences the production of SPMs. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with brain inflammation and reduced levels of SPMs. The OmegAD study is a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial on AD patients, in which placebo or a supplement of 1.7 g DHA and 0.6 g EPA was taken daily for 6 months. Plasma levels of arachidonic acid decreased, and DHA and EPA levels increased after 6 months of n-3 FA treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before and after the trial. Analysis of the culture medium of PBMCs incubated with amyloid-β 1-40 showed unchanged levels of the SPMs lipoxin A4 and resolvin D1 in the group supplemented with n-3 FAs, whereas a decrease was seen in the placebo group. The changes in SPMs showed correspondence to cognitive changes. Changes in the levels of SPMs were positively correlated to changes in transthyretin. We conclude that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs for 6 months prevented a reduction in SPMs released from PBMCs of AD patients, which was associated with changes in cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhe Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Vedin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Palmblad
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mangini V, Dell'Aglio M, De Stradis A, De Giacomo A, De Pascale O, Natile G, Arnesano F. Amyloid transition of ubiquitin on silver nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation in liquid as a function of stabilizer and single-point mutations. Chemistry 2014; 20:10745-51. [PMID: 25060114 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoparticles with proteins has emerged as a key issue in addressing the problem of nanotoxicity. We investigated the interaction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), produced by laser ablation with human ubiquitin (Ub), a protein essential for degradative processes in cells. The surface plasmon resonance peak of AgNPs indicates that Ub is rapidly adsorbed on the AgNP surface yielding a protein corona; the Ub-coated AgNPs then evolve into clusters held together by an amyloid form of the protein, as revealed by binding of thioflavin T fluorescent dye. Transthyretin, an inhibitor of amyloid-type aggregation, impedes aggregate formation and disrupts preformed AgNP clusters. In the presence of sodium citrate, a common stabilizer that confers an overall negative charge to the NPs, Ub is still adsorbed on the AgNP surface, but no clustering is observed. Ub mutants bearing a single mutation at one edge β strand (i.e. Glu16Val) or in loop (Glu18Val) behave in a radically different manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mangini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari (Italy)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Conti S, Li X, Gianni S, Ghadami SA, Buxbaum J, Cecchi C, Chiti F, Bemporad F. A Complex Equilibrium among Partially Unfolded Conformations in Monomeric Transthyretin. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4381-92. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500430w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Conti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-230, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Istituto
Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
“A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia
Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Seyyed Abolghasem Ghadami
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Joel Buxbaum
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-230, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Bemporad
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Singh SK, Gaur R, Kumar A, Fatima R, Mishra L, Srikrishna S. The flavonoid derivative 2-(4' Benzyloxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-chromen-4-one protects against Aβ42-induced neurodegeneration in transgenic Drosophila: insights from in silico and in vivo studies. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:331-50. [PMID: 24706035 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is well established that the self-association of Aβ peptides into amyloid fibrils and/or plaque like aggregates causes neurotoxicity. As there is no cure for AD till date, identification of specific compounds that either inhibit the formation of Aβ-fibrils or help in the dissolution of already formed amyloid plaques makes an appealing therapeutic and preventive strategy in the development of drugs. In the present study, four synthetic flavonoid derivatives (1, 2, 3 and 4) were examined for docking studies with Amyloid beta (PDB Code: 1IYT) and Amyloid fibril (PDB Code: 2BEG). Of these, compound 1 and 4 were found to be potential inhibitors, as supported by computational molecular docking studies with adequate pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 1 was further tested in vivo in transgenic AD model of Drosophila. The disease causing human Aβ42 peptide was expressed in the compound eye by driving UAS-Aβ42 with ey-GAL4, which caused severe degeneration in eye tissues ranging from loss of bristles, ommatidial holes to severe ommatidial disruption as revealed by digital camera imaging and scanning electron microscopy. When the Aβ42 expressing larvae were grown in medium containing Compound 1, ~70 % rescue of the rough eye phenotype was observed at 75 and 100 μM concentrations. This is further corroborated by significant reduction in amyloid plaques in eye imaginal disks of compound 1 treated larvae as revealed by immuno-confocal imaging studies. Further, rescue of locomotor deficit and improved life span in compound 1 treated Aβ flies also confirm the neuroprotective activity of this compound. Thus, our results support the neuroprotective efficacy of compound 1 in preventing Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and identify it as a future therapeutic agent against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Tissue-specific overexpression of the human systemic amyloid precursor transthyretin (TTR) ameliorates Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotypes in APP23 mice. TTR-β-amyloid (Aβ) complexes have been isolated from APP23 and some human AD brains. We now show that substoichiometric concentrations of TTR tetramers suppress Aβ aggregation in vitro via an interaction between the thyroxine binding pocket of the TTR tetramer and Aβ residues 18-21 (nuclear magnetic resonance and epitope mapping). The K(D) is micromolar, and the stoichiometry is <1 for the interaction (isothermal titration calorimetry). Similar experiments show that engineered monomeric TTR, the best inhibitor of Aβ fibril formation in vitro, did not bind Aβ monomers in liquid phase, suggesting that inhibition of fibrillogenesis is mediated by TTR tetramer binding to Aβ monomer and both tetramer and monomer binding of Aβ oligomers. The thousand-fold greater concentration of tetramer relative to monomer in vivo makes it the likely suppressor of Aβ aggregation and disease in the APP23 mice.
Collapse
|