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Yang J, Li J, van Vliet MTH, Jones ER, Huang Z, Liu M, Bi J. Economic risks hidden in local water pollution and global markets: A retrospective analysis (1995-2010) and future perspectives on sustainable development goal 6. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121216. [PMID: 38335747 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from untreated wastewater discharges depletes clean water supply for humans and the environment. It poses adverse economic impacts by determining agricultural yields, manufacturing productivity, and ecosystem functionality. Current studies mainly focus on quantity-related water scarcity assessment. It is unknown how low water quality amplifies local water stress and induces cascading economic risks globally. In this study, we estimated both quality and quantity-related water scarcity index (WSI), local economic water scarcity risk (WSR), and cascading virtual WSR evident in global trade markets across 40 major economies from 1995 to 2010. We find developing countries, e.g., India and China, witnessed fast growth in both quantity and quality-related WSI. Major developed economies, e.g., the US and Germany, experienced a modest increase in water stress but alleviated quality-related risks. Local economic risk (WSR) grew from $116B to $380B, with quality-related risks rising from 20 % to 30 %. Virtual economic WSR in global supply chains increased from $39B to $160B, with quality-related risks increasing from 19 % to 27 %. China became the top exporter of economic WSR, ranked above the US, France, and Japan, and the second-largest position as an importer, trailing only the US. We finally conducted scenario modeling by 2030, assuming different progresses on SDG 6 targets. The findings suggest that only the most ambitious progress in both water quality enhancement and efficiency improvement helps to alleviate ∼20 % economic WSR globally. Our findings underscore the necessity for strategies that integrate management of untreated wastewater flows, improved water use efficiency, and diversification of supply chain networks to enhance global economic resilience to water challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jinling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Michelle T H van Vliet
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Edward R Jones
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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2
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Crovella T, Paiano A, Falciglia PP, Lagioia G, Ingrao C. Wastewater recovery for sustainable agricultural systems in the circular economy - A systematic literature review of Life Cycle Assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169310. [PMID: 38123087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Water availability and quality are known to affect agricultural production and nutrition. The aim of this study was to elaborate a systematic literature review of the most sustainable ways of wastewater treatment towards achieving circular economy (CE) in agro-industry activities. From the SLR, the authors selected twenty-seven papers that they classified into the three research themes of recovery of wastewater into irrigation water, extraction of sludge for production of bio-based compounds, and recovery of nutrients for soil amendment, including recovering of feeds for aquaculture, and recovery of nutrient biosolids for soil amendment. Results underlined that the recovery of nutrients biosolids for soil amendment can generate a GWP gain up to - 37 kg CO2-eq. So, the review highlighted that wastewater recovery for multiple purposes can be truly effective for the environmental sustainability of agricultural systems, and that LCA is a valid tool to assess and improve that sustainability. Under this perspective, this SLR's findings can stimulate public administrations at national and local scales in their planning and funding activities towards implementing circular bioeconomy paths based upon wastewater recovery for a sustainable, resilient agriculture. Overall, the authors believe that their article was effective in overviewing the current wastewater recovery paths in the CE context, and in highlighting key methodological aspects and findings of the reviewed LCAs, to advance the specialised literature and knowledge, and to guide practitioners for future LCA applications in the field. Finally, through its main findings, the article effectively contributes to the whole research project which it is part of and which the authors are deeply involved in. That research is performed under the Progetto GRINS "Growing Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable" thanks to a PNRR M4C2- Investment 1.3 - GRINS with the aim of "Building a dataset for the circular economy of the main Italian production systems".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Crovella
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annarita Paiano
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Paolo Falciglia
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Cittadella universitaria, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lagioia
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Ingrao
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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3
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Mialyk O, Schyns JF, Booij MJ, Su H, Hogeboom RJ, Berger M. Water footprints and crop water use of 175 individual crops for 1990-2019 simulated with a global crop model. Sci Data 2024; 11:206. [PMID: 38355745 PMCID: PMC10866886 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The water footprint of a crop (WF) is a common metric for assessing agricultural water consumption and productivity. To provide an update and methodological enhancement of existing WF datasets, we apply a global process-based crop model to quantify consumptive WFs of 175 individual crops at a 5 arcminute resolution over the 1990-2019 period. This model simulates the daily crop growth and vertical water balance considering local environmental conditions, crop characteristics, and farm management. We partition WFs into green (water from precipitation) and blue (from irrigation or capillary rise), and differentiate between rainfed and irrigated production systems. The outputs include gridded datasets and national averages for unit water footprints (expressed in m3 t-1 yr-1), water footprints of production (m3 yr-1), and crop water use (mm yr-1). We compare our estimates to other global studies covering different historical periods and methodological approaches. Provided outputs can offer insights into spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural water consumption and serve as inputs for further virtual water trade studies, life cycle and water footprint assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Mialyk
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Joep F Schyns
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Booij
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Su
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rick J Hogeboom
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Berger
- Multidisciplinary Water Management group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhang W, Fang W. Physical and virtual water transfers in China and their implication for water planetary boundary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:13622-13637. [PMID: 38253829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
China is an extremely water-scarce country with an uneven distribution of regional water resources. We define two absolute sustainability indicators, using the multi-regional input‒output (MRIO) model to outline the contribution of China's physical and virtual water transfers in mitigating the problem of regional water boundary-exceeding. Although the overall use of freshwater resources is within the safe operation space, 55% of province's water resource development transgresses the local water planetary boundary. Physical and virtual water transfers effectively mitigate the stress of water supply to the water planetary boundary in China's water-scarce regions. Among them, the role of virtual water transfers occupies the main part. The cost of using physical water in water-receiving regions and the situation of virtual water flowing from water-scarce regions to developed water-rich regions cannot be ignored, and a small number of provinces are responsible for most of the virtual water net imports and exports. The obtained results are helpful for the redistribution of water planetary boundary transgressing responsibilities among provinces and the formulation of absolute sustainable water resources management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100083, China.
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5
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Cosentino C, Paolino R, Adduci F, Tarricone S, Pacelli C, Sabia E, Freschi P. Case Study on the Impact of Water Resources in Beef Production: Corn vs. Triticale Silage in the Diet of Limousine × Podolian Young Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3355. [PMID: 37958110 PMCID: PMC10650317 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have included the water footprint (WF) in the process of optimizing animal feed rations. The global footprint of cattle production accounts for the largest share (33%) of the global water footprint of livestock production. Using two homogeneous groups of Limousine × Podolian young bulls, two different diets were compared: corn silage feeding (CSF), with a corn silage-based diet; and triticale silage feeding (TSF), with a triticale silage-based diet. Silage constituted about 41% and 46% of the feed composition (for CSF and TSF, respectively). Diets were characterised by the same energy and protein content. Despite the lower WF in the TSF group than in the CSF group (7726 vs. 8571 L/day/calf respectively), no significant differences were found in animal performances (i.e., daily weight gain and final weight), feed conversion or income over feed costs. These results show that simple production decisions can have a significant impact on water resource. Therefore, the use of triticale silage should be further promoted, especially in world regions with limited water resources where low WF feed formulation is more strategic than elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cosentino
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Rosanna Paolino
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Francesco Adduci
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Simona Tarricone
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Corrado Pacelli
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Emilio Sabia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Pierangelo Freschi
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.C.); (F.A.); (C.P.); (E.S.); (P.F.)
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6
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Xu ZX, Wang YM, Lin LC. Connectivity Analysis of Adsorption Sites in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Facilitated Water Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47081-47093. [PMID: 37754846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently drawn considerable attention as promising adsorbents to harvest atmospheric water. To achieve an efficient harvesting process, seeking MOFs that demonstrate sharp condensation behavior is the key. Given that the clustering of water molecules in MOFs should be driven by not only MOF-water interactions but also water-water interactions, the spatial arrangement of water adsorption sites in a MOF is therefore crucial. Specifically, this study demonstrates the critical role of continuous adsorption channels (CACs) in MOFs. Such CACs will enable water molecules to stay in proximity and in a continuous manner, thus promoting the formation of hydrogen bonds and, consequently, the clustering of water molecules. We have developed an automatic algorithm to detect CACs based on the energy grid of host-guest interactions and applied the algorithm to more than 2000 diverse structures. The results show that more than 80% of the studied MOFs displaying water condensation at 298 K and 20% relative humidity predicted by Monte Carlo simulations indeed have CACs. The developments herein are anticipated to largely facilitate the future discovery of optimal adsorbents for water harvesting or water-adsorption-related applications in general. A Python-based code for detecting CACs in porous materials is also provided along with this article to employ this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiang Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Mavhungu M, Digban TO, Nwodo UU. Incidence and Virulence Factor Profiling of Vibrio Species: A Study on Hospital and Community Wastewater Effluents. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2449. [PMID: 37894107 PMCID: PMC10609040 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the incidence and virulence factor profiling of Vibrio species from hospital wastewater (HWW) and community wastewater effluents. Wastewater samples from selected sites were collected, processed, and analysed presumptively by the culture dependent methods and molecular techniques. A total of 270 isolates were confirmed as Vibrio genus delineating into V. cholerae (27%), V. parahaemolyticus (9.1%), V. vulnificus (4.1%), and V. fluvialis (3%). The remainder (>50%) may account for other Vibrio species not identified in the study. The four Vibrio species were isolated from secondary hospital wastewater effluent (SHWE), while V. cholerae was the sole specie isolated from Limbede community wastewater effluent (LCWE) and none of the four Vibrio species was recovered from tertiary hospital wastewater effluent (THWE). However, several virulence genes were identified among V. cholerae isolates from SHWE: ToxR (88%), hylA (81%), tcpA (64%), VPI (58%), ctx (44%), and ompU (34%). Virulence genes factors among V. cholerae isolates from LCWE were: ToxR (78%), ctx (67%), tcpA (44%), and hylA (44%). Two different genes (vfh and hupO) were identified in all confirmed V. fluvialis isolates. Among V. vulnificus, vcgA (50%) and vcgB (67%) were detected. In V. parahaemolyticus, tdh (56%) and tlh (100%) were also identified. This finding reveals that the studied aquatic niches pose serious potential health risk with Vibrio species harbouring virulence signatures. The distribution of virulence genes is valuable for ecological site quality, as well as epidemiological marker in the control and management of diseases caused by Vibrio species. Regular monitoring of HWW and communal wastewater effluent would allow relevant establishments to forecast, detect, and mitigate any public health threats in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashudu Mavhungu
- Patho-Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa (T.O.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Tennison O. Digban
- Patho-Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa (T.O.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
- Patho-Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa (T.O.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Abdelsalam E, Almomani F, Alnawafah H, Alrashed R. Triple-renewable energy system for electricity production and water desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98895-98906. [PMID: 36036347 PMCID: PMC10533634 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel triple-renewable energy system (TRES) that is based on integrating the photovoltaic panels (PVPs), conventional solar chimney (CSC), and cooling tower (CT) in one structure. The ultimate objective of the proposed TRES system is to produce electrical power (Pelc), desalinated water (Dw), and if required cooling utilities. The components of the system include a chimney tower, collector, base, PVPs, water pool, bi-directional turbine, and water sprinklers. The TRES system can be operated as CSC during the daytime and CT at night providing 24-h operation. The PVPs were integrated within the structure to increase the Pelc production and enhance the process performance by heating the air inside the system. The TRES structure increased the efficiency to 0.860% in comparison with the CSC (0.313%). The annual Pelc production from the TRES system was found to be 792 MWh compared with only 380 MWh generated by the CSC achieving 2.1 folds overall improvement. The CSC-PV and CT contributed to 47% (494 MWh) and 24% (253 MWh) of the Pelc production, respectively. The annual Dw production was found to be 1.2-fold higher (163,142 tons) higher than the CSC (139,443 tons). The newly developed TRES system offers a great potential to produce Pelc and Dw and save fossil fuel consumption while reducing the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Abdelsalam
- Energy Engineering Department, Al Hussein Technical University, Amman, 11831 Jordan
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamza Alnawafah
- Energy Engineering Department, Al Hussein Technical University, Amman, 11831 Jordan
| | - Radi Alrashed
- Energy Engineering Department, Al Hussein Technical University, Amman, 11831 Jordan
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9
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Ingrao C, Strippoli R, Lagioia G, Huisingh D. Water scarcity in agriculture: An overview of causes, impacts and approaches for reducing the risks. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18507. [PMID: 37534016 PMCID: PMC10392093 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater is a vital resource for both ecosystem health and human survival, and it is the natural resource that is the most extracted at the global level. Excessive freshwater consumption can be responsible for a scarcity in the circulation rate, which occurs when the freshwater demand exceeds its availability. Hence, water consumption needs to be optimised in all human activities, given the increasing freshwater scarcity due to climate changes and to the annual net increase in the human population of 81,000,000. Freshwater plays many important roles in daily life for example, agriculture is responsible for nearly 70% of that withdrawal volume, and it is therefore, the most water-intensive sector. This puts emphasis upon the urgent need of transitioning towards more sustainable agricultural and food-production/consumption systems. Water Footprint (WF) is increasingly playing a guiding role in that context. Indeed, it makes it possible to quantify water consumption and related environmental consequences. With the objective of contributing to enhancement of research and of supporting practitioners and decision-makers in environmentally sustainable and resilient food production/consumption, the authors of this article addressed the relevant issues connected with: a) physical and economic water scarcity in agriculture, b) practices and tools to reduce water wastage, c) WF assessment methodologies. A number of environmental, economic, and engineering solutions were proposed to mitigate water scarcity. The improvement of irrigation technologies and practices was identified as an important major way to reduce water scarcity. Additionally, solar powered 'reverse-osmosis' is being used in many parts of the world to produce irrigation water from saline water, thereby reducing the need to extract freshwater from underground aquifers. This article confirmed the importance of research on water scarcity; moreover, it can stimulate development and application of solutions that make agricultural production/consumption more efficient and resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ingrao
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Rossana Strippoli
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lagioia
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Donald Huisingh
- Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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10
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Deteix L, Salou T, Drogué S, Loiseau E. The importance of land in resource criticality assessment methods: A first step towards characterising supply risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163248. [PMID: 37023826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Land is a key resource for human activities under growing pressure. Resource criticality assessment methods investigate the extent to which a resource may become a limiting factor according to various dimensions, including geological, economic and geopolitical availability. They have been applied to resources like minerals, fossil fuels, biotic material or water, but none consider land resources, i.e. natural land units providing space and support for human activities. Based on two recognised criticality methods developed by i) the Yale University and ii) the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, this study aims to develop spatialized land supply risk indexes at country level. The accessibility of raw resources can be quantified and compared using the supply risk index. The specific characteristics of land call for certain adaptations of the criticality approach, and are designed to ensure comparability between resources. The main adaptations include the definition of land stress and the internal land concentration index. Land stress represents the physical availability of land, while internal land concentration relates to the concentration of landowners within a country. Finally, land supply risk indexes are computed for 76 countries, including 24 European countries for which the results of the two criticality methods are compared. Comparison points to divergences in the countries ranking for land accessibility, thus underlining the importance of methodological choices in the construction of the indexes. Data quality is discussed for European countries with the JRC method, and the use of alternative data sources reveals that it may lead to differences in absolute values, although the ranking of countries with low or high land supply risk does not change. Finally, this work covers a gap in criticality methods by including land resources. These resources can be critical for certain countries, and are essential for human activities such as food or energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazare Deteix
- ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Lifecycle & Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France.
| | - Thibault Salou
- ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Lifecycle & Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Drogué
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eléonore Loiseau
- ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Lifecycle & Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
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11
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Rockström J, Gupta J, Qin D, Lade SJ, Abrams JF, Andersen LS, Armstrong McKay DI, Bai X, Bala G, Bunn SE, Ciobanu D, DeClerck F, Ebi K, Gifford L, Gordon C, Hasan S, Kanie N, Lenton TM, Loriani S, Liverman DM, Mohamed A, Nakicenovic N, Obura D, Ospina D, Prodani K, Rammelt C, Sakschewski B, Scholtens J, Stewart-Koster B, Tharammal T, van Vuuren D, Verburg PH, Winkelmann R, Zimm C, Bennett EM, Bringezu S, Broadgate W, Green PA, Huang L, Jacobson L, Ndehedehe C, Pedde S, Rocha J, Scheffer M, Schulte-Uebbing L, de Vries W, Xiao C, Xu C, Xu X, Zafra-Calvo N, Zhang X. Safe and just Earth system boundaries. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8. [PMID: 37258676 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably linked1-3, yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they are often treated independently4,5. Here, we use modelling and literature assessment to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols at global and subglobal scales. We propose ESBs for maintaining the resilience and stability of the Earth system (safe ESBs) and minimizing exposure to significant harm to humans from Earth system change (a necessary but not sufficient condition for justice)4. The stricter of the safe or just boundaries sets the integrated safe and just ESB. Our findings show that justice considerations constrain the integrated ESBs more than safety considerations for climate and atmospheric aerosol loading. Seven of eight globally quantified safe and just ESBs and at least two regional safe and just ESBs in over half of global land area are already exceeded. We propose that our assessment provides a quantitative foundation for safeguarding the global commons for all people now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joyeeta Gupta
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J Lade
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Future Earth Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Jesse F Abrams
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lauren S Andersen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David I Armstrong McKay
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Georesilience Analytics, Leatherhead, UK
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Govindasamy Bala
- Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stuart E Bunn
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Ciobanu
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabrice DeClerck
- EAT, Oslo, Norway
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT of the CGIAR, Montpellier, France
| | - Kristie Ebi
- Center for Health & the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Gifford
- School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Syezlin Hasan
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Norichika Kanie
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Sina Loriani
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Diana M Liverman
- School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Awaz Mohamed
- Functional Forest Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Barsbüttel, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaudia Prodani
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Crelis Rammelt
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joeri Scholtens
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thejna Tharammal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricarda Winkelmann
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Caroline Zimm
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Elena M Bennett
- Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefan Bringezu
- Center for Environmental Systems Research, Kassel University, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Pamela A Green
- Environmental Sciences Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- National Climate Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Christopher Ndehedehe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Environment & Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Simona Pedde
- Future Earth Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden
- Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Rocha
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Future Earth Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Schulte-Uebbing
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwu Xu
- China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noelia Zafra-Calvo
- Basque Centre for Climate Change bc3, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Biscay, Spain
| | - Xin Zhang
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA
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12
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Li H, Chen Q, Liu G, Virginia Lombardi G, Su M, Yang Z. Uncovering the risk spillover of agricultural water scarcity by simultaneously considering water quality and quantity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118209. [PMID: 37229864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Not only insufficient water quantity but also inadequate water quality can pose constraints on agricultural production and result in potential economic losses. Such economic losses in agriculture may adversely impact downstream producers through reduced input supplies. In this study, we developed an index assessing potential economic losses in agriculture under both quantity- and quality-induced water scarcity, termed integrated Agricultural Water Scarcity Risk (AWSR). Combining integrated AWSR with a multi-regional input-output model, we estimated the spillovers of integrated AWSR along supply chains. Our results showed that the intersectoral transmission of virtual integrated AWSR (sectoral spillovers in terms of integrated AWSR) were 5 times the virtual quantity-based AWSR. Pollution significantly intensifies the indirect supply-chain repercussions of agricultural water scarcity. Moreover, we identified some primary virtual integrated AWSR exporters (e.g., Jiangsu-vegetables and Shandong-swine, of which the integrated AWSR had considerable spillover effects on downstream sectors) and importers (e.g., Henan-chemical industry and Henan-textiles, which were vulnerable to upstream integrated AWSR), that could not be detected in quantity-based AWSR results. This study underscores the importance of water quality in the assessments of AWSR. Strategies to mitigate the spillovers of AWSR might be inefficient without the consideration of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qionghong Chen
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Gengyuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ginevra Virginia Lombardi
- Department of Economies and Management, University of Firenze, Via delle Pandette 9, Firenze, 50127, Italy
| | - Meirong Su
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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13
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Weng C, Zeng Y, Liu D, Zhang J, He L. Optimal allocation of agricultural water resources in Yanghe watershed considering blue water to green water ratio. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3558-3568. [PMID: 36719269 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yanghe Watershed has low annual rainfall, uneven spatial and temporal distribution, extreme shortage of water resources in some areas. The contradiction between supply and demand of water for agricultural production is prominent and the expected production value cannot be achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the supply and demand of agricultural water resources and the impact of green water on agricultural crops in Yanghe Watershed. RESULTS This article proposes a new crop economic model for increasing the green-water footprint to blue-water footprint ratio (GWF:BWF) in accordance with the regional characteristics, alleviating agricultural water shortage in irrigation areas, optimizing water resource allocation, and achieving sustainable agricultural development. The proposition is based on a study of five crops in eight districts and counties in the Yanghe River watershed. By combining the economic model F with a crop water production function, we achieved 89.3%, 88.9%, 97.1%, 81.5%, and 87.0% of the optimal water demands of the five crops, respectively, and effectively improved the underground irrigation of crops and the water resource utilization efficiency. CONCLUSION The GWF:BWF threshold interval was subsequently selected based on the temporal changes in the BWF and GWF in the study area. This enabled significant reduction of the planting area of blue-water crops and increase in the proportion of green-water crops, while also improving the agricultural economy of the Yanghe Watershed. The proposed model promises to afford enhanced management of agricultural irrigation areas that experience rainfall shortage. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansong Weng
- College of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiheng Zeng
- College of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Defu Liu
- College of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- College of Civil Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li He
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Cai B, Guo M. Exploring the drivers of quantity- and quality-related water scarcity due to trade for each province in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 333:117423. [PMID: 36758404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have explored virtual water flows due to interprovincial trade within China as well as related impacts on both regional quantity- and quality-related water scarcity aspects. However, the driving forces behind changes in these impacts remain unknown, especially the quality-related water scarcity. Exploring these driving forces can provide targeted measures to mitigate the negative impact of trade on these two types of water scarcity issues. In this study, blue and grey water footprints have been calculated under the consideration of interregional trade between provinces within China and those attributed to international exports from 2007 to 2015. This calculation was based on multi-regional input output model (MRIO). Moreover, the drivers of changes in blue and grey water footprints due to trade have been explored through structural decomposition analysis. The results showed that blue and grey water footprint increased and then slightly decreased from 2007 to 2015 in China. At the same time, interregional trade made an increasing contribution to the blue and grey water footprint, and the proportion increased from 28.8% to 35.0% and from 22.4% to 28.6%, respectively, from 2007 to 2015. The roles of importers and exporters regarding the blue and grey water footprint driven by interprovincial trade within China have changed little, and the quantity- and quality-related water scarcity issues of the main exporters have been intensified by interprovincial trade. A reduction in the water footprint intensity yielded the largest contribution to curb the increase in blue and grey water footprint driven by interprovincial trade. Our study showed that an improvement in efficiency of water use from both quantity and quality perspectives is the key to accomplish sustainable water use in China, especially considering the impact of trade on regional quantity- and quality-related water scarcity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China; Henan Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation (Ecological Protection and Rural Revitalization Along the Yellow River), China.
| | - Mo Guo
- The New Type Key Think Tank of Zhejiang Province "China Research Institute of Regulation and Public Policy", China Institute of Regulation Research, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, China.
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15
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Pierrat E, Dorber M, de Graaf I, Laurent A, Hauschild MZ, Rygaard M, Barbarossa V. Multicompartment Depletion Factors for Water Consumption on a Global Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4318-4331. [PMID: 36854446 PMCID: PMC10019336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Balancing human communities' and ecosystems' need for freshwater is one of the major challenges of the 21st century as population growth and improved living conditions put increasing pressure on freshwater resources. While frameworks to assess the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption have been proposed at the regional scale, an operational method to evaluate the consequences of consumption on different compartments of the water system and account for their interdependence is missing at the global scale. Here, we develop depletion factors that simultaneously quantify the effects of water consumption on streamflow, groundwater storage, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration globally. We estimate freshwater availability and water consumption using the output of a global-scale surface water-groundwater model for the period 1960-2000. The resulting depletion factors are provided for 8,664 river basins, representing 93% of the landmass with significant water consumption, i.e., excluding Greenland, Antarctica, deserts, and permanently frozen areas. Our findings show that water consumption leads to the largest water loss in rivers, followed by aquifers and soil, while simultaneously increasing evapotranspiration. Depletion factors vary regionally with ranges of up to four orders of magnitude depending on the annual consumption level, the type of water used, aridity, and water transfers between compartments. Our depletion factors provide valuable insights into the intertwined effects of surface and groundwater consumption on several hydrological variables over a specified period. The developed depletion factors can be integrated into sustainability assessment tools to quantify the ecological impacts of water consumption and help guide sustainable water management strategies, while accounting for the performance limitations of the underlying model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Pierrat
- Section
for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dorber
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inge de Graaf
- Water
Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen
University & Research, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Section
for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Z. Hauschild
- Section
for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Rygaard
- Water
Technology and Processes, Department of Environmental and Resource
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, ningstorvet 1152800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerio Barbarossa
- Institute
of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden
University, 2300 Leiden, The
Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 The Hague, The Netherlands
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16
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Fang K, He J, Liu Q, Wang S, Geng Y, Heijungs R, Du Y, Yue W, Xu A, Fang C. Water footprint of nations amplified by scarcity in the Belt and Road Initiative. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12957. [PMID: 36820172 PMCID: PMC9938497 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing water scarcity due to international trade poses a serious threat to global sustainability. Given the intensified international trade throughout the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), this paper tracks the virtual water trade and water footprint of BRI countries in 2005-2015. By conducting a multi-model assessment, we observe a substantial increase in BRI's water footprint after taking water scarcity into account. Globally the BRI acts as a net exporter of virtual water, while the export volume experiences a decreasing trend. Noticeable transitions in nations' role (net exporters vs. net importers) are found between the BRI and global scales, but also between with and without considering water scarcity. Overall economic and population growth is major drivers of scarcity-weighted water footprint for BRI nations, as opposed to the promotion of water-use efficiency and production structure that can reduce water scarcity. Improving international trade and strengthening cooperation on water resources management deserve priority in alleviating the water scarcity of BRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fang
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China,Center of Social Welfare and Governance, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China,Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji, 313300, China,Corresponding author. School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jianjian He
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingyan Liu
- China Unicom (Shanxi) Industry Internet Co., LTD, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong Geng
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China,China Institute of Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China,Corresponding author. School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Reinout Heijungs
- Department of Operations Analytics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081, HV, the Netherlands,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300RA, the Netherlands
| | - Yueyue Du
- Fujian Tourism Development Group, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Wenze Yue
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anqi Xu
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanglin Fang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
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17
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Papa F, Crétaux JF, Grippa M, Robert E, Trigg M, Tshimanga RM, Kitambo B, Paris A, Carr A, Fleischmann AS, de Fleury M, Gbetkom PG, Calmettes B, Calmant S. Water Resources in Africa under Global Change: Monitoring Surface Waters from Space. SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 2023; 44:43-93. [PMID: 35462853 PMCID: PMC9019293 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-022-09700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The African continent hosts some of the largest freshwater systems worldwide, characterized by a large distribution and variability of surface waters that play a key role in the water, energy and carbon cycles and are of major importance to the global climate and water resources. Freshwater availability in Africa has now become of major concern under the combined effect of climate change, environmental alterations and anthropogenic pressure. However, the hydrology of the African river basins remains one of the least studied worldwide and a better monitoring and understanding of the hydrological processes across the continent become fundamental. Earth Observation, that offers a cost-effective means for monitoring the terrestrial water cycle, plays a major role in supporting surface hydrology investigations. Remote sensing advances are therefore a game changer to develop comprehensive observing systems to monitor Africa's land water and manage its water resources. Here, we review the achievements of more than three decades of advances using remote sensing to study surface waters in Africa, highlighting the current benefits and difficulties. We show how the availability of a large number of sensors and observations, coupled with models, offers new possibilities to monitor a continent with scarce gauged stations. In the context of upcoming satellite missions dedicated to surface hydrology, such as the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), we discuss future opportunities and how the use of remote sensing could benefit scientific and societal applications, such as water resource management, flood risk prevention and environment monitoring under current global change. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The hydrology of African surface water is of global importance, yet it remains poorly monitored and understoodComprehensive review of remote sensing and modeling advances to monitor Africa's surface water and water resourcesFuture opportunities with upcoming satellite missions and to translate scientific advances into societal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Papa
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Institute of Geosciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Manuela Grippa
- GET, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Robert
- LETG, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44312 Nantes, France
| | - Mark Trigg
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9DY United Kingdom
| | - Raphael M. Tshimanga
- Congo Basin Water Resources Research Center (CRREBaC) and Department of Natural Resources Management, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin Kitambo
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Congo Basin Water Resources Research Center (CRREBaC) and Department of Natural Resources Management, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Geology, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Route Kasapa, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adrien Paris
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Hydro Matters, 31460 Le Faget, France
| | - Andrew Carr
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9DY United Kingdom
| | - Ayan Santos Fleischmann
- Hydraulic Research Institute (IPH), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 69553-225 Tefé, AM Brazil
| | - Mathilde de Fleury
- GET, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Beatriz Calmettes
- Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France
| | - Stephane Calmant
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cayenne IRD Center, 97323 French Guiana, France
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18
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Shurson GC, Pelton REO, Yang Z, Urriola PE, Schmitt J. Environmental impacts of eco-nutrition swine feeding programs in spatially explicit geographic regions of the United States. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac356. [PMID: 36305772 PMCID: PMC9733525 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, land use, as well as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) balance of five diet formulation strategies and feeding programs for growing-finishing pigs (25-130 kg body weight) in the three spatially explicit geographic regions where the majority of U.S. pork production occurs. Feeding programs evaluated consisted of 1) standard corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diets, 2) CSBM containing 15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 3) CSBM with 8.6% thermally processed supermarket food waste (FW), 4) low crude protein CSBM diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids (SAA), and 5) CSBM with phytase enzyme (PHY) added at 600 FTU (phytase units)/kg of diet. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment approach using a highly specialized, spatially explicit Food System Supply-Chain Sustainability (FoodS3) model was used to quantify GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS based on county level sourcing. The DDGS, FW, and SAA feeding programs had less estimated N and P intake and excretion than CSBM, and the PHY feeding program provided the greatest reduction in P excretion. The FW feeding program had the least overall GHG emissions (319.9 vs. 324.6 to 354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog), land use (331.5 vs. 346.5 to 385.2 m2/market hog), and water consumption (7.64 vs. 7.70 to 8.30 m3/market hog) among the alternatives. The DDGS feeding program had the greatest GHG emissions (354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog) among all programs but had less impacts on water consumption (7.70 m3) and land use (346.5 m2) per market hog than CSBM and PHY. The SAA feeding program provided a 6.5-7.4% reduction in land use impacts compared with CSBM and PHY, respectively. Regardless of feeding program, the Midwest had the least contributions to GHG emissions and land use attributed to feed and manure among regions. Water consumption per market hog associated with feeding programs was much greater in the Southwest (59.66-63.58 m3) than in the Midwest (4.45-4.88 m3) and Mid-Atlantic (1.85-2.14 m3) regions. Results show that diet composition and U.S. geographic region significantly affect GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of pork production systems, and the potential use of thermally processed supermarket food waste at relatively low diet inclusion rates (<10%) can reduce environmental impacts compared with other common feeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Rylie E O Pelton
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jennifer Schmitt
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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19
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Wang W, Zhuo L, Rulli MC, Wu P. Limited water scarcity mitigation by expanded interbasin physical and virtual water diversions with uneven economic value added in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157625. [PMID: 35901876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interbasin water diversion projects and virtual water transfers embedded in exchanged goods and services are two effective solutions to water deficits. However, the associated real responses in water quantity and quality scarcities and the economic efficiencies remain unclear. Here, we tracked the blue water scarcities, water pollution levels, and economic value added through interbasin physical and virtual water diversions across nine river basins by sector in China from 2007 to 2015. The total national blue and grey water footprints were 365 Gm3yr-1 and 592 Gm3 yr-1, in which the Yangtze River basin accounts the most for 32 % and 37 %, respectively, by 2015. The physical water diversions increased by 52 % to 16.9 Gm3yr-1. The blue virtual water transfers increased by 24 % to 176 Gm3yr-1, whereas the grey virtual water transfers decreased by 10 % to 266 Gm3yr-1. Agriculture related interbasin virtual water flows showed opposite directions to those driven by the industry sector. Although with uneven value added while growing, limited effects mitigated water quantity and quality stresses, especially in the drier Yellow, Northwest, and Hai River basins where the capital is located. Half of the basins had low and declining synergy scores, suggesting an urgent need to achieve synergies between resources, the environment, and the economy across basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conversation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - La Zhuo
- Institute of Soil and Water Conversation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China; Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
| | - Maria C Rulli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Pute Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Conversation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China; Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
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Muratoglu A, Iraz E, Ercin E. Water resources management of large hydrological basins in semi-arid regions: Spatial and temporal variability of water footprint of the Upper Euphrates River basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157396. [PMID: 35850329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The existing water accounts for large-scale, semi-arid and transboundary river basins are usually lack of sufficient spatial-temporal elements of water use, a prerequisite for identifying potential water savings and for sustainable management of scarce water resources. This study aims to demonstrate value of water footprint (WF) accounting framework for such river basins with the case study of the Upper Euphrates River basin which is not only used as major food and energy production resource in Turkey but also a focal point for international conflict, diplomacy and dialogue in Middle East. The methodology is based on Water Footprint Assessment Manual which is published by Water Footprint Network. The study maps spatial-temporal variations of sectoral water use in the study area for the agriculture, domestic water supply and industry for the period of 2008-2019. The water footprint of the Upper Euphrates River basin is calculated as 27.4 Gm3, most of which is related to the agricultural activities. The downstream and lower plains of the study area exhibited a considerably high blue and grey agricultural WF, reaching 2397 and 349 mm, respectively. Several crops have substantially large WFs in the region such as cotton, wheat, pistachio, and barley. The analysis given in this study revealed importance of spatial-temporal disaggregated information in water accounting for sustainable management of water resources. These accounts can provide insights that were not available to the decision makers before, such as water saving opportunities, potential water efficiency and productivity benchmarks, strategic planning for various climatic conditions etc. These are the major values that water footprint accounting can introduce in water management in a large scale, semi-arid transboundary river basins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emre Iraz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Ertug Ercin
- R2 Water Research and Consultancy, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Babel MS, Chapagain K, Shinde VR, Prajamwong S, Apipattanavis S. A disaggregated assessment of national water security: An application to the river basins in Thailand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115974. [PMID: 36027732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Achieving water security is a global concern in the age of changing climate, population increase, urbanization, intensive socio-economic development, and land-use change. Addressing water security challenges is most appropriate at the river basin scale since hydrological boundaries at which water flows differ from administrative boundaries, and it can provide policymakers and decision-makers key insights to better support water management practices. This study carries out a disaggregated assessment of national water security by applying an indicator-based framework to evaluate water security conditions in all twenty-five river basins of Thailand from 2007 to 2015. The framework comprises five broad dimensions and eleven indicators. The study results revealed that the overall water security condition in Thai river basins has improved during this period. However, a fine-grained analysis at the dimensions and indicator level of water security shows that water productivity and the watershed health dimension are of concern in most river basins. The agricultural water productivity and the wastewater treatment capacity have deteriorated over the years in most basins. Likewise, it emerged that basins need to enhance their water resource management plans to account for future water challenges. The water security assessment framework presented in this study links well to the plans, policies, visions, and strategies developed for water resource management in Thailand. Thus, it can act as a decision-support tool to monitor the effectiveness of these plans and policies developed and arrive at interventions to enhance Thailand's water security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukand S Babel
- Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
| | - Kaushal Chapagain
- Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
| | - Victor R Shinde
- Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
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22
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Bilge Ozturk G, Ozenen Kavlak M, Cabuk SN, Cabuk A, Cetin M. Estimation of the water footprint of kiwifruit: in the areas transferred from hazelnut to kiwi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73171-73180. [PMID: 35619010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater and plays a critical role in addressing global water scarcity. While numerous studies have focused on the water footprint (WF) of various agricultural products, little attention has been paid to changing cropping patterns and their impact on WF. Here, we investigate the impact of conversion from hazelnut fields to kiwi orchards on green, blue, and gray WF between 2010 and 2021 in Ordu, Turkey. Our results show a total increase of 803,901 tons WF for all green, blue, and gray WF. Compared to the previous situation, changing the agricultural product and growing kiwifruit on previously established hazelnut fields increases green WF by 372,106 tons and blue WF by 334,167 tons. Thus, the change of cultivation pattern could significantly contribute to the water scarcity in the area, and at the same time, the increase in WF. Although kiwi cultivation might be advantageous economically, this economic benefit might be an ecological disadvantage as kiwi production is highly dependent on limited blue water resources. Therefore, it is suggested to further promote the rain-fed product, the hazelnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Bilge Ozturk
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Ozenen Kavlak
- Institute of Graduate Programs, Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Saye Nihan Cabuk
- Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Department of Geodesy and Geographical Information Technologies, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Alper Cabuk
- Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cetin
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
- Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Karandish F, Nouri H, Schyns JF. Agricultural Adaptation to Reconcile Food Security and Water Sustainability Under Climate Change: The Case of Cereals in Iran. EARTH'S FUTURE 2022; 10:e2021EF002095. [PMID: 36583139 PMCID: PMC9786694 DOI: 10.1029/2021ef002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we simulate the crop yield and water footprint (WF) of major food crops of Iran on irrigated and rainfed croplands for the historical and the future climate. We assess the effects of three agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change in terms of potential blue water savings. We then evaluate to what extent these savings can reduce unsustainable blue WF. We find that cereal production increases under climate change in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 2.6-3.1 and 1.4-2.3 million t yr-1, respectively) due to increased yields (6.6%-78.7%). Simultaneously, the unit WF (m3 t-1) tends to decrease in most scenarios. However, the annual consumptive water use increases in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 0.3-1.8 and 0.5-1.7 billion m3 yr-1, respectively). This is most noticeable in the arid regions, where consumptive water use increases by roughly 70% under climate change. Off-season cultivation is the most effective adaptation strategy to alleviate additional pressure on blue water resources with blue water savings of 14-15 billion m3 yr-1. The second most effective is WF benchmarking, which results in blue water savings of 1.1-3.5 billion m3 yr-1. The early planting strategy is less effective but still leads to blue water savings of 1.7-1.9 billion m3 yr-1. In the same order of effectiveness, these three strategies can reduce blue water scarcity and unsustainable blue water use in Iran under current conditions. However, we find that these strategies do not mitigate water scarcity in all provinces per se, nor all months of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karandish
- Water Engineering DepartmentUniversity of ZabolZabolIran
- Multidisciplinary Water ManagementFaculty of Engineering TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Hamideh Nouri
- Division of AgronomyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Joep F. Schyns
- Multidisciplinary Water ManagementFaculty of Engineering TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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Hirwa H, Peng Y, Zhang Q, Qiao Y, Leng P, Tian C, Yang G, Muhirwa F, Diop S, Kayiranga A, Li F, Chen G. Virtual water transfers in Africa: Assessing topical condition of water scarcity, water savings, and policy implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155343. [PMID: 35489483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Africa is facing an increasing challenge with respect to water scarcity (WS), which is driven by climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic growth combined with inadequate water resources management. In particular, there is significant concern of virtual water (VW) trade, which plays the key role in water resource management and food security sustainability. Using bilateral trade data, this study consistently evaluated the change and balanced trade of major grains, the VW flows, WS status, water dependency (WD), water self-sufficiency (WSS), and water savings/losses within5 African sub-regions and their partners from 2000 to 2020. The ratio of water use to water availability was used to estimate the WS. The WD was quantified by the ratio of the net VW import to the regional water appropriation and the regional water savings/losses were also quantified by multiplying the inter-regional trade by the virtual water content of the imported/exported grains. The overall average trade deficit of African regions was found to increase to -1364.22 × 106 tons and Africa imported 41,359.07 Bm3 of VW from grain products. Green water contributed 79.33% of the total VWI. The WS values for East African countries were >100, indicating overexploitation. Besides, the overall WD in Africa was 465.5% for the studied period. The trade of main grains between Africa and the rest of the planet corresponded to a global water loss of 2820.7 Bm3·yr-1. However, the inter-continental cereal VW trade pattern and high trend will continue in the future. In view of the rising tension of WS, some African countries need to revise international crop trade and water resources conservation policies to promote a more balanced ecosystem. This study exemplifies that decision makers would consider VW flows and water savings/losses for enhancing water use efficiency and fair trading, thus increasing food production in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Hirwa
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peifang Leng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Fabien Muhirwa
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory for Resources Use and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Salif Diop
- National Academy of Sciences of Senegal, P.O. Box 4344, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alphonse Kayiranga
- State Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Information, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Bonetti S, Sutanudjaja EH, Mabhaudhi T, Slotow R, Dalin C. Climate change impacts on water sustainability of South African crop production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2022; 17:084017. [PMID: 35928217 PMCID: PMC9310695 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac80cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which, combined with projected food requirements, makes the sustainable management of water resources critical to ensure national and global food security. Using South Africa as an example, we map the spatial distribution of water use by seventeen major crops under current and future climate scenarios, and assess their sustainability in terms of water resources, using the water debt repayment time indicator. We find high water debts, indicating unsustainable production, for potatoes, pulses, grapes, cotton, rice, and wheat due to irrigation in arid areas. Climate change scenarios suggest an intensification of such pressure on water resources, especially in regions already vulnerable, with a country-scale increase in irrigation demand of between 6.5% and 32% by 2090. Future land use planning and management should carefully consider the spatial distribution and local sustainability of crop water requirements to reduce water consumption in water risk hotspots and guarantee long-term food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonetti
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin H Sutanudjaja
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI-GH)—West Africa Regional Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rob Slotow
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Dalin
- Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Analysis on Management Policies on Water Quantity Conflict in Transboundary Rivers Embedded with Virtual Water—Using Ili River as the Case. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current studies neglect how virtual water transfer (VWT) between countries within a drainage basin affects water stress and then yields an invisible effect on the water quantity conflict in transboundary rivers, which would further make management policies on water quantity conflict less fair and reasonable. Therefore, this study first constructs the Inequality Index of VWT and water stress index (WSI) to assess water stress. Next, different types are set according to the Inequality Index and WSI to analyze management policies, with Ili River as the case. Results show: (1) Within the study period, from 1996, the Inequality Index of VWT between China and Kazakhstan stayed at 0.368 (0.368 < 0.5), indicating a relatively high inequality of VWT between the two countries—China at a disadvantage, while Kazakhstan having the upper hand. (2) According to the remotely sensed data, WSI in the riparian zones of the Ili River rose from 0.288 to 0421 in China, and 0214 to 0.402 in Kazakhstan, showing intermediate scarcity. (3) China and Kazakhstan both fall into Type 2, and Kazakhstan has the advantageous position. Therefore, while allocating the water resources of the Ili River, Kazakhstan should lower its expectation and proactively ask to exchange benefits in other aspects to reverse the outward transfer of its physical water. In addition, the two countries should find suitable ways to go about water rights trading to reduce the possibility of potential water quantity conflict.
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Xu X, Wu F, Yu Q, Chen X, Zhao Y. Invisible Effect of Virtual Water Transfer on Water Quantity Conflict in Transboundary Rivers—Taking Ili River as a Case. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158917. [PMID: 35897300 PMCID: PMC9330114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Water stress in countries within a drainage basin exacerbates the water quantity conflict in transboundary rivers. However, few studies considered the invisible effect of virtual water transfer on water quantity conflict by intensifying water stress. Therefore, this study, with Ili River as the case, collects data on Virtual Water Trade (VWT) from 1990 to 2015, uses water stress index (WSI) to assess water stress values under two scenarios (with or without virtual water transfer), and takes Grey Verhulst Model to predict two scenarios water stress values respectively. Next, based on the Levenberg—Marquardt (LM) Algorithm, this study compares the water quantity conflict intensity of the two scenarios, and further explores the invisible effect of virtual water transfer on the conflicts among transboundary rivers. Results show: (1) During the study period (1990–2015), water stress in China and Kazakhstan along the banks of Ili River increased in general. (2) China was basically a net exporter of virtual water during 1990–1995, and Kazakhstan became a net exporter after 1995. (3) During 2020–2025, water conflict value of Ili River without virtual water transfer is 0.458, while the value rises to 0.622 with virtual water transfer, indicating that virtual water transfer between China and Kazakhstan has an invisible enhancement on the water quantity conflict of Ili River. (4) The intensified water quantity conflict is mainly caused by the more and more serious water stress in Kazakhstan. On such basis, it is more urgent for Kazakhstan to restructure its economy and trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Architectural Engineering School, Tongling University, Tongling 244000, China;
| | - Fengping Wu
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; (X.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qianwen Yu
- Business School, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Xiangnan Chen
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; (X.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; (X.C.); (Y.Z.)
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A Comparative Analysis of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives Part 2: Environmental Impacts. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Human food production is the largest cause of global environmental changes. Environmental benefits could be achieved by replacing diets with a high amount of animal-sourced foods with more plant-based foods, due to their smaller environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impacts of the three most common plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs)—oat, soy, and almond drink—in comparison with conventional and organic cow milk. Life cycle assessments (LCA) were calculated by the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint method, in addition to the single issue methods “Ecosystem damage potential” and “Water scarcity index”. PBMAs achieved lower impact values in almost all 12 of the calculated impact categories, with oat drink and the organic soy drink being the most environmentally friendly. However, when LCA results were expressed per energy and by the protein content of the beverages, the ranking of the beverages, in terms of their environmental impacts, changed greatly, and the results of PBMAs approached those of milk, particularly with regard to the protein index. The study highlights the importance of considering a broader range of impact categories when comparing the impacts of PBMAs and milk.
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Identification of Embodied Environmental Attributes of Construction in Metropolitan and Growth Region of Melbourne, Australia to Support Urban Planning. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
As growth regions evolve to accommodate the increasing population, they need to develop a wider variety of residential properties to accommodate the varying needs of the residents. As a result, the new accommodation is denser which involves higher embodied water carbon and energy. This research compares the construction differences in metropolitan and growth regions of Melbourne to identify embodied carbon, water, and energy. Representative areas of 25 km2 are selected from both regions. The growth region has 80% of the built area comprised of 2nd generation low-rise residential buildings whereas the prolific construction type in the Metropolitan region is mixed purpose industrial with 30% of the built area comprising of this type. The methodology implies open-source satellite imagery to build a spatial dataset in QGIS. The visual identification of the constructions in the study areas enables to identity the materials used in their construction. The total embodied carbon, water, and energy for the Metropolitan region are 32,895 tonnes, 4192 mL, and 3,694,412 GJ, respectively, whereas in the growth region, the totals are 179,376 tonnes carbon, 2533 mL water, and 2,243,571 GJ. Whilst Metropolitan has a significantly higher overall footprint when this is compared to the population of each region, it is shown that the growth region with its current construction type has a higher embodied carbon, water, and energy per head. The total per head for Metropolitan is 226.7 GJ energy, 257 kL water, and 20 tonnes carbon, whereas in the growth region, the embodied energy, water, and carbon, respectively, per head is 287.4 GJ, 324.6 kL, and 22 tonnes. The current performance per head of the growth region is considerably lower than that of Metropolitan. Using diverse residential construction types and efficient materials can serve the demanding needs of denser populated areas.
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Environmental, Energy, and Water Footprints of Marble Tile Production Chain in a Life Cycle Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The marble industry is growing in Pakistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is the largest producer of marble tiles in Pakistan. Marble production consumes a considerable amount of water during its life cycle stages and impacts various environmental compartments, such as air, water, and soil; therefore, this study aimed to quantify the environmental impacts, water footprint, and cumulative energy demand of one-tonne marble tile manufactured in a small industrial estate Mardan (SIEM), Pakistan, and provide recommendations to improve its environmental impact profile. The study covers water consumption, energy use, and associated environmental impacts of raw materials and processes through different stages of the marble life-cycle during 2017–2018. The cradle-to-gate (extraction to factory gate or store house) life cycle assessment approach was followed in this study. The functional unit for the current study was one tonne of finished marble tile produced. Primary data from the field surveys and secondary data were modeled using the water scarcity index (WSI), CML 2000 v.2.05 methodology, and the cumulative energy demand indicator present by default in SimaPro v.8.3 software. The total water footprint required for one tonne of finished marble tile was 3.62 cubic meters per tonne (m3/t), with electricity consumed at processing units contributing to environmental burdens the most. Similarly, electricity consumed (at processing units and during polishing) and transportation of finished marble tile to the local market were responsible for global warming potential (388 kg CO2 eq/tonne tile), human toxicity (84.34 kg 1,4-DB-eq/tonne), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (94.97kg 1,4-DB eq/tonne) and abiotic depletion (7.1 × 10−5 kg Sb eq/tonne). The results of our study follow other marble tile LCA studies conducted globally (such as in Turkey and Italy), which also reported a high contribution to GWP, AP, EP, and HT due to electricity and fossil fuels consumption. The total cumulative energy demand (CED) was calculated as 5863.40 MJ (Mega Joule), with most energy usage associated with non-renewable fossil fuel sources. The results indicated that reducing electricity (using standard automatic machinery) and waste materials, especially paper and plastic wastes, can reduce environmental impacts. Most of the surveyed industrial units did not have wastewater treatment and recycling plants, and wastewater directly flows to nearby freshwater bodies and terrestrial ecosystems. These wastewaters should be adequately treated before being discharged into freshwater aquatic bodies. Environmental impacts must be improved by using the latest automatic machinery, reducing waste materials generation, reducing the distance between processing units and the market, and installing wastewater recycling plants.
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Wang J, Qin L, Li B, Dang Y. Assessing the hotspots of crop water footprint in Jilin Province of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50010-50024. [PMID: 35224695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water is one of the important key biophysical factors determining crop production. The increasing demand for crop products has placed substantial pressures on water resources and then led to a series of water issues. To shed light on multiple water issues in crop production, taking water footprint (WF) as a measurement, a WF hotspot index system including green water scarcity (GWS), blue water scarcity (BWS), water pollution level (WPL), water use efficiency ratio (WUER), and water use benefit ratio (WUBR) was constructed, and an empirical study was conducted to assess the WF hotspots of crop production in Jilin Province. Multiple types of hotspots exhibited obvious differences in spatio-temporal distribution. Hotspots of BWS and WPL were concentrated in the middle and western subregions and the grades of hotspots were higher in the drought and normal years. BWS and WPL had the same changing trend, showing superimposed distribution in space. Hotspots of GWS and WUBR occurred in most prefectures, whereas there were more WUBR hotspots and fewer GWS hotspots in the humid year. The hotspots of WUER were scattered in fewer prefectures with no obvious differences in different rainfall years. The water issues in the middle and western subregions were various and the grades of hotspots were higher than those in eastern subregion. The results of this study would contribute to comprehensively understanding various water issues during crop production and providing more information for sustainable agricultural water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Lijie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yongcai Dang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Tripodi P, Figàs MR, Leteo F, Soler S, Díez MJ, Campanelli G, Cardi T, Prohens J. Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Morpho-Physiological and Agronomic Performances of a Tomato Diversity Panel in Relation to Nitrogen and Water Stress Under Organic Farming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:fpls-13-936596. [PMID: 35845687 PMCID: PMC9277548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural scenario of the upcoming decades will face major challenges for the increased and sustainable agricultural production and the optimization of the efficiency of water and fertilizer inputs. Considering the current and foreseen water scarcity in several marginal and arid areas and the need for a more sustainable farming production, the selection and development of cultivars suitable to grow under low-input conditions is an urgent need. In this study, we assayed 42 tomato genotypes for thirty-two morpho-physiological and agronomic traits related to plant, fruit, and root characteristics under standard (control) and no-nitrogen fertilization or water deficit (30% of the amount given to non-stressed trials) treatments in two sites (environments), which corresponded to organic farms located in Italy and Spain. A broad range of variation was found for all traits, with significant differences between the applied treatments and the cultivation sites. Dissection of genotypic (G), environmental (E), and treatment (T) factors revealed that the three main factors were highly significant for many traits, although G was the main source of variation in most cases. G × E interactions were also important, while G × T and E × T were less relevant. Only fruit weight and blossom end rot were highly significant for the triple interaction (G × E × T). Reduction of water supply significantly increased the soluble solid content in both locations, whereas both nitrogen and water stress led to a general decrease in fruit weight and total yield. Despite so, several accessions exhibited better performances than the control when cultivated under stress. Among the accessions evaluated, hybrids were promising in terms of yield performance, while overall landraces and heirlooms exhibited a better quality. This suggests the possibility of exploiting both the variation within ancient varieties and the heterosis for yield of hybrids to select and breed new varieties with better adaptation to organic farming conditions, both under optimal and suboptimal conditions. The results shed light on the strategies to develop novel varieties for organic farming, giving hints into the management of inputs to adopt for a more sustainable tomato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Tripodi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Maria R. Figàs
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Leteo
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Salvador Soler
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Díez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriele Campanelli
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Teodoro Cardi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Sun S, Zheng X, Liu X, Wang Z, Liang L. Global pattern and drivers of water scarcity research: a combined bibliometric and geographic detector study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:523. [PMID: 35737175 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity, which refers to a deficit of freshwater resources availability in meeting anthropogenic and environmental water needs, is nowadays a growing concern in many countries around the world. Because water scarcity is often poor management induced, research is critical to advance knowledge and provide technical and policy support for water scarcity adaptation and solutions. Here, we address global water scarcity research pattern and underlying drivers, using the bibliometric analysis combined with geographic detector. The results indicate that water scarcity research exhibits great temporal and spatial variations. Predominant factors that control the numbers of water scarcity publications are gross domestic products (GDP) and population, which altogether explain 30-52% of the variance of the number of publications in different countries. Water scarcity research is biased in a few populated and affluent countries. Other factors, including physical water scarcity, research and development expenditure, and governance indicators can also be linked to water scarcity research. Keywords mining reveals that hotspots of research domains on causes, approaches, types, and effects of water scarcity show continental difference. The results have policy implications for guiding future water scarcity research. Research in developing countries suffering from physical and economic water scarcity should be enhanced to improve adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xingcai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Longwu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Water Footprint as a Tool for Selection of Alternatives (Comments on “Food Recommendations for Reducing Water Footprint”). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Water footprint is a new tool for assessing sustainability in terms of water use. Researchers are devising new applications that use water footprint, one of which is focused on comparing the water requirements of individual diets. Systems have been proposed to suggest tailor-made recipes that use a lower water quantity in production. This system proposes alternative recipes with lower demands for water resources based on their water footprint. The water footprint consists of three components—blue, green, and grey water footprints. However, focusing only on a reduction in the total water footprint may lead to an increase in some of its parts, such as the blue water footprint, and subsequently to water scarcity in some river basins. Therefore, it is recommended to extend the food recommendations system with sustainability criteria in order to avoid the unsustainable management of water resources. The same criteria can be used in any system for selecting alternatives based on the water footprint.
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The Water Footprint of Biodiesel Produced from Sunflower in South Africa. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of feedstock crops for the production of biodiesel suggests that biodiesel production may have a major impact on the scarce freshwater resource in South Africa. This paper aimed to assess the green plus blue water footprints (WFgreen+blue) of biodiesel produced from sunflower in South Africa using the Global Water Footprint Standard approach. The green (WFgreen) and blue water footprint (WFblue) at the farm level were assessed for sunflower grown under the rain-fed and irrigation production system respectively. The results show that 2617 m3 and 2477 m3 are required to produce 1 ton of rain-fed and irrigated sunflower respectively. At the processing level, about 7.12 L of blue water is required to produce 1 L of biodiesel from sunflower. The WFblue at the processing stage of biodiesel produced from irrigated sunflower was 1.01 m3/GJ, compared to 1.15 m3 m3/GJ from rain-fed sunflower. The WFgreen+blue of biodiesel produced from irrigated and rainfed sunflower was 2477 and 2617 m3/ton, respectively. WFgreen was the largest, accounting for about 59% and 99% for biodiesel produced from irrigated and rain-fed sunflower, respectively. It was further found that water consumption at the farm level accounted for about 99% of the WFgreen+blue of biodiesel in both production systems. Management practices that improve water use efficiency at the farm level may help to lower the WFgreen+blue of biodiesel. Interestingly, the WFgreen+blue is lower for biodiesel produced from irrigated sunflower than for rainfed sunflower. The blue water scarcity assessment showed that blue water scarcity is low during the period when sunflower requires water. As such, purely from a water use perspective, irrigated sunflower production in the Orange Riet Irrigation Scheme may be considered sustainable.
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An Integrated Approach to Assess the Water Efficiency of Introducing Best Management Practices: An Application to Sugarcane Mechanisation in Brazil. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Management practices reputed to be the best are being introduced widely in the agricultural sector. The identification of what these best management practices are for a given cultivation area requires thorough assessment, using indicators that reduce the risk of unintended impacts and that help manage environmental and economic trade-offs. We propose an integrated assessment that includes two indicators in water footprint sustainability assessment: water apparent productivity and ecosystem services value, thereby considering the trade-offs in the two ecosystem services of water provisioning and erosion potential. The approach was tested in Mogí-Guaçú Pardo (Brazil), a basin that has been subjected to intensive land-use changes through the expansion of sugarcane plantations. Here, regulatory changes have also promoted the introduction of the new management practice of mechanised harvesting, thereby phasing out the practice of burning the fields before manual harvest. A probabilistic approach was applied to account for uncertainty in model parameters. The results reveal that sugarcane has a comparably high economic value but is a less efficient land-use type from a water-use perspective. The total green and blue water footprint in the basin increased by 12% from 2000 to 2012, mainly due to the increase in sugarcane area (+36%). The intensification in sugarcane harvesting practices led to improved economic water-use efficiency and also lowered erosion costs. Adding the new indicators and considering trade-offs linked to new management practices and/or land-use changes allow for more robust decision making.
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37
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Modeling Streamflow at the Iberian Peninsula Scale Using MOHID-Land: Challenges from a Coarse Scale Approach. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrological modeling is nowadays critical for evaluating the status, past trends, and future perspectives of water availability at the global, regional, and local scales. The Iberian Peninsula is registering more frequent and severe droughts and water scarcity caused not only by extreme meteorological events, but also by increased demand for water for urban, industrial, and agricultural supplies. Better simulation models are thus needed for accurately quantifying the availability of local water resources. In this study, the natural flow regime in different watersheds of the Iberian Peninsula was simulated using the process-based, fully distributed, MOHID-Land model from 1979 to 2013. Streamflow results were compared with measurements at 73 hydrometric stations not influenced by reservoirs, and with the data available in the management plans of each hydrographic region. The results showed a high dispersion of the goodness-of-fit indicators, with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 0 and 0.91, and the modeling efficiency (NSE) being higher than 0.35 at only 22 (calibration) and 28 (validation) hydrometric stations. Considering the scale of application, results were acceptable but evidenced the difficulties in simulating streamflow in watersheds using a coarse resolution. As such, this paper further deals with the difficulties and challenges of the adopted modeling approach. Nevertheless, this study constitutes a further step towards the more accurate assessment of water resources availability at the Iberian Peninsula scale using process-based modeling.
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Livestock water and land productivity in Kenya and their implications for future resource use. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09006. [PMID: 35284679 PMCID: PMC8904406 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Population growth and rising affluence increase the demand for agricultural commodities. Associated growth in production increases dependency on natural resources in countries that attempt to meet part or all of the new demand locally. This study assesses the impact of changing meat and milk production on natural resource use in Kenya under three plausible scenarios of socio-economic development, namely Business-As-Usual (BAU), Sustainable Development (SDP) and Kenya Vision 2030 (V2030) scenarios. The IMPACT model is used to estimate projected cattle, sheep, goats and camel production parameters for meat and milk. The BAU and SDP represent standard scenarios for Kenya of a global economic model, IMPACT, while V2030 incorporates in the model features specific to Kenya's medium-term national development plan. We use calculations of water footprint and land footprint as resource use indicators to quantify the anticipated appropriation of water and land resources for meat and milk production and trade by 2040. Though camel dairy production numbers increase the most by quadrupling between 2005 and 2040, it is cattle dairy production that significantly determined gains in production between the scenarios. Productivity gains under the SDP scenario does not match the investments made thereby leading to only slightly better values for water and land productivity than those achieved under the BAU scenario. Relative to the BAU scenario, improvement in land productivity under the V2030 scenario is the most dramatic for shoat milk production in the arid and semi-arid systems but the least marked for cattle milk production in the humid system. By quantifying water and land productivity across heterogenous production systems, our findings can aid decision-makers in Kenya and other developing countries to understand the implications of strategies aimed at increasing domestic agricultural and livestock production on water and land resources both locally and through trade with other countries.
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Vanham D, Alfieri L, Feyen L. National water shortage for low to high environmental flow protection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3037. [PMID: 35194115 PMCID: PMC8864015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global freshwater biodiversity has been decreasing rapidly, requiring the restoration and maintenance of environmental flows (EFs) in streams and rivers. EFs provide many ecosystem services that benefit humans. Reserving such EFs for aquatic ecosystems, implies less renewable water availability for direct human water use such as agriculture, industry, cities and energy. Here we show that, depending on the level of EF protection, global annual renewable water availability for humans decreases between 41 and 80% compared to when not reserving EFs. With low EF protection, currently 53 countries experience different levels of water shortage, which increases to 101 countries for high EF protection. Countries will carefully have to balance the amount of water allocated to humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vanham
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | | | - Luc Feyen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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40
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Rollins DS, Easterling CP, Zeppuhar AN, Krawchuck JA, Dreier TA, Watt J, Huber DL, Taylor MK. Templated synthesis enhances the cobalt adsorption capacity of a porous organic polymer. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:299-304. [PMID: 34877950 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06821k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Divalent transition metals such as Co(II) are important targets for removal from water sources, due to their potential toxicity as well as their high value. In this study, we found that a series of porous organic polymers based on amide-linked tetraphenylmethane units are effective Co(II) ion adsorbents in aqueous solution. To increase the density of Co(II) binding sites, we then developed a templated synthesis in which the branched, rigid monomers are pre-assembled around Co(II) ions prior to polymerization. After polymer formation, the Co(II) template ions are removed to yield a material rich in Co(II) binding sites. Ion adsorption isotherms show that the Co(II)-templated material has an ion adsorption capacity significantly greater than those of the non-templated materials, highlighting the utility of a templated synthetic route. SEM and TEM images show the morphology of the templated polymer to be dramatically different from the non-templated polymers and to be similar in size and shape to the Co(II)-monomer precursors, emphasizing the role of the template ions in directing the formation of the resulting polymer. This guest-templated approach requires no functionalization of the generic monomer and represents a promising synthetic route to high-capacity ion adsorbents for water purification and aqueous separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin S Rollins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles P Easterling
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - Andrea N Zeppuhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jacob A Krawchuck
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - Timothy A Dreier
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Dale L Huber
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | - Mercedes K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Suss M, Zhang Y, Atlas I, Gendel Y, Ruck E, Presser V. Emerging, hydrogen-driven electrochemical water purification. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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42
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Hogan DE, Stolley RM, Boxley C, Amistadi MK, Maier RM. Removal of uranium from contaminated groundwater using monorhamnolipids and ion flotation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113835. [PMID: 34600421 PMCID: PMC8579952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mining of uranium for defense-related purposes has left a substantial legacy of pollution that threatens human and environmental health. Contaminated waters in the arid southwest are of particular concern, as water resource demand and water scarcity issues become more pronounced. The development of remediation strategies to treat uranium impacted waters will become increasingly vital to meet future water needs. Ion flotation is one technology with the potential to address legacy uranium contamination. The green biosurfactant rhamnolipid has been shown to bind uranium and act as an effective collector in ion flotation. In this study, uranium contaminated groundwater (∼440 μg L-1 U) from the Monument Valley processing site in northeast Arizona was used as a model solution to test the uranium removal efficacy of ion flotation with biosynthetic (bio-mRL) and three synthetic monorhamnolipids with varying hydrophobic chain lengths: Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C12-C12, and Rha-C14-C14. At the groundwater's native pH 8, and at an adjusted pH 7, no uranium was removed from solution by any collector. However, at pH 6.5 bio-mRL and Rha-C10-C10 removed 239.2 μg L-1 and 242.4 μg L-1 of uranium, respectively. By further decreasing the pH to 5.5, bio-mRL was able to reduce the uranium concentration to near or below the Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 30 μg L-1. For the Rha-C12-C12 and Rha-C14-C14 collector ligands, decreasing the pH to 7 or below reduced the foam stability and quantity, such that these collectors were not suitable for treating this groundwater. To contextualize the results, a geochemical analysis of the groundwater was conducted, and a consideration of uranium speciation is described. Based on this study, the efficacy of monorhamnolipid-based ion flotation in real world groundwater has been demonstrated with suitable solution conditions and collectors identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Hogan
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Ryan M Stolley
- GlycoSurf, LLC, 825 N 300 W, Suite WA011, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA.
| | - Chett Boxley
- GlycoSurf, LLC, 825 N 300 W, Suite WA011, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA.
| | - Mary Kay Amistadi
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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43
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Wang L, Li Y, Liang S, Xu M, Qu S. Trade-related water scarcity risk under the Belt and Road Initiative. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149781. [PMID: 34467898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing trade cooperation under the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative has promoted economic development and intensified the water scarcity risk transmission between China and countries along the route (B&R countries). Local water scarcity risk (LWSR, the potential direct production losses induced by local water scarcity) can transcend geographical boundaries through global supply chains and influence production activities in downstream economies. To understand the vulnerability of the Initiative to water scarcity, we investigated the impacts of LWSR in China and B&R countries on each other's economies during 2001-2013, using a global environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model. Results reveal that more than 80% of China's trade-related water scarcity risk imports (TWSR imports, the vulnerability to foreign water scarcity risk through imports) originates from B&R countries. The share of TWSR from China in total imports of B&R countries has steadily increased. In particular, India, Thailand, Iran, Pakistan and Kazakhstan have the largest TWSR exports (LWSR in each nation transmitted to other nations through its exports) to China, while South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia have the largest imports from China. Water scarcity to their Agriculture sectors is responsible for TWSR transmission between them. Our study can contribute to the policy-making of governments and firms involved in mitigating the supply chain wide water scarcity risk. It also reveals the need for nations to collectively manage water resources to achieve sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashuai Li
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Liang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, United States
| | - Shen Qu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Liang Y, Cai Y, Wang X, Li C, Liu Q. Water security assessment with the improvement of modifying the boundary consistency between footprint and provision. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149639. [PMID: 34418618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying specific water resources distribution and quantifying water security are vital for sustainable management. There is still unexplored gap regarding security indicators as the linkage between water footprint and availability. This study proposed a dynamic water security assessment framework considering the boundary consistency between green water footprint and provision at multi spatio-temporal scales and applied it to Yalong River Basin (YLRB) of southwest China. Results show: 1) The temporal variation of blue water was stronger than green water. Green water flow exhibited more homogeneous spatial distribution than blue water and green water storage. 2) The hotspots of green water crisis were observed in the middle reach with the higher scarcity/vulnerability. 3) Under anthropogenic disturbance, pastureland exhibited lower green water sustainability with scarcity >1 than forest. 4) Lower green water scarcity denoted the potential for rain-fed agriculture in the southeastern YLRB and higher blue water security indicated the water supply prospect for socioeconomic utilization. This work contributes to ensure water resources sustainable management in eco-socioeconomic nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Hellegers P, van Halsema G. SDG indicator 6.4.1 "change in water use efficiency over time": Methodological flaws and suggestions for improvement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149431. [PMID: 34411791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal indicator 6.4.1 is defined as the change in water use efficiency over time and measured as the change in the ratio of gross economic value added by irrigated agriculture, industry and the services sector to the volume of water withdrawn over time. The rationale behind this indicator is to decouple a country's economic growth from its water use. Yet, this unwittingly results in an economic distortion of the water balance, favouring increased water withdrawal in service of higher water-use efficiency, at the expense of environmental sustainability. This paper discusses three methodological flaws. First, aggregation of only economic values across all sectors ignores social and environmental values and is very sensitive to changes in the relative water use by agriculture versus industry and services. Second, the economic value derived from agriculture and from imports cannot in fact be decoupled from agricultural water use. Third, the indicator completely ignores the effects of diminished return flows to the environment due to increased re-use of water. A novel alternative, disaggregated WUE approach is therefore proposed, which links water consumption to the water balance. It is defined as the economic value of irrigated and rainfed agriculture combined with water consumption (ETa) by rainfed and irrigated agriculture per area based on earth observation data. It is measured as the change in the ratio of gross economic value added by irrigated and rainfed agriculture to the volume of water consumed by rainfed and irrigated agriculture over time. This approach is more consistent and objective, while being methodologically, hydrologically and environmentally sound. It acknowledges the coupling of economic growth and water depletion, and the need to strike a balance between opportunities for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This better serves the full breadth of the water and sanitation goal as defined in SDG 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hellegers
- Water Resources Management Group, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerardo van Halsema
- Water Resources Management Group, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Lynch AJ, Thompson LM, Morton JM, Beever EA, Clifford M, Limpinsel D, Magill RT, Magness DR, Melvin TA, Newman RA, Porath MT, Rahel FJ, Reynolds JH, Schuurman GW, Sethi SA, Wilkening JL. RAD Adaptive Management for Transforming Ecosystems. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Intensifying global change is propelling many ecosystems toward irreversible transformations. Natural resource managers face the complex task of conserving these important resources under unprecedented conditions and expanding uncertainty. As once familiar ecological conditions disappear, traditional management approaches that assume the future will reflect the past are becoming increasingly untenable. In the present article, we place adaptive management within the resist–accept–direct (RAD) framework to assist informed risk taking for transforming ecosystems. This approach empowers managers to use familiar techniques associated with adaptive management in the unfamiliar territory of ecosystem transformation. By providing a common lexicon, it gives decision makers agency to revisit objectives, consider new system trajectories, and discuss RAD strategies in relation to current system state and direction of change. Operationalizing RAD adaptive management requires periodic review and update of management actions and objectives; monitoring, experimentation, and pilot studies; and bet hedging to better identify and tolerate associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Lynch
- US Geological Survey (USGS), National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Laura M Thompson
- USGS National Climate Adaptation Science Center and an adjunct faculty member, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - John M Morton
- US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and is now vice president of the Alaska Wildlife Alliance, Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| | - Erik A Beever
- USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center and a research professor for the Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | | | - Douglas Limpinsel
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| | | | - Dawn R Magness
- USFWS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, Alaska, United States
| | - Tracy A Melvin
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert A Newman
- University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Mark T Porath
- USFWS Ecological Services Nebraska Field Office, Wood River, Nebraska, United States
| | - Frank J Rahel
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States
| | - Joel H Reynolds
- US National Park Service (NPS) Climate Change Response Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Gregor W Schuurman
- NPS Climate Change Response Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Suresh A Sethi
- USGS New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
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Surface Water Storage in Rivers and Wetlands Derived from Satellite Observations: A Review of Current Advances and Future Opportunities for Hydrological Sciences. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13204162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface water storage (SWS), the amount of freshwater stored in rivers/wetlands/floodplains/lakes, and its variations are key components of the water cycle and land surface hydrology, with strong feedback and linkages with climate variability. They are also very important for water resources management. However, it is still very challenging to measure and to obtain accurate estimates of SWS variations for large river basins at adequate time/space sampling. Satellite observations offer great opportunities to measure SWS changes, and several methods have been developed combining multisource observations for different environments worldwide. With the upcoming launch in 2022 of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission, which will provide, for the first time, direct estimates of SWS variations with an unprecedented spatial resolution (~100 m), it is timely to summarize the recent advances in the estimates of SWS from satellite observations and how they contribute to a better understanding of large-scale hydrological processes. Here, we review the scientific literature and present major results regarding the dynamic of surface freshwater in large rivers, floodplains, and wetlands. We show how recent efforts have helped to characterize the variations in SWS change across large river basins, including during extreme climatic events, leading to an overall better understanding of the continental water cycle. In the context of SWOT and forthcoming SWS estimates at the global scale, we further discuss new opportunities for hydrological and multidisciplinary sciences. We recommend that, in the near future, SWS should be considered as an essential water variable to ensure its long-term monitoring.
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Karandish F. Socioeconomic benefits of conserving Iran's water resources through modifying agricultural practices and water management strategies. AMBIO 2021; 50:1824-1840. [PMID: 33759107 PMCID: PMC8363754 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable development requires modifying the current consumption pattern of natural resources. This study investigates efficient tactics for reducing the unsustainability and inefficiency of human's food-related blue water consumption alongside improving national environmental and socioeconomic status. As a case study for Iran, 15 alternative management scenarios (AMS) were defined compared to the current on-farm management, and their effects were assessed on a monthly scale. Based on the results, 45.5 billion m3 y-1 (BCM) blue water is consumed within the croplands, 78% and 34% of which are unsustainable and inefficient, respectively. AMCs reduces the unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption by 2-17 BCM and 2-13 BCM, respectively. The combination of yield gap closure, drip irrigation, soil mulching, and deficit irrigation has the largest effect on blue water saving; it releases or changes the status of monthly blue water scarcity in 11 provinces; increases field-employees by 132%, food security by 9%, international food-export by 87%, and gross domestic production by 54%. However, it doesn't fully address blue water overconsumption in the summer period; hence, further measures are needed to reduce blue water scarcity to the sustainable level in these environmental hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karandish
- Water Engineering Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
- Multidisciplinary Water Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Biswas A, Mailapalli DR, Raghuwanshi NS. Modelling the effect of changing transplanting date on consumptive water footprints for paddy under the system of rice intensification. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5378-5390. [PMID: 33644855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumptive water footprint (CWF) is a comprehensive measure of water consumption by paddy and can be used to assess the impact on freshwater volume. The seasonal water consumption and water footprints of paddy under any irrigation practice vary with changing the transplanting dates. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of shifting transplanting dates on CWFs of paddy under the system of rice intensification (SRI) using a crop model. A medium-duration variety (IR-36) was cultivated during kharif (monsoon) and rabi (non-monsoon) seasons of 2015/16 and 2016/17. The field data were used to calibrate and validate the crop model, Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM)-Oryza, as well as simulate paddy yield, evapotranspiration and consumptive water footprints (CWFs) under different transplanting dates. RESULTS The APSIM-Oryza simulated grain yield was found to be closely matched with the observed yield during both calibration (r2 = 0.98, root-mean-square error < 300 kg ha-1 ) and validation (r2 = 0.88, root-mean-square error < 400 kg ha-1 ). The seasonal water savings in SRI practice was 18-21% compared to conventional, with an effect of a 20-30% improvement in the yield. The early transplanting on 1 July in kharif and 15 December in rabi can produce maximum grain yields of 4.55 and 5.15 t ha-1 , respectively, with a minimum CWF of 1064 and 855 m3 t-1 under SRI for the study region. CONCLUSION The comparison of yield and CWF scenarios under different transplanting dates revealed the superiority of early transplanting in terms of yield improvement with the least irrigation requirement and CWF under SRI. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Reclaimed Water for Vineyard Irrigation in a Mediterranean Context: Life Cycle Environmental Impacts, Life Cycle Costs, and Eco-Efficiency. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13162242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural sector in the Mediterranean region, is increasingly using reclaimed water as an additional source for irrigation. However, there is a limited number of case studies about product-based life cycle analysis to ensure that the overall benefits of reclaimed water do indeed outweigh the impacts. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methods are used in this study to investigate the environmental impacts and costs of vineyard cropping systems when tertiary reclaimed water is used as a supplementary source of irrigation water (integrated system). The conventional production system utilizing 100% groundwater was used as a reference system. As a proxy for sustainability, eco-efficiency, which combines economic and environmental performance, was assessed. The LCA revealed that the integrated system could reduce the net environmental impact by 23.8% due to lower consumption of irrigation water (−50%), electricity (−27.7%), and chemical fertilizers (−22.6%). Nevertheless, trade-offs between economics and the environment occurred as an integrated system is associated with higher life cycle costs and lower economic returns due to lower crop yield (−9.1%). The combined eco-efficiency assessment (ratio of economic value added to total environmental impact) revealed that the integrated system outperformed in terms of eco-efficiency by 12.6% due to lower environmental impacts. These results confirmed that reclaimed water could help to ensure an economically profitable yield with net environmental benefits. Our results provided an up-to-date and consistent life cycle analysis contributing to the creation of a valuable knowledge base for the associated costs and benefits of vineyard cultivation with treated wastewater.
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