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Liu J, Tan J, Tang B, Guo J. Unveiling the role of iPLA 2β in neurodegeneration: From molecular mechanisms to advanced therapies. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107114. [PMID: 38395207 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β), a member of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2s) superfamily, is encoded by the PLA2G6 gene. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene have been identified as the primary cause of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) and, less commonly, as a contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have revealed that iPLA2β deficiency leads to neuroinflammation, iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid dysregulation, and other pathological changes, forming a complex pathogenic network. These discoveries shed light on potential mechanisms underlying PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) and offer valuable insights for therapeutic development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental characteristics of iPLA2β, its association with neurodegeneration, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in PLAN, and potential targets for therapeutic intervention. It offers an overview of the latest advancements in this field, aiming to contribute to ongoing research endeavors and facilitate the development of effective therapies for PLAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Deng X, Yuan L, Jankovic J, Deng H. The role of the PLA2G6 gene in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101957. [PMID: 37236368 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) represents a continuum of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders with overlapping features. Usually, it encompasses three autosomal recessive diseases, including infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy or neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) 2A, atypical neuronal dystrophy with childhood-onset or NBIA2B, and adult-onset dystonia-parkinsonism form named PARK14, and possibly a certain subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia. PLAN is caused by variants in the phospholipase A2 group VI gene (PLA2G6), which encodes an enzyme involved in membrane homeostasis, signal transduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and α-synuclein aggregation. In this review, we discuss PLA2G6 gene structure and protein, functional findings, genetic deficiency models, various PLAN disease phenotypes, and study strategies in the future. Our primary aim is to provide an overview of genotype-phenotype correlations of PLAN subtypes and speculate on the role of PLA2G6 in potential mechanisms underlying these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Deng
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-4202, USA
| | - Hao Deng
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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3
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Investigating Therapeutic Effects of Indole Derivatives Targeting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Neurotoxin-Induced Cell and Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032642. [PMID: 36768965 PMCID: PMC9917106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been emerging as important pathways contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. In PD brains, the activated microglia release inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nitric oxide (NO), which increase oxidative stress and mediate neurodegeneration. Using 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-activated human microglial HMC3 cells and the sub-chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD, we found the potential of indole derivative NC009-1 against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration for PD. In vitro, NC009-1 alleviated MPP+-induced cytotoxicity, reduced NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and suppressed NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in MPP+-activated HMC3 cells. In vivo, NC009-1 ameliorated motor deficits and non-motor depression, increased dopamine and dopamine transporter levels in the striatum, and reduced oxidative stress as well as microglia and astrocyte reactivity in the ventral midbrain of MPTP-treated mice. These protective effects were achieved by down-regulating NLRP3, CASP1, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and up-regulating SOD2, NRF2, and NQO1. These results strengthen the involvement of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in PD pathogenic mechanism, and indicate NC009-1 as a potential drug candidate for PD treatment.
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Lin G, Tepe B, McGrane G, Tipon RC, Croft G, Panwala L, Hope A, Liang AJH, Zuo Z, Byeon SK, Wang L, Pandey A, Bellen HJ. Exploring therapeutic strategies for infantile neuronal axonal dystrophy (INAD/PARK14). eLife 2023; 12:82555. [PMID: 36645408 PMCID: PMC9889087 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is caused by recessive variants in PLA2G6 and is a lethal pediatric neurodegenerative disorder. Loss of the Drosophila homolog of PLA2G6, leads to ceramide accumulation, lysosome expansion, and mitochondrial defects. Here, we report that retromer function, ceramide metabolism, the endolysosomal pathway, and mitochondrial morphology are affected in INAD patient-derived neurons. We show that in INAD mouse models, the same features are affected in Purkinje cells, arguing that the neuropathological mechanisms are evolutionary conserved and that these features can be used as biomarkers. We tested 20 drugs that target these pathways and found that Ambroxol, Desipramine, Azoramide, and Genistein alleviate neurodegenerative phenotypes in INAD flies and INAD patient-derived neural progenitor cells. We also develop an AAV-based gene therapy approach that delays neurodegeneration and prolongs lifespan in an INAD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Geoff McGrane
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Research InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Regine C Tipon
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Research InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gist Croft
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Research InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | - Agnes JH Liang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
| | - Lily Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo ClinicRochesterUnited States
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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5
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Jansakun C, Chunglok W, Altamura S, Muckenthaler M, Staffer S, Tuma-Kellner S, Merle U, Chamulitrat W. Myeloid- and hepatocyte-specific deletion of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 leads to dichotomous opposing phenotypes during MCD diet-induced NASH. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166590. [PMID: 36334837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of phospholipase A2VIA (iPLA2β or PLA2G6) are associated with body weights and blood C-reactive protein. The role of iPLA2β/PLA2G6 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is still elusive because female iPla2β-null mice showed attenuated hepatic steatosis but exacerbated hepatic fibrosis after feeding with methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCDD). Herein, female mice with myeloid- (MPla2g6-/-) and hepatocyte- (LPla2g6-/-) specific PLA2G6 deletion were generated and phenotyped after MCDD feeding. Without any effects on hepatic steatosis, MCDD-fed MPla2g6-/- mice showed further exaggeration of liver inflammation and fibrosis as well as elevation of plasma TNFα, CCL2, and circulating monocytes. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from MPla2g6-/- mice displayed upregulation of PPARγ and CEBPα proteins, and elevated release of IL6 and CXCL1 under LPS stimulation. LPS-stimulated BMDMs from MCDD-fed MPla2g6-/- mice showed suppressed expression of M1 Tnfa and Il6, but marked upregulation of M2 Arg1, Chil3, IL10, and IL13 as well as chemokine receptors Ccr2 and Ccr5. This in vitro shift was associated with exaggeration of hepatic M1/M2 cytokines, chemokines/chemokine receptors, and fibrosis genes. Contrarily, MCDD-fed LPla2g6-/- mice showed a complete protection which was associated with upregulation of Ppara/PPARα and attenuated expression of Pparg/PPARγ, fatty-acid uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and de novo lipogenesis genes. Interestingly, LPla2g6-/- mice fed with chow or MCDD displayed an attenuation of blood monocytes and elevation of anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 in plasma and liver. Thus, PLA2G6 inactivation specifically in myeloid cells and hepatocytes led to opposing phenotypes in female mice undergoing NASH. Hepatocyte-specific PLA2G6 inhibitors may be further developed for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Jansakun
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Chunglok
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Cheng HL, Chen YJ, Xue YY, Wu ZY, Li HF, Wang N. Clinical Characterization and Founder Effect Analysis in Chinese Patients with Phospholipase A2-Associated Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050517. [PMID: 35624904 PMCID: PMC9138368 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by PLA2G6 mutations. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and mutation spectrum of PLAN and to investigate the founder effects in Chinese PLAN patients. Six Chinese PLAN families were clinically examined in detail and whole-exome sequencing was performed in the probands. Haplotype analysis was performed in five families with the PLA2G6 c.991G > T mutation using 23 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Furthermore, all previously reported PLA2G6 mutations and patients in China were reviewed to summarize the genetic and clinical features of PLAN. Interestingly, we found that one patient had hereditary spastic paraplegia and showed various atypical clinical characteristics of PLAN, and five patients had a phenotype of parkinsonism. All probands were compound heterozygotes for PLA2G6 variants, including four novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations (c.967G > A, c.1450G > T, c.1631T > C, and c.1915delG) and five known pathogenic mutations. Haplotype analyses revealed that patients carrying PLA2G6 c.991G > T mutations shared a haplotype of 717 kb. The frequencies of psychiatric features, cognitive decline, and myoclonus in Chinese patients with PLA2G6-related parkinsonism were significantly different from those in European patients. Thus, our study expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of PLAN and provides an insightful view of the founder effect to better diagnose and understand the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ling Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; (H.-L.C.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; (H.-L.C.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Yan-Yan Xue
- Research Center of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (Z.-Y.W.)
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Research Center of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (Z.-Y.W.)
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Research Center of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (Z.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.-F.L.); (N.W.); Tel.: +086-571-87783569 (H.-F.L.); +086-591-87982772 (N.W.)
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; (H.-L.C.); (Y.-J.C.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Correspondence: (H.-F.L.); (N.W.); Tel.: +086-571-87783569 (H.-F.L.); +086-591-87982772 (N.W.)
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7
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Mehta S, Takkar A, Singh D, Aggarwal A, Lal V. Unusual Presentation of PLA2G6-Related Neurodegeneration with Retinal Vasculitis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:113-117. [PMID: 35005075 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Mehta
- Department of Neurology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Aastha Takkar
- Department of Neurology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Deependra Singh
- Department of Neurology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Aniruddha Aggarwal
- Department of Ophthalmology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India.,Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Vivek Lal
- Department of Neurology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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8
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Minkley M, MacLeod P, Anderson CK, Nashmi R, Walter PB. Loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, motor deficits and elevated iron in a mouse model of phospholipase A2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Brain Res 2020; 1748:147066. [PMID: 32818532 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a rare early-onset monogenic neurodegenerative movement disorder which targets the basal ganglia and other regions in the central and peripheral nervous system; presenting as a series of heterogenous subtypes in patients. We describe here a B6.C3-Pla2g6m1J/CxRwb mouse model of PLAN which presents with early-onset neurodegeneration at 90 days which is analogous of the disease progression that is observed in PLAN patients. Homozygous mice had a progressively worsening motor deficit, which presented as tremors starting at 65 days and progressed to severe motor dysfunction and increased falls on the wire hang test at 90 days. This motor deficit positively correlated with a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expression in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) without any neuronal loss. Fluorescence imaging of Thy1-YFP revealed spheroid formation in the SN. The spheroids in homozygous mice strongly mirrors those observed in patients and were demonstrated to correlate strongly with the motor deficits as measured by the wire hang test. The appearance of spheroids preceded TH loss and increased spheroid numbers negatively correlated with TH expression. Perls/DAB staining revealed the presence of iron accumulation within the SN of mice. This mouse model captures many of the major hallmarks of PLAN including severe-early onset neurodegeneration, a motor deficit that correlates directly to TH levels, spheroid formation and iron accumulation within the basal ganglia. Thus, this mouse line is a useful tool for further research efforts to improve understanding of how these disease mechanisms give rise to the disease presentations seen in PLAN patients as well as to test novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Minkley
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Patrick MacLeod
- Division of Medical Genetics, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Raad Nashmi
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada.
| | - Patrick B Walter
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada; Hematology/Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, USA.
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Hinarejos I, Machuca C, Sancho P, Espinós C. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101020. [PMID: 33092153 PMCID: PMC7589120 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompass a group of invalidating and progressive rare diseases that share the abnormal accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. The onset of NBIA disorders ranges from infancy to adulthood. Main clinical signs are related to extrapyramidal features (dystonia, parkinsonism and choreoathetosis), and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Ten NBIA forms are widely accepted to be caused by mutations in the genes PANK2, PLA2G6, WDR45, C19ORF12, FA2H, ATP13A2, COASY, FTL1, CP, and DCAF17. Nonetheless, many patients remain without a conclusive genetic diagnosis, which shows that there must be additional as yet undiscovered NBIA genes. In line with this, isolated cases of known monogenic disorders, and also, new genetic diseases, which present with abnormal brain iron phenotypes compatible with NBIA, have been described. Several pathways are involved in NBIA syndromes: iron and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and autophagy. However, many neurodegenerative conditions share features such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, given the bioenergetics requirements of neurons. This review aims to describe the existing link between the classical ten NBIA forms by examining their connection with mitochondrial impairment as well as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hinarejos
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (I.H.); (C.M.); (P.S.)
- Rare Diseases Joint Units, CIPF-IIS La Fe & INCLIVA, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Candela Machuca
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (I.H.); (C.M.); (P.S.)
- Rare Diseases Joint Units, CIPF-IIS La Fe & INCLIVA, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unit of Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Sancho
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (I.H.); (C.M.); (P.S.)
- Rare Diseases Joint Units, CIPF-IIS La Fe & INCLIVA, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; (I.H.); (C.M.); (P.S.)
- Rare Diseases Joint Units, CIPF-IIS La Fe & INCLIVA, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-289-680
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10
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Sex difference in CHI3L1 expression levels in human brain aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Synofzik M, Puccio H, Mochel F, Schöls L. Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias: Paving the Way toward Targeted Molecular Therapies. Neuron 2019; 101:560-583. [PMID: 30790538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) comprise a heterogeneous group of rare degenerative and metabolic genetic diseases that share the hallmark of progressive damage of the cerebellum and its associated tracts. This Review focuses on recent translational research in ARCAs and illustrates the steps from genetic characterization to preclinical and clinical trials. The emerging common pathways underlying ARCAs include three main clusters: mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired DNA repair, and complex lipid homeostasis. Novel ARCA treatments might target common hubs in pathogenesis by modulation of gene expression, stem cell transplantation, viral gene transfer, or interventions in faulty pathways. All these translational steps are addressed in current ARCA research, leading to the expectation that novel treatments for ARCAs will be reached in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67404 Illkirch, France; INSERM, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Paris 6, UMR S 1127 and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Department of Genetics and Reference Centre for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtriere University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Wang ZB, Liu JY, Xu XJ, Mao XY, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: Insights into the mitochondria dysregulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109068. [PMID: 31404774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NBIA (Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) is a group of inherited neurologic disorders characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity, in which iron atypical accumulates in basal ganglia resulting in brain magnetic resonance imaging changes, histopathological abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric clinical symptoms. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, ten candidate genes have been identified, including PANK2, PLA2G6, C19orf12, WDR45, FA2H, ATP13A2, FTL, CP, C2orf37, and COASY. They are involved in seemingly unrelated cellular pathways, such as iron homeostasis (FTL, CP), lipid metabolism (PLA2G6, C19orf12, FA2H), Coenzyme A synthesis (PANK2, COASY), and autophagy (WDR45, ATP13A2). In particular, PANK2, COASY, PLA2G6, and C19orf12 are located on mitochondria, which associate with certain subtypes of NBIA showing mitochondria dysregulation. However, the relationships among those four genes are still unclear. Therefore, this review is specifically focused on dysregulation of mitochondria in NBIA and afore-mentioned four genes, with summaries of both pathological and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Wang
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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13
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Giannoccaro MP, Menassa DA, Jacobson L, Coutinho E, Prota G, Lang B, Leite MI, Cerundolo V, Liguori R, Vincent A. Behaviour and neuropathology in mice injected with human contactin-associated protein 2 antibodies. Brain 2019; 142:2000-2012. [PMID: 31079141 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum antibodies that bind to the surface of neurons or glia are associated with a wide range of rare but treatable CNS diseases. In many, if not most instances, the serum levels are higher than CSF levels yet most of the reported attempts to reproduce the human disease in mice have used infusion of antibodies into the mouse cerebral ventricle(s) or intrathecal space. We used the intraperitoneal route and injected purified plasma IgG from either a CASPR2-antibody-positive patient (n = 10 mice) or healthy individual (n = 9 mice) daily for 8 days. Lipopolysaccharide was injected intraperitoneally on Day 3 to cause a temporary breach in the blood brain barrier. A wide range of baseline behaviours, including tests of locomotion, coordination, memory, anxiety and social interactions, were established before the injections and tested from Day 5 until Day 11. At termination, brain tissue was analysed for human IgG, CASPR2 and c-fos expression, lymphocyte infiltration, and neuronal, astrocytic and microglial markers. Mice exposed to CASPR2-IgG, compared with control-IgG injected mice, displayed reduced working memory during the continuous spontaneous alternation test with trends towards reduced short-term and long-term memories. In the open field tests, activities were not different from controls, but in the reciprocal social interaction test, CASPR2-IgG injected mice showed longer latency to start interacting, associated with more freezing behaviour and reduced non-social activities of rearing and grooming. At termination, neuropathology showed more IgG deposited in the brains of CASPR2-IgG injected mice, but a trend towards increased CASPR2 expression; these results were mirrored in short-term in vitro experiments where CASPR2-IgG binding to hippocampal neurons and to CASPR2-transfected HEK cells led to some internalization of the IgG, but with a trend towards higher surface CASPR2 expression. Despite these limited results, in the CASPR2-IgG injected mouse brains there was increased c-fos expression in the piriform-entorhinal cortex and hypothalamus, and a modest loss of Purkinje cells. There was also increased microglia density, morphological changes in both microglia and astrocytes and raised complement C3 expression on astrocytes, all consistent with glial activation. Patients with CASPR2 antibodies can present with a range of clinical features reflecting central, autonomic and peripheral dysfunction. Although the behavioural changes in mice were limited to social interactions and mild working-memory defects, the neuropathological features indicate potentially widespread effects of the antibodies on different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David A Menassa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Leslie Jacobson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gennaro Prota
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bethan Lang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCSS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Turk J, White TD, Nelson AJ, Lei X, Ramanadham S. iPLA 2β and its role in male fertility, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:846-860. [PMID: 30408523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipases, designated as group VI iPLA2s, also referred to as PNPLAs due to their shared homology with patatin, include the β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, and η forms of the enzyme. The iPLA2s are ubiquitously expressed, share a consensus GXSXG catalytic motif, and exhibit organelle/cell-specific localization. Among the iPLA2s, iPLA2β has received wide attention as it is recognized to be involved in membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, cell death, and signal transduction. Ongoing studies implicate participation of iPLA2β in a variety of disease processes including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities, glaucoma, and peridonditis. This review will focus on iPLA2β and its links to male fertility, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Turk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tayleur D White
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Alexander J Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
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15
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Wang B, Wu D, Tang J. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy caused by PLA2G6 gene mutation in a Chinese patient: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1290-1294. [PMID: 30112060 PMCID: PMC6090475 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder. Phospholipase A2 group VI (PLA2G6) gene mutations have been identified in the majority of individuals with INAD. The present case report is on a Chinese female pediatric patient (age, 18 months) diagnosed with INAD with deafness. To date, only four cases of INAD with hearing loss have been reported, PLA2G6-association has not been investigated. Next-generation DNA sequencing technology was used to identify disease-associated genes and Sanger sequencing was applied to verify the mutation in the patient's pedigree. Two mutations were identified in the PLA2G6 gene: c.1T>C (E2) and c.497 (E4) to c.496 (E4): Insert C. The distribution frequency of those mutations in the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, HapMap, 1000 Genomes and Exome Aggregation Consortium databases was 0. However, cases of INAD appear to be underreported, particularly those from China. The identification of two mutations in the present study suggests unique PLA2G6 mutations in Chinese patients, and greatly expands on the spectrum of known mutations in INAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - De Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jiulai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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16
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Di Meo I, Tiranti V. Classification and molecular pathogenesis of NBIA syndromes. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:272-284. [PMID: 29409688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation is the hallmark of a group of seriously invalidating and progressive rare diseases collectively denominated Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), characterized by movement disorder, painful dystonia, parkinsonism, mental disability and early death. Currently there is no established therapy available to slow down or reverse the progression of these conditions. Several genes have been identified as responsible for NBIA but only two encode for proteins playing a direct role in iron metabolism. The other genes encode for proteins either with various functions in lipid metabolism, lysosomal activity and autophagic processes or with still unknown roles. The different NBIA subtypes have been classified and denominated on the basis of the mutated genes and, despite genetic heterogeneity, some of them code for proteins, which share or converge on common metabolic pathways. In the last ten years, the implementation of genetic screening based on Whole Exome Sequencing has greatly accelerated gene discovery, nevertheless our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the NBIA syndromes is still largely incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Muñoz-Castañeda R, Díaz D, Peris L, Andrieux A, Bosc C, Muñoz-Castañeda JM, Janke C, Alonso JR, Moutin MJ, Weruaga E. Cytoskeleton stability is essential for the integrity of the cerebellum and its motor- and affective-related behaviors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3072. [PMID: 29449678 PMCID: PMC5814431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a key role in motor tasks, but its involvement in cognition is still being considered. Although there is an association of different psychiatric and cognitive disorders with cerebellar impairments, the lack of time-course studies has hindered the understanding of the involvement of cerebellum in cognitive and non-motor functions. Such association was here studied using the Purkinje Cell Degeneration mutant mouse, a model of selective and progressive cerebellar degeneration that lacks the cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (CCP1). The effects of the absence of this enzyme on the cerebellum of mutant mice were analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. These analyses were carried out longitudinally (throughout both the pre-neurodegenerative and neurodegenerative stages) and different motor and non-motor tests were performed. We demonstrate that the lack of CCP1 affects microtubule dynamics and flexibility, defects that contribute to the morphological alterations of the Purkinje cells (PCs), and to progressive cerebellar breakdown. Moreover, this degeneration led not only to motor defects but also to gradual cognitive impairments, directly related to the progression of cellular damage. Our findings confirm the cerebellar implication in non-motor tasks, where the formation of the healthy, typical PCs structure is necessary for normal cognitive and affective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Muñoz-Castañeda
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair. Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair. Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leticia Peris
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG-GPC, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - José M Muñoz-Castañeda
- Physics Department, Aeronautics Engineering School, Polytechnic University of Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, F-91405, Orsay, France.,Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, F-75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - José R Alonso
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair. Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute for Higher Research, University of Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair. Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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18
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Iliadi KG, Gluscencova OB, Iliadi N, Boulianne GL. Mutations in the Drosophila homolog of human PLA2G6 give rise to age-dependent loss of psychomotor activity and neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2939. [PMID: 29440694 PMCID: PMC5811537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that typically begins within the first few years of life and leads to progressive impairment of movement and cognition. Several years ago, it was shown that >80% of patients with INAD have mutations in the phospholipase gene, PLA2G6. Interestingly, mutations in PLA2G6 are also causative in two other related neurodegenerative diseases, atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy and Dystonia-parkinsonism. While all three disorders give rise to similar defects in movement and cognition, some defects are unique to a specific disorder. At present, the cellular mechanisms underlying PLA2G6-associated neuropathology are poorly understood and there is no cure or treatment that can delay disease progression. Here, we show that loss of iPLA2-VIA, the Drosophila homolog of PLA2G6, gives rise to age-dependent defects in climbing and spontaneous locomotion. Moreover, using a newly developed assay, we show that iPLA2-VIA mutants also display impairments in fine-tune motor movements, motor coordination and psychomotor learning, which are distinct features of PLA2G6-associated disease in humans. Finally, we show that iPLA2-VIA mutants exhibit increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, progressive neurodegeneration and a severely reduced lifespan. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Drosophila iPLA2-VIA mutants provide a useful model to study human PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Iliadi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Oxana B Gluscencova
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Natalia Iliadi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gabrielle L Boulianne
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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19
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Mascalchi M, Mari F, Berti B, Bartolini E, Lenge M, Bianchi A, Antonucci L, Santorelli FM, Garavaglia B, Guerrini R. Fast Progression of Cerebellar Atrophy in PLA2G6-Associated Infantile Neuronal Axonal Dystrophy. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:742-745. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Kinghorn KJ, Castillo-Quan JI. Mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in lipid homeostasis as therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1128616. [PMID: 27141409 PMCID: PMC4838319 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2015.1128616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLA2G6 gene encodes a group VIA calcium independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β), which hydrolyses glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Mutations in PLA2G6 are associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), and dystonia parkinsonism, collectively known as PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Recently Kinghorn et al. demonstrated in Drosophila and PLA2G6 mutant fibroblasts that loss of normal PLA2G6 activity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, they were able to show the beneficial effects of deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs), which reduce lipid peroxidation. D-PUFAs were able to rescue the locomotor deficits of flies lacking the fly ortholog of PLA2G6 (iPLA2-VIA), as well as the mitochondrial abnormalities in PLA2G6 mutant fibroblasts. This work demonstrated that the iPLA2-VIA knockout fly is a useful organism to dissect the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PLAN, and that further investigation is required to determine the therapeutic potential of D-PUFAs in patients with PLA2G6 mutations. The fruit fly has also been used to study some of the other genetic causes of NBIA, and here we also describe what is known about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of these NBIA variants. Mitochondrial dysfunction, defects in lipid metabolism, as well as defective Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, have all been implicated in some genetic forms of NBIA, including PANK2, CoASY, C12orf19 and FA2H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Kinghorn
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
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21
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Zhou Q, Yen A, Rymarczyk G, Asai H, Trengrove C, Aziz N, Kirber MT, Mostoslavsky G, Ikezu T, Wolozin B, Bolotina VM. Impairment of PARK14-dependent Ca(2+) signalling is a novel determinant of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10332. [PMID: 26755131 PMCID: PMC4729940 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (idPD) remains enigmatic despite recent successes in identification of genes (PARKs) that underlie familial PD. To find new keys to this incurable neurodegenerative disorder we focused on the poorly understood PARK14 disease locus (Pla2g6 gene) and the store-operated Ca(2+) signalling pathway. Analysis of the cells from idPD patients reveals a significant deficiency in store-operated PLA2g6-dependent Ca(2+) signalling, which we can mimic in a novel B6.Cg-Pla2g6(ΔEx2-VB) (PLA2g6 ex2(KO)) mouse model. Here we demonstrate that genetic or molecular impairment of PLA2g6-dependent Ca(2+) signalling is a trigger for autophagic dysfunction, progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and age-dependent L-DOPA-sensitive motor dysfunction. Discovery of this previously unknown sequence of pathological events, its association with idPD and our ability to mimic this pathology in a novel genetic mouse model opens new opportunities for finding a cure for this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Allen Yen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Hirohide Asai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Chelsea Trengrove
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Nadine Aziz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Michael T. Kirber
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Victoria M. Bolotina
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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22
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Kinghorn KJ, Castillo-Quan JI, Bartolome F, Angelova PR, Li L, Pope S, Cochemé HM, Khan S, Asghari S, Bhatia KP, Hardy J, Abramov AY, Partridge L. Loss of PLA2G6 leads to elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain 2015; 138:1801-16. [PMID: 26001724 PMCID: PMC4559908 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLA2G6 gene encodes a group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta enzyme that selectively hydrolyses glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids. Mutations in PLA2G6 have been associated with disorders such as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type II and Karak syndrome. More recently, PLA2G6 was identified as the causative gene in a subgroup of patients with autosomal recessive early-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Neuropathological examination revealed widespread Lewy body pathology and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, supporting a link between PLA2G6 mutations and parkinsonian disorders. Here we show that knockout of the Drosophila homologue of the PLA2G6 gene, iPLA2-VIA, results in reduced survival, locomotor deficits and organismal hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that loss of iPLA2-VIA function leads to a number of mitochondrial abnormalities, including mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, reduced ATP synthesis and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, we show that loss of iPLA2-VIA is strongly associated with increased lipid peroxidation levels. We confirmed our findings using cultured fibroblasts taken from two patients with mutations in the PLA2G6 gene. Similar abnormalities were seen including elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane defects, as well as raised levels of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Finally, we demonstrated that deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, which inhibit lipid peroxidation, were able to partially rescue the locomotor abnormalities seen in aged flies lacking iPLA2-VIA gene function, and restore mitochondrial membrane potential in fibroblasts from patients with PLA2G6 mutations. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that loss of normal PLA2G6 gene activity leads to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent mitochondrial membrane abnormalities. Furthermore we show that the iPLA2-VIA knockout fly model provides a useful platform for the further study of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Kinghorn
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Li Li
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- 4 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shabana Khan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shabnam Asghari
- 5 Department of Family Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
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Aoun M, Tiranti V. Mitochondria: A crossroads for lipid metabolism defect in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 63:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramanadham S, Ali T, Ashley JW, Bone RN, Hancock WD, Lei X. Calcium-independent phospholipases A2 and their roles in biological processes and diseases. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1643-68. [PMID: 26023050 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the family of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are the Ca(2+)-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s) and they are designated group VI iPLA2s. In relation to secretory and cytosolic PLA2s, the iPLA2s are more recently described and details of their expression and roles in biological functions are rapidly emerging. The iPLA2s or patatin-like phospholipases (PNPLAs) are intracellular enzymes that do not require Ca(2+) for activity, and contain lipase (GXSXG) and nucleotide-binding (GXGXXG) consensus sequences. Though nine PNPLAs have been recognized, PNPLA8 (membrane-associated iPLA2γ) and PNPLA9 (cytosol-associated iPLA2β) are the most widely studied and understood. The iPLA2s manifest a variety of activities in addition to phospholipase, are ubiquitously expressed, and participate in a multitude of biological processes, including fat catabolism, cell differentiation, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity, phospholipid remodeling, cell proliferation, signal transduction, and cell death. As might be expected, increased or decreased expression of iPLA2s can have profound effects on the metabolic state, CNS function, cardiovascular performance, and cell survival; therefore, dysregulation of iPLA2s can be a critical factor in the development of many diseases. This review is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of the iPLA2s and discussion of the potential mechanisms of action of the iPLA2s and related involved lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Ramanadham
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Tomader Ali
- Undergraduate Research Office, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jason W Ashley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert N Bone
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - William D Hancock
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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25
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Sumi-Akamaru H, Beck G, Kato S, Mochizuki H. Neuroaxonal dystrophy inPLA2G6knockout mice. Neuropathology 2015; 35:289-302. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Sumi-Akamaru
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
| | - Goichi Beck
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of Neuropathology; Department of Brain and Neurosciences; Tottori University Faculty of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
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26
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Colombelli C, Aoun M, Tiranti V. Defective lipid metabolism in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) syndromes: not only a matter of iron. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:123-36. [PMID: 25300979 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of devastating and life threatening rare diseases. Adult and early-onset NBIA syndromes are inherited as X-chromosomal, autosomal dominant or recessive traits and several genes have been identified as responsible for these disorders. Among the identified disease genes, only two code for proteins directly involved in iron metabolism while the remaining NBIA genes encode proteins with a wide variety of functions ranging from fatty acid metabolism and autophagy to still unknown activities. It is becoming increasingly evident that many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with metabolic dysfunction that often involves altered lipid metabolism. This is not surprising since neurons have a peculiar and heterogeneous lipid composition critical for the development and correct functioning of the nervous system. This review will focus on specific NBIA forms, namely PKAN, CoPAN, PLAN, FAHN and MPAN, which display an interesting link between neurodegeneration and alteration of phospholipids and sphingolipids metabolism, mitochondrial morphology and membrane remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colombelli
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Centre for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milan, Italy
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27
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iPLA2β knockout mouse, a genetic model for progressive human motor disorders, develops age-related neuropathology. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1522-32. [PMID: 24919816 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 group VIa (iPLA2β) preferentially releases docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Mutations of its gene, PLA2G6, are found in patients with several progressive motor disorders, including Parkinson disease. At 4 months, PLA2G6 knockout mice (iPLA2β(-/-)) show minimal neuropathology but altered brain DHA metabolism. By 1 year, they develop motor disturbances, cerebellar neuronal loss, and striatal α-synuclein accumulation. We hypothesized that older iPLA2β(-/-) mice also would exhibit inflammatory and other neuropathological changes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed on whole brain homogenate from 15 to 20-month old male iPLA2β(-/-) or wild-type (WT) mice. These older iPLA2β(-/-) mice compared with WT showed molecular evidence of microglial (CD-11b, iNOS) and astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein) activation, disturbed expression of enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, loss of neuroprotective brain derived neurotrophic factor, and accumulation of cytokine TNF-α messenger ribonucleic acid, consistent with neuroinflammatory pathology. There was no evidence of synaptic loss, of reduced expression of dopamine active reuptake transporter, or of accumulation of the Parkinson disease markers Parkin or Pink1. iPLA2γ expression was unchanged. iPLA2β deficient mice show evidence of neuroinflammation and associated neuropathology with motor dysfunction in later life. These pathological biomarkers could be used to assess efficacy of dietary intervention, antioxidants or other therapies on disease progression in this mouse model of progressive human motor diseases associated with a PLA2G6 mutation.
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28
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Salih MA, Mundwiller E, Khan AO, AlDrees A, Elmalik SA, Hassan HH, Al-Owain M, Alkhalidi HMS, Katona I, Kabiraj MM, Chrast R, Kentab AY, Alzaidan H, Rodenburg RJ, Bosley TM, Weis J, Koenig M, Stevanin G, Azzedine H. New findings in a global approach to dissect the whole phenotype of PLA2G6 gene mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76831. [PMID: 24130795 PMCID: PMC3792983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PLA2G6 gene have variable phenotypic outcome including infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy, idiopathic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and Karak syndrome. The cause of this phenotypic variation is so far unknown which impairs both genetic diagnosis and appropriate family counseling. We report detailed clinical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging, histologic, biochemical and genetic characterization of 11 patients, from 6 consanguineous families, who were followed for a period of up to 17 years. Cerebellar atrophy was constant and the earliest feature of the disease preceding brain iron accumulation, leading to the provisional diagnosis of a recessive progressive ataxia in these patients. Ultrastructural characterization of patients’ muscle biopsies revealed focal accumulation of granular and membranous material possibly resulting from defective membrane homeostasis caused by disrupted PLA2G6 function. Enzyme studies in one of these muscle biopsies provided evidence for a relatively low mitochondrial content, which is compatible with the structural mitochondrial alterations seen by electron microscopy. Genetic characterization of 11 patients led to the identification of six underlying PLA2G6 gene mutations, five of which are novel. Importantly, by combining clinical and genetic data we have observed that while the phenotype of neurodegeneration associated with PLA2G6 mutations is variable in this cohort of patients belonging to the same ethnic background, it is partially influenced by the genotype, considering the age at onset and the functional disability criteria. Molecular testing for PLA2G6 mutations is, therefore, indicated in childhood-onset ataxia syndromes, if neuroimaging shows cerebellar atrophy with or without evidence of iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A. Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emeline Mundwiller
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Genotyping and Sequencing Facility, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
| | - Arif O. Khan
- Division of Paediatrics Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed AlDrees
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A. Elmalik
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy H. Hassan
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham M. S. Alkhalidi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amal Y. Kentab
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 774 Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic disorders (LGEM), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M. Bosley
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Neurology Division, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michel Koenig
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Université de Strasbourg, et Collège de France, Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Genotyping and Sequencing Facility, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France
- INSERM-U975, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR (Unité mixte de Recherche) 7225, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, (UMR-S)_975, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (cricm), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière (GHPS), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, GHPS, Paris, France
| | - Hamid Azzedine
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Glynn P. Neuronal phospholipid deacylation is essential for axonal and synaptic integrity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:633-41. [PMID: 22903185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recessively-inherited deficiency in the catalytic activity of calcium-independent phospholipase A2-beta (iPLA2β) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) causes infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia, respectively. Thus, these two related phospholipases have non-redundant functions that are essential for structural integrity of synapses and axons. Both enzymes are expressed in essentially all neurons and also have independent roles in glia. iPLA2β liberates sn-2 fatty acid and lysophospholipids from diacyl-phospholipids. Ca(2+)-calmodulin tonically-inhibits iPLA2β, but this can be alleviated by oleoyl-CoA. Together with fatty acyl-CoA-mediated conversion of lysophospholipid to diacyl-phospholipid this may regulate sn-2 fatty acyl composition of phospholipids. In the nervous system, iPLA2β is especially important for the turnover of polyunsaturated fatty acid-associated phospholipid at synapses. More information is required on the interplay between iPLA2β and iPLA2-gamma in deacylation of neuronal mitochondrial phospholipids. NTE reduces levels of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) by degrading it to glycerophosphocholine and two free fatty acids. The substrate for NTE may be nascent PtdCho complexed with a phospholipid-binding protein. Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation enhances PtdCho synthesis and may allow PtdCho accumulation by coordinate inhibition of NTE activity. NTE operates primarily at the endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal soma but is also present in axons. NTE-mediated PtdCho homeostasis facilitates membrane trafficking and this appears most critical for the integrity of axon terminals in the spinal cord and hippocampus. For maintenance of peripheral nerve axons, iPLA2β activity may be able to compensate for NTE-deficiency but not vice-versa. Whether agonists acting at neuronal receptors modulate the activity of either enzyme remains to be determined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glynn
- Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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30
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Iron dysregulation in movement disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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