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Eibensteiner F, Messner I, Uhl P, Bond G, Puchhammer-Stoeckl E, Mueller-Sacherer T, Aufricht C, Rusai K. The association of Torque Teno viral load with CMV and BKV infection in pediatric and adolescent kidney transplant patients. J Clin Virol 2024; 172:105673. [PMID: 38564881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term allograft and patient survival after kidney transplantation (KTX) depends on the balance between over- and under-immunosuppression (IS). High levels of IS predispose to opportunistic infections. Plasma load of Torque Teno Virus (TTV), a non-pathogenic highly prevalent Annellovirus, is associated with its hosts immune status, especially after solid organ transplantation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of plasma TTV load and opportunistic viral infections after pediatric KTX. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective study includes all pediatric KTX patients followed at the Medical University of Vienna 2014-2020. PCR for Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), BK virus (BKV), and TTV was performed every 4-8 weeks at routine follow-up visits. RESULTS 71 pediatric KTX patients were followed with TTV measurements for a median of 2.7 years. TTV plasma load was associated with CMV DNAemia at the next visit with an OR of 2.37 (95 % CI 1.15-4.87; p = 0.03) after adjustment for time after KTX and recipient age. For a cut-off of 7.68 log10 c/mL TTV a sensitivity of 100 %, a specificity of 61 %, a NPV 100 %, and a PPV of 46 % to detect CMV DNAemia at the next visit was calculated. TTV plasma loads were also associated with BKV DNAuria and BKV DNAemia at the next visit, but not with EBV DNAemia. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyse associations between TTV plasma loads and opportunistic viral infections in pediatric KTX. We were able to present a TTV cut-off for the prediction of clinically relevant CMV DNAemia that might be useful in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eibensteiner
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ines Messner
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phoebe Uhl
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Bond
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Mueller-Sacherer
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Aufricht
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Rusai
- Division of Paediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Rani A, Ergün S, Karnati S, Jha HC. Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:22-38. [PMID: 38189894 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms including paracellular, transcellular, and "Trojan horse" mechanisms during leukocyte diapedesis. These viruses belong to several families, including retroviruses; human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), flaviviruses; Japanese encephalitis (JEV); and herpesviruses; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1). For entering the brain, viral proteins act upon the tight junctions (TJs) between the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). For instance, HIV-1 proteins, such as glycoprotein 120, Nef, Vpr, and Tat, disrupt the BBB and generate a neurotoxic effect. Recombinant-Tat triggers amendments in the BBB by decreasing expression of the TJ proteins such as claudin-1, claudin-5, and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Thus, the breaching of BBB has been reported in myriad of neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurotropic viruses also exhibit molecular mimicry with several myelin sheath proteins, i.e., antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) aa411-426 cross-react with MBP and EBNA1 aa385-420 was found to be associated with MS risk haplotype HLA-DRB1*150. Notably, myelin protein epitopes (PLP139-151, MOG35-55, and MBP87-99) are being used to generate model systems for MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to understand the disease mechanism and therapeutics. Viruses like Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are also commonly used to generate EAE. Altogether, this review provide insights into the viruses' association with BBB leakiness and MS along with possible mechanistic details which could potentially use for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
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Sabbaghian M, Gheitasi H, Shekarchi AA, Tavakoli A, Poortahmasebi V. The mysterious anelloviruses: investigating its role in human diseases. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:40. [PMID: 38281930 PMCID: PMC10823751 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses (AVs) that infect the human population are members of the Anelloviridae family. They are widely distributed in human populations worldwide. Torque teno virus (TTV) was the first virus of this family to be identified and is estimated to be found in the serum of 80-90% of the human population. Sometime after the identification of TTV, Torque teno mini virus (TTMV) and Torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) were also identified and classified in this family. Since identifying these viruses, have been detected in various types of biological fluids of the human body, including blood and urine, as well as vital organs such as the liver and kidney. They can be transmitted from person to person through blood transfusions, fecal-oral contact, and possibly sexual intercourse. Recent studies on these newly introduced viruses show that although they are not directly related to human disease, they may be indirectly involved in initiating or exacerbating some human population-related diseases and viral infections. Among these diseases, we can mention various types of cancers, immune system diseases, viral infections, hepatitis, and AIDS. Also, they likely use the microRNAs (miRNAs) they encode to fulfill this cooperative role. Also, in recent years, the role of proliferation and their viral load, especially TTV, has been highlighted to indicate the immune system status of immunocompromised people or people who undergo organ transplants. Here, we review the possible role of these viruses in diseases that target humans and highlight them as important viruses that require further study. This review can provide new insights to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbaghian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Gheitasi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shekarchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tejeda M, Farrell J, Zhu C, Wetzler L, Lunetta KL, Bush WS, Martin ER, Wang L, Schellenberg GD, Pericak‐Vance MA, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Sherva R. DNA from multiple viral species is associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:253-265. [PMID: 37578203 PMCID: PMC10840621 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk by independent lines of evidence. We explored this association by comparing the frequencies of viral species identified in a large sample of AD cases and controls. METHODS DNA sequence reads that did not align to the human genome in sequences were mapped to viral reference sequences, quantified, and then were tested for association with AD in whole exome sequences (WES) and whole genome sequences (WGS) datasets. RESULTS Several viruses were significant predictors of AD according to the machine learning classifiers. Subsequent regression analyses showed that herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) (odds ratio [OR] = 3.71, p = 8.03 × 10-4) and human papillomavirus 71 (HPV-71; OR = 3.56, p = 0.02), were significantly associated with AD after Bonferroni correction. The phylogenetic-related cluster of Herpesviridae was significantly associated with AD in several strata of the data (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION Our results support the hypothesis that viral infection, especially HSV-1, is associated with AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Tejeda
- Departments of Medicine Biomedical GeneticsBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - John Farrell
- Departments of Medicine Biomedical GeneticsBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Departments of Medicine Biomedical GeneticsBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lee Wetzler
- Departments of Medicine Infectious DiseaseBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Medicine MicrobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Departments of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - William S. Bush
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health SciencesCleveland Institute for Computational BiologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Li‐San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health SciencesCleveland Institute for Computational BiologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine Biomedical GeneticsBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Medicine Neurologyand Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- OphthalmologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Richard Sherva
- Departments of Medicine Biomedical GeneticsBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Gore EJ, Gard L, Niesters HGM, Van Leer Buter CC. Understanding torquetenovirus (TTV) as an immune marker. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1168400. [PMID: 37384041 PMCID: PMC10296770 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1168400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV), a small, single stranded anellovirus, is currently being explored as a marker of immunocompetence in patients with immunological impairment and inflammatory disorders. TTV has an extremely high prevalence and is regarded as a part of the human virome, the replication of which is controlled by a functioning immune system. The viral load of TTV in plasma of individuals is thought to reflect the degree of immunosuppression. Measuring and quantifying this viral load is especially promising in organ transplantation, as many studies have shown a strong correlation between high TTV loads and increased risk of infection on one side, and low TTV loads and an increased risk of rejection on the other side. As clinical studies are underway, investigating if TTV viral load measurement is superior for gauging antirejection therapy compared to medication-levels, some aspects nevertheless have to be considered. In contrast with medication levels, TTV loads have to be interpreted bearing in mind that viruses have properties including transmission, tropism, genotypes and mutations. This narrative review describes the potential pitfalls of TTV measurement in the follow-up of solid organ transplant recipients and addresses the questions which remain to be answered.
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Butkovic A, Kraberger S, Smeele Z, Martin DP, Schmidlin K, Fontenele RS, Shero MR, Beltran RS, Kirkham AL, Aleamotu’a M, Burns JM, Koonin EV, Varsani A, Krupovic M. Evolution of anelloviruses from a circovirus-like ancestor through gradual augmentation of the jelly-roll capsid protein. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead035. [PMID: 37325085 PMCID: PMC10266747 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses are highly prevalent in diverse mammals, including humans, but so far have not been linked to any disease and are considered to be part of the 'healthy virome'. These viruses have small circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes and encode several proteins with no detectable sequence similarity to proteins of other known viruses. Thus, anelloviruses are the only family of eukaryotic ssDNA viruses currently not included in the realm Monodnaviria. To gain insights into the provenance of these enigmatic viruses, we sequenced more than 250 complete genomes of anelloviruses from nasal and vaginal swab samples of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) from Antarctica and a fecal sample of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) from the USA and performed a comprehensive family-wide analysis of the signature anellovirus protein ORF1. Using state-of-the-art remote sequence similarity detection approaches and structural modeling with AlphaFold2, we show that ORF1 orthologs from all Anelloviridae genera adopt a jelly-roll fold typical of viral capsid proteins (CPs), establishing an evolutionary link to other eukaryotic ssDNA viruses, specifically, circoviruses. However, unlike CPs of other ssDNA viruses, ORF1 encoded by anelloviruses from different genera display remarkable variation in size, due to insertions into the jelly-roll domain. In particular, the insertion between β-strands H and I forms a projection domain predicted to face away from the capsid surface and function at the interface of virus-host interactions. Consistent with this prediction and supported by recent experimental evidence, the outermost region of the projection domain is a mutational hotspot, where rapid evolution was likely precipitated by the host immune system. Collectively, our findings further expand the known diversity of anelloviruses and explain how anellovirus ORF1 proteins likely diverged from canonical jelly-roll CPs through gradual augmentation of the projection domain. We suggest assigning Anelloviridae to a new phylum, 'Commensaviricota', and including it into the kingdom Shotokuvirae (realm Monodnaviria), alongside Cressdnaviricota and Cossaviricota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Butkovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zoe Smeele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Amy L Kirkham
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 E, Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - Maketalena Aleamotu’a
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Thomas OG, Rickinson A, Palendira U. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1451. [PMID: 37206956 PMCID: PMC10191779 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism - or mechanisms - responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Thomas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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8
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Widder S, Görzer I, Friedel B, Rahimi N, Schwarz S, Jaksch P, Knapp S, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Metagenomic sequencing reveals time, host, and body compartment-specific viral dynamics after lung transplantation. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:66. [PMID: 35459224 PMCID: PMC9033415 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The virome of lung transplant recipients (LTRs) under immunosuppressive therapy is dominated by non-pathogenic Anelloviridae and further includes several pathogenic viruses such as Herpesviruses or respiratory viruses. It is unclear whether the donor-derived virome in the transplanted lung influences recipient virome dynamics in other body compartments and if so, to which degree. Likewise, it is unknown whether dependencies exist among virus populations that mutually shape viral loads and kinetics. RESULTS To address these questions, we characterized viral communities in airways and plasma of 49 LTRs and analyzed their abundance patterns in a data modeling approach. We found distinct viral clusters that were specific for body compartments and displayed independent dynamics. These clusters robustly gathered specific viral species across the patient cohort. In the lung, viral cluster abundance associated with time after transplantation and we detected mutual exclusion of viral species within the same human host. In plasma, viral cluster dynamics were associated with the indication for transplantation lacking significant short-time changes. Interestingly, pathogenic viruses in the plasma co-occurred specifically with Alpha torque virus genogroup 4 and Gamma torque virus strains suggesting shared functional or ecological requirements. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the detailed analysis of virome dynamics after lung transplantation revealed host, body compartment, and time-specific dependency patterns among viruses. Furthermore, our results suggested genetic adaptation to the host microenvironment at the level of the virome and support the hypothesis of functional complementarity between Anellovirus groups and other persistent viruses. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Widder
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Irene Görzer
- Center of Virology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Friedel
- Center of Virology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Endocrinology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus, ViDia Kliniken, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nina Rahimi
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Viruses, friends and foes: The case of Torque Teno virus and the net state of immunosuppression. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 24:e13778. [PMID: 34933413 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New reliable biomarkers are needed to improve individual risk assessment for post-transplant infection, acute graft rejection and other immune-related complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One promising strategy relies on the monitoring of replication kinetics of virome components as functional surrogate for the net state of immunosuppression. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA anellovirus with no attributable pathological effects. A major component of the human blood virome, TTV exhibits various features that facilitate its application as immune biomarker: high prevalence rates, nearly ubiquitous distribution, stable viral loads with little intra-individual variability, insensitivity to antiviral drugs, and availability of commercial PCR assays for DNA quantification. The present review summarizes the available studies supporting the use of post-transplant TTV viremia to predict patient and graft outcomes after SOT and allo-HSCT. Taken together, this evidence suggests that high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications in the SOT setting, whereas low or decreasing viral loads are associated with the development of acute rejection. The interpretation in allo-HSCT recipients is further complicated by complex interplay with the underlying disease, conditioning regimen and timing of recovery of lymphocyte counts, although TTV kinetics may act as a marker of immunological reconstitution at the early post-transplant period. The standardization of PCR methods and reporting units for TTV DNAemia and the results from ongoing interventional trials evaluating a TTV load-guided strategy to adjust immunosuppressive therapy are achievements expected in the coming years. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Marongiu L, Landry JJM, Rausch T, Abba ML, Delecluse S, Delecluse H, Allgayer H. Metagenomic analysis of primary colorectal carcinomas and their metastases identifies potential microbial risk factors. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3363-3384. [PMID: 34328665 PMCID: PMC8637581 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of microbiome studies at intestinal tissues has contributed to a yet limited understanding of potential viral and bacterial cofactors of colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis or progression. We analysed whole-genome sequences of CRC primary tumours, their corresponding metastases and matched normal tissue for sequences of viral, phage and bacterial species. Bacteriome analysis showed Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sanguinis, F. Hwasookii, Anaerococcus mediterraneensis and further species enriched in primary CRCs. The primary CRC of one patient was enriched for F. alocis, S. anginosus, Parvimonas micra and Gemella sp. 948. Enrichment of Escherichia coli strains IAI1, SE11, K-12 and M8 was observed in metastases together with coliphages enterobacteria phage φ80 and Escherichia phage VT2φ_272. Virome analysis showed that phages were the most preponderant viral species (46%), the main families being Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podoviridae. Primary CRCs were enriched for bacteriophages, showing five phages (Enterobacteria, Bacillus, Proteus, Streptococcus phages) together with their pathogenic hosts in contrast to normal tissues. The most frequently detected, and Blast-confirmed, viruses included human endogenous retrovirus K113, human herpesviruses 7 and 6B, Megavirus chilensis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), with one patient showing EBV enrichment in primary tumour and metastases. EBV was PCR-validated in 80 pairs of CRC primary tumour and their corresponding normal tissues; in 21 of these pairs (26.3%), it was detectable in primary tumours only. The number of viral species was increased and bacterial species decreased in CRCs compared with normal tissues, and we could discriminate primary CRCs from metastases and normal tissues by applying the Hutcheson t-test on the Shannon indices based on viral and bacterial species. Taken together, our results descriptively support hypotheses on microorganisms as potential (co)risk factors of CRC and extend putative suggestions on critical microbiome species in CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | - Tobias Rausch
- Genomics Core FacilityEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mohammed L. Abba
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | | | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
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11
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Mallet F, Diouf L, Meunier B, Perret M, Reynier F, Leissner P, Quemeneur L, Griffiths AD, Moucadel V, Pachot A, Venet F, Monneret G, Lepape A, Rimmelé T, Tan LK, Brengel-Pesce K, Textoris J. Herpes DNAemia and TTV Viraemia in Intensive Care Unit Critically Ill Patients: A Single-Centre Prospective Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698808. [PMID: 34795661 PMCID: PMC8593420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We analysed blood DNAemia of TTV and four herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, HHV6, and HSV-1) in the REAnimation Low Immune Status Marker (REALISM) cohort of critically ill patients who had presented with either sepsis, burns, severe trauma, or major surgery. The aim was to identify common features related to virus and injury-associated pathologies and specific features linking one or several viruses to a particular pathological context. Methods Overall and individual viral DNAemia were measured over a month using quantitative PCR assays from the 377 patients in the REALISM cohort. These patients were characterised by clinical outcomes [severity scores, mortality, Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-acquired infection (IAI)] and 48 parameters defining their host response after injury (cell populations, immune functional assays, and biomarkers). Association between viraemic event and clinical outcomes or immune markers was assessed using χ2-test or exact Fisher’s test for qualitative variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous variables. Results The cumulative incidence of viral DNAemia increased from below 4% at ICU admission to 35% for each herpesvirus during the first month. EBV, HSV1, HHV6, and CMV were detected in 18%, 12%, 10%, and 9% of patients, respectively. The incidence of high TTV viraemia (>10,000 copies/ml) increased from 11% to 15% during the same period. Herpesvirus viraemia was associated with severity at admission; CMV and HHV6 viraemia correlated with mortality during the first week and over the month. The presence of individual herpesvirus during the first month was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with the occurrence of IAI, whilst herpesvirus DNAemia coupled with high TTV viraemia during the very first week was associated with IAI. Herpesvirus viraemia was associated with a lasting exacerbated host immune response, with concurrent profound immune suppression and hyper inflammation, and delayed return to immune homeostasis. The percentage of patients presenting with herpesvirus DNAemia was significantly higher in sepsis than in all other groups. Primary infection in the hospital and high IL10 levels might favour EBV and CMV reactivation. Conclusion In this cohort of ICU patients, phenotypic differences were observed between TTV and herpesviruses DNAemia. The higher prevalence of herpesvirus DNAemia in sepsis hints at further studies that may enable a better in vivo understanding of host determinants of herpesvirus viral reactivation. Furthermore, our data suggest that EBV and TTV may be useful as additional markers to predict clinical deterioration in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mallet
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Léa Diouf
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,IVIDATA, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Boris Meunier
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Soladis Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Magali Perret
- BIOASTER Technology Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Andrew D Griffiths
- Laboratoire de Biochimie (LBC), École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI) Paris, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8231, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Moucadel
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Pachot
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Lepape
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression" (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux), Joint Research Unit HCL-bioMérieux, Immunology Laboratory & Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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12
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BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: Balancing Rejection and Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030487. [PMID: 33809472 PMCID: PMC7998398 DOI: 10.3390/v13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKVN) and allograft rejection are two closely-associated diseases on opposite ends of the immune scale in kidney transplant recipients. The principle of balancing the immune system remains the mainstay of therapeutic strategy. While patient outcomes can be improved through screening, risk factors identification, and rapid reduction of immunosuppressants, a lack of standard curative therapy is the primary concern during clinical practice. Additionally, difficulty in pathological differential diagnosis and clinicopathology’s dissociation pose problems for a definite diagnosis. This article discusses the delicate evaluation needed to optimize immunosuppression and reviews recent advances in molecular diagnosis and immunological therapy for BKVN patients. New biomarkers for BKVN diagnosis are under development. For example, measurement of virus-specific T cell level may play a role in steering immunosuppressants. The development of cellular therapy may provide prevention, even a cure, for BKVN, a complex post-transplant complication.
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13
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Kaczorowska J, van der Hoek L. Human anelloviruses: diverse, omnipresent and commensal members of the virome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:305-313. [PMID: 32188999 PMCID: PMC7326371 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses are small, single stranded circular DNA viruses. They are extremely diverse and have not been associated with any disease so far. Strikingly, these small entities infect most probably the complete human population, and there are no convincing examples demonstrating viral clearance from infected individuals. The main transmission could be via fecal-oral or airway route, as infections occur at an early age. However, due to the lack of an appropriate culture system, the virus–host interactions remain enigmatic. Anelloviruses are obviously mysterious viruses, and their impact on human life is not yet known, but, with no evidence of a disease association, a potential beneficial effect on human health should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaczorowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Grenda R. Torque teno (TTV) viral load as a biomarker of immunosuppressive strength after kidney transplantation in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1-3. [PMID: 32458135 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation & Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Yu T, Pan S, Zhang Y, Pei J, Liu J, Xie Y, Feng X. Occurrence and quantification of Anelloviruses and Herpesviruses in gingival tissue in Chinese Shanghai sub-population. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:196. [PMID: 32646510 PMCID: PMC7346523 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviruses and bacteria and their interplay have long been believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, but other microbial entities in the oral environment might also be involved. Anelloviruses are commonly detected in human, including in oral samples. The aim of the present study was to explore the occurrence and co-occurrence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and human anelloviruses (HTTVs) in gingival tissue samples collected from participants recruited in Shanghai, China. Methods Gingival tissues were collected from 159 participants (57 with aggressive periodontitis (AP), 59 with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 43 with healthy periodontal status). The presence of HCMV, EBV, torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno mini virus (TTMV) and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) DNA was detected by nested-PCR. The virus loads were quantified by real-time PCR. Results The detection rates of EBV, TTV, TTMV and TTMDV were significantly higher in the AP and CP groups compared to the healthy group (all P < 0.01). A statistically significant association was found between EBV, TTV and TTMV virus load and periodontitis (all P < 0.05). Participants infected with EBV showed significantly higher infection rates and higher virus loads of TTV and TTMV than the EBV-negative group (all P < 0.05). The coexistence rates of EBV and anelloviruses and the coexistence of three HTTVs were significantly higher in AP and CP groups (all P < 0.01). Conclusions Collectively, results obtained in this study suggest that HTTVs and the coexistence of EBV and HTTVs in particular, may be associated with periodontitis. Possible mechanisms of the interaction between herpesviruses and anelloviruses in the context of periodontitis require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaokun Pan
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Pei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Westman G, Schoofs C, Ingelsson M, Järhult JD, Muradrasoli S. Torque teno virus viral load is related to age, CMV infection and HLA type but not to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227670. [PMID: 31917803 PMCID: PMC6952092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is an unenveloped, circular, single stranded DNA virus with a genome size of approximately 3.8 kb. Previous studies have demonstrated varying grades of association between TTV DNA levels and immune deficiencies related to age, chronic infections and cancer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been related to persistent viral infections such as HSV-1 and CMV, but it is not known whether TTV viral load could serve as a functional biomarker of cellular immunity in this setting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether TTV infection and viral load is related to AD status, CMV immunity, systemic inflammation or HLA types connected to anti-viral immunity. A total of 50 AD subjects and 51 non-demented controls were included in the study. AD subjects were diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV criteria and neuroradiologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis. TTV viral load was analyzed in plasma samples using a quantitative real-time PCR. Using a cut-off for TTV status at 200 copies/ml, 88% (89/101) of the study subjects were classified as TTV positive. TTV viral load significantly increased with age (beta 0.049 per year, p<0.001) but significantly decreased in relation to CMV IgG levels (beta -0.022 per 1000 units, p = 0.005) and HLA-B27 positivity (beta -0.53, p = 0.023). In conclusion, TTV immune control is not significantly affected by AD status, but appears related to age, CMV humoral immune response and HLA type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Schoofs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Zur Hausen H, Bund T, de Villiers EM. Infectious Agents in Bovine Red Meat and Milk and Their Potential Role in Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 407:83-116. [PMID: 28349283 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red meat and dairy products have frequently been suggested to represent risk factors for certain cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the evidence and investigates the possible involvement of infectious factors in these diseases. The isolation of small circular single-stranded DNA molecules from serum and dairy products of Eurasian Aurochs (Bos taurus)-derived cattle, obviously persisting as episomes in infected cells, provides the basis for further investigations. Gene expression of these agents in human cells has been demonstrated, and frequent infection of humans is implicated by the detection of antibodies in a high percentage of healthy individuals. Epidemiological observations suggest their relationship to the development multiple sclerosis, to heterophile antibodies, and to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) containing cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Zur Hausen
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Timo Bund
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Mallet F, Perret M, Tran T, Meunier B, Guichard A, Tabone O, Mommert M, Brengel-Pesce K, Venet F, Pachot A, Monneret G, Reynier F, Védrine C, Leissner P, Moucadel V, Lepape A, Textoris J. Early herpes and TTV DNAemia in septic shock patients: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31104220 PMCID: PMC6525672 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic shock patients exhibit an increased incidence of viral reactivation. Precise timing of such reactivation-as an early marker of immune suppression, or as a consequence of the later-is not known precisely. Here, using a fully designed nucleic acid extraction automated procedure together with tailored commercial PCR kits, we focused on the description of early reactivation within the first week of ICU admission of several herpes viruses and Torque Teno virus (TTV) in 98 septic shock patients. RESULTS Most of septic shock patients had at least one viremia event during the first week (88%). TTV and herpesviruses were detected in 56% and 53% of septic shock patient, respectively. The two most frequent herpesviruses detected within the first week were EBV (35%) and HSV1 (26%). Different kinetic were observed among herpesviruses, faster for EBV and HSV1 than for CMV and HHV6. Although no association was found between herpes viremia and secondary infections, patients with herpesviridae-related viremia were more severe, e.g., higher SOFA scores and plasma lactate levels. While reactivating only 1 virus was not associated with mortality, patients with multiple viremia events had higher ICU mortality. Surprisingly, EBV + TTV early reactivation seemed associated with a lower D28 mortality. No clear association was observed between viremia and immune biomarkers. CONCLUSION Applying a semi-automated process of viral DNAemia determination to this cohort of 98 patients with septic shock, we observed that the number of patients with positive viremia increased during the first week in the ICU. Of note, there was no improvement in predicting the outcome when using viremia status. Nevertheless, this pilot study, introducing standardized procedures from extraction to detection, provides the basis for future standardized diagnostic criteria. A prospective longitudinal clinical study using these procedures will enable determination of whether such viremia is due to a lack of a latent virus control by the immune system or a true clinical viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mallet
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France. .,Joint research unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Benite, France.
| | - Magali Perret
- BIOASTER Technology Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Trang Tran
- BIOASTER Technology Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Boris Meunier
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France.,Soladis, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Guichard
- Joint research unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Olivier Tabone
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France
| | - Marine Mommert
- Joint research unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Joint research unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Pachot
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Moucadel
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France
| | - Alain Lepape
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, Epidemiology and International Health, International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux Joint Research Unit, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon1-Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon Cedex 3, France. .,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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19
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Rezahosseini O, Drabe CH, Sørensen SS, Rasmussen A, Perch M, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD. Torque-Teno virus viral load as a potential endogenous marker of immune function in solid organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2019; 33:137-144. [PMID: 30981537 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients receive immunosuppressive therapy to avoid rejection of the transplanted organ. Immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of infections. However, no existing marker reliably reveals the status of the immune function in SOT recipients. Torque-Teno virus or Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) has gained attention as a possible endogenous marker of the immune function. TTV is a non-enveloped, circular single strand DNA virus, and it may be considered a part of the human virome. In a bidirectional relationship, the immune system detects TTV and TTV may also modulate the activity of immune system. These characteristics have made the virus a possible candidate indicator of immune function. In this systematic review, we describe the role and potential function of TTV viral load as an endogenous marker of the immune function and consequently the level of immune suppression in SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Rezahosseini
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Heldbjerg Drabe
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Rasmussen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Perch
- Department of Cardiology, Section for Lung Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Petrisko TJ, Konat GW. Peripheral viral challenge exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:675-679. [PMID: 30637619 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-0383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral viral infections are potent triggers of exacerbation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we used a preclinical model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to corroborate this comorbidity in an experimental setting. EAE was induced by immunization of mice with MOG peptide, and paralysis was scored using a 5-point scale. At the onset of the chronic phase of the disease (Days 42-58 after MOG injection) the animals were divided into low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) with the mean score of 1.5 and 2.5, respectively. The acute phase response (APR) was induced by intraperitoneal injections of a viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC). Two daily injections were performed on Days 42 and 44 (PIC42,44 challenge) and on Days 54, 55 and 56 (PIC54,55,56 challenge). PIC42,44 challenge had no effect of EAE disease, whereas PIC54,55,56 challenge rapidly increased paralysis but only in HR group. This exacerbation ultimately led to animal death by Day 58. These results demonstrate that antiviral APR is a potent exacerbator of EAE, and that this activity directly correlates with the severity of the disease. This in turn, indicates that antiviral APR might play a pivot role in linking peripheral viral infections with MS exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Petrisko
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA
| | - Gregory W Konat
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA.
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21
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Expression and replication of virus-like circular DNA in human cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2851. [PMID: 29434270 PMCID: PMC5809378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of bovine milk and meat is considered a risk factor for colon- and breast cancer formation, and milk consumption has also been implicated in an increased risk for developing Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A number of highly related virus-like DNAs have been recently isolated from bovine milk and sera and from a brain sample of a MS patient. As a genetic activity of these Acinetobacter-related bovine milk and meat factors (BMMFs) is unknown in eukaryotes, we analyzed their expression and replication potential in human HEK293TT cells. While all analyzed BMMFs show transcriptional activity, the MS brain isolate MSBI1.176, sharing homology with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-associated DNA molecule, is transcribed at highest levels. We show expression of a replication-associated protein (Rep), which is highly conserved among all BMMFs, and serological tests indicate a human anti-Rep immune response. While the cow milk isolate CMI1.252 is replication-competent in HEK293TT cells, replication of MSBI1.176 is complemented by CMI1.252, pointing at an interplay during the establishment of persistence in human cells. Transcriptome profiling upon BMMF expression identified host cellular gene expression changes related to cell cycle progression and cell viability control, indicating potential pathways for a pathogenic involvement of BMMFs.
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22
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Detection of a new species of torque teno mini virus from the gingival epithelium of patients with periodontitis. Virus Genes 2017; 53:823-830. [PMID: 28866831 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel species of torque teno mini virus called TTMV-204, which was isolated from the gingival epithelium of patients with periodontitis and characterized using viral metagenomics. The sequence of the full genome is 2824 nt in length. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic analyses show classic Betatorquevirus species organization with less than 40% amino acid similarity in ORF1. The prevalence of TTMV-204 in the periodontitis patient population was 18.75% (15/80), which was higher than in periodontally healthy individuals (10.00%, 10/80). However, the difference of the TTMV-204 prevalence between two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.115). Further investigation is required to determine whether this new virus is associated with inflammation.
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Abstract
Circular single-stranded DNA viruses infect archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. The relatively recent emergence of single-stranded DNA viruses, such as chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as serious pathogens of eukaryotes is due more to growing awareness than to the appearance of new pathogens or alteration of existing pathogens. In the case of the ubiquitous human circular single-stranded DNA virus family Anelloviridae, there is still no convincing direct causal relation to any specific disease. However, infections may play a role in autoimmunity by changing the homeostatic balance of proinflammatory cytokines and the human immune system, indirectly affecting the severity of diseases caused by other pathogens. Infections with CAV (family Anelloviridae, genus Gyrovirus) and PCV2 (family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus) are presented here because they are immunosuppressive and affect health in domesticated animals. CAV shares genomic organization, genomic orientation, and common features of major proteins with human anelloviruses, and PCV2 DNA may be present in human food and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Shulman
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; .,Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Central Virology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;
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24
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Perlejewski K, Bukowska-Ośko I, Nakamura S, Motooka D, Stokowy T, Płoski R, Rydzanicz M, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Podlecka-Piętowska A, Nojszewska M, Gogol A, Caraballo Cortés K, Demkow U, Stępień A, Laskus T, Radkowski M. Metagenomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 935:89-98. [PMID: 27311319 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system of unknown etiology. However, some infectious agents have been suggested to play a significant role in its pathogenesis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and metagenomics can be employed to characterize microbiome of MS patients and to identify potential causative pathogens. In this study, 12 patients with idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorders (IIDD) of the central nervous system were studied: one patient had clinically isolated syndrome, one patient had recurrent optic neuritis, and ten patients had multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, there was one patient with other non-inflammatory neurological disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sampled from all patients. RNA was extracted from CSF and subjected to a single-primer isothermal amplification followed by NGS and comprehensive data analysis. Altogether 441,608,474 reads were obtained and mapped using blastn. In a CSF sample from the patient with clinically isolated syndrome, 11 varicella-zoster virus reads were found. Other than that similar bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and protozoan reads were identified in all samples, indicating a common presence of contamination in metagenomics. In conclusion, we identified varicella zoster virus sequences in one out of the 12 patients with IIDD, which suggests that this virus could be occasionally related to the MS pathogenesis. A widespread bacterial contamination seems inherent to NGS and complicates the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of the Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rydzanicz
- Department of the Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Nojszewska
- Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, 1A Banacha, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Anna Gogol
- Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, 1A Banacha, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortés
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 24 Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw, 00-576, Poland
| | - Adam Stępień
- Department of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserów Street, Warsaw, 04-141, Poland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, 3C Pawińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
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25
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Calabrese M, Magliozzi R, Ciccarelli O, Geurts JJG, Reynolds R, Martin R. Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:147-58. [PMID: 25697158 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized at the gross pathological level by the presence of widespread focal demyelinating lesions of the myelin-rich white matter. However, it is becoming clear that grey matter is not spared, even during the earliest phases of the disease. Furthermore, grey matter damage may have an important role both in physical and cognitive disability. Grey matter pathology involves both inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms, but the relationship between the two is unclear. Histological, immunological and neuroimaging studies have provided new insight in this rapidly expanding field, and form the basis of the most recent hypotheses on the pathogenesis of grey matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Calabrese
- Advanced Neuroimaging Laboratory of Neurology B, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University Hospital Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- 1] Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK. [2] Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- 1] National Institute for Health Research, University College London/University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (NIHR UCL/UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK. [2] Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Section of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Reprint of: cancer "causation" by infections--individual contributions and synergistic networks. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:207-22. [PMID: 25843727 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The search for infectious agents playing a role in human carcinogenesis and their identification remain important issues. This could provide clues for a broader spectrum of cancers preventable by vaccination and accessible to specific therapeutic regimens. Yet, the various ways of interacting among different factors functioning synergistically and their different modes of affecting individual cells should bring to question the validity of the term "causation". It also should put a word of caution into all attempts to summarize criteria for "causality" of infectious agents in cancer development. At least in the opinion of these authors, we would be much better off avoiding these terms, replacing "causal factor" by "risk factor" and grading them according to their contribution to an individual's cancer risk.
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27
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Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:893-908. [PMID: 25680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human torque teno viruses (TTVs) are new, emerging infectious agents, recently assigned to the family Anelloviridae. The first representative of the genus, torque teno virus (TTV), was discovered in 1997, followed by torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in 2000, and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) in 2007. These viruses are characterized by an extremely high prevalence, with relatively uniform distribution worldwide and a high level of genomic heterogeneity, as well as an apparent pan-tropism at the host level. Although these viruses have a very high prevalence in the general population across the globe, neither their interaction with their hosts nor their direct involvement in the etiology of specific diseases are fully understood. Since their discovery, human anelloviruses, and especially TTV, have been suggested to be associated with various diseases, such as hepatitis, respiratory diseases, cancer, hematological and autoimmune disorders, with few arguments for their direct involvement. Recent studies have started to reveal interactions between TTVs and the host's immune system, leading to new hypotheses for potential pathological mechanisms of these viruses. In this review article, we discuss the most important aspects and current status of human TTVs in order to guide future studies.
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28
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zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Cancer "causation" by infections--individual contributions and synergistic networks. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:860-75. [PMID: 25499643 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for infectious agents playing a role in human carcinogenesis and their identification remain important issues. This could provide clues for a broader spectrum of cancers preventable by vaccination and accessible to specific therapeutic regimens. Yet, the various ways of interacting among different factors functioning synergistically and their different modes of affecting individual cells should bring to question the validity of the term "causation". It also should put a word of caution into all attempts to summarize criteria for "causality" of infectious agents in cancer development. At least in the opinion of these authors, we would be much better off avoiding these terms, replacing "causal factor" by "risk factor" and grading them according to their contribution to an individual's cancer risk.
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29
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Beland K, Dore-Nguyen M, Gagne MJ, Patey N, Brassard J, Alvarez F, Halac U. Torque Teno Virus Load as a Biomarker of Immunosuppression? New Hopes and Insights. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:668-70. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will explore two new aspects of the involvement of viruses in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. The first aspect is the complex interactions between viruses. The second aspect is the proposal of a mechanism by which autoreactive T cells are able to escape thymic selection and potentially recognize self and a pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS With regard to viruses, recent work has demonstrated that one virus may enhance the replication of another virus, potentially leading to an increase in inflammation and disease progression. Also, interactions between human endogenous retroviruses, which likely do not replicate, and certain herpes viruses, may also play a role in disease pathogenesis. Mechanistically, T cells expressing dual T-cell receptors would be able to recognize self and a foreign antigen specifically. Therefore, human endogenous retroviruses potentially play a role in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, and both interactions between multiple viruses and autoreactive CD8(+) T cells with dual T-cell receptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. SUMMARY The complex interactions between multiple viral infections, either within the central nervous system or in the periphery, and the host immune response to viral infection may be such that a variety of viral specificities result in the activation of T cells that recognize self and induce multiple sclerosis. Therefore, it is unlikely that any one microbe will be determined to be the causative agent of multiple sclerosis as reflected by the number of potential triggering mechanisms of the disease.
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31
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Mameli G, Madeddu G, Mei A, Uleri E, Poddighe L, Delogu LG, Maida I, Babudieri S, Serra C, Manetti R, Mura MS, Dolei A. Activation of MSRV-type endogenous retroviruses during infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus latency: the missing link with multiple sclerosis? PLoS One 2013; 8:e78474. [PMID: 24236019 PMCID: PMC3827255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear. The immuno-pathogenic phenomena leading to neurodegeneration are thought to be triggered by environmental (viral?) factors operating on predisposing genetic backgrounds. Among the proposed co-factors are the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and the potentially neuropathogenic HERV-W/MSRV/Syncytin-1 endogenous retroviruses. The ascertained links between EBV and MS are history of late primary infection, possibly leading to infectious mononucleosis (IM), and high titers of pre-onset IgG against EBV nuclear antigens (anti-EBNA IgG). During MS, there is no evidence of MS-specific EBV expression, while a continuous expression of HERV-Ws occurs, paralleling disease behaviour. We found repeatedly extracellular HERV-W/MSRV and MSRV-specific mRNA sequences in MS patients (in blood, spinal fluid, and brain samples), and MRSV presence/load strikingly paralleled MS stages and active/remission phases. Aim of the study was to verify whether HERV-W might be activated in vivo, in hospitalized young adults with IM symptoms, that were analyzed with respect to expression of HERV-W/MSRV transcripts and proteins. Healthy controls were either EBV-negative or latently EBV-infected with/without high titers of anti-EBNA-1 IgG. The results show that activation of HERV-W/MSRV occurs in blood mononuclear cells of IM patients (2Log10 increase of MSRV-type env mRNA accumulation with respect to EBV-negative controls). When healthy controls are stratified for previous EBV infection (high and low, or no anti-EBNA-1 IgG titers), a direct correlation occurs with MSRV mRNA accumulation. Flow cytometry data show increased percentages of cells exposing surface HERV-Wenv protein, that occur differently in specific cell subsets, and in acute disease and past infection. Thus, the data indicate that the two main links between EBV and MS (IM and high anti-EBNA-1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of the potentially neuropathogenic HERV-W/MSRV. These novel findings suggest HERV-W/MSRV activation as the missing link between EBV and MS, and may open new avenues of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luciana Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia G. Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ivana Maida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Caterina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria S. Mura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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32
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Pakpoor J, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan SV. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: association or causation? Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13:287-97. [PMID: 23448218 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease in which both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions underlie causation. The current evidence base supports a strong association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, but potential causality remains strongly debated. It is not possible to exclude the possibility that an abnormal response to EBV infection is a consequence, rather than a cause, of the underlying pathophysiology of MS, or indeed that the association may be a reflection of a similar underlying disease mechanism. Substantial experimental progress is necessary to achieve consistency of molecular findings to complement the strong epidemiological association between EBV and MS, which cannot alone show causation. Collectively, the strength of the association between EBV and MS warrants careful development and trial of anti-EBV drugs to observe any effect on MS disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pakpoor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Béland K, Dore-Nguyen M, Gagné MJ, Patey N, Brassard J, Alvarez F, Halac U. Torque Teno virus in children who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation: new insights about a common pathogen. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:247-54. [PMID: 23922368 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torque Teno virus (TTV) is a ubiquitous infectious agent. Transplant recipients are at risk of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and could be vulnerable to TTV-associated adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of immunosuppression and HEV infection on TTV replication and liver injury in pediatric patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS Pediatric recipients of liver transplants were classified into the following 2 groups: (1) those with normal serum aminotransferases levels and (2) those with persistently increased serum aminotransferases levels and histological features of chronic hepatitis of unknown etiology. The TTV load was assessed in 342 serum samples by use of TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction, along with TTV genogroups and coinfection with HEV. RESULTS TTV DNA was detected in 96% of tested serum samples. Viral load was significantly lower in patients with features of chronic hepatitis, of whom 78% had liver fibrosis scores of ≥2. Viral load decreased during posttransplantation follow-up. Viral load and genogroups were influenced by immunosuppression. Lower viral load was observed in patients coinfected with HEV. CONCLUSIONS TTV infection is widespread, and its replication is closely related to immune status and viral coinfection. High TTV viremia is not associated with hepatitis after OLT, but, conversely, liver inflammatory activity impairs TTV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie Béland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics
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Galmès J, Li Y, Rajoharison A, Ren L, Dollet S, Richard N, Vernet G, Javouhey E, Wang J, Telles JN, Paranhos-Baccalà G. Potential implication of new torque teno mini viruses in parapneumonic empyema in children. Eur Respir J 2012; 42:470-9. [PMID: 23060626 PMCID: PMC3729974 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An unexplained increase in the incidence of parapneumonic empyema (PPE) in pneumonia cases has been reported in recent years. The present study investigated the genetic and biological specifications of new isolates of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) detected in pleural effusion samples from children hospitalised for severe pneumonia with PPE. A pathogen discovery protocol was applied in undiagnosed pleural effusion samples and led to the identification of three new isolates of TTMV (TTMV-LY). Isolated TTMV-LY genomes were transfected into A549 and human embryonic kidney 293T cells and viral replication was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and full-length genome amplification. A549 cells were further infected with released TTMV-LY virions and the induced-innate immune response was measured by multiplex immunoassays. Genetic analyses of the three TTMV-LY genomes revealed a classic genomic organisation but a weak identity (<64%) with known sequences. We demonstrated the in vitro replication of TTMV-LY in alveolar epithelial cells and the effective release of infectious viral particles. We also showed a selective production of inflammatory mediators in response to TTMV infection. This study reports the description of replicative TTMV-LY isolated from parapneumonic effusions of children hospitalised with PPE, suggesting a potential role of the virus in the pathogenesis of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Galmès
- Laboratoire des Pathoge`nes Emergents, Fondation Me´rieux, Lyon, France
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