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Tyagi S, Sadhu S, Sharma T, Paul A, Pandey M, Nain VK, Rathore DK, Chatterjee S, Awasthi A, Pandey AK. VapC12 ribonuclease toxin modulates host immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1302163. [PMID: 38515752 PMCID: PMC10955575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1302163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of antibiotic persistence is a prerequisite in controlling the emergence of MDR cases in Tuberculosis (TB). We have reported that the cholesterol-induced activation of VapC12 ribonuclease is critical for disease persistence in TB. In this study, we observed that relative to the wild type, mice infected with ΔvapC12 induced a pro-inflammatory response, had a higher pathogen load, and responded better to the anti-TB treatment. In a high-dose infection model, all the mice infected with ΔvapC12 succumbed early to the disease. Finally, we reported that the above phenotype of ΔvapC12 was dependent on the presence of the TLR4 receptor. Overall, the data suggests that failure of a timely resolution of the early inflammation by the ΔvapC12 infected mice led to hyperinflammation, altered T-cell response and high bacterial load. In conclusion, our findings suggest the role of the VapC12 toxin in modulating the innate immune response of the host in ways that favor the long-term survival of the pathogen inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Tyagi
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Sharma
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Paul
- Complex Analysis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manitosh Pandey
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar Nain
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rathore
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Samrat Chatterjee
- Complex Analysis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Amason ME, Harvest CK, Beatty CJ, Saban DR, Miao EA. Chemokine expression profile of an innate granuloma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.577927. [PMID: 38352492 PMCID: PMC10862903 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.577927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Granulomas are defined by the presence of organized layers of immune cells that include macrophages. Granulomas are often characterized as a way for the immune system to contain an infection and prevent its dissemination. We recently established a mouse infection model where Chromobacterium violaceum induces the innate immune system to form granulomas in the liver. This response successfully eradicates the bacteria and returns the liver to homeostasis. Here, we sought to characterize the chemokines involved in directing immune cells to form the distinct layers of a granuloma. We use spatial transcriptomics to investigate the spatial and temporal expression of all CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors within this granuloma response. The expression profiles change dynamically over space and time as the granuloma matures and then resolves. To investigate the importance of monocyte-derived macrophages in this immune response, we studied the role of CCR2 during C. violaceum infection. Ccr2-/- mice had negligible numbers of macrophages, but large numbers of neutrophils, in the C. violaceum-infected lesions. In addition, lesions had abnormal architecture resulting in loss of bacterial containment. Without CCR2, bacteria disseminated and the mice succumbed to the infection. This indicates that macrophages are critical to form a successful innate granuloma in response to C. violaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Amason
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - Carissa K. Harvest
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
| | - Cole J. Beatty
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 27710
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Sampath P, Rajamanickam A, Thiruvengadam K, Natarajan AP, Hissar S, Dhanapal M, Thangavelu B, Jayabal L, Ramesh PM, Ranganathan UD, Babu S, Bethunaickan R. Plasma chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL9 as potential diagnostic markers of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7404. [PMID: 37149713 PMCID: PMC10163852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis still remains to be a challenge with the currently used immune based diagnostic methods particularly Interferon Gamma Release Assay due to the sensitivity issues and their inability in differentiating stages of TB infection. Immune markers are valuable sources for understanding disease biology and are easily accessible. Chemokines, the stimulant, and the shaper of host immune responses are the vital hub for disease mediated dysregulation and their varied levels in TB disease are considered as an important marker to define the disease status. Hence, we wanted to examine the levels of chemokines among the individuals with drug-resistant, drug-sensitive, and latent TB compared to healthy individuals. Our results demonstrated that the differential levels of chemokines between the study groups and revealed that CXCL10 and CXCL9 as potential markers of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive TB with better stage discriminating abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Sampath
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), No.1. Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | | | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of Statistics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | | | - Syed Hissar
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Madhavan Dhanapal
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), No.1. Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Bharathiraja Thangavelu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), No.1. Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Subash Babu
- ICMR-NIRT-NIH-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), No.1. Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India.
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Cleverley TL, Peddineni S, Guarner J, Cingolani F, Garcia PK, Koehler H, Mocarski ES, Kalman D. The host-directed therapeutic imatinib mesylate accelerates immune responses to Mycobacterium marinum infection and limits pathology associated with granulomas. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011387. [PMID: 37200402 PMCID: PMC10231790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex [MTC] and nontuberculous mycobacteria [NTM] can induce widespread morbidity and mortality in people. Mycobacterial infections cause both a delayed immune response, which limits rate of bacterial clearance, and formation of granulomas, which contain bacterial spread, but also contribute to lung damage, fibrosis, and morbidity. Granulomas also limit access of antibiotics to bacteria, which may facilitate development of resistance. Bacteria resistant to some or all antibiotics cause significant morbidity and mortality, and newly developed antibiotics readily engender resistance, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Imatinib mesylate, a cancer drug used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML] that targets Abl and related tyrosine kinases, is a possible host-directed therapeutic [HDT] for mycobacterial infections, including those causing TB. Here, we use the murine Mycobacterium marinum [Mm] infection model, which induces granulomatous tail lesions. Based on histological measurements, imatinib reduces both lesion size and inflammation of surrounding tissue. Transcriptomic analysis of tail lesions indicates that imatinib induces gene signatures indicative of immune activation and regulation at early time points post infection that resemble those seen at later ones, suggesting that imatinib accelerates but does not substantially alter anti-mycobacterial immune responses. Imatinib likewise induces signatures associated with cell death and promotes survival of bone marrow-derived macrophages [BMDMs] in culture following infection with Mm. Notably, the capacity of imatinib to limit formation and growth of granulomas in vivo and to promote survival of BMDMs in vitro depends upon caspase 8, a key regulator of cell survival and death. These data provide evidence for the utility of imatinib as an HDT for mycobacterial infections in accelerating and regulating immune responses, and limiting pathology associated with granulomas, which may mitigate post-treatment morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesia L. Cleverley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Siri Peddineni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pamela K. Garcia
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heather Koehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Inflammation-mediated tissue damage in pulmonary tuberculosis and host-directed therapeutic strategies. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101672. [PMID: 36469987 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) involves the administration of anti-mycobacterial drugs for several months. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, the causative agent) together with increased disease severity in people with co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus and HIV have hampered efforts to reduce case fatality. In severe disease, TB pathology is largely attributable to over-exuberant host immune responses targeted at controlling bacterial replication. Non-resolving inflammation driven by host pro-inflammatory mediators in response to high bacterial load leads to pulmonary pathology including cavitation and fibrosis. The need to improve clinical outcomes and reduce treatment times has led to a two-pronged approach involving the development of novel antimicrobials as well as host-directed therapies (HDT) that favourably modulate immune responses to Mtb. HDT strategies incorporate aspects of immune modulation aimed at downregulating non-productive inflammatory responses and augmenting antimicrobial effector mechanisms to minimise pulmonary pathology and accelerate symptom resolution. HDT in combination with existing antimycobacterial agents offers a potentially promising strategy to improve the long-term outcome for TB patients. In this review, we describe components of the host immune response that contribute to inflammation and tissue damage in pulmonary TB, including cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, lipid mediators, and neutrophil extracellular traps. We then proceed to review HDT directed at these pathways.
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Cyrino JC, de Figueiredo AC, Córdoba-Moreno MO, Gomes FR, Titon SCM. Day Versus Night Melatonin and Corticosterone Modulation by LPS in Distinct Tissues of Toads (Rhinella Icterica). Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1606-1617. [PMID: 35568500 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns modulate melatonin (MEL) production in the pineal and extra-pineal sites and corticosterone (CORT) synthesis in the adrenal/interrenal and other tissues. Both MEL and CORT play essential and complex immunomodulatory roles, controlling the inflammatory response. Given that most of what we know about these interactions is derived from mammalian studies, discovering how MEL and CORT are modulated following an immune challenge in anurans would increase understanding of how conserved these immune-endocrine interactions are in vertebrates. Herein, we investigated the modulation of MEL and CORT in plasma vs. local tissues of toads (Rhinella icterica) in response to an immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg) at day and night. Blood samples were taken 2 hours after injection (noon and midnight), and individuals were killed for tissue collection (bone marrow, lungs, liver, and intestine). MEL and CORT were determined in plasma and tissue homogenates. LPS treatment increased MEL concentration in bone marrow during the day. Intestine MEL levels were higher at night than during the day, particularly in LPS-injected toads. Bone marrow and lungs showed the highest MEL levels among tissues. Plasma MEL levels were not affected by either the treatment or the phase. Plasma CORT levels increased in LPS-treated individuals, with an accentuated increase at night. Otherwise, CORT concentration in the tissues was not affected by LPS exposure. Modulation of MEL levels in bone marrow suggests this tissue may participate in the toad's inflammatory response assembly. Moreover, MEL and CORT levels were different in tissues, pointing to an independent modulation of hormonal concentration. Our results suggest an important role of immune challenge in modulating MEL and CORT, bringing essential insights into the hormone-immune interactions during anuran's inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Cunha Cyrino
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aymam Cobo de Figueiredo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marlina Olyissa Córdoba-Moreno
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brasil
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Koshkin IN, Vlasenko VS, Pleshakova VI, Alkhimova LE, Elyshev AV, Kulakov IV. Morphology of Lymphoid Tissue in the Lungs of Guinea Pigs Infected with Mycobacterium bovis against the Background of Vaccine Immunity and the Action of Betulin and Its Derivatives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122084. [PMID: 36560494 PMCID: PMC9784198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a serious problem for animal and human health worldwide. A promising concept for the design of anti-tuberculosis drugs is the conjugation of an immunogenic fraction isolated from bacterial vaccines with a stimulating component. Taking this principle as a basis, conjugates based on BCG antigens with betulin and its derivatives (betulonic and betulinic acids) were designed. The aim of this research was to study the morphological changes in the lymphoid tissue associated with the bronchial mucosa lungs (BALT) in guinea pigs sensitized with experimental conjugates using a model of experimental tuberculosis. The results showed a significant decrease in the BALT response, expressed by a decrease in the diameter of lymphatic follicles and a decrease in their activity when exposed to conjugates based on BCG antigens with betulin and, especially, with betulonic acid, with a visually greater number of plasma cells observed in the lung tissues of guinea pigs of these groups. The absence of tuberculous foci and low BALT activity in the lungs of animals treated with betulin and betulonic acid are probably associated with the activation of humoral immunity under the action of these conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Koshkin
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omsk State Agrarian University Named after P.A. Stolypin, 2 Institutskaya Ploshchad, 644008 Omsk, Russia
| | - Vasily S. Vlasenko
- Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, 26 Koroleva Ave., 644012 Omsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.S.V.); (I.V.K.)
| | - Valentina I. Pleshakova
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omsk State Agrarian University Named after P.A. Stolypin, 2 Institutskaya Ploshchad, 644008 Omsk, Russia
| | - Larisa E. Alkhimova
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Elyshev
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Kulakov
- Center of Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.S.V.); (I.V.K.)
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Mackie S, Maghsoodi S, Alawamleh HSK, Sheybani N, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Rajabi F, Javanmard G, Khadem H, Barkema HW, De Donato M. In-depth systems biological evaluation of bovine alveolar macrophages suggests novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying Mycobacterium bovis infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041314. [PMID: 36532492 PMCID: PMC9748370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic respiratory infectious disease of domestic livestock caused by intracellular Mycobacterium bovis infection, which causes ~$3 billion in annual losses to global agriculture. Providing novel tools for bTB managements requires a comprehensive understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the M. bovis infection. Nevertheless, a combination of different bioinformatics and systems biology methods was used in this study in order to clearly understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms of bTB, especially the immunomodulatory mechanisms of M. bovis infection. METHODS RNA-seq data were retrieved and processed from 78 (39 non-infected control vs. 39 M. bovis-infected samples) bovine alveolar macrophages (bAMs). Next, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify the co-expression modules in non-infected control bAMs as reference set. The WGCNA module preservation approach was then used to identify non-preserved modules between non-infected controls and M. bovis-infected samples (test set). Additionally, functional enrichment analysis was used to investigate the biological behavior of the non-preserved modules and to identify bTB-specific non-preserved modules. Co-expressed hub genes were identified based on module membership (MM) criteria of WGCNA in the non-preserved modules and then integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to identify co-expressed hub genes/transcription factors (TFs) with the highest maximal clique centrality (MCC) score (hub-central genes). RESULTS As result, WGCNA analysis led to the identification of 21 modules in the non-infected control bAMs (reference set), among which the topological properties of 14 modules were altered in the M. bovis-infected bAMs (test set). Interestingly, 7 of the 14 non-preserved modules were directly related to the molecular mechanisms underlying the host immune response, immunosuppressive mechanisms of M. bovis, and bTB development. Moreover, among the co-expressed hub genes and TFs of the bTB-specific non-preserved modules, 260 genes/TFs had double centrality in both co-expression and PPI networks and played a crucial role in bAMs-M. bovis interactions. Some of these hub-central genes/TFs, including PSMC4, SRC, BCL2L1, VPS11, MDM2, IRF1, CDKN1A, NLRP3, TLR2, MMP9, ZAP70, LCK, TNF, CCL4, MMP1, CTLA4, ITK, IL6, IL1A, IL1B, CCL20, CD3E, NFKB1, EDN1, STAT1, TIMP1, PTGS2, TNFAIP3, BIRC3, MAPK8, VEGFA, VPS18, ICAM1, TBK1, CTSS, IL10, ACAA1, VPS33B, and HIF1A, had potential targets for inducing immunomodulatory mechanisms by M. bovis to evade the host defense response. CONCLUSION The present study provides an in-depth insight into the molecular regulatory mechanisms behind M. bovis infection through biological investigation of the candidate non-preserved modules directly related to bTB development. Furthermore, several hub-central genes/TFs were identified that were significant in determining the fate of M. bovis infection and could be promising targets for developing novel anti-bTB therapies and diagnosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Shayan Mackie
- Faculty of Science, Earth Sciences Building, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sairan Maghsoodi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Heba Saed Kariem Alawamleh
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, AL-Balqa Applied University, AL-Huson University College, AL-Huson, Jordan
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Khadem
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Regional Department of Bioengineering, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Akter S, Chauhan KS, Dunlap MD, Choreño-Parra JA, Lu L, Esaulova E, Zúñiga J, Artyomov MN, Kaushal D, Khader SA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection drives a type I IFN signature in lung lymphocytes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110983. [PMID: 35732116 PMCID: PMC9616001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects 25% of the world's population and causes tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death globally. A clear understanding of the dynamics of immune response at the cellular level is crucial to design better strategies to control TB. We use the single-cell RNA sequencing approach on lung lymphocytes derived from healthy and Mtb-infected mice. Our results show the enrichment of the type I IFN signature among the lymphoid cell clusters, as well as heat shock responses in natural killer (NK) cells from Mtb-infected mice lungs. We identify Ly6A as a lymphoid cell activation marker and validate its upregulation in activated lymphoid cells following infection. The cross-analysis of the type I IFN signature in human TB-infected peripheral blood samples further validates our results. These findings contribute toward understanding and characterizing the transcriptional parameters at a single-cell depth in a highly relevant and reproducible mouse model of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Akter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Kuldeep S. Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Micah D. Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City 14080, Mexico,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Lan Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joaquin Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City 14080, Mexico,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (D.K.), (S.A.K.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110983
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10
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dos Santos CC, Walburg KV, van Veen S, Wilson LG, Trufen CEM, Nascimento IP, Ottenhoff THM, Leite LCC, Haks MC. Recombinant BCG-LTAK63 Vaccine Candidate for Tuberculosis Induces an Inflammatory Profile in Human Macrophages. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060831. [PMID: 35746439 PMCID: PMC9227035 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 leading causes of death worldwide. The recombinant BCG strain expressing the genetically detoxified A subunit of the thermolabile toxin from Escherichia coli (LTAK63) adjuvant (rBCG-LTAK63) has previously been shown to confer superior protection and immunogenicity compared to BCG in a murine TB infection model. To further investigate the immunological mechanisms induced by rBCG-LTAK63, we evaluated the immune responses induced by rBCG-LTAK63, BCG, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv strains in experimental infections of primary human M1 and M2 macrophages at the transcriptomic and cytokine secretion levels. The rBCG-LTAK63-infected M1 macrophages more profoundly upregulated interferon-inducible genes such as IFIT3, OAS3, and antimicrobial gene CXCL9 compared to BCG, and induced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12(p70), TNF-β, and IL-15. The rBCG-LTAK63-infected M2 macrophages more extensively upregulated transcripts of inflammation-related genes, TAP1, GBP1, SLAMF7, TNIP1, and IL6, and induced higher levels of cytokines related to inflammation and tissue repair, MCP-3 and EGF, as compared to BCG. Thus, our data revealed an important signature of immune responses induced in human macrophages by rBCG-LTAK63 associated with increased inflammation, activation, and tissue repair, which may be correlated with a protective immune response against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.C.d.S.); (L.C.C.L.)
| | - Kimberley V. Walburg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Suzanne van Veen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Louis G. Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
| | | | - Ivan P. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Luciana C. C. Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.C.d.S.); (L.C.C.L.)
| | - Mariëlle C. Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.V.W.); (S.v.V.); (L.G.W.); (T.H.M.O.); (M.C.H.)
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11
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Involvement of Cathepsins Protein in Mycobacterial Infection and Its Future Prospect as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Poh XY, Loh FK, Friedland JS, Ong CWM. Neutrophil-Mediated Immunopathology and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Central Nervous System - Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788976. [PMID: 35095865 PMCID: PMC8789671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious killers in the world, infecting approximately a quarter of the world’s population with the causative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is the most severe form of TB, with high mortality and residual neurological sequelae even with effective TB treatment. In CNS-TB, recruited neutrophils infiltrate into the brain to carry out its antimicrobial functions of degranulation, phagocytosis and NETosis. However, neutrophils also mediate inflammation, tissue destruction and immunopathology in the CNS. Neutrophils release key mediators including matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) which degrade brain extracellular matrix (ECM), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α which may drive inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) that drive cellular necrosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), interacting with platelets to form thrombi that may lead to ischemic stroke. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) targeting these key mediators are potentially exciting, but currently remain of unproven effectiveness. This article reviews the key role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived mediators in driving CNS-TB immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ying Poh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Kean Loh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine W M Ong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Barral TD, Rebouças MF, Loureiro D, Raynal JT, Sousa TJ, Moura-Costa LF, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Portela RW. Chemokine production induced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in a murine model. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1019-1027. [PMID: 35138630 PMCID: PMC9151972 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis. The main clinical sign of this disease is the development of granulomas, especially in small ruminants; however, the pathways that are involved in the formation and maintenance of these granulomas are unknown. Cytokines and chemokines are responsible for the migration of immune cells to specific sites and tissues; therefore, it is possible that chemokines participate in abscess formation. This study aimed to evaluate the induction of chemokine production by two C. pseudotuberculosis strains in a murine model. A highly pathogenic (VD57) and an attenuated (T1) strain of C. pseudotuberculosis, as well as somatic and secreted antigens derived from these strains, was used to stimulate murine splenocytes. Then, the concentrations of the chemokines CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CCL-5 and the cytokines IL-1 and TNF were measured in the culture supernatants. The VD57 strain had a higher ability to stimulate the production of chemokines when compared to T1 strain, especially in the early stages of stimulation, which can have an impact on granuloma formation. The T1 lysate antigen was able to stimulate most of the chemokines studied herein when compared to the other antigenic fractions of both strains. These results indicate that C. pseudotuberculosis is a chemokine production inducer, and the bacterial strains differ in their induction pattern, a situation that can be related to the specific behavior of each strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Doria Barral
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Miriam Flores Rebouças
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Dan Loureiro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - José Tadeu Raynal
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Thiago Jesus Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lilia Ferreira Moura-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State, 40110-100, Brazil.
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14
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Kumar N, Khan N, Cleveland D, Geiger JD. A common approach for fighting tuberculosis and leprosy: controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1555-1563. [PMID: 34743608 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy and tuberculosis are infectious diseases that are caused by bacteria, and both share primary risk factors. Mediators of these diseases are regulated by a heterogeneous immature population of myeloid cells called myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that exhibit immunosuppressive activity against innate and adaptive immunity. During pathological conditions, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in MDSCs, and high levels of ER stress affect MDSC-linked immunosuppressive activity. Investigating the role of ER stress in regulating immunosuppressive functions of MDSCs in leprosy and tuberculosis may lead to new approaches to treating these diseases. Here the authors discuss the immunoregulatory effects of ER stress in MDSCs as well as the possibility of targeting unfolded protein response elements of ER stress to diminish the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs and reinvigorate diminished adaptive immune system responses that occur in leprosy and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Dawn Cleveland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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15
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Kumar NP, Moideen K, Nancy A, Viswanathan V, Thiruvengadam K, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Sivakumar S, Hissar S, Kornfeld H, Babu S. Plasma Chemokines Are Baseline Predictors of Unfavorable Treatment Outcomes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3419-e3427. [PMID: 32766812 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma chemokines are biomarkers of greater disease severity, higher bacterial burden, and delayed sputum culture conversion in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Whether plasma chemokines could also serve as biomarkers of unfavorable treatment outcomes in PTB is not known. METHODS A cohort of newly diagnosed, sputum smear- and culture-positive adults with drug-sensitive PTB were recruited under the Effect of Diabetes on Tuberculosis Severity study in Chennai, India. Plasma chemokine levels measured before treatment initiation were compared between 68 cases with unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, death, or recurrence) and 136 control individuals who had recurrence-free cure. A second validation cohort comprising newly diagnosed, culture-positive adults with drug-sensitive TB was used to measure plasma chemokine levels in 20 cases and 40 controls. RESULTS Six chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CX3CL1) were associated with increased risk, while CXCL1 was associated with decreased risk of unfavorable outcomes in unadjusted and adjusted analyses in the test cohort. Similarly, CCL3, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were associated with increased risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes in the validation cohort. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that combinations of CCL3, CXCL8, and CXCL10 exhibited very high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating cases vs controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a plasma chemokine signature that can be used as a novel biomarker for predicting adverse treatment outcomes in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella P Kumar
- National Institutes of Health, NIRT, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health, NIRT, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arul Nancy
- National Institutes of Health, NIRT, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Center, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Dina Nair
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Syed Hissar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, NIRT, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Al-Shar'i NA, Singh V, Deka S, Srivastava A, Tiwari V, Mailavaram RP. Tuberculosis: An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Newer Anti-TB Drugs, Treatment Regimens and Host- Directed Therapies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:547-570. [PMID: 33319660 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201211200447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that inhabits inside and amidst immune cells of the host with adapted physiology to regulate interdependent cellular functions with intact pathogenic potential. The complexity of this disease is attributed to various factors such as the reactivation of latent TB form after prolonged persistence, disease progression specifically in immunocompromised patients, advent of multi- and extensivelydrug resistant (MDR and XDR) Mtb strains, adverse effects of tailor-made regimens, and drug-drug interactions among anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV therapies. Thus, there is a compelling demand for newer anti-TB drugs or regimens to overcome these obstacles. Considerable multifaceted transformations in the current TB methodologies and molecular interventions underpinning hostpathogen interactions and drug resistance mechanisms may assist to overcome the emerging drug resistance. Evidently, recent scientific and clinical advances have revolutionised the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of all forms of the disease. This review sheds light on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of TB disease, molecular mechanisms of drug-resistance, progress on the development of novel or repurposed anti-TB drugs and regimens, host-directed therapies, with particular emphasis on underlying knowledge gaps and prospective for futuristic TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Pran K Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar A Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Amavya Srivastava
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Raghu P Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram - 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
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17
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Bade P, Simonetti F, Sans S, Laboudie P, Kissane K, Chappat N, Lagrange S, Apparailly F, Roubert C, Duroux-Richard I. Integrative Analysis of Human Macrophage Inflammatory Response Related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668060. [PMID: 34276658 PMCID: PMC8284339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, kills 1.5 to 1.7 million people every year. Macrophages are Mtb's main host cells and their inflammatory response is an essential component of the host defense against Mtb. However, Mtb is able to circumvent the macrophages' defenses by triggering an inappropriate inflammatory response. The ability of Mtb to hinder phagolysosome maturation and acidification, and to escape the phagosome into the cytosol, is closely linked to its virulence. The modulation of the host inflammatory response relies on Mtb virulence factors, but remains poorly studied. Understanding macrophage interactions with Mtb is crucial to develop strategies to control tuberculosis. The present study aims to determine the inflammatory response transcriptome and miRNome of human macrophages infected with the virulent H37Rv Mtb strain, to identify macrophage genetic networks specifically modulated by Mtb virulence. Using human macrophages infected with two different live strains of mycobacteria (live or heat-inactivated Mtb H37Rv and M. marinum), we quantified and analyzed 184 inflammatory mRNAs and 765 micro(mi)RNAs. Transcripts and miRNAs differently modulated by H37Rv in comparison with the two other conditions were analyzed using in silico approaches. We identified 30 host inflammatory response genes and 37 miRNAs specific for H37Rv virulence, and highlight evidence suggesting that Mtb intracellular-linked virulence depends on the inhibition of IL-1β-dependent pro-inflammatory response, the repression of apoptosis and the delay of the recruitment and activation of adaptive immune cells. Our findings provide new potential targets for the development of macrophage-based therapeutic strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bade
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Evotec ID (Lyon), Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence Apparailly
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Isabelle Duroux-Richard
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Sivakumaran D, Blatner G, Bakken R, Hokey D, Ritz C, Jenum S, Grewal HMS. A 2-Dose AERAS-402 Regimen Boosts CD8 + Polyfunctionality in HIV-Negative, BCG-Vaccinated Recipients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673532. [PMID: 34177914 PMCID: PMC8231292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of BCG, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat. Existing vaccine candidates in clinical trials are designed to replace or boost BCG which does not provide satisfying long-term protection. AERAS-402 is a replication-deficient Ad35 vaccine encoding a fusion protein of the M. tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens 85A, 85B, and TB10.4. The present phase I trial assessed the safety and immunogenicity of AERAS-402 in participants living in India – a highly TB-endemic area. Healthy male participants aged 18–45 years with a negative QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test (QFT) were recruited. Enrolled participants (n=12) were randomized 2:1 to receive two intramuscular injections of either AERAS-402 (3 x 1010 viral particles [vp]); (n=8) or placebo (n=4) on study days 0 and 28. Safety and immunogenicity parameters were evaluated for up to 182 days post the second injection. Immunogenicity was assessed by a flow cytometry-based intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay and transcriptional profiling. The latter was examined using dual-color-Reverse-Transcriptase-Multiplex-Ligation-dependent-Probe-Amplification (dc-RT MLPA) assay. AERAS-402 was well tolerated, and no vaccine-related serious adverse events were recorded. The vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell responses were dominated by cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (“polyfunctional” cells) and were more robust than CD4+ T-cell responses. Five genes (CXCL10, GNLY, IFI35, IL1B and PTPRCv2) were differentially expressed between the AERAS-402-group and the placebo group, suggesting vaccine-induced responses. Further, compared to pre-vaccination, three genes (CLEC7A, PTPRCv1 and TAGAP) were consistently up-regulated following two doses of vaccination in the AERAS-402-group. No safety concerns were observed for AERAS-402 in healthy Indian adult males. The vaccine-induced predominantly polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in response to Ag85B, humoral immunity, and altered gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) indicative of activation of various immunologically relevant biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Sivakumaran
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gretta Blatner
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States.,Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rasmus Bakken
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David Hokey
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harleen M S Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Jung BG, Vankayalapati R, Samten B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulates IL-1β production by macrophages in an ESAT-6 dependent manner with the involvement of serum amyloid A3. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:285-293. [PMID: 33957478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its critical roles in immune responses against tuberculosis infection and immune pathology, the molecular details of interleukin (IL)-1β production in tuberculosis infection remain elusive. To explore IL-1β production in tuberculosis infection, we infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv, its early secreted antigenic target protein of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) gene deletion (H37Rv:Δ3875) or complemented strain (H37Rv:Δ3875C) and evaluated IL-1β production. H37Rv induced significantly increased IL-1β production by BMDMs compared to non-infected BMDMs. In contrast, H37Rv:Δ3875 induced significantly less mature IL-1β production despite eliciting comparable levels of pro-IL-1β and IL-8 from BMDMs compared to H37Rv and H37Rv:Δ3875C. Blocking either NLRP3 or K+ efflux diminished H37Rv-induced IL-1β production by BMDMs. Infection of mice intranasally with H37Rv:Δ3875 induced less IL-1β production in the lungs compared with H37Rv. Intranasal delivery of ESAT-6 but not CFP10 induced production of IL-1β in mouse lungs and RNA-Seq analysis identified serum amyloid A (SAA) 3 as one of the highly expressed genes in mouse lungs. Infection of mice with H37Rv but not H37Rv:Δ3875 induced expression of lung SAA3 mRNA and protein, consistent with the effect of intranasal delivery of ESAT-6. Silencing SAA3 reduced Mtb-induced IL-1β production by BMDMs. We conclude that SAA3 plays critical role in ESAT-6 dependent IL-1β production by macrophages in tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
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20
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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21
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Ali ZA, Mankhi AA, Ad'hiah AH. Significance of the chemokine CXCL10 and human beta-defensin-3 as biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 128:102078. [PMID: 33773403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The biomarker significance of IL-35, chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and human beta-defensins (hBD2 and hBD3) was determined in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) of 105 Iraqi patients; 37 had active disease, 41 had multi-drug resistant (MDR) PTB and 27 had a relapse of TB. A control sample of 79 healthy persons was also included. Serum levels of markers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis test together with Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test revealed significance differences between patients and controls in levels of IL-35, CXCL9, CXCL10 and hBD3, while hBD2 showed no significant difference. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that CXCL10 and hBD3 were the most significant markers in predicting TB, particularly active disease. Logistic regression analysis proposed the susceptibility role of CXCL10 in TB. Gender- and age-dependent variations were also observed. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed different correlations between markers in each group of patients and controls. In conclusion, CXCL10 was up-regulated in serum of TB patients, while hBD3 showed down-regulated level. Both serum proteins are possible candidate biomarkers for evaluation of TB progression, particularly in active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab A Ali
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A Mankhi
- National Specialized Center for Chest and Respiratory Diseases, Ministry of Health and Environment, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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22
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Hackett EE, Sheedy FJ. An Army Marches on Its Stomach: Metabolic Intermediates as Antimicrobial Mediators in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:446. [PMID: 32984072 PMCID: PMC7477320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the immune system are reliant on their metabolic state to launch effective responses to combat mycobacterial infections. The bioenergetic profile of the cell determines the molecular fuels and metabolites available to the host, as well as to the bacterial invader. How cells utilize the nutrients in their microenvironment—including glucose, lipids and amino acids—to sustain their functions and produce antimicrobial metabolites, and how mycobacteria exploit this to evade the immune system is of great interest. Changes in flux through metabolic pathways alters the intermediate metabolites present. These intermediates are beginning to be recognized as key modulators of immune signaling as well as direct antimicrobial effectors, and their impact on tuberculosis infection is becoming apparent. A better understanding of how metabolism impacts immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and how it is regulated and thus can be manipulated will open the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer E Hackett
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Scott NR, Swanson RV, Al-Hammadi N, Domingo-Gonzalez R, Rangel-Moreno J, Kriel BA, Bucsan AN, Das S, Ahmed M, Mehra S, Treerat P, Cruz-Lagunas A, Jimenez-Alvarez L, Muñoz-Torrico M, Bobadilla-Lozoya K, Vogl T, Walzl G, du Plessis N, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Zúñiga J, Khader SA. S100A8/A9 regulates CD11b expression and neutrophil recruitment during chronic tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3098-3112. [PMID: 32134742 PMCID: PMC7259997 DOI: 10.1172/jci130546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil accumulation is associated with lung pathology during active tuberculosis (ATB). However, the molecular mechanism or mechanisms by which neutrophils accumulate in the lung and contribute to TB immunopathology are not fully delineated. Using the well-established mouse model of TB, our new data provide evidence that the alarmin S100A8/A9 mediates neutrophil accumulation during progression to chronic TB. Depletion of neutrophils or S100A8/A9 deficiency resulted in improved Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) control during chronic but not acute TB. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that, following Mtb infection, S100A8/A9 expression is required for upregulation of the integrin molecule CD11b specifically on neutrophils, mediating their accumulation during chronic TB disease. These findings are further substantiated by increased expression of S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA in whole blood in human TB progressors when compared with nonprogressors and rapidly decreased S100A8/A9 protein levels in the serum upon TB treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that S100A8/A9 serum levels along with chemokines are useful in distinguishing between ATB and asymptomatic Mtb-infected latent individuals. Thus, our results support targeting S100A8/A9 pathways as host-directed therapy for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noor Al-Hammadi
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Belinda A. Kriel
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Allison N. Bucsan
- Division of Bacteriology and
- Division of Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | | - Smriti Mehra
- Division of Bacteriology and
- Division of Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jimenez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Muñoz-Torrico
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Bobadilla-Lozoya
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology and
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Agarwal S, Sharma A, Bouzeyen R, Deep A, Sharma H, Mangalaparthi KK, Datta KK, Kidwai S, Gowda H, Varadarajan R, Sharma RD, Thakur KG, Singh R. VapBC22 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for pathogenesis and modulation of host immune response. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba6944. [PMID: 32537511 PMCID: PMC7269643 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Virulence-associated protein B and C toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in prokaryotes, but their precise role in physiology is poorly understood. We have functionally characterized the VapBC22 TA system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of VapC22 toxin in M. tuberculosis results in reduced levels of metabolic enzymes and increased levels of ribosomal proteins. Proteomics studies showed reduced expression of virulence-associated proteins and increased levels of cognate antitoxin, VapB22 in the ΔvapC22 mutant strain. Furthermore, both the ΔvapC22 mutant and VapB22 overexpression strains of M. tuberculosis were susceptible to killing upon exposure to oxidative stress and showed attenuated growth in guinea pigs and mice. Host transcriptome analysis suggests upregulation of the transcripts involved in innate immune responses and tissue remodeling in mice infected with the ΔvapC22 mutant strain. Together, we demonstrate that the VapBC22 TA system belongs to a key regulatory network and is essential for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Agarwal
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Harya na-121001, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Harya na-121001, India
| | - Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Amar Deep
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Harsh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugr am-122413, India
| | | | | | - Saqib Kidwai
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Harya na-121001, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore 560066, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - Ravi Datta Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugr am-122413, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Harya na-121001, India
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Habtamu M, Abrahamsen G, Aseffa A, Andargie E, Ayalew S, Abebe M, Spurkland A. High-throughput analysis of T cell-monocyte interaction in human tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 201:187-199. [PMID: 32348546 PMCID: PMC7366737 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of efficient tools for identifying immunological correlates of tuberculosis (TB) protection or risk of disease progression impedes the development of improved control strategies. To more clearly understand the host response in TB, we recently established an imaging flow cytometer‐based in‐vitro assay, which assesses multiple aspects of T cell–monocyte interaction. Here, we extended our previous work and characterized communication between T cells and monocytes using clinical samples from individuals with different TB infection status and healthy controls from a TB endemic setting. To identify T cell–monocyte conjugates, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with ds‐Red‐expressing Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin or 6‐kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT 6) peptides for 6 h, and analyzed by imaging flow cytometer (IFC). We then enumerated T cell–monocyte conjugates using polarization of T cell receptor (TCR) and F‐actin as markers for synapse formation, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) nuclear translocation in the T cells. We observed a reduced frequency of T cell–monocyte conjugates in cells from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) compared to latent TB‐infected (LTBI) and healthy controls. When we monitored NF‐κB nuclear translocation in T cells interacting with monocytes, the proportion of responding cells was significantly higher in active pTB compared with LTBI and controls. Overall, these data underscore the need to consider multiple immunological parameters against TB, where IFC could be a valuable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Habtamu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Olso, Norway.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Abrahamsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Olso, Norway
| | - A Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E Andargie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S Ayalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Olso, Norway
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26
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Wu K, Li M, Chen ZY, Lowrie DB, Fan XY. Probe Signal Values in mRNA Arrays Imply an Excessive Involvement of Neutrophil FCGR1 in Tuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:19. [PMID: 32118006 PMCID: PMC7033432 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbed genes from transcriptomes are often presented in terms of relative expressions against control samples. However, the probe signal values (PSVs) of genes, implying protein abundances, are often ignored. Here, we explored the PSVs in tuberculosis (TB)-relevant signature genes. The signatures from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected THP-1 cells were defined as induced (TMtb-i, with a derived TMtb-iNet) and repressed (TMtb-r). The signature from human blood was defined as a pulmonary TB (PTB)-specific signature (PTBsig). The analysis showed that before infection, TMtb-i and TMtb-iNet had lower PSVs and TMtb-r genes had average PSVs. In the blood of healthy donors, PTBsig (divided into up-regulated PTBsigUp and down-regulated PTBsigDn) displayed average PSVs. This was partly due to masking by the cellular heterogeneity of blood; diverse PSVs were seen in constituent cell populations (CD4/8+ T, monocytes and neutrophils). Specifically, the PSVs of PTBsigUp in the neutrophils of healthy donors were higher (implying higher protein abundances), and much higher in the neutrophils of PTB (implying excessive protein abundances). Based on the PSV patterns of PTBsigUp in four cell populations, we identified three representative highly homologous genes (FCGR1A, FCGR1B, and the pseudogene FCGR1CP, which were often poorly distinguished), of which the summed PSVs were the highest in the neutrophils of PTB patients and healthy donors. The three genes were all up-regulated and responsive to chemotherapy in the blood of PTB, as validated in an RNA-seq-based analysis. This PSV-based study confirms the excessive involvement of neutrophil FCGR1 in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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27
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Plasma chemokines are biomarkers of disease severity, higher bacterial burden and delayed sputum culture conversion in pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18217. [PMID: 31796883 PMCID: PMC6890773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cytokines are biomarkers of disease extent and mycobacterial burden in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Whether chemokines can perform the same role in PTB is not known. We examined the plasma levels of chemokines in individuals with PTB, latent TB (LTB) or healthy controls (HC) and their association with disease severity and mycobacterial burdens in PTB. We also examined the chemokines in PTB individuals at the end of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy (ATT). PTB individuals exhibited significantly higher levels of CCL1, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in comparison to LTB and/or HC individuals. PTB individuals with bilateral or cavitary disease displayed significantly elevated levels of CCL1, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL10 and CXCL11 compared to those with unilateral or non-cavitary disease and also exhibited a significant positive relationship with bacterial burdens. In addition, PTB individuals with slower culture conversion displayed significantly elevated levels of CCL1, CCL3, CXCL1 and CXCL9 at the time of PTB diagnosis and prior to ATT. Finally, the chemokines were significantly reduced following successful ATT. Our data demonstrate that PTB is associated with elevated levels of chemokines, which are partially reversed followed chemotherapy. Our data demonstrate that chemokines are markers of disease severity, predicting increased bacterial burden and delayed culture conversion in PTB.
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28
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Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Kammona O, Tastsoglou S, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Kiparissides C, Karagouni E. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Immune Markers Related to Visceral Leishmaniasis Establishment in the Experimental Model of BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2749. [PMID: 31849951 PMCID: PMC6902045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani and L. infantum is a potentially fatal disease. To date there are no registered vaccines for disease prevention despite the fact that several vaccines are in preclinical development. Thus, new strategies are needed to improve vaccine efficacy based on a better understanding of the mechanisms mediating protective immunity and mechanisms of host immune responses subversion by immunopathogenic components of Leishmania. We found that mice vaccinated with CPA162−189-loaded p8-PLGA nanoparticles, an experimental nanovaccine, induced the differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in spleen compared to control mice, characterized by increased dynamics of proliferation and high amounts of IFN-γ production after ex vivo re-stimulation with CPA162−189 antigen. Vaccination with CPA162−189-loaded p8-PLGA nanoparticles resulted in about 80% lower parasite load in spleen and liver at 4 weeks after challenge with L. infantum promastigotes as compared to control mice. However, 16 weeks after infection the parasite load in spleen was comparable in both mouse groups. Decreased protection levels in vaccinated mice were followed by up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 production although at lower levels in comparison to control mice. Microarray analysis in spleen tissue at 4 weeks post challenge revealed different immune-related profiles among the two groups. Specifically, vaccinated mice were characterized by similar profile to naïve mice. On the other hand, the transcriptome of the non-vaccinated mice was dominated by increased expression of genes related to interferon type I, granulocyte chemotaxis, and immune cells suppression. This profile was significantly enriched at 16 weeks post challenge, a time-point which is relative to disease establishment, and was common for both groups, further suggesting that type I signaling and granulocyte influx has a significant role in disease establishment, pathogenesis and eventually in decreased vaccine efficacy for stimulating long-term protection. Overall, we put a spotlight on host immune networks during active VL as potential targets to improve and design more effective vaccines against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Evita Athanasiou
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Tastsoglou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Artemis G Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.,DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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29
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Wilson JL, Mayr HK, Weichhart T. Metabolic Programming of Macrophages: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31681260 PMCID: PMC6797840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is rapidly gaining appreciation in the etiology of immune cell dysfunction in a variety of diseases. Tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and sarcoidosis represent an important class of diseases characterized by the formation of granulomas, where macrophages are causatively implicated in disease pathogenesis. Recent studies support the incidence of macrophage metabolic reprogramming in granulomas of both infectious and non-infectious origin. These publications identify the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as the major regulators of lipid metabolism and cellular energy balance, peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), respectively, as key players in the pathological progression of granulomas. In this review, we present a comprehensive breakdown of emerging research on the link between macrophage cell metabolism and granulomas of different etiology, and how parallels can be drawn between different forms of granulomatous disease. In particular, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ signaling and lipid metabolism, which are currently the best-represented metabolic pathways in this context, and we highlight dysregulated lipid metabolism as a common denominator in granulomatous disease progression. This review therefore aims to highlight metabolic mechanisms of granuloma immune cell fate and open up research questions for the identification of potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Katharina Mayr
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Habibi P, Daniell H, Soccol CR, Grossi‐de‐Sa MF. The potential of plant systems to break the HIV-TB link. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1868-1891. [PMID: 30908823 PMCID: PMC6737023 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can place a major burden on healthcare systems and constitute the main challenges of diagnostic and therapeutic programmes. Infection with HIV is the most common cause of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which can accelerate the risk of latent TB reactivation by 20-fold. Similarly, TB is considered the most relevant factor predisposing individuals to HIV infection. Thus, both pathogens can augment one another in a synergetic manner, accelerating the failure of immunological functions and resulting in subsequent death in the absence of treatment. Synergistic approaches involving the treatment of HIV as a tool to combat TB and vice versa are thus required in regions with a high burden of HIV and TB infection. In this context, plant systems are considered a promising approach for combatting HIV and TB in a resource-limited setting because plant-made drugs can be produced efficiently and inexpensively in developing countries and could be shared by the available agricultural infrastructure without the expensive requirement needed for cold chain storage and transportation. Moreover, the use of natural products from medicinal plants can eliminate the concerns associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anti-TB therapy (ATT), including drug interactions, drug-related toxicity and multidrug resistance. In this review, we highlight the potential of plant system as a promising approach for the production of relevant pharmaceuticals for HIV and TB treatment. However, in the cases of HIV and TB, none of the plant-made pharmaceuticals have been approved for clinical use. Limitations in reaching these goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Habibi
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and BiotechnologyFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi‐de‐Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Post Graduation Program in BiotechnologyUniversity PotiguarNatalRNBrazil
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31
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Abstract
Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Recent advances in immunometabolism illuminate the intimate link between the metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions. In this review, we describe the little-studied biphasic metabolic dynamics of the macrophage response during progression of infection by M. tuberculosis and discuss their relevance to macrophage immunity and M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. The early phase of macrophage infection, which is marked by M1 polarization, is accompanied by a metabolic switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)-mediated aerobic glycolysis (also known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells), as well as by an upregulation of pathways involving oxidative and antioxidative defense responses, arginine metabolism, and synthesis of bioactive lipids. These early metabolic changes are followed by a late adaptation/resolution phase in which macrophages transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, with a consequent dampening of macrophage proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Importantly, the identification of upregulated metabolic pathways and/or metabolic regulatory mechanisms with immunomodulatory functions during M1 polarization has revealed novel mechanisms of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. These advances can lead to the development of novel host-directed therapies to facilitate bacterial clearance in tuberculosis by targeting the metabolic state of immune cells.
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla CK, Nutman TB, Babu S. Coexistent Helminth Infection-Mediated Modulation of Chemokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1494-1500. [PMID: 30651341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coexistent helminth infections are known to modulate T cell and cytokine responses in latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, their role in modulating chemokine responses in latent tuberculosis (LTB) has not been explored. Because chemokines play a vital role in the protective immune responses in LTB, we postulated that coexistent helminth infection could modulate chemokine production in helminth-LTB coinfection. To test this, we measured the levels of a panel of CC and CXC chemokines at baseline and following mycobacterial Ag or mitogen stimulation in individuals with LTB with (Strongyloides stercoralis +LTB+) or without S. stercoralis (S. stercoralis -LTB+) infection and in individuals without both infections, healthy controls (HC). At baseline (in the absence of a stimulus), S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. Upon mycobacterial Ag stimulation, S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. No differences were observed upon mitogen stimulation. Finally, after anthelmintic treatment, the baseline levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL11 and mycobacterial Ag-stimulated levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL11, CXCL2, and CXCL10 were significantly increased in S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals. Thus, our data demonstrate that S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals are associated with a compromised ability to express both CC and CXC chemokines and that this defect is at least partially reversible upon treatment. Hence, coexistent helminth infection induces downmodulation of chemokine responses in LTB individuals with likely potential effects on tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
Pulmonary respiration inevitably exposes the mucosal surface of the lung to potentially noxious stimuli, including pathogens, allergens, and particulates, each of which can trigger pulmonary damage and inflammation. As inflammation resolves, B and T lymphocytes often aggregate around large bronchi to form inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT). iBALT formation can be initiated by a diverse array of molecular pathways that converge on the activation and differentiation of chemokine-expressing stromal cells that serve as the scaffolding for iBALT and facilitate the recruitment, retention, and organization of leukocytes. Like conventional lymphoid organs, iBALT recruits naïve lymphocytes from the blood, exposes them to local antigens, in this case from the airways, and supports their activation and differentiation into effector cells. The activity of iBALT is demonstrably beneficial for the clearance of respiratory pathogens; however, it is less clear whether it dampens or exacerbates inflammatory responses to non-infectious agents. Here, we review the evidence regarding the role of iBALT in pulmonary immunity and propose that the final outcome depends on the context of the disease.
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Sariko M, Maro A, Gratz J, Houpt E, Kisonga R, Mpagama S, Heysell S, Mmbaga BT, Thomas TA. Evaluation of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Inflamm Res 2018; 12:15-22. [PMID: 30636888 PMCID: PMC6307673 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s183821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is active interest in leveraging host immune responses as biomarkers of tuberculosis (TB) disease activity. We had previously evaluated an immunodiagnostic test called the antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) assay. Here, we aimed to evaluate a panel of inflammatory mediators and associate the responses with the ALS results to identify a biosignature to distinguish TB cases from controls. METHODOLOGY In this case-control study, adults with TB were compared to controls who were hospitalized for non-infectious conditions. Blood was collected at baseline and after 4 weeks of TB treatment (from TB cases only). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured without antigenic stimulation for 72 hours. Inflammatory mediators were measured using the Multiplex cytokine kit and compared between TB cases and controls; among TB cases, responses were compared over time. ALS and inflammatory mediator results were evaluated using generalized discriminant analysis to identify the optimal biosignature to predict TB. RESULTS When comparing inflammatory mediators between groups, IL-1ra, IL-1β, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were lower in TB cases (P<0.002). Fibroblast growth factor-basic significantly increased from baseline to week-4 (P=0.002). Generalized discriminant analysis yielded a model with IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and ALS, providing a sensitivity of 82.2% and specificity of 76.2%. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IL-1ra, IL-1β, and GM-CSF might be used as diagnostic biomarkers to distinguish between TB cases and non-TB cases. We could not identify a group of mediators that outperformed the diagnostic accuracy of the ALS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha Sariko
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania,
| | - Athanasia Maro
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania,
| | - Jean Gratz
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Riziki Kisonga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kibong'oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Stellah Mpagama
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kibong'oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Scott Heysell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania,
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania,
| | - Tania A Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Modelling a Silent Epidemic: A Review of the In Vitro Models of Latent Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040088. [PMID: 30445695 PMCID: PMC6313694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death by a single infectious agent; responsible for around two million deaths in 2016. A major virulence factor of TB is the ability to enter a latent or Non-Replicating Persistent (NRP) state which is presumed untreatable. Approximately 1.7 billion people are latently infected with TB and on reactivation many of these infections are drug resistant. As the current treatment is ineffective and diagnosis remains poor, millions of people have the potential to reactivate into active TB disease. The immune system seeks to control the TB infection by containing the bacteria in a granuloma, where it is exposed to stressful anaerobic and nutrient deprived conditions. It is thought to be these environmental conditions that trigger the NRP state. A number of in vitro models have been developed that mimic conditions within the granuloma to a lesser or greater extent. These different models have all been utilised for the research of different characteristics of NRP Mycobacterium tuberculosis, however their disparity in approach and physiological relevance often results in inconsistencies and a lack of consensus between studies. This review provides a summation of the different NRP models and a critical analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages relating to their physiological relevance.
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Sun E, Liu K, Zhao K, Wang L. Serine/threonine kinase 32C is overexpressed in bladder cancer and contributes to tumor progression. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:307-320. [PMID: 30359551 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor markers of bladder cancer (BC) have been investigated for many years, but the clinical treatment based on these biomarkers is still unsatisfactory. STK32C, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase of AGC superfamily, was first found to be highly expressed in brain tissues; however, the role of STK32C in malignant disease has not been determined. Data from TCGA database showed that the STK32C gene is overexpressed in BC and a number of other human tumors. In the current study, immunohistochemistry revealed that high expression of STK32C protein in tumor tissues was significantly associated with poor clinico pathologic features and a short relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with BC. Slicing of STK32C inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. In vivo animal experiments demonstrated that knocking-down of STK32C restricted the growth of tumor cells in mice. Finally, microarray analysis revealed that silencing of STK32C inhibited the activity of the HMGB1 pathway and regulated the expression of key genes in this pathway. In conclusion, our study showed novel promoting roles for STK32C in human tumors, which may provide a new therapeutic target for the patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlin Sun
- a Department of Urology, Tianjin institute of urology , The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- a Department of Urology, Tianjin institute of urology , The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhao
- a Department of Urology, Tianjin institute of urology , The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Lining Wang
- a Department of Urology, Tianjin institute of urology , The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P.R. China
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du Plessis N, Kotze LA, Leukes V, Walzl G. Translational Potential of Therapeutics Targeting Regulatory Myeloid Cells in Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:332. [PMID: 30298121 PMCID: PMC6160538 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in tuberculosis (TB) drug development and availability, successful antibiotic treatment is challenged by the parallel development of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, new approaches toward improving TB treatment have been proposed in an attempt to reduce the high TB morbidity and mortality rates. Host-directed therapies (HDTs), designed to modulate host immune components, provide an alternative approach for improving treatment outcome in both non-communicable and infectious diseases. Many candidate immunotherapeutics, designed to target regulatory myeloid immune components in cancer, have so far proven to be of value as repurposed HDT in TB. Several of these studies do however lack detailed description of the mechanism or host pathway affected by TB HDT treatment. In this review, we present an argument for greater appreciation of the role of regulatory myeloid cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), as potential targets for the development of candidate TB HDT compounds. We discuss the role of MDSC in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease, focussing primarily on their specific cellular functions and highlight the impact of HDTs on MDSC frequency and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelita du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leigh A Kotze
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vinzeigh Leukes
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Campaniço A, Moreira R, Lopes F. Drug discovery in tuberculosis. New drug targets and antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:525-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Longitudinal micro-CT as an outcome measure of interstitial lung disease in TNF-transgenic mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190678. [PMID: 29320550 PMCID: PMC5761871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a debilitating condition with poor survival prognosis. High resolution computed tomography (CT) is a common clinical tool to diagnose RA-ILD, and is increasingly being adopted in pre-clinical studies. However, murine models recapitulating RA-ILD are lacking, and CT outcomes for inflammatory lung disease have yet to be formally validated. To address this, we validate μCT outcomes for ILD in the tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mouse model of RA. METHODS Cross sectional μCT was performed on cohorts of male TNF-Tg mice and their WT littermates at 3, 4, 5.5 and 12 months of age (n = 4-6). Lung μCT outcomes measures were determined by segmentation of the μCT datasets to generate Aerated and Tissue volumes. After each scan, lungs were obtained for histopathology and 3 sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Automated histomorphometry was performed to quantify the tissue area (nuclei, cytoplasm, and extracellular matrix) and aerated area (white space) within the tissue sections. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the extent of association between μCT imaging and histopathology endpoints. RESULTS TNF-Tg mice had significantly greater tissue volume, total lung volume and mean intensity at all timepoints compared to age matched WT littermates. Histomorphometry also demonstrated a significant increase in tissue area at 3, 4, and 5.5 months of age in TNF-Tg mice. Lung tissue volume was correlated with lung tissue area (ρ = 0.81, p<0.0001), and normalize lung aerated volume was correlated with normalized lung air area (ρ = 0.73, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We have validated in vivo μCT as a quantitative biomarker of ILD in mice. Further, development of longitudinal measures is critical for dissecting pathologic progression of ILD, and μCT is a useful non-invasive method to study lung inflammation in the TNF-Tg mouse model.
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Schaible UE, Linnemann L, Redinger N, Patin EC, Dallenga T. Strategies to Improve Vaccine Efficacy against Tuberculosis by Targeting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1755. [PMID: 29312298 PMCID: PMC5732265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global tuberculosis epidemic is the most common cause of death after infectious disease worldwide. Increasing numbers of infections with multi- and extensively drug-resistant variants of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, resistant even to newly discovered and last resort antibiotics, highlight the urgent need for an efficient vaccine. The protective efficacy to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults of the only currently available vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is unsatisfactory and geographically diverse. More importantly, recent clinical studies on new vaccine candidates did not prove to be better than BCG, yet. Here, we propose and discuss novel strategies to improve efficacy of existing anti-tuberculosis vaccines. Modulation of innate immune responses upon vaccination already provided promising results in animal models of tuberculosis. For instance, neutrophils have been shown to influence vaccine efficacy, both, positively and negatively, and stimulate specific antibody secretion. Modulating immune regulatory properties after vaccination such as induction of different types of innate immune cell death, myeloid-derived suppressor or regulatory T cells, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 may have beneficial effects on protection efficacy. Incorporation of lipid antigens presented via CD1 molecules to T cells have been discussed as a way to enhance vaccine efficacy. Finally, concepts of dendritic cell-based immunotherapies or training the innate immune memory may be exploitable for future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. In this review, we put a spotlight on host immune networks as potential targets to boost protection by old and new tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lara Linnemann
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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de Almeida DC, Evangelista LSM, Câmara NOS. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesenchymal stromal cell activation: A minireview. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:152-158. [PMID: 29026461 PMCID: PMC5620424 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i9.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess great therapeutic advantages due to their ability to produce a diverse array of trophic/growth factors related to cytoprotection and immunoregulation. MSC activation via specific receptors is a crucial event for these cells to exert their immunosuppressive response. The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a sensitive molecule for external signals and it is expressed in MSCs and, upon positive activation, may potentially regulate the MSC-associated immunomodulatory function. Consequently, signalling pathways linked to AhR activation can elucidate some of the molecular cascades involved in MSC-mediated immunosuppression. In this minireview, we have noted some important findings concerning MSC regulation via AhR, highlighting that its activation is associated with improvement in migration and immunoregulation, as well as an increase in pro-regenerative potential. Thus, AhR-mediated MSC activation can contribute to new perspectives on MSC-based therapies, particularly those directed at immune-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-003, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-003, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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Vyas SP, Goswami R. Striking the right immunological balance prevents progression of tuberculosis. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:1031-1056. [PMID: 28711989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major burden for human health worldwide. Current standard treatments for TB require prolonged administration of antimycobacterial drugs leading to exaggerated inflammation and tissue damage. This can result in the reactivation of latent TB culminating in TB progression. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop therapies that would shorten the duration of anti-TB treatment and to induce optimal protective immune responses to control the spread of mycobacterial infection with minimal lung pathology. FINDINGS Granulomata is the hallmark structure formed by the organized accumulation of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells to the site of Mtb infection. It safeguards the host by containing Mtb in latent form. However, granulomata can undergo caseation and contribute to the reactivation of latent TB, if the immune responses developed to fight mycobacterial infection are not properly controlled. Thus, an optimal balance between innate and adaptive immune cells might play a vital role in containing mycobacteria in latent form for prolonged periods and prevent the spread of Mtb infection from one individual to another. CONCLUSION Optimal and well-regulated immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis may help to prevent the reactivation of latent TB. Moreover, therapies targeting balanced immune responses could help to improve treatment outcomes among latently infected TB patients and thereby limit the dissemination of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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Kimmey JM, Campbell JA, Weiss LA, Monte KJ, Lenschow DJ, Stallings CL. The impact of ISGylation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:249-258. [PMID: 28087453 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection results in 1.5 million deaths annually. Type I interferon (IFN) signaling through its receptor IFNAR correlates with increased severity of disease, although how this increases susceptibility to M. tuberculosis remains uncertain. ISG15 is one of the most highly induced interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) during M. tuberculosis infection. ISG15 functions by conjugation to target proteins (ISGylation), by noncovalent association with intracellular proteins, and by release from the cell. Recent studies indicated that ISG15 can function via conjugation-independent mechanisms to suppress the type I IFN response. These data raised the question of whether ISG15 may have diverse and sometimes opposing functions during M. tuberculosis infection. To address this, we analyzed ISGylation during M. tuberculosis infection and show that ISGylated proteins accumulate following infection in an IFNAR-dependent manner. Type I IFN and ISG15 both play transient roles in promoting bacterial replication. However, as the disease progresses, ISGylation deviates from the overall effect of type I IFN and, ultimately, mice deficient in ISGylation are significantly more susceptible than IFNAR mice. Our data demonstrate that ISGs can both protect against and promote disease and are the first to report a role for ISGylation during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica A Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leslie A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristen J Monte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Segueni N, Tritto E, Bourigault ML, Rose S, Erard F, Le Bert M, Jacobs M, Di Padova F, Stiehl DP, Moulin P, Brees D, Chibout SD, Ryffel B, Kammüller M, Quesniaux VF. Controlled Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice under treatment with anti-IL-17A or IL-17F antibodies, in contrast to TNFα neutralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36923. [PMID: 27853279 PMCID: PMC5113257 DOI: 10.1038/srep36923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting IL-17A or its receptor IL-17RA show unprecedented efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. These therapies, by neutralizing critical mediators of immunity, may increase susceptibility to infections. Here, we compared the effect of antibodies neutralizing IL-17A, IL-17F or TNFα on murine host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by evaluating lung transcriptomic, microbiological and histological analyses. Coinciding with a significant increase of mycobacterial burden and pathological changes following TNFα blockade, gene array analyses of infected lungs revealed major changes of inflammatory and immune gene expression signatures 4 weeks post-infection. Specifically, gene expression associated with host-pathogen interactions, macrophage recruitment, activation and polarization, host-antimycobacterial activities, immunomodulatory responses, as well as extracellular matrix metallopeptidases, were markedly modulated by TNFα blockade. IL-17A or IL-17F neutralization elicited only mild changes of few genes without impaired host resistance four weeks after M. tuberculosis infection. Further, the absence of both IL-17RA and IL-22 pathways in genetically deficient mice did not profoundly compromise host control of M. tuberculosis over a 6-months period, ruling out potential compensation between these two pathways, while TNFα-deficient mice succumbed rapidly. These data provide experimental confirmation of the low clinical risk of mycobacterial infection under anti-IL-17A therapy, in contrast to anti-TNFα treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noria Segueni
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Elaine Tritto
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Bourigault
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Stéphanie Rose
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - François Erard
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Marc Le Bert
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Franco Di Padova
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P. Stiehl
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah-Dine Chibout
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie F. Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- University of Orleans, INEM, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
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45
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Ndlovu H, Marakalala MJ. Granulomas and Inflammation: Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:434. [PMID: 27822210 PMCID: PMC5075764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global health problem that is aggravated by emergence of drug-resistant strains, which account for increasing number of treatment-refractory cases. Thus, eradication of this disease will strongly require better therapeutic strategies. Identification of host factors promoting disease progression may accelerate discovery of adjunct host-directed therapies (HDTs) that will boost current treatment protocols. HDTs focus on potentiating key components of host anti-mycobacterial effector mechanisms, and limiting inflammation and pathological damage in the lung. Granulomas represent a pathological hallmark of TB. They are comprised of impressive arrangement of immune cells that serve to contain the invading pathogen. However, granulomas can also undergo changes, developing caseums and cavities that facilitate bacterial spread and disease progression. Here, we review current concepts on the role of granulomas in pathogenesis and protective immunity against TB, drawing from recent clinical studies in humans and animal models. We also discuss therapeutic potential of inflammatory pathways that drive granuloma progression, with a focus on new and existing drugs that will likely improve TB treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J Marakalala
- TB Immunopathogenesis Group, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Pires D, Marques J, Pombo JP, Carmo N, Bettencourt P, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Anes E. Role of Cathepsins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival in Human Macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32247. [PMID: 27572605 PMCID: PMC5004184 DOI: 10.1038/srep32247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes that function in the endocytic pathway, especially in lysosomes, where they contribute directly to pathogen killing or indirectly, by their involvement in the antigen presentation pathways. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives inside the macrophage phagosomes by inhibiting their maturation to phagolysosomes and thus avoiding a low pH and protease-rich environment. We previously showed that mycobacterial inhibition of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB results in impaired delivery of lysosomal enzymes to phagosomes and reduced pathogen killing. Here, we elucidate how MTB also controls cathepsins and their inhibitors, cystatins, at the level of gene expression and proteolytic activity. MTB induced a general down-regulation of cathepsin expression in infected cells, and inhibited IFNγ-mediated increase of cathepsin mRNA. We further show that a decrease in cathepsins B, S and L favours bacterial survival within human primary macrophages. A siRNA knockdown screen of a large set of cathepsins revealed that almost half of these enzymes have a role in pathogen killing, while only cathepsin F coincided with MTB resilience. Overall, we show that cathepsins are important for the control of MTB infection, and as a response, it manipulates their expression and activity to favour its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Palma Pombo
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carmo
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Elsa Anes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Langie SAS, Szarc vel Szic K, Declerck K, Traen S, Koppen G, Van Camp G, Schoeters G, Vanden Berghe W, De Boever P. Whole-Genome Saliva and Blood DNA Methylation Profiling in Individuals with a Respiratory Allergy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151109. [PMID: 26999364 PMCID: PMC4801358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of respiratory allergies (RA) can be partly explained by DNA methylation changes caused by adverse environmental and lifestyle factors experienced early in life. Longitudinal, prospective studies can aid in the unravelment of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the disease development. High compliance rates can be expected in these studies when data is collected using non-invasive and convenient procedures. Saliva is an attractive biofluid to analyze changes in DNA methylation patterns. We investigated in a pilot study the differential methylation in saliva of RA (n = 5) compared to healthy controls (n = 5) using the Illumina Methylation 450K BeadChip platform. We evaluated the results against the results obtained in mononuclear blood cells from the same individuals. Differences in methylation patterns from saliva and mononuclear blood cells were clearly distinguishable (PAdj<0.001 and |Δβ|>0.2), though the methylation status of about 96% of the cg-sites was comparable between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva. When comparing RA cases with healthy controls, the number of differentially methylated sites (DMS) in saliva and blood were 485 and 437 (P<0.05 and |Δβ|>0.1), respectively, of which 216 were in common. The methylation levels of these sites were significantly correlated between blood and saliva. The absolute levels of methylation in blood and saliva were confirmed for 3 selected DMS in the PM20D1, STK32C, and FGFR2 genes using pyrosequencing analysis. The differential methylation could only be confirmed for DMS in PM20D1 and STK32C genes in saliva. We show that saliva can be used for genome-wide methylation analysis and that it is possible to identify DMS when comparing RA cases and healthy controls. The results were replicated in blood cells of the same individuals and confirmed by pyrosequencing analysis. This study provides proof-of-concept for the applicability of saliva-based whole-genome methylation analysis in the field of respiratory allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A. S. Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Katarzyna Szarc vel Szic
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sophie Traen
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Environmental Risk and Health unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Xiong W, Dong H, Wang J, Zou X, Wen Q, Luo W, Liu S, He J, Cai S, Ma L. Analysis of Plasma Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Patients with and without Tuberculosis by Liquid Array-Based Multiplexed Immunoassays. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148885. [PMID: 26881918 PMCID: PMC4755571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish plasma cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with 3 different presentations of active tuberculosis (TB), compared to the profiles observed in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated healthy individuals and patients with other pulmonary diseases (non-TB patients). To this end, plasma samples were collected from 151 TB patients including 68 pulmonary TB (PTB), 43 endobronchial TB, and 40 tuberculosis pleurisy (TP) patients, as well as 107 no-TB cases including 26 non-TB patients and 81 BCG-vaccinated healthy controls. A liquid array-based multiplexed immunoassay was used to screen plasma samples for 20 distinct cytokines and chemokines. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze associations between cytokines/chemokines and TB/non-TB patients. Compared to our findings with the no-TB donors, the median plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines TNF-α, IL-6, IP-10, IFN-γ, and MIP-1β were significantly elevated in TB patients, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers for diagnosing TB patients. Further comparisons with healthy donors showed that only the median TNF-α plasma level was highly produced in the plasma of all 3 types of TB patients. Plasma IL-6 production was higher only in TP patients, while the plasma levels of IP-10, IFN-γ, and MIP-1β were markedly enhanced in both PTB and TP patients. Unexpectedly, among the above cytokines/chemokines, MIP-1β was also highly expressed in non-TB patients, compared with healthy donors. Our results suggested that TNF-α may be an ideal biomarker for diagnosing the 3 forms of TB presentation, while the other factors (IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, and IFN-γ) can potentially facilitate differential diagnosis for the 3 TB presentation types. Further characterization of immune responses associated with different types of TB diseases will provide a basis for developing novel TB diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haiping Dong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- The First People's Hospital of Kashi, Xinjiang 844000, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sudong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianchun He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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50
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Yadav B, Malonia SK, Majumdar SS, Gupta P, Wadhwa N, Badhwar A, Gupta UD, Katoch VM, Chattopadhyay S. Constitutive expression of SMAR1 confers susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a transgenic mouse model. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:732-41. [PMID: 26831422 PMCID: PMC4774070 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.174566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Studies involving animal models of experimental tuberculosis have elucidated the predominant role of cytokines secreted by T cells and macrophages to be an essential component of the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The immune activities of CD4+ T cells are mediated in part by Th1 cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) which is produced primarily by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and critical for initiating the immune response against intracellular pathogen such as M. tuberculosis. Nuclear matrix protein SMAR1 plays an important role in V(D)J recombination, T helper cell differentiation and inflammatory diseases. In this study a transgenic mouse model was used to study the role of SMAR1 in M. tuberculosis infection. METHODS Wild type BALB/c, C57BL/6, BALB/c-EGFP-SMAR1 and C57BL/6-SMAR1 transgenic mice were infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Rv). A dose of 100 bacilli was used for infection via respiratory route. Bacterial load in lung and spleen of infected mice was determined at 2, 4, 6 and 8 wk post-infection. Gene expression analysis for Th1 cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was performed in infected lung tissues by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS SMAR1 transgenic mice from both BALB/c and C57BL/6 genetic background displayed higher bacillary load and susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection compared to wild type mice. This susceptibility was attributed due to compromised of Th1 response exhibited by transgenic mice. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS SMAR1 transgenic mice exhibited susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection in vivo irrespective of genetic background. This susceptibility was attributed to downregulation of Th1 response and its hallmark cytokine IFN-γ. Hence, SMAR1 plays an important role in modulating host immune response after M. tuberculosis infection.
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