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Yan Y, Piao S, Hammond WM, Chen A, Hong S, Xu H, Munson SM, Myneni RB, Allen CD. Climate-induced tree-mortality pulses are obscured by broad-scale and long-term greening. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:912-923. [PMID: 38467712 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Vegetation greening has been suggested to be a dominant trend over recent decades, but severe pulses of tree mortality in forests after droughts and heatwaves have also been extensively reported. These observations raise the question of to what extent the observed severe pulses of tree mortality induced by climate could affect overall vegetation greenness across spatial grains and temporal extents. To address this issue, here we analyse three satellite-based datasets of detrended growing-season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIGS) with spatial resolutions ranging from 30 m to 8 km for 1,303 field-documented sites experiencing severe drought- or heat-induced tree-mortality events around the globe. We find that severe tree-mortality events have distinctive but localized imprints on vegetation greenness over annual timescales, which are obscured by broad-scale and long-term greening. Specifically, although anomalies in NDVIGS (ΔNDVI) are negative during tree-mortality years, this reduction diminishes at coarser spatial resolutions (that is, 250 m and 8 km). Notably, tree-mortality-induced reductions in NDVIGS (|ΔNDVI|) at 30-m resolution are negatively related to native plant species richness and forest height, whereas topographic heterogeneity is the major factor affecting ΔNDVI differences across various spatial grain sizes. Over time periods of a decade or longer, greening consistently dominates all spatial resolutions. The findings underscore the fundamental importance of spatio-temporal scales for cohesively understanding the effects of climate change on forest productivity and tree mortality under both gradual and abrupt changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Yan
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - William M Hammond
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Songbai Hong
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Seth M Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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2
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Hu Y, Wei F, Wang S, Zhang W, Fensholt R, Xiao X, Fu B. Critical thresholds for nonlinear responses of ecosystem water use efficiency to drought. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170713. [PMID: 38325460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to lead to greater variability in precipitation and drought in different regions. However, the responses of ecosystem carbon and water cycles (i.e., water use efficiency, WUE) to different levels of drought stress are not fully understood. Here, we examined the relationship between WUE and precipitation anomalies and identified the critical drought threshold (DrCW) above which WUE showed substantial decrease. The results revealed that 85.56 % of the study area had nonlinear WUE responses to drought stress; that is, the WUE decreased sustainably and steeply when the precipitation deficit exceeded the DrCW. DrCW indicates inflection points for changing ecosystem responses from relatively resistant to vulnerable to drought stress, thus providing an instructive early warning for intensifying suppressive impacts on vegetation growth. Additionally, DrCW varies across aridity gradients and among vegetation types. Based on the DrCW at the pixel level, the future eco-drought is projected to increase in >67 % of the study area under both the SSP2&RCP4.5 and SSP5&RCP8.5 scenarios by the end of the 21st century. Our study elucidates the response of the ecosystem function to drought and supports the development of accurate ecosystem adaptation policies for future drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fangli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Earth Observation and Modeling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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3
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Yao Y, Liu Y, Zhou S, Song J, Fu B. Soil moisture determines the recovery time of ecosystems from drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3562-3574. [PMID: 36708329 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recovery time, the time it takes for ecosystems to return to normal states after experiencing droughts, is critical for assessing the response of ecosystems to droughts; however, the spatial dominant factors determining recovery time are poorly understood. We identify the global patterns of terrestrial ecosystem recovery time based on remote sensed vegetation indices, analyse the affecting factors of recovery time using random forest regression model, and determine the spatial distribution of the dominant factors of recovery time based on partial correlation. The results show that the global average recovery time is approximately 3.3 months, and that the longest recovery time occurs in mid-latitude drylands. Analysis of affecting factors of recovery time suggests that the most important environmental factor affecting recovery time is soil moisture during the recovery period, followed by temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Recovery time shortens with increasing soil moisture and prolongs with increasing VPD; however, the response of recovery time to temperature is nonmonotonic, with colder or hotter temperatures leading to longer recovery time. Soil moisture dominates the drought recovery time over 58.4% of the assessed land area, mostly in the mid-latitudes. The concern is that soil moisture is projected to decline in more than 65% regions in the future, which will lengthen the drought recovery time and exacerbate drought impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, especially in southwestern United States, the Mediterranean region and southern Africa. Our research provides methodological insights for quantifying recovery time and spatially identifies dominant factors of recovery time, improving our understanding of ecosystem response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Adeleye MA, Haberle SG, Gallagher R, Andrew SC, Herbert A. Changing plant functional diversity over the last 12,000 years provides perspectives for tracking future changes in vegetation communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:224-235. [PMID: 36624175 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities are largely reshaped by climate and the environment over millennia, providing a powerful tool for understanding their response to future climates. Using a globally applicable functional palaeocological approach, we provide a deeper understanding of fossil pollen-inferred long-term response of vegetation to past climatic disturbances based on changes in functional trait composition. Specifically, we show how and why the ecological strategies exhibited by vegetation have changed through time by linking observations of plant traits to multiple pollen records from southeast Australia to reconstruct past functional diversity (FD, the value and the range of species traits that influence ecosystem functioning). The drivers of FD changes were assessed quantitatively by comparing FD reconstructions to independent records of past climates. During the last 12,000 years, peaks in FD were associated with both dry and wet climates in southeast Australia, with shifts in leaf traits particularly pronounced under wet conditions. Continentality determined the degree of stability maintained by high FD, with the greatest seen on the mainland. We expect projected frequent drier conditions in southeast Australia over coming decades to drive changes in vegetation community functioning and productivity mirroring the functional palaeocological record, particularly in western Tasmania and western southeast mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Adesanya Adeleye
- School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Simon Graeme Haberle
- School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rachael Gallagher
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel Charles Andrew
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annika Herbert
- School of Culture, History and Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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5
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Alien Species in the Pioneer and Ruderal Vegetation of Ukraine. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasions of nonnative plants are widely recognized as one of the major threats to the biodiversity of natural ecosystems on a global scale. Pioneer and ruderal habitats are the primary locations for the penetration of alien plants. Both pioneer and ruderal vegetation are very close in their genesis and beginning of development; therefore, a comparative analysis of their alien components and historical trends would contribute to clarifying the direction of successional changes and the possible management of destructive processes caused by anthropogenic influences in different types of habitats. The results of a structural and comparative analysis of the alien fractions of the coenofloras of the pioneer and ruderal vegetation of Ukraine indicated that the systematic, biomorphological, ecological, and geographical structures of these species show a high similarity, according to many of the main indicators, which allows them to successfully implement a strategy of invasion, particularly in communities characterized by instability and weak coenotic connections. It was established that the ecotopes of both types of vegetation are very favorable to the penetration and establishment of alien species; however, disturbed habitats of the ruderal type are more prone to invasions. In the communities of both pioneer and ruderal vegetation, alien species can become successfully established at the coenotic level, forming phytocoenoses of different hierarchical ranks. The results of this study will contribute to the identification of general patterns of invasions and the optimization (management) of disturbed and unstable natural ecosystems.
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6
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Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Zeng H, Myneni RB, Zhang Y, Peñuelas J, Piao S. Seasonal peak photosynthesis is hindered by late canopy development in northern ecosystems. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1484-1492. [PMID: 36482207 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal dynamics of the vegetation canopy strongly regulate the surface energy balance and terrestrial carbon fluxes, providing feedbacks to climate change. Whether the seasonal timing of maximum canopy structure was optimized to achieve a maximum photosynthetic carbon uptake is still not clear due to the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic factors. We used two solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence datasets as proxies for photosynthesis and the normalized difference vegetation index and leaf area index products derived from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer as proxies for canopy structure, to characterize the connection between their seasonal peak timings from 2000 to 2018. We found that the seasonal peak was earlier for photosynthesis than for canopy structure in >87.5% of the northern vegetated area, probably leading to a suboptimal maximum seasonal photosynthesis. This mismatch in peak timing significantly increased during the study period, mainly due to the increasing atmospheric CO2, and its spatial variation was mainly explained by climatic variables (43.7%) and nutrient limitations (29.6%). State-of-the-art ecosystem models overestimated this mismatch in peak timing by simulating a delayed seasonal peak of canopy development. These results highlight the importance of incorporating the mechanisms of vegetation canopy dynamics to accurately predict the maximum potential terrestrial uptake of carbon under global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaichun Zhu
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shilong Piao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Yang Y, Sun Y, Niu B, Feng Y, Han F, Li M. Increasing connections among temporal invariability, resistance and resilience of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1026731. [PMID: 36438152 PMCID: PMC9682138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1026731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecological stability contains multiple components, such as temporal invariability, resistance and resilience. Understanding the response of stability components to perturbations is beneficial for optimizing the management of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of multiple perturbations on each stability component, few studies simultaneously measure the multiple stability components and their relationships. Alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau are exposed to co-occurring perturbations, including climate change and human activities. Here, we quantified three stability components (temporal invariability, resistance, and resilience) of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau during periods of high (2000-2008) and low (2009-2017) human activity intensity, respectively. We focused on the effects of climate variables (temperature, precipitation, radiation) and human activities (grazing intensity) on covariation among stability components. The results show that (1) for periods of high and low human activity, temporal invariability was positively correlated with resistance and resilience, while resistance was independent of resilience; (2) the dimensionality of alpine grasslands decreased by almost 10%, from 0.61 in the first period to 0.55 in the second period, suggesting the increasing connections among temporal invariability, resistance and resilience of alpine grasslands; and (3) temperature but not grazing intensity dominated the changes in the dimensionality of stability. These findings improve our understanding of multi-dimensional stability and highlight the importance of climate variability on alpine grassland stability on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Resource Management, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Fusong Han
- Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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8
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Martins IS, Dornelas M, Vellend M, Thomas CD. A millennium of increasing diversity of ecosystems until the mid-20th century. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5945-5955. [PMID: 35808866 PMCID: PMC9543278 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change is widely regarded as a simplifying and homogenising force in nature. In contrast, analysing global land-use reconstructions from the 10th to 20th centuries, we found progressive increases in the number, evenness, and diversity of ecosystems (including human-modified land-use types) present across most of the Earth's land surface. Ecosystem diversity increased more rapidly after ~1700 CE, then slowed or slightly declined (depending on the metric) following the mid-20th century acceleration of human impacts. The results also reveal increasing spatial differentiation, rather than homogenisation, in both the presence-absence and area-coverage of different ecosystem types at sub-global scales-at least, prior to the mid-20th century. Nonetheless, geographic homogenization was revealed for a subset of analyses at a global scale, reflecting the now-global presence of certain human-modified ecosystem types. Our results suggest that, while human land-use changes have caused declines in relatively undisturbed or "primary" ecosystem types, they have also driven increases in ecosystem diversity over the last millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S. Martins
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Berrick Saul Second FloorUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Berrick Saul Second FloorUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Mark Vellend
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Berrick Saul Second FloorUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuebecCanada
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Berrick Saul Second FloorUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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9
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Abstract
Global patterns of regional (gamma) plant diversity are relatively well known, but whether these patterns hold for local communities, and the dependence on spatial grain, remain controversial. Using data on 170,272 georeferenced local plant assemblages, we created global maps of alpha diversity (local species richness) for vascular plants at three different spatial grains, for forests and non-forests. We show that alpha diversity is consistently high across grains in some regions (for example, Andean-Amazonian foothills), but regional 'scaling anomalies' (deviations from the positive correlation) exist elsewhere, particularly in Eurasian temperate forests with disproportionally higher fine-grained richness and many African tropical forests with disproportionally higher coarse-grained richness. The influence of different climatic, topographic and biogeographical variables on alpha diversity also varies across grains. Our multi-grain maps return a nuanced understanding of vascular plant biodiversity patterns that complements classic maps of biodiversity hotspots and will improve predictions of global change effects on biodiversity.
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10
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Hatfield JH, Davis KE, Thomas CD. Lost, gained, and regained functional and phylogenetic diversity of European mammals since 8000 years ago. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5283-5293. [PMID: 35748709 PMCID: PMC9540530 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have experienced high levels of human-mediated extirpations but have also been widely introduced to new locations, and some have recovered from historic persecution. Both of these processes-losses and gains-have resulted in concern about functional losses and changes in ecological communities as new ecological states develop. The question of whether species turnover inevitably leads to declines in functional and phylogenetic diversity depends, however, on the traits and phylogenetic distinctiveness of the species that are lost, gained, or regained. Comparing ~8000 years ago with the last century, we show that extirpations and range retractions have indeed reduced the functional and phylogenetic diversity of mammals in most European regions (countries and island groups), but species recoveries and the introduction of non-native species have increased functional and phylogenetic diversity by equivalent or greater amounts in many regions. Overall, across Europe, species richness increased in 41 regions over the last 8000 years and declined in 1; phylogenetic diversity increased in 33 and declined in 12, while functional diversity results showed 20 increases and 25 decreases. The balance of losses (extirpations) and gains (introductions, range expansions) has, however, led to net increases in functional diversity on many islands, where the original diversity was low, and across most of western Europe. Historically extirpated mega- and mesofaunal species have recolonized or been reintroduced to many European regions, contributing to recent functional and phylogenetic diversity recovery. If conservation rewilding projects continue to reintroduce regionally extirpated species and domestic descendants of "extinct" species to provide replacement grazing, browsing, and predation, there is potential to generate net functional and phylogenetic diversity gains (relative to 8000 years ago) in most European regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H. Hatfield
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene BiodiversityUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Chris D. Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene BiodiversityUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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11
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Elevation dependence of climate effects on ecosystem multifunctionality states over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Species richness response to human pressure hides important assemblage transformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107361119. [PMID: 35500119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107361119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceHuman activities are causing biodiversity loss, but there is still strong debate on their effect on species richness. Here, I propose a unification of five trajectories of species richness response to increasing human pressure under the "replace then remove framework." It consists in a first phase of assemblage transformation (with the replacement of "loser" by "winner" species), often followed by a second phase of steep decline in species richness (with the decline of many winner species) when human pressure exceeds a certain threshold. The empirical results presented in this study provide an outstanding illustration of assemblage transformations that may cause biotic homogenization, demonstrating how habitat specialist, endemic, sensitive, and threatened species are replaced by others with increasing human pressure.
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13
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Green JK, Ballantyne A, Abramoff R, Gentine P, Makowski D, Ciais P. Surface temperatures reveal the patterns of vegetation water stress and their environmental drivers across the tropical Americas. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2940-2955. [PMID: 35202508 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation is a key component in the global carbon cycle as it stores ~450 GtC as biomass, and removes about a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, in some regions, the rate of plant carbon uptake is beginning to slow, largely because of water stress. Here, we develop a new observation-based methodology to diagnose vegetation water stress and link it to environmental drivers. We used the ratio of remotely sensed land surface to near surface atmospheric temperatures (LST/Tair ) to represent vegetation water stress, and built regression tree models (random forests) to assess the relationship between LST/Tair and the main environmental drivers of surface energy fluxes in the tropical Americas. We further determined ecosystem traits associated with water stress and surface energy partitioning, pinpointed critical thresholds for water stress, and quantified changes in ecosystem carbon uptake associated with crossing these critical thresholds. We found that the top drivers of LST/Tair , explaining over a quarter of its local variability in the study region, are (1) radiation, in 58% of the study region; (2) water supply from precipitation, in 30% of the study region; and (3) atmospheric water demand from vapor pressure deficits (VPD), in 22% of the study region. Regions in which LST/Tair variation is driven by radiation are located in regions of high aboveground biomass or at high elevations, while regions in which LST/Tair is driven by water supply from precipitation or atmospheric demand tend to have low species richness. Carbon uptake by photosynthesis can be reduced by up to 80% in water-limited regions when critical thresholds for precipitation and air dryness are exceeded simultaneously, that is, as compound events. Our results demonstrate that vegetation structure and diversity can be important for regulating surface energy and carbon fluxes over tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Green
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, France
- The University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ashley Ballantyne
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, France
- The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Rose Abramoff
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Makowski
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, UMR 518 MIA, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif sur Yvette, France
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14
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Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Piovesan G, Borghetti M, Baliva M, Gentilesca T, Rita A, Schettino A, Ripullone F. Mediterranean old-growth forests exhibit resistance to climate warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149684. [PMID: 34467901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Old-growth mountain forests represent an ideal setting for studying long-term impacts of climate change. We studied the few remnants of old-growth forests located within the Pollino massif (southern Italy) to evaluate how the growth of conspecific young and old trees responded to climate change. We investigated two conifer species (Abies alba and Pinus leucodermis) and two hardwood species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris). We sampled one stand per species along an altitudinal gradient, ranging from a drought-limited low-elevation hardwood forest to a cold-limited subalpine pine forest. We used a dendrochronological approach to characterize the long-term growth dynamics of old (age > 120 years) versus young (age < 120 years) trees. Younger trees grew faster than their older conspecifics during their juvenile stage, regardless of species. Linear mixed effect models were used to quantify recent growth trends (1950-2015) and responses to climate for old and young trees. Climate sensitivity, expressed as radial growth responses to climate during the last three decades, partially differed between species because high spring temperatures enhanced conifer growth, whereas F. sylvatica growth was negatively affected by warmer spring conditions. Furthermore, tree growth was negatively impacted by summer drought in all species. Climate sensitivity differed between young and old trees, with younger trees tending to be more sensitive in P. leucodermis and A. alba, whereas older F. sylvatica trees were more sensitive. In low-elevation Q. cerris stands, limitation of growth due to drought was not related to tree age, suggesting symmetric water competition. We found evidence for a fast-growth trend in young individuals compared with that in their older conspecifics. Notably, old trees tended to have relatively stable growth rates, showing remarkable resistance to climate warming. These responses to climate change should be recognized when forecasting the future dynamics of old-growth forests for their sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain; School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Michele Baliva
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Angelo Rita
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, IT-80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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15
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Daru BH, Davies TJ, Willis CG, Meineke EK, Ronk A, Zobel M, Pärtel M, Antonelli A, Davis CC. Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6983. [PMID: 34873159 PMCID: PMC8648934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Native biodiversity decline and non-native species spread are major features of the Anthropocene. Both processes can drive biotic homogenization by reducing trait and phylogenetic differences in species assemblages between regions, thus diminishing the regional distinctiveness of biotas and likely have negative impacts on key ecosystem functions. However, a global assessment of this phenomenon is lacking. Here, using a dataset of >200,000 plant species, we demonstrate widespread and temporal decreases in species and phylogenetic turnover across grain sizes and spatial extents. The extent of homogenization within major biomes is pronounced and is overwhelmingly explained by non-native species naturalizations. Asia and North America are major sources of non-native species; however, the species they export tend to be phylogenetically close to recipient floras. Australia, the Pacific and Europe, in contrast, contribute fewer species to the global pool of non-natives, but represent a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic diversity. The timeline of most naturalisations coincides with widespread human migration within the last ~500 years, and demonstrates the profound influence humans exert on regional biotas beyond changes in species richness. Human-driven movements and extinctions of species have made plant communities across biomes more homogenous. Here the authors quantify plant vascular species and phylogenetic homogenization across the globe, finding that non-native species naturalisations have been a major driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, and Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Meineke
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Argo Ronk
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.,Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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16
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García-Girón J, Heino J, Iversen LL, Helm A, Alahuhta J. Rarity in freshwater vascular plants across Europe and North America: Patterns, mechanisms and future scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147491. [PMID: 33965814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of species rarity have long fascinated ecologists, yet most of what we know about the natural world stems from studies of common species. A large proportion of freshwater plant species has small range sizes and are therefore considered rare. However, little is known about the mechanisms and geographical distribution of rarity in the aquatic realm and to what extent diversity of rare species in freshwater plants follows their terrestrial counterparts. Here, we present the first in-depth analysis of geographical patterns, potential deterministic ecogeographical factors and projected scenarios of freshwater vascular plant rarity using 50 × 50 km grid cells across Europe (41°N-71°N) and North America (25°N-78°N). Our results suggest that diversity of rare species shows different patterns in relation to latitude on the two continents, and that hotspots of rarity concentrate in a relatively small proportion of the European and North American land surface, especially in mountainous as well as in climatically rare and stable areas. Interestingly, we found no differences among alternative rarity definitions and measures when delineating areas with notably high diversity of rare species. Our findings also indicate that few variables, namely a combination of current climate, Late Quaternary climate-change velocity and human footprint, are able to accurately predict the location of continental centers of rare species diversity. However, these relationships are not geographically homogeneous, and the underlying factors likely act synergistically. Perhaps more importantly, we provide empirical evidence that current centers of rare species diversity are characterized by higher anthropogenic impacts and might shrink disproportionately within this century as the climate changes. Our reported distributional patterns of species rarity align with the known trends in species richness of other freshwater organisms and may help conservation planners make informed decisions mitigating the effects of climate change and other anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Girón
- Ecology Unit, University of León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain; Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, P.O. Box 413, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, P.O. Box 413, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Lars Lønsmann Iversen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Bld. 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aveliina Helm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Janne Alahuhta
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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17
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Terrestrial biodiversity threatened by increasing global aridity velocity under high-level warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015552118. [PMID: 34462347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015552118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global aridification is projected to intensify. Yet, our knowledge of its potential impacts on species ranges remains limited. Here, we investigate global aridity velocity and its overlap with three sectors (natural protected areas, agricultural areas, and urban areas) and terrestrial biodiversity in historical (1979 through 2016) and future periods (2050 through 2099), with and without considering vegetation physiological response to rising CO2 Both agricultural and urban areas showed a mean drying velocity in history, although the concurrent global aridity velocity was on average +0.05/+0.20 km/yr-1 (no CO2 effects/with CO2 effects; "+" denoting wetting). Moreover, in drylands, the shifts of vegetation greenness isolines were found to be significantly coupled with the tracks of aridity velocity. In the future, the aridity velocity in natural protected areas is projected to change from wetting to drying across RCP (representative concentration pathway) 2.6, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios. When accounting for spatial distribution of terrestrial taxa (including plants, mammals, birds, and amphibians), the global aridity velocity would be -0.15/-0.02 km/yr-1 ("-" denoting drying; historical), -0.12/-0.15 km/yr-1 (RCP2.6), -0.36/-0.10 km/yr-1 (RCP6.0), and -0.75/-0.29 km/yr-1 (RCP8.5), with amphibians particularly negatively impacted. Under all scenarios, aridity velocity shows much higher multidirectionality than temperature velocity, which is mainly poleward. These results suggest that aridification risks may significantly influence the distribution of terrestrial species besides warming impacts and further impact the effectiveness of current protected areas in future, especially under RCP8.5, which best matches historical CO2 emissions [C. R. Schwalm et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 19656-19657 (2020)].
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18
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Avolio ML, Komatsu KJ, Collins SL, Grman E, Koerner SE, Tredennick AT, Wilcox KR, Baer S, Boughton EH, Britton AJ, Foster B, Gough L, Hovenden M, Isbell F, Jentsch A, Johnson DS, Knapp AK, Kreyling J, Langley JA, Lortie C, McCulley RL, McLaren JR, Reich PB, Seabloom EW, Smith MD, Suding KN, Suttle KB, Tognetti PM. Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1892-1904. [PMID: 34170615 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global change is impacting plant community composition, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Using a dataset of 58 global change experiments, we tested the five fundamental mechanisms of community change: changes in evenness and richness, reordering, species gains and losses. We found 71% of communities were impacted by global change treatments, and 88% of communities that were exposed to two or more global change drivers were impacted. Further, all mechanisms of change were equally likely to be affected by global change treatments-species losses and changes in richness were just as common as species gains and reordering. We also found no evidence of a progression of community changes, for example, reordering and changes in evenness did not precede species gains and losses. We demonstrate that all processes underlying plant community composition changes are equally affected by treatments and often occur simultaneously, necessitating a wholistic approach to quantifying community changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Andrew T Tredennick
- Department of Statistics, Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sara Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan Foster
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura Gough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Mark Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David S Johnson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Lortie
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennie R McLaren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Blake Suttle
- Angelo Coast Range Reserve, University of California Natural Reserve System, Branscomb, CA, USA
| | - Pedro M Tognetti
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Patterns of vertebrate richness across global anthromes: prioritizing conservation beyond biomes and ecoregions. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Gaüzère P, Devictor V. Mismatches between birds' spatial and temporal dynamics reflect their delayed response to global changes. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gaüzère
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine Grenoble France
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21
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Huang W, Wang W, Cao M, Fu G, Xia J, Wang Z, Li J. Local climate and biodiversity affect the stability of China's grasslands in response to drought. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145482. [PMID: 33736341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The stability of ecosystems is of great significance to the supply of ecosystem services and human well-being. Frequently occurring drought events seriously threaten the stability of terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, in grasslands with low rainfall, ecosystems are more vulnerable to drought. To date, most studies have focused on forest ecosystems, while the difference in the stability of various types of grassland ecosystems under drought is less studied. Here, we selected China's grasslands as the study system and used the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to identify drought years and drought events (2001-2015) that occurred in China. Subsequently, we used the satellite-based enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to calculate the resistance (the ability to maintain the original EVI level in a drought year), resilience (the capacity of ecosystem functioning to recover to its normal state after a drought year), and recovery time (how long an ecosystem requires to recover to its predrought EVI) of different grassland types in China from 2001 to 2015. Finally, random forest analysis was used to identify the factors affecting the spatial patterns of the three indicators of stability. The results showed that the grassland ecosystem vulnerability to drought was significantly different among grassland types. The alpine steppe and alpine meadow ecosystems located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have the strongest resistance, the weakest resilience, and the longest recovery time. The meadow steppe and typical steppe ecosystems located in Inner Mongolia have the weakest resistance, the strongest resilience, and the shortest recovery time. The stability of grassland ecosystems is mainly affected by the characteristics of drought events (drought severity and duration), local climate factors (precipitation and temperature), and biodiversity. These results provide a scientific basis for taking appropriate management measures to address the impacts of future drought events on various types of grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Biodiversity Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Biodiversity Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Juyi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Biodiversity Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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22
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Wu G, Guan K, Li Y, Novick KA, Feng X, McDowell NG, Konings AG, Thompson SE, Kimball JS, De Kauwe MG, Ainsworth EA, Jiang C. Interannual variability of ecosystem iso/anisohydry is regulated by environmental dryness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2562-2575. [PMID: 33118166 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
●Plants are characterized by the iso/anisohydry continuum depending on how they regulate leaf water potential (ΨL ). However, how iso/anisohydry changes over time in response to year-to-year variations in environmental dryness and how such responses vary across different regions remains poorly characterized. ●We investigated how dryness, represented by aridity index, affects the interannual variability of ecosystem iso/anisohydry at the regional scale, estimated using satellite microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) observations. This ecosystem-level analysis was further complemented with published field observations of species-level ΨL . ●We found different behaviors in the directionality and sensitivity of isohydricity (σ) with respect to the interannual variation of dryness in different ecosystems. These behaviors can largely be differentiated by the average dryness of the ecosystem itself: in mesic ecosystems, σ decreases in drier years with a higher sensitivity to dryness; in xeric ecosystems, σ increases in drier years with a lower sensitivity to dryness. These results were supported by the species-level synthesis. ●Our study suggests that how plants adjust their water use across years - as revealed by their interannual variability in isohydricity - depends on the dryness of plants' living environment. This finding advances our understanding of plant responses to drought at regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghong Wu
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sally E Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terra dynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Australia Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chongya Jiang
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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23
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Li SF, Valdes PJ, Farnsworth A, Davies-Barnard T, Su T, Lunt DJ, Spicer RA, Liu J, Deng WYD, Huang J, Tang H, Ridgwell A, Chen LL, Zhou ZK. Orographic evolution of northern Tibet shaped vegetation and plant diversity in eastern Asia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc7741. [PMID: 33571113 PMCID: PMC7840128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the Tibetan Plateau throughout the past 66 million years has profoundly affected the Asian climate, but how this unparalleled orogenesis might have driven vegetation and plant diversity changes in eastern Asia is poorly understood. We approach this question by integrating modeling results and fossil data. We show that growth of north and northeastern Tibet affects vegetation and, crucially, plant diversity in eastern Asia by altering the monsoon system. This northern Tibetan orographic change induces a precipitation increase, especially in the dry (winter) season, resulting in a transition from deciduous broadleaf vegetation to evergreen broadleaf vegetation and plant diversity increases across southeastern Asia. Further quantifying the complexity of Tibetan orographic change is critical for understanding the finer details of Asian vegetation and plant diversity evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T Davies-Barnard
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- College of Engineering, Maths, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Wei-Yu-Dong Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - He Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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24
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Floristic and functional identity of rupestrian grasslands as a subsidy for environmental restoration and policy. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Human influences are reshaping plant communities around the world through both extinctions and species gains. New work relating biodiversity shifts to rapid changes in climate and land use highlights the need for new biogeographic frameworks to understand evolutionary change in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erle C Ellis
- Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Human populations and their use of land have reshaped landscapes for thousands of years, creating the anthropogenic biomes (anthromes) that now cover most of the terrestrial biosphere. Here we introduce the first global reconstruction and mapping of anthromes and their changes across the 12,000-year interval from 10,000 BCE to 2015 CE; the Anthromes 12K dataset. Anthromes were mapped using gridded global estimates of human population density and land use from the History of the Global Environment database (HYDE version 3.2) by a classification procedure similar to that used for prior anthrome maps. Anthromes 12K maps generally agreed with prior anthrome maps for the same time periods, though significant differences were observed, including a substantial reduction in Rangelands anthromes in 2000 CE but with increases before that time. Differences between maps resulted largely from improvements in HYDE’s representation of land use, including pastures and rangelands, compared with the HYDE 3.1 input data used in prior anthromes maps. The larger extent of early land use in Anthromes 12K also agrees more closely with empirical assessments than prior anthrome maps; the result of an evidence-based paradigm shift in characterizing the history of Earth’s transformation through land use, from a mostly recent large-scale conversion of uninhabited wildlands, to a long-term trend of increasingly intensive transformation and use of already inhabited and used landscapes. The spatial history of anthropogenic changes depicted in Anthromes 12K remain to be validated, especially for earlier time periods. Nevertheless, Anthromes 12K is a major advance over all prior anthrome datasets and provides a new platform for assessing the long-term environmental consequences of human transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.
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27
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Borthwick R, de Flamingh A, Hesselbarth MHK, Parandhaman A, Wagner HH, Abdel Moniem HEM. Alternative Quantifications of Landscape Complementation to Model Gene Flow in Banded Longhorn Beetles [ Typocerus v. velutinus (Olivier)]. Front Genet 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 32296465 PMCID: PMC7136975 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid progression of human socio-economic activities has altered the structure and function of natural landscapes. Species that rely on multiple, complementary habitat types (i.e., landscape complementation) to complete their life cycle may be especially at risk. However, such landscape complementation has received little attention in the context of landscape connectivity modeling. A previous study on flower longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Lepturinae) integrated landscape complementation into a continuous habitat suitability 'surface', which was then used to quantify landscape connectivity between pairs of sampling sites using gradient-surface metrics. This connectivity model was validated with molecular genetic data collected for the banded longhorn beetle (Typocerus v. velutinus) in Indiana, United States. However, this approach has not been compared to alternative models in a landscape genetics context. Here, we used a discrete land use/land cover map to calculate landscape metrics related to landscape complementation based on a patch mosaic model (PMM) as an alternative to the previously published, continuous habitat suitability model (HSM). We evaluated the HSM surface with gradient surface metrics (GSM) and with two resistance-based models (RBM) based on least cost path (LCP) and commute distance (CD), in addition to an isolation-by-distance (IBD) model based on Euclidean distance. We compared the ability of these competing models of connectivity to explain pairwise genetic distances (R ST) previously calculated from ten microsatellite genotypes of 454 beetles collected from 17 sites across Indiana, United States. Model selection with maximum likelihood population effects (MLPE) models found that GSM were most effective at explaining pairwise genetic distances as a proxy for gene flow across the landscape, followed by the landscape metrics calculated from the PMM, whereas the LCP model performed worse than both the CD and the isolation by distance model. We argue that the analysis of a continuous HSM with GSM might perform better because of their combined ability to effectively represent and quantify the continuous degree of landscape complementation (i.e., availability of complementary habitats in vicinity) found at and in-between sites, on which these beetles depend. Our findings may inform future studies that seek to model habitat connectivity in complex heterogeneous landscapes as natural habitats continue to become more fragmented in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Borthwick
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, United States
| | - Alida de Flamingh
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Anjana Parandhaman
- Department of Geography, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Helene H. Wagner
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Hossam E. M. Abdel Moniem
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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28
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Schoeman AL, Joubert TL, du Preez LH, Svitin R. Xenopus laevis as UberXL for nematodes. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2019.1681295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke L Schoeman
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tracy-Lee Joubert
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Louis H du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Roman Svitin
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, II Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine
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29
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Abstract
Biodiversity has always responded dynamically to environmental perturbations in the geological past, through changes to the abundances and distributions of genes and species, to the composition of biological communities, and to the cover and locations of different ecosystem types. This is how the 'nature' that exists today has survived. The same is true in the Anthropocene. The entire planet surface has been altered by humans, ranging from direct vegetation transformation and removal of most of the world's megafauna, through to atmospheric changes in greenhouse gasses and consequent climatic changes and ocean acidification. These anthropogenic perturbations have led to the establishment of genes and species in new locations, thus generating novel communities and ecosystems. In this historical context, recent biological changes should be seen as responses to multiple drivers of change, rather than being a problem per se. These changes are the means by which the biosphere is adjusting to and will ultimately survive the Anthropocene. Thus, management and conservation of the biological world, and our place in it, requires a transition from trying to minimize biological change to one in which we facilitate dynamism that accelerates the rates at which species and ecosystems adjust to human-associated drivers of change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
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30
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Contrasting the Effect of Forest Landscape Condition to the Resilience of Species Diversity in a Human Modified Landscape: Implications for the Conservation of Tree Species. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using landscape moderation insurance and Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) as frameworks, this study assessed the response of local assemblage among different land use regimes (mean β-diversity), using the Jaccard dissimilarity matrix in contrasting Human Modified Forest Landscapes (HMFLs). The study was conducted at the relatively simplified Mafhela Forest Reserve and the complex Thathe Vondo Forest Reserve in South Africa. The patterns of overall β-diversity between HMFL and State-protected Indigenous Forests (SIF) were compared and the leading change drivers were then untangled. This study found that human disturbance affects mean β-diversity of local assemblages among land use regimes between the two HMFLs in an ecologically contrasting manner. The HMFL in Mafhela Forest Reserve had distinct local assemblages among land use regimes and did not conform to the expectation of IDH. On average, HMFL had the same average local species richness as SIF, mainly due to change in species composition (species replacement) induced by land use disturbance. Land use intensity gradient was the leading change driver to explain the overall β-diversity of the Mafhela Forest Reserve. The findings in the Thathe Vondo Forest Reserve were in contrast with the Mafhela Forest Reserve. Although on average the HMFL had the same local species richness as SIFs, this was mainly due to a trade-off of species gain in trees along the rivers and streams and species loss in Culturally Protected Areas (sacred forests) (CPA) as expected by IDH. The contrasting findings imply that the effectiveness of any alternative conservation strategy is context-dependent. The resilience of local assemblages and conservation value of HMFL depends on the condition of the overall forest landscape complexity and cannnot be captured by one theory, nor by one species diversity matrix (e.g., β-diversity or Richness). It thus demands the application of complementary theoretical frameworks and multilevel modeling.
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31
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Huang K, Xia J. High ecosystem stability of evergreen broadleaf forests under severe droughts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3494-3503. [PMID: 31276270 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global increase in drought occurrences threatens the stability of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Evergreen broadleaf forests (EBFs) keep leaves throughout the year, and therefore could experience higher drought risks than other biomes. However, the recent temporal variability of global vegetation productivity or land carbon sink is mainly driven by non-evergreen ecosystems, such as semiarid grasslands, croplands, and boreal forests. Thus, we hypothesize that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes under the increasingly extreme droughts. Here we use long-term Standardized Precipitation and Evaporation Index (SPEI) data and satellite-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) products to quantify the temporal stability (ratio of mean annual EVI to its SD), resistance (ability to maintain its original levels during droughts), and resilience (rate of EVI recovering to pre-drought levels) at biome and global scales. We identified significantly increasing trends of annual drought severity (SPEI range: -0.08 to -1.80), area (areal fraction range: 2%-19%), and duration (month range: 7.9-9.1) in the EBF biome over 2000-2014. However, EBFs showed the highest resistance of EVI to droughts, but no significant differences in resilience of EVI to droughts were found among biomes (forests, grasslands, savannas, and shrublands). Global resistance and resilience of EVI to droughts were largely affected by temperature and solar radiation. These findings suggest that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes despite the greater drought exposure. Thus, the conservation of EBFs is critical for stabilizing global vegetation productivity and land carbon sink under more-intense climate extremes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China
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32
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Lu-Irving P, Harenčár JG, Sounart H, Welles SR, Swope SM, Baltrus DA, Dlugosch KM. Native and Invading Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Microbiomes Differ in Composition and Diversity of Bacteria. mSphere 2019; 4:e00088-19. [PMID: 30842267 PMCID: PMC6403453 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00088-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species could benefit from being introduced to locations with more favorable species interactions, including the loss of enemies, the gain of mutualists, or the simplification of complex interaction networks. Microbiomes are an important source of species interactions with strong fitness effects on multicellular organisms, and these interactions are known to vary across regions. The highly invasive plant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) has been shown to experience more favorable microbial interactions in its invasions of the Americas, but the microbiome that must contribute to this variation in interactions is unknown. We sequenced amplicons of 16S rRNA genes to characterize bacterial community compositions in the phyllosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere of yellow starthistle plants from seven invading populations in California, USA, and eight native populations in Europe. We tested for the differentiation of microbiomes by geography, plant compartment, and plant genotype. Bacterial communities differed significantly between native and invading plants within plant compartments, with consistently lower diversity in the microbiome of invading plants. The diversity of bacteria in roots was positively correlated with plant genotype diversity within both ranges, but this relationship did not explain microbiome differences between ranges. Our results reveal that these invading plants are experiencing either a simplified microbial environment or simplified microbial interactions as a result of the dominance of a few taxa within their microbiome. Our findings highlight several alternative hypotheses for the sources of variation that we observe in invader microbiomes and the potential for altered bacterial interactions to facilitate invasion success.IMPORTANCE Previous studies have found that introduced plants commonly experience more favorable microbial interactions in their non-native range, suggesting that changes to the microbiome could be an important contributor to invasion success. Little is known about microbiome variation across native and invading populations, however, and the potential sources of more favorable interactions are undescribed. Here, we report one of the first microbiome comparisons of plants from multiple native and invading populations, in the noxious weed yellow starthistle. We identify clear differences in composition and diversity of microbiome bacteria. Our findings raise new questions about the sources of these differences, and we outline the next generation of research that will be required to connect microbiome variation to its potential role in plant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lu-Irving
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Evolutionary Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia G Harenčár
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Hailey Sounart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biology, Mills College, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Shana R Welles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah M Swope
- Department of Biology, Mills College, Oakland, California, USA
| | - David A Baltrus
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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33
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Collado MÁ, Sol D, Bartomeus I. Bees use anthropogenic habitats despite strong natural habitat preferences. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á. Collado
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla Spain
- CREAF Catalonia Spain
| | - Daniel Sol
- CREAF Catalonia Spain
- CSIC Catalonia Spain
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34
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Barker BS, Cocio JE, Anderson SR, Braasch JE, Cang FA, Gillette HD, Dlugosch KM. Potential limits to the benefits of admixture during biological invasion. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:100-113. [PMID: 30485593 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Species introductions often bring together genetically divergent source populations, resulting in genetic admixture. This geographic reshuffling of diversity has the potential to generate favourable new genetic combinations, facilitating the establishment and invasive spread of introduced populations. Observational support for the superior performance of admixed introductions has been mixed, however, and the broad importance of admixture to invasion questioned. Under most underlying mechanisms, admixture's benefits should be expected to increase with greater divergence among and lower genetic diversity within source populations, though these effects have not been quantified in invaders. We experimentally crossed source populations differing in divergence in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis. Crosses resulted in many positive (heterotic) interactions, but fitness benefits declined and were ultimately negative at high source divergence, with patterns suggesting cytonuclear epistasis. We explored the literature to assess whether such negative epistatic interactions might be impeding admixture at high source population divergence. Admixed introductions reported for plants came from sources with a wide range of genetic variation, but were disproportionately absent where there was high genetic divergence among native populations. We conclude that while admixture is common in species introductions and often happens under conditions expected to be beneficial to invaders, these conditions may be constrained by predictable negative genetic interactions, potentially explaining conflicting evidence for admixture's benefits to invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Barker
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,United States Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho
| | | | | | | | | | - Heather D Gillette
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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35
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Anderegg WRL, Konings AG, Trugman AT, Yu K, Bowling DR, Gabbitas R, Karp DS, Pacala S, Sperry JS, Sulman BN, Zenes N. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought. Nature 2018; 561:538-541. [PMID: 30232452 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants influence the atmosphere through fluxes of carbon, water and energy1, and can intensify drought through land-atmosphere feedback effects2-4. The diversity of plant functional traits in forests, especially physiological traits related to water (hydraulic) transport, may have a critical role in land-atmosphere feedback, particularly during drought. Here we combine 352 site-years of eddy covariance measurements from 40 forest sites, remote-sensing observations of plant water content and plant functional-trait data to test whether the diversity in plant traits affects the response of the ecosystem to drought. We find evidence that higher hydraulic diversity buffers variation in ecosystem flux during dry periods across temperate and boreal forests. Hydraulic traits were the predominant significant predictors of cross-site patterns in drought response. By contrast, standard leaf and wood traits, such as specific leaf area and wood density, had little explanatory power. Our results demonstrate that diversity in the hydraulic traits of trees mediates ecosystem resilience to drought and is likely to have an important role in future ecosystem-atmosphere feedback effects in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna T Trugman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kailiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Gabbitas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin N Sulman
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Zenes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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36
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Miranda EBP. Reintroducing apex predators: the perils of muddling guilds and taxocenoses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180567. [PMID: 30109104 PMCID: PMC6083722 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Everton B. P. Miranda
- ONF Brasil Gestão Florestal, Cotriguaçu, MT, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil
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37
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Lu-Irving P, Marx HE, Dlugosch KM. Leveraging contemporary species introductions to test phylogenetic hypotheses of trait evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 42:95-102. [PMID: 29754025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait evolution is a topic of interest across disciplines and scales. Phylogenetic studies are powerful for generating hypotheses about the mechanisms that have shaped plant traits and their evolution. Introduced plants are a rich source of data on contemporary trait evolution. Introductions could provide especially useful tests of a variety of evolutionary hypotheses because the environments selecting on evolving traits are still present. We review phylogenetic and contemporary studies of trait evolution and identify areas of overlap and areas for further integration. Emerging tools which can promote integration include broadly focused repositories of trait data, and comparative models of trait evolution that consider both intra and interspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lu-Irving
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Hannah E Marx
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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38
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Tallavaara M, Eronen JT, Luoto M. Productivity, biodiversity, and pathogens influence the global hunter-gatherer population density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1232-1237. [PMID: 29282314 PMCID: PMC5819417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715638115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental drivers of species distributions and abundances are at the core of ecological research. However, the effects of these drivers on human abundance are not well-known. Here, we report how net primary productivity, biodiversity, and pathogen stress affect human population density using global ethnographic hunter-gatherer data. Our results show that productivity has significant effects on population density globally. The most important direct drivers, however, depend on environmental conditions: biodiversity influences population density exclusively in low-productivity regions, whereas pathogen stress does so in high-productivity regions. Our results also indicate that subtropical and temperate forest biomes provide the highest carrying capacity for hunter-gatherer populations. These findings document that environmental factors play a key role in shaping global population density patterns of preagricultural humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Tallavaara
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jussi T Eronen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- BIOS Research Unit, FI-00170 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Evers CR, Wardropper CB, Branoff B, Granek EF, Hirsch SL, Link TE, Olivero-Lora S, Wilson C. The ecosystem services and biodiversity of novel ecosystems: A literature review. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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41
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Schwalm CR, Anderegg WRL, Michalak AM, Fisher JB, Biondi F, Koch G, Litvak M, Ogle K, Shaw JD, Wolf A, Huntzinger DN, Schaefer K, Cook R, Wei Y, Fang Y, Hayes D, Huang M, Jain A, Tian H. Global patterns of drought recovery. Nature 2017; 548:202-205. [PMID: 28796213 DOI: 10.1038/nature23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drought, a recurring phenomenon with major impacts on both human and natural systems, is the most widespread climatic extreme that negatively affects the land carbon sink. Although twentieth-century trends in drought regimes are ambiguous, across many regions more frequent and severe droughts are expected in the twenty-first century. Recovery time-how long an ecosystem requires to revert to its pre-drought functional state-is a critical metric of drought impact. Yet the factors influencing drought recovery and its spatiotemporal patterns at the global scale are largely unknown. Here we analyse three independent datasets of gross primary productivity and show that, across diverse ecosystems, drought recovery times are strongly associated with climate and carbon cycle dynamics, with biodiversity and CO2 fertilization as secondary factors. Our analysis also provides two key insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of drought recovery time: first, that recovery is longest in the tropics and high northern latitudes (both vulnerable areas of Earth's climate system) and second, that drought impacts (assessed using the area of ecosystems actively recovering and time to recovery) have increased over the twentieth century. If droughts become more frequent, as expected, the time between droughts may become shorter than drought recovery time, leading to permanently damaged ecosystems and widespread degradation of the land carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA.,Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | | | - Anna M Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab and Graduate Program of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology (EECB), University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - George Koch
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Informatics and Computing Program, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - John D Shaw
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Ogden, Utah 84401, USA
| | - Adam Wolf
- Arable Labs Inc., 40 North Tulane Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08542, USA
| | - Deborah N Huntzinger
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Kevin Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Robert Cook
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Yaxing Wei
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Hayes
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Maoyi Huang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Zhang X, Wang H, Wang S, Wang R, Wang Y, Liu J. Factors Affecting Alien and Native Plant Species Richness in Temperate Nature Reserves of Northern China. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2017.65.4.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Urban Construction Vocational College, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Senlin Wang
- Shandong Forestry Monitoring and Planning Institute, Jinan 25000, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Reise K, Buschbaum C, Büttger H, Wegner KM. Invading oysters and native mussels: from hostile takeover to compatible bedfellows. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Reise
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43 List 25992 Germany
| | - Christian Buschbaum
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43 List 25992 Germany
| | - Heike Büttger
- BioConsult SH GmbH & Co.KG; Schobüller Str. 36 Husum 25813 Germany
| | - K. Mathias Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43 List 25992 Germany
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Liporacci HS, Hanazaki N, Ritter MR, Araújo EDL. Where are the Brazilian ethnobotanical studies in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga? RODRIGUÉSIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201768407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Atlantic Forest and Caatinga ecosystems differ in terms of biodiversity and geoclimatic conditions but are similar in their rich socio-diversity and heterogeneity of vegetation types that comprise their floras. The objectives of this work were to map the ethnobotanical studies that have been conducted in these ecosystems and record the most investigated communities, regions, and vegetation formations related to this research. A literature review was made of ethnobotanical articles related to the use and knowledge of medicinal and food plants employed by local populations within the original territories of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. The areas with the highest concentrations of studies (Southeast and South regions in the Atlantic Forest and the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba in the Caatinga) reflect the presence of research groups in these regions. Until now, it was thought that ethnobotanical studies had been conducted throughout the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga; however, the results of this work show that both ecosystems contain areas that still need to be studied.
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Gómez-Díaz JA, Krömer T, Kreft H, Gerold G, Carvajal-Hernández CI, Heitkamp F. Diversity and composition of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation and forest-use intensity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182893. [PMID: 28792536 PMCID: PMC5549743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial herbs are important elements of tropical forests; however, there is a lack of research on their diversity patterns and how they respond to different intensities of forest-use. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation (50 m to 3500 m) and forest-use intensity on the eastern slopes of the Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. We recorded the occurrence of all herbaceous angiosperm species within 120 plots of 20 m x 20 m each. The plots were located at eight study locations separated by ~500 m in elevation and within three different habitats that differ in forest-use intensity: old-growth, degraded, and secondary forest. We analyzed species richness and floristic composition of herb communities among different elevations and habitats. Of the 264 plant species recorded, 31 are endemic to Mexico. Both α- and γ-diversity display a hump-shaped relation to elevation peaking at 2500 m and 3000 m, respectively. The relative contribution of between-habitat β-diversity to γ-diversity also showed a unimodal hump whereas within-habitat β-diversity declined with elevation. Forest-use intensity did not affect α-diversity, but β-diversity was high between old-growth and secondary forests. Overall, γ-diversity peaked at 2500 m (72 species), driven mainly by high within- and among-habitat β-diversity. We infer that this belt is highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and forest-use intensification. At 3100 m, high γ-diversity (50 species) was driven by high α- and within-habitat β-diversity. There, losing a specific forest area might be compensated if similar assemblages occur in nearby areas. The high β-diversity and endemism suggest that mixes of different habitats are needed to sustain high γ-richness of terrestrial herbs along this elevational gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gerold
- Section of Physical Geography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Felix Heitkamp
- Section of Physical Geography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Hillebrand H, Blasius B, Borer ET, Chase JM, Downing JA, Eriksson BK, Filstrup CT, Harpole WS, Hodapp D, Larsen S, Lewandowska AM, Seabloom EW, Van de Waal DB, Ryabov AB. Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends: Consequences for conservation and monitoring. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hillebrand
- Plankton Ecology Lab; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Wilhelmshaven Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB); Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
| | - Bernd Blasius
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB); Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
- Mathematical Modelling Group; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Leipzig Germany
- Institute for Computer Science; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - John A. Downing
- Minnesota Sea Grant and Large Lakes Observatory; University of Minnesota; Duluth MN USA
| | - Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences (GELIFES); University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - W. Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Leipzig Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity; Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Dorothee Hodapp
- Plankton Ecology Lab; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Stefano Larsen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Leipzig Germany
| | - Aleksandra M. Lewandowska
- Plankton Ecology Lab; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Alexey B. Ryabov
- Mathematical Modelling Group; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
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Seebens H, Blackburn TM, Dyer EE, Genovesi P, Hulme PE, Jeschke JM, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A, Moser D, Nishino M, Pearman D, Pergl J, Rabitsch W, Rojas-Sandoval J, Roques A, Rorke S, Rossinelli S, Roy HE, Scalera R, Schindler S, Štajerová K, Tokarska-Guzik B, van Kleunen M, Walker K, Weigelt P, Yamanaka T, Essl F. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14435. [PMID: 28198420 PMCID: PMC5316856 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tim M. Blackburn
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ellie E. Dyer
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
- IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch 7648, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M. Jeschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology at the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstrasse 34, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shyama Pagad
- IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margarita Arianoutsou
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784 Greece
| | - Sven Bacher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Blasius
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Brundu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - César Capinha
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Cátedra Infraestruturas de Portugal-Biodiversidade, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Celesti-Grapow
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, p. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicol Fuentes
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Heinke Jäger
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - John Kartesz
- Biota of North America Program (BONAP), 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
| | - Marc Kenis
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchweg 2, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Bernd Lenzner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
| | - Alexander Mosena
- Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS), Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dietmar Moser
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Misako Nishino
- Biota of North America Program (BONAP), 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
| | - David Pearman
- Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI), Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS, UK
| | - Jan Pergl
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Rabitsch
- Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166 Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Alain Roques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Stephanie Rorke
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Silvia Rossinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Helen E. Roy
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Riccardo Scalera
- IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), Via Valentino Mazzola 38 T2 B 10, I-00142 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefan Schindler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kateřina Štajerová
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Tokarska-Guzik
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska Strasse 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kevin Walker
- Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI), Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS, UK
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Franz Essl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Barnosky AD, Hadly EA, Gonzalez P, Head J, Polly PD, Lawing AM, Eronen JT, Ackerly DD, Alex K, Biber E, Blois J, Brashares J, Ceballos G, Davis E, Dietl GP, Dirzo R, Doremus H, Fortelius M, Greene HW, Hellmann J, Hickler T, Jackson ST, Kemp M, Koch PL, Kremen C, Lindsey EL, Looy C, Marshall CR, Mendenhall C, Mulch A, Mychajliw AM, Nowak C, Ramakrishnan U, Schnitzler J, Das Shrestha K, Solari K, Stegner L, Stegner MA, Stenseth NC, Wake MH, Zhang Z. Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems. Science 2017; 355:355/6325/eaah4787. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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