1
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Przyklenk M, Karmacharya S, Bonasera D, Pasanen-Zentz AL, Kmoch S, Paulsson M, Wagener R, Liccardi G, Schiavinato A. ANTXR1 deficiency promotes fibroblast senescence: implications for GAPO syndrome as a progeroid disorder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9321. [PMID: 38653789 PMCID: PMC11039612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ANTXR1 is one of two cell surface receptors mediating the uptake of the anthrax toxin into cells. Despite substantial research on its role in anthrax poisoning and a proposed function as a collagen receptor, ANTXR1's physiological functions remain largely undefined. Pathogenic variants in ANTXR1 lead to the rare GAPO syndrome, named for its four primary features: Growth retardation, Alopecia, Pseudoanodontia, and Optic atrophy. The disease is also associated with a complex range of other phenotypes impacting the cardiovascular, skeletal, pulmonary and nervous systems. Aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix components and fibrosis are considered to be crucial components in the pathogenesis of GAPO syndrome, contributing to the shortened life expectancy of affected individuals. Nonetheless, the specific mechanisms connecting ANTXR1 deficiency to the clinical manifestations of GAPO syndrome are largely unexplored. In this study, we present evidence that ANTXR1 deficiency initiates a senescent phenotype in human fibroblasts, correlating with defects in nuclear architecture and actin dynamics. We provide novel insights into ANTXR1's physiological functions and propose GAPO syndrome to be reconsidered as a progeroid disorder highlighting an unexpected role for an integrin-like extracellular matrix receptor in human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Przyklenk
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shreya Karmacharya
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Debora Bonasera
- Genetic Instability, Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arthur-Lauri Pasanen-Zentz
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Genetic Instability, Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alvise Schiavinato
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Kurt I, Kulhan M, AlAshqar A, Borahay MA. Uterine Collagen Cross-Linking: Biology, Role in Disorders, and Therapeutic Implications. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:645-660. [PMID: 37907804 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is an essential constituent of the uterine extracellular matrix that provides biomechanical strength, resilience, structural integrity, and the tensile properties necessary for the normal functioning of the uterus. Cross-linking is a fundamental step in collagen biosynthesis and is critical for its normal biophysical properties. This step occurs enzymatically via lysyl oxidase (LOX) or non-enzymatically with the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Cross-links found in uterine tissue include the reducible dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-DHLNL), dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-HLNL), and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine (HHMD); and the non-reducible pyridinoline (PYD), deoxy-pyridinoline (DPD); and a trace of pentosidine (PEN). Collagen cross-links are instrumental for uterine tissue integrity and the continuation of a healthy pregnancy. Decreased cervical cross-link density is observed in preterm birth, whereas increased tissue stiffness caused by increased cross-link density is a pathogenic feature of uterine fibroids. AGEs disrupt embryo development, decidualization, implantation, and trophoblast invasion. Uterine collagen cross-linking regulators include steroid hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, prostaglandins, proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, lysyl oxidases, nitric oxide, nicotine, and vitamin D. Thus, uterine collagen cross-linking presents an opportunity to design therapeutic targets and warrants further investigation in common uterine disorders, such as uterine fibroids, cervical insufficiency, preterm birth, dystocia, endometriosis, and adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kurt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42000, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kulhan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, 42000, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdelrahman AlAshqar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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Huang X, Zhang L, Luo W, Zeng Y, Li X, Yang N, Huang W, Ding BS. Endothelial anthrax toxin receptor 2 plays a protective role in liver fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1278968. [PMID: 38322497 PMCID: PMC10844529 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1278968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading cancers worldwide and is a potential consequence of fibrosis. Therefore, the identification of key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis is an important goal for the development of new strategies to control liver-related diseases. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing data (GSE136103 and GES181483) of clinical liver non-parenchymal cells were analyzed to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The proportion of endothelial subpopulations in cirrhotic livers was significantly higher than that in healthy livers. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in the endothelial subgroups revealed that extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways were significantly enriched. Since anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) interacts with the ECM, the expression of ANTXR2 in the liver endothelium was analyzed. ANTXR2 expression in the liver endothelium of wild-type (WT) mice significantly decreased after a 4-time sequential injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce liver fibrosis. Next, conditional knockout mice selectively lacking Antxr2 in endothelial cells were generated. After endothelial-specific Antxr2 knockout mice were subjected to the CCl4 model, the degree of liver fibrosis in the knockout group was significantly more severe than that in the control group. In addition, ANTXR2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells promoted matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activation to degrade the ECM in vitro. Finally, endothelial-specific overexpression of Antxr2 alleviated the development of liver fibrosis following adeno-associated virus treatment. Collectively, these results suggested that endothelial ANTXR2 plays a protective role in liver fibrosis. This function of ANTXR2 may be achieved by promoting MMP2 activation to degrade the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Qu J, Xue X, Wang Z, Ma Z, Jia K, Li F, Zhang Y, Wu R, Zhou F, Zhao P, Li X. Si-Wu-Tang attenuates liver fibrosis via regulating lncRNA H19-dependent pathways involving cytoskeleton remodeling and ECM deposition. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:31-46. [PMID: 38278557 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic wound-healing response characterized by the agglutination of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is known for treating gynecological diseases and liver fibrosis. Our previous studies demonstrated that long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) was markedly upregulated in fibrotic livers while its deficiency markedly reversed fibrogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which SWT influences H19 remain unclear. Thus, we established a bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis model to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of SWT on various cells in the liver. Our results showed that SWT markedly improved ECM deposition and bile duct reactions in the liver. Notably, SWT relieved liver fibrosis by regulating the transcription of genes involved in the cytoskeleton remodeling, primarily in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and influencing cytoskeleton-related angiogenesis and hepatocellular injury. This modulation collectively led to reduced ECM deposition. Through extensive bioinformatics analyses, we determined that H19 acted as a miRNA sponge and mainly inhibited miR-200, miR-211, and let7b, thereby regulating the above cellular regulatory pathways. Meanwhile, SWT reversed H19-related miRNAs and signaling pathways, diminishing ECM deposition and liver fibrosis. However, these protective effects of SWT were diminished with the overexpression of H19 in vivo. In conclusion, our study elucidates the underlying mechanisms of SWT from the perspective of H19-related signal networks and proposes a potential SWT-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaorong Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kexin Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruiyu Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Piwen Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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5
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Kalev-Altman R, Becker G, Levy T, Penn S, Shpigel NY, Monsonego-Ornan E, Sela-Donenfeld D. Mmp2 Deficiency Leads to Defective Parturition and High Dystocia Rates in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16822. [PMID: 38069145 PMCID: PMC10706207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parturition is the final and essential step for mammalian reproduction. While the uterus is quiescent during pregnancy, fundamental changes arise in the myometrial contractility, inducing fetal expulsion. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is fundamental for these events. The gelatinases subgroup of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP2 and MMP9, participate in uterine ECM remodeling throughout pregnancy and parturition. However, their loss-of-function effect is unknown. Here, we determined the result of eliminating Mmp2 and/or Mmp9 on parturition in vivo, using single- and double-knockout (dKO) mice. The dystocia rates were measured in each genotype, and uterine tissue was collected from nulliparous synchronized females at the ages of 2, 4, 9 and 12 months. Very high percentages of dystocia (40-55%) were found in the Mmp2-/- and dKO females, contrary to the Mmp9-/- and wild-type females. The histological analysis of the uterus and cervix revealed that Mmp2-/- tissues undergo marked structural alterations, including highly enlarged myometrial, endometrial and luminal cavity. Increased collagen deposition was also demonstrated, suggesting a mechanism of extensive fibrosis in the Mmp2-/- myometrium, which may result in dystocia. Overall, this study describes a new role for MMP2 in myometrium remodeling during mammalian parturition process, highlighting a novel cause for dystocia due to a loss in MMP2 activity in the uterine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kalev-Altman
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (N.Y.S.)
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (E.M.-O.)
| | - Gal Becker
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (E.M.-O.)
| | - Tamar Levy
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (N.Y.S.)
| | - Svetlana Penn
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (E.M.-O.)
| | - Nahum Y. Shpigel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (N.Y.S.)
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (E.M.-O.)
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel (N.Y.S.)
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6
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Hsu KS, Dunleavey JM, Szot C, Yang L, Hilton MB, Morris K, Seaman S, Feng Y, Lutz EM, Koogle R, Tomassoni-Ardori F, Saha S, Zhang XM, Zudaire E, Bajgain P, Rose J, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS, Cuttitta F, Emenaker NJ, Tessarollo L, St. Croix B. Cancer cell survival depends on collagen uptake into tumor-associated stroma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7078. [PMID: 36400786 PMCID: PMC9674701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen I, the most abundant protein in humans, is ubiquitous in solid tumors where it provides a rich source of exploitable metabolic fuel for cancer cells. While tumor cells were unable to exploit collagen directly, here we show they can usurp metabolic byproducts of collagen-consuming tumor-associated stroma. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we discovered that solid tumor growth depends upon collagen binding and uptake mediated by the TEM8/ANTXR1 cell surface protein in tumor-associated stroma. Tumor-associated stromal cells processed collagen into glutamine, which was then released and internalized by cancer cells. Under chronic nutrient starvation, a condition driven by the high metabolic demand of tumors, cancer cells exploited glutamine to survive, an effect that could be reversed by blocking collagen uptake with TEM8 neutralizing antibodies. These studies reveal that cancer cells exploit collagen-consuming stromal cells for survival, exposing an important vulnerability across solid tumors with implications for developing improved anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - James M. Dunleavey
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Christopher Szot
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Liping Yang
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.418021.e0000 0004 0535 8394Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Karen Morris
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.418021.e0000 0004 0535 8394Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Yang Feng
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Emily M. Lutz
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Robert Koogle
- grid.418021.e0000 0004 0535 8394MCGP, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | | | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Inc, Kansas City, MO 64111 USA ,Present Address: Centessa Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Xiaoyan M. Zhang
- BioMed Valley Discoveries, Inc, Kansas City, MO 64111 USA ,Present Address: Ikena Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02210 USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,Present Address: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, J&J, R&D, Welsh Road McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - Pradip Bajgain
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Joshua Rose
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Biomolecular Structure Section, Center for Structural Biology, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.420872.bPresent Address: Lentigen Technology, Inc. 1201 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Present Address: Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Frank Cuttitta
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Nancy J. Emenaker
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Neural Development Section, MCGP, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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7
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Przyklenk M, Heumüller SE, Freiburg C, Lütke S, Sengle G, Koch M, Paulsson M, Schiavinato A, Wagener R. Lack of evidence for a role of anthrax toxin receptors as surface receptors for collagen VI and for its cleaved-off C5 domain/endotrophin. iScience 2022; 25:105116. [PMID: 36185380 PMCID: PMC9515600 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The microfibril-forming collagen VI is proteolytically cleaved and it was proposed that the released C-terminal Kunitz domain (C5) of the α3 chain is an adipokine important for tumor progression and fibrosis. Designated “endotrophin,” C5 is a potent biomarker for fibroinflammatory diseases. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind endotrophin activity were not investigated. Earlier, anthrax toxin receptor 1 was found to bind C5, but this potential interaction was not further studied. Given the proposed physiological role of endotrophin, we aimed to determine how the signal is transmitted. Surprisingly, we could not detect any interaction between endotrophin and anthrax toxin receptor 1 or its close relative, anthrax toxin receptor 2. Moreover, we detect no binding of fully assembled collagen VI to either receptor. We also studied the collagen VI receptor NG2 (CSPG4) and confirmed that NG2 binds assembled collagen VI, but not cleaved C5/endotrophin. A cellular receptor for C5/endotrophin, therefore, still remains elusive. ANTXR1 does not support collagen VI or C5/endotrophin binding to the cell surface ANTXR2 does not support collagen VI or C5/endotrophin binding to the cell surface NG2/CSPG4 supports collagen VI, but not C5/endotrophin binding to the cell surface
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8
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Yomogita H, Miyasaka N, Kanai-Azuma M. A Review of Delayed Delivery Models and the Analysis Method in Mice. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020020. [PMID: 35645296 PMCID: PMC9149829 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incidence of post-term delivery is 1–10%. Post-term delivery significantly increases the risk of cesarean section or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Despite these serious challenges, the cause of prolonged delivery remains unclear. Several common factors of delayed parturition between mice and humans will help elucidate the mechanisms of pregnancy and labor. At present, gene modification techniques are rapidly developing; however, there are limited reviews available describing the mouse phenotype analysis as a human model for post-term delivery. We classified the delayed-labor mice into nine types according to their causes. In mice, progesterone (P₄) maintains pregnancy, and the most common cause of delayed labor is luteolysis failure. Other contributing factors include humoral molecules in the fetus/placenta, uterine contractile dysfunction, poor cervical ripening, and delayed implantation. The etiology of delayed parturition is overexpression of the pregnancy maintenance mechanism or suppression of the labor induction mechanism. Here, we describe how to investigated their causes using mouse genetic analysis. In addition, we generated a list to identify the causes. Our review will help understand the findings obtained using the mouse model, providing a foundation for conducting more systematic research on delayed delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yomogita
- Department of Perinatal and Women’s Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.M.)
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyasaka
- Department of Perinatal and Women’s Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (N.M.)
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +813-3813-6111
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9
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Yin L, He Z, Yi B, Xue L, Sun J. Simvastatin Suppresses Human Breast Cancer Cell Invasion by Decreasing the Expression of Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574068. [PMID: 33250768 PMCID: PMC7672329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been widely used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that statins exert beneficial effects in the management of breast cancer, while the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Herein, we sought to investigate the effect of statins on the expression of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a critical gene involved in human breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Our results showed that PTTG1 is highly expressed in malignant Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines as compared with normal or less malignant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that the expression of PTTG1 was markedly suppressed by lipophilic statins, such as simvastatin, fluvastatin, mevastatin, and lovastatin, but not by hydrophilic pravastatin. In a dose and time dependent manner, simvastatin suppressed PTTG1 expression by decreasing PTTG1 mRNA stability in MDA-MB-231 cells. Both siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTTG1 expression and simvastatin treatment markedly inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, and the expression of PTTG1 downstream target genes, while ectopic expression of PTTG1 promoted cancer cell invasion, and partly reversed simvastatin-mediated inhibition of cell invasion. Mechanistically, we found that inhibition of PTTG1 expression by simvastatin was reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not by farnesyl pyrophosphate, suggesting the involvement of geranylgeranyl synthesis in regulating PTTG1 expression. Our results identified statins as novel inhibitors of PTTG1 expression in breast cancer cells and provide mechanistic insights into how simvastatin prevent breast cancer metastasis as observed in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litian Yin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bing Yi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Linyuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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van Rijn JM, Werner L, Aydemir Y, Spronck JM, Pode-Shakked B, van Hoesel M, Shimshoni E, Polak-Charcon S, Talmi L, Eren M, Weiss B, H.J. Houwen R, Barshack I, Somech R, Nieuwenhuis EE, Sagi I, Raas-Rothschild A, Middendorp S, Shouval DS. Enhanced Collagen Deposition in the Duodenum of Patients with Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome and Protein Losing Enteropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8200. [PMID: 33147779 PMCID: PMC7662532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS), resulting from ANTXR2 mutations, is an ultra-rare disease that causes intestinal lymphangiectasia and protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). The mechanisms leading to the gastrointestinal phenotype in these patients are not well defined. We present two patients with congenital diarrhea, severe PLE and unique clinical features resulting from deleterious ANTXR2 mutations. Intestinal organoids were generated from one of the patients, along with CRISPR-Cas9 ANTXR2 knockout, and compared with organoids from two healthy controls. The ANTXR2-deficient organoids displayed normal growth and polarity, compared to controls. Using an anthrax-toxin assay we showed that the c.155C>T mutation causes loss-of-function of ANTXR2 protein. An intrinsic defect of monolayer formation in patient-derived or ANTXR2KO organoids was not apparent, suggesting normal epithelial function. However, electron microscopy and second harmonic generation imaging showed abnormal collagen deposition in duodenal samples of these patients. Specifically, collagen VI, which is known to bind ANTXR2, was highly expressed in the duodenum of these patients. In conclusion, despite resistance to anthrax-toxin, epithelial cell function, and specifically monolayer formation, is intact in patients with HFS. Nevertheless, loss of ANTXR2-mediated signaling leads to collagen VI accumulation in the duodenum and abnormal extracellular matrix composition, which likely plays a role in development of PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik M. van Rijn
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
- Regenerative Medicine Center, UMCU, UU, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lael Werner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel; (L.W.); (B.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Yusuf Aydemir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; (Y.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Joey M.A. Spronck
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
- Regenerative Medicine Center, UMCU, UU, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Marliek van Hoesel
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
- Regenerative Medicine Center, UMCU, UU, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elee Shimshoni
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Sylvie Polak-Charcon
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Liron Talmi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- Pediatric Department A, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Makbule Eren
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; (Y.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Batia Weiss
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel; (L.W.); (B.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Roderick H.J. Houwen
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
| | - Iris Barshack
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- Pediatric Department A, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
- Immunology Service, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
- Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (E.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University (UU), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.v.R.); (J.M.A.S.); (M.v.H.); (R.H.J.H.); (E.E.S.N.)
- Regenerative Medicine Center, UMCU, UU, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dror S. Shouval
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel; (L.W.); (B.W.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (B.P.-S.); (S.P.-C.); (L.T.); (I.B.); (R.S.); (A.R.-R.)
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11
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Gan Z, Li H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Screening for reproductive biomarkers in Bactrian camel via iTRAQ analysis of proteomes. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:189-199. [PMID: 31840896 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bactrian camel is an ancient and precious species of livestock; that is, unique resources exist in the desert and have important economic and scientific value. In recent years, the number of Bactrian camels has declined sharply. Due to its long reproductive cycle and seasonal oestrus, the mechanism of oestrus is unknown. To identify candidate biomarkers of reproduction, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of serum from Bactrian camel in oestrus and non-oestrus, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 359 proteins, of which 32 were differentially expressed: 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated in samples from camels in oestrus. We validated the differential expression of a subset of these proteins using qPCR and Western blot. Gene ontology annotation identified that the differentially expressed proteins function in cellular processes, metabolic processes and immune system processes. Notably, five of the differentially expressed proteins, PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2, are involved in reproductive regulatory processes in other animals. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in several cardiac-related pathways, such as 'dilated cardiomyopathy', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'cardiac muscle contraction' and 'adrenergic signalling in cardiomyopathy'. Our results suggest that candidate biomarker (PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2) discovery can aid in understanding reproduction in Bactrian camels. We conclude that the profiling of serum proteomes, followed by the measurement of selected proteins using more targeted methods, offers a promising approach for studying mechanisms of oestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ze Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haijiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Denda K, Ida K, Tanno M, Nakao-Wakabayashi K, Komada M, Hayashi N. Proteomic analysis of Nrk gene-disrupted placental tissue cells explains physiological significance of NRK. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:785. [PMID: 31783915 PMCID: PMC6884884 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective NRK is a unique X chromosome-linked protein kinase expressed predominantly in placenta. The gene knockout causes placental overgrowth and delayed labor of Nrk-null fetuses from dams in mouse. To clarify unknown mechanisms behind the Nrk-null phenotypes, protein expression profiles were analyzed in the Nrk-null placenta using a high-performance two-dimensional electrophoresis methodology. Results Among around 1800 spots detected, we characterized a dozen protein spots whose expression levels were significantly altered in the Nrk-null placenta compared to wild-type. Analyzing these data sets is expected to reflect the difference physiologically in the presence or absence of NRK, facilitating the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitoshi Denda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kanako Ida
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masataka Tanno
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Nishi Tokushukai Hospital, Akishima, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakao-Wakabayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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13
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Abstract
The anthrax toxin receptors-capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8)-were identified almost 20 years ago, although few studies have moved beyond their roles as receptors for the anthrax toxins to address their physiological functions. In the last few years, insight into their endogenous roles has come from two rare diseases: hyaline fibromatosis syndrome, caused by mutations in CMG2, and growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome, caused by loss-of-function mutations in TEM8. Although CMG2 and TEM8 are highly homologous at the protein level, the difference in disease symptoms points to variations in the physiological roles of the two anthrax receptors. Here, we focus on the similarities between these receptors in their ability to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and skin elasticity. In this way, we shed light on how mutations in these two related proteins cause such seemingly different diseases and we highlight the existing knowledge gaps that could form the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A. Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Crawford T, Fletcher N, Veitch M, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Pett N, Brereton I, Wells JW, Mobli M, Tesiram Y. Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Shows High Specificity for a UV Induced Mouse Model of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:22. [PMID: 30809524 PMCID: PMC6379334 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for the majority of non-melanoma skin cancer related deaths, particularly in immunosuppressed persons. Identification of biomarkers that could be used to identify or treat SCC would be of significant benefit. The anthrax toxin receptors, Tumor Endothelial Marker 8 (TEM8) and Capillary Morphogenesis Gene 2 (CMG2), are endothelial receptors involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis and angiogenesis that are selectively upregulated on numerous tumors. One method of targeting these receptors is Protective Antigen (PA), a protein produced by B. anthracis that mediates binding and translocation of anthrax toxins into cells. PA targeted toxins have been demonstrated to selectively inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis, but tumor selectivity of PA is currently unknown. In this work fluorescently labeled PA was shown to maintain receptor dependent binding and internalization in vitro. Utilizing a human papillomavirus transgenic mouse model that develops cutaneous SCC in response to ultraviolet irradiation we identified tumor uptake of PA in vivo. The intravenously administered PA resulted in tumor specific localization, with exclusive tumor detection 24 h post injection. Ex vivo analysis identified significantly higher fluorescence in the tumor compared to adjacent healthy tissue and major clearance organs, demonstrating low non-specific uptake and rapid clearance. While both TEM8 and CMG2 were observed to be overexpressed in SCC tumor sections compared to control skin, the intravenously administered PA was primarily co-localized with TEM8. These results suggest that PA could be systemically administered for rapid identification of cutaneous SCC, with potential for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Crawford
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Queensland Node, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Margaret Veitch
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jazmina L Gonzalez Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Pett
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Brereton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasvir Tesiram
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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House M, Kelly J, Klebanov N, Yoshida K, Myers K, Kaplan DL. Mechanical and Biochemical Effects of Progesterone on Engineered Cervical Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1765-1774. [PMID: 29855229 PMCID: PMC6302671 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Babies born prematurely are at increased risk of lifelong health problems, including neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Cervical shortening precedes preterm birth in many women. Cervical shortening is caused, in part, by excessive softening of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cervical stroma. In clinical obstetrics, cervical shortening prompts treatment with supplemental progesterone to prevent preterm birth. However, progesterone-mediated effects on the cervical ECM are not well understood. This research sought to study progesterone-mediated remodeling of ECM produced by human cervical fibroblasts in vitro. A previously developed three-dimensional (3D) engineered model of the cervical ECM was used for experiments. Cervical fibroblasts were seeded on porous scaffolds and cultured in spinner flasks to promote ECM synthesis. Scaffolds were exposed to two conditions: 10-8 M estradiol versus 10-8 M estradiol +10-6 M progesterone for 4 weeks. To measure ECM strength, two scaffolds were mounted end-to-end on a wire and cultured such that ECM filled the gap between the scaffolds. The force required to pull the scaffolds apart was measured. Collagen content and collagen crosslinks were measured with ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to quantify gene expression between the two experimental conditions. Zymography was used to study the quantity and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in the scaffolds. The study found that exposure to progesterone increased tissue softness of the engineered ECM over 28 days. Increased tissue softness correlated with decreased collagen content. With RNA-seq, progesterone exposure resulted in gene expression changes consistent with known progesterone effects. Pathway analysis of the RNA-seq data suggested MMPs were significantly dysregulated in progesterone-exposed engineered ECM. Increased expression of active MMP2 was confirmed in the progesterone-exposed engineered ECM. In summary, progesterone increased the softness of the ECM, which was correlated with decreased collagen production and altered histology. These results are important for deciphering the role of progesterone in preventing preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael House
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeannie Kelly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikolai Klebanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Kyoko Yoshida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kristin Myers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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16
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Casas-Alba D, Martínez-Monseny A, Pino-Ramírez RM, Alsina L, Castejón E, Navarro-Vilarrubí S, Pérez-Dueñas B, Serrano M, Palau F, García-Alix A. Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome: Clinical update and phenotype-genotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1752-1763. [PMID: 30176098 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS) is the unifying term for infantile systemic hyalinosis and juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. HFS is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the connective tissue caused by mutations in the gene for anthrax toxin receptor-2 (ANTXR2). It is characterized by abnormal growth of hyalinized fibrous tissue with cutaneous, mucosal, osteoarticular, and systemic involvement. We reviewed the 84 published cases and their molecular findings, aiming to gain insight into the clinical features, prognostic factors, and phenotype-genotype correlations. Extreme pain at minimal handling in a newborn is the presentation pattern most frequently seen in grade 4 patients (life-limiting disease). Gingival hypertrophy and subcutaneous nodules are some of the disease hallmarks. Though painful joint stiffness and contractures are almost universal, weakness and hypotonia may also be present. Causes of death are intractable diarrhea, recurrent infections, and organ failure. Median age of death of grade 4 cases is 15.0 months (p25-p75: 9.5-24.0). This review provides evidence to reinforce the previous hypothesis that missense mutations in exons 1-12 and mutations leading to a premature stop codon lead to the severe form of the disease, while missense pathogenic variants in exons 13-17 lead to the mild form of the disease. Multidisciplinary team approach is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dídac Casas-Alba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Monseny
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pino-Ramírez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alsina
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Castejón
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Navarro-Vilarrubí
- Department of Pediatric Palliative Care, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Dueñas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Alix
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Szot C, Saha S, Zhang XM, Zhu Z, Hilton MB, Morris K, Seaman S, Dunleavey JM, Hsu KS, Yu GJ, Morris H, Swing DA, Haines DC, Wang Y, Hwang J, Feng Y, Welsch D, DeCrescenzo G, Chaudhary A, Zudaire E, Dimitrov DS, St Croix B. Tumor stroma-targeted antibody-drug conjugate triggers localized anticancer drug release. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2927-2943. [PMID: 29863500 DOI: 10.1172/jci120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonmalignant stromal cells facilitate tumor growth and can occupy up to 90% of a solid tumor mass, better strategies to exploit these cells for improved cancer therapy are needed. Here, we describe a potent MMAE-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8, also known as ANTXR1), a highly conserved transmembrane receptor broadly overexpressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelium, and pericytes. Anti-TEM8 ADC elicited potent anticancer activity through an unexpected killing mechanism we term DAaRTS (drug activation and release through stroma), whereby the tumor microenvironment localizes active drug at the tumor site. Following capture of ADC prodrug from the circulation, tumor-associated stromal cells release active MMAE free drug, killing nearby proliferating tumor cells in a target-independent manner. In preclinical studies, ADC treatment was well tolerated and induced regression and often eradication of multiple solid tumor types, blocked metastatic growth, and prolonged overall survival. By exploiting TEM8+ tumor stroma for targeted drug activation, these studies reveal a drug delivery strategy with potential to augment therapies against multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Szot
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Morris
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Dunleavey
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Yu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly Morris
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana C Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Hwang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean Welsch
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Tan J, Liu M, Zhang JY, Yao YL, Wang YX, Lin Y, Song K, Tan J, Wu JR, Cui YH, Wang Y, Bian XW. Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and plays oncogenic roles in glioma. J Pathol 2018; 245:160-171. [PMID: 29473166 DOI: 10.1002/path.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) was originally identified through its participation in capillary morphogenesis, and subsequently identified as the second receptor for anthrax toxin (ANTXR2). Although tumor-associated functions of CMG2 have also been reported, the clinical significance and functional mechanism of CMG2 in glioma remain to be elucidated. We assessed the clinicopathological relevance of CMG2 in a cohort of 48 glioma patients as well as through public glioma databases, and explored the function of CMG2 using glioblastoma (GBM) models in vitro and in vivo. CMG2 overexpression was associated with increased tumor grade and poor patient survival. CMG2 promoted G2/M-phase transition during the cell cycle of GBM cells in vitro and contributed to tumor growth in vivo. We also observed that CMG2 is implicated in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion in GBM cells. Transcriptomic analysis of GBM cells with or without CMG2 overexpression indicated that a panel of oncogenic signaling pathways was altered with CMG2 upregulation, implying that CMG2 might orchestrate these signaling pathways to regulate the growth of GBM cells. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity was enhanced by CMG2 overexpression but suppressed with CMG2 deficiency. Since YAP1 is critically implicated in GBM, the oncogenic roles of CMG2 in GBM cells might thus be mediated, at least partially, by YAP1. Altogether, CMG2 functioned as an oncogene in glioma cells and is a potential prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of glioma. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun-Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yue-Liang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kang Song
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiao Tan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin-Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Pathology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
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Bürgi J, Kunz B, Abrami L, Deuquet J, Piersigilli A, Scholl-Bürgi S, Lausch E, Unger S, Superti-Furga A, Bonaldo P, van der Goot FG. CMG2/ANTXR2 regulates extracellular collagen VI which accumulates in hyaline fibromatosis syndrome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15861. [PMID: 28604699 PMCID: PMC5472780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2/ANTXR2), a transmembrane surface protein, cause hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS), a severe genetic disorder that is characterized by large subcutaneous nodules, gingival hypertrophy and severe painful joint contracture. Here we show that CMG2 is an important regulator of collagen VI homoeostasis. CMG2 loss of function promotes accumulation of collagen VI in patients, leading in particular to nodule formation. Similarly, collagen VI accumulates massively in uteri of Antxr2-/- mice, which do not display changes in collagen gene expression, and leads to progressive fibrosis and sterility. Crossing Antxr2-/- with Col6a1-/- mice leads to restoration of uterine structure and reversion of female infertility. We also demonstrate that CMG2 may act as a signalling receptor for collagen VI and mediates its intracellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bürgi
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Julie Deuquet
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Comparative Mouse Physiology Platform, Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Sheila Unger
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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20
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Liu X, Yuan W, Li J, Yang L, Cai J. ANTXR2 Knock-Out Does Not Result in the Development of Hypertension in Rats. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:182-187. [PMID: 28077422 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recent genetic study as well as robust evidences reported by previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have indicated that the single nucleotide polymorphism rs16998073, located near gene anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), was significantly associated with hypertension in Asians and Europeans. The aim of the present study was to determine whether ANTXR2 is the causal gene of hypertension at the 4q21 locus using an ANTXR2 knock-out model. METHODS Relative expression of ANTXR2 in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. ANTXR2 knock-out rats were created using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and blood pressure values were measured in ANTXR2-/- and wild type (WT) rats by tail-cuff method and carotid arterial catheterization method. RESULTS Neither the mRNA nor protein levels of ANTXR2 were significantly different between tissues from SHRs and WKYs. To create ANTXR2-/- rats, 67 base pairs were deleted in exon 1 of ANTXR2 using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. ANTXR2 protein decreased significantly in aortas of ANTXR2-/- rats, suggesting sufficient efficiency of ANTXR2 knock-out in this model. However, ANTXR2-/- rats exhibited nearly the same blood pressure as WT rats at baseline conditions as well as during Angiotensin II (400ng/kg/min) infusion or high-salt diet treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ANTXR2 might not be associated with hypertension and thus further functional analysis is warranted to identify the causal gene at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Jiang T, Xiao W, Zhao S, Yu X, Han F. FGFR3 silencing by siRNA inhibits invasion of A549 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 12:4319-4326. [PMID: 28105147 PMCID: PMC5228408 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study identified that fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was significantly upregulated in bone metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for treating a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, through downregulating the expression of selected genes. In the present study, the invasiveness of A549 cells cultured in vitro was altered by small interfering (si)RNA targeting FGFR3, and the regulatory effect of silencing FGFR3 on the expression levels of E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 was investigated. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were transfected with synthetic specific siRNAs targeting a fragment of the FGFR3 gene (namely, siRNA-855, siRNA-1447 and siRNA-2076) or with negative control (NC) siRNA. Cells were divided into five groups (A, siRNA-855 group; B, siRNA-1447 group; C, siRNA-2076 group; D, NC-siRNA group; and E, blank control group). The effect of the above siRNAs targeting FGFR3 on the invasion capacity of A549 cells was detected by Transwell assay. siRNAs against FGFR3 were transfected into A549 cells with by Lipofectamine® 2000, and the expression levels of FGFR3, E-cadherin and MMP9 were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. The experimental findings indicated that the expression levels of FGFR3 and MMP9 were significantly reduced in the siRNA-FGFR3-transfected groups (A-C groups), compared with those in the D and E groups (P<0.01). In addition, the expression levels of E-cadherin were markedly elevated in the A-C groups, compared with those in the D and E groups (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in E-cadherin expression between the A-C groups, or between the D and E groups (P>0.05). These results indicated that siRNA-FGFR3 was able to decrease the invasiveness of A549 cells, inhibit the expression of MMP9 and increase the expression of E-cadherin by downregulating the expression of FGFR3. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that the upregulation of E-cadherin expression and the downregulation of MMP9 expression are able to inhibit the migration of A549 cells, and siRNA silencing FGFR3 acts as a tumor suppressor in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiguang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Shufen Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Fanjie Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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22
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Yellon SM. Contributions to the dynamics of cervix remodeling prior to term and preterm birth. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:13-23. [PMID: 28395330 PMCID: PMC5803764 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.142844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major clinical challenges for obstetricians and neonatologists result from early cervix remodeling and preterm birth. Complications related to cervix remodeling or delivery account for significant morbidity in newborns and peripartum mothers. Understanding morphology and structure of the cervix in pregnant women is limited mostly to the period soon before and after birth. However, evidence in rodent models supports a working hypothesis that a convergence of factors promotes a physiological inflammatory process that degrades the extracellular collagen matrix and enhances biomechanical distensibility of the cervix well before the uterus develops the contractile capabilities for labor. Contributing factors to this remodeling process include innervation, mechanical stretch, hypoxia, and proinflammatory mediators. Importantly, the softening and shift to ripening occurs while progesterone is near peak concentrations in circulation across species. Since progesterone is required to maintain pregnancy, the premise of this review is that loss of responsiveness to progesterone constitutes a common final mechanism for remodeling the mammalian cervix in preparation for birth at term. Various inputs are suggested to promote signaling between stromal cells and resident macrophages to drive proinflammatory processes that advance the soft cervix into ripening. With infection, pathophysiological processes may prematurely drive components of this remodeling mechanism and lead to preterm birth. Identification of critical molecules and pathways from studies in various rodent models hold promise for novel endpoints to assess risk and provide innovative approaches to treat preterm birth or promote the progress of ripening at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Yellon
- Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Departments of Basic Sciences Division of Physiology and Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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23
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Liao J, Wei B, Chen H, Liu Y, Wang J. Bioinformatics investigation of therapeutic mechanisms of Xuesaitong capsule treating ischemic cerebrovascular rat model with comparative transcriptome analysis. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2438-2449. [PMID: 27347353 PMCID: PMC4891458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuesaitong soft capsule (XST) which consists of panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) has been used to treat ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in China. The therapeutic mechanism of XST has not been elucidated yet from prospective of genomics and bioinformatics. METHODS A transcriptome analysis was performed to review series concerning middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and XST intervention after MCAO from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between blank group and model group, model group and XST group. Functional enrichment and pathway analysis were performed. Protein-Protein interaction network was constructed. The overlapping genes from two DEGs sets were screened out and profound analysis was performed. RESULTS Two series including 22 samples were obtained. 870 DEGs were identified between blank group and model group, and 1189 DEGs were identified between model group and XST group. GO terms and KEGG pathways of MCAO and XST intervention were significantly enriched. PPI networks were constructed to demonstrate the gene-gene interactions. The overlapping genes from two DEGs sets were highlighted. ANTXR2, FHL3, PRCP, TYROBP, TAF9B, FGFR2, BCL11B, RB1CC1 and MBNL2 were the pivotal genes and possible action sites of XST therapeutic mechanisms. CONCLUSION MCAO is a pathological process with multiple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangquan Liao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineNo. 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Benjun Wei
- Hubei University of Chinese MedicineNo. 1 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hengwen Chen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNo. 5 Beixiange Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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Friebe S, van der Goot FG, Bürgi J. The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030069. [PMID: 26978402 PMCID: PMC4810214 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a severe, although rather rare, infectious disease that is caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The infectious form is the spore and the major virulence factors of the bacterium are its poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule and the tripartite anthrax toxin. The discovery of the anthrax toxin receptors in the early 2000s has allowed in-depth studies on the mechanisms of anthrax toxin cellular entry and translocation from the endocytic compartment to the cytoplasm. The toxin generally hijacks the endocytic pathway of CMG2 and TEM8, the two anthrax toxin receptors, in order to reach the endosomes. From there, the pore-forming subunit of the toxin inserts into endosomal membranes and enables translocation of the two catalytic subunits. Insertion of the pore-forming unit preferentially occurs in intraluminal vesicles rather than the limiting membrane of the endosome, leading to the translocation of the enzymatic subunits in the lumen of these vesicles. This has important consequences that will be discussed. Ultimately, the toxins reach the cytosol where they act on their respective targets. Target modification has severe consequences on cell behavior, in particular on cells of the immune system, allowing the spread of the bacterium, in severe cases leading to host death. Here we will review the literature on anthrax disease with a focus on the structure of the toxin, how it enters cells and its immunological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Friebe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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25
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Lei X, Chang L, Ye W, Jiang C, Zhang Z. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits the cell migration and invasion in human glioma cell lines in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:14214-14220. [PMID: 26823735 PMCID: PMC4713521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and the potential mechanisms of RKIP on cell migration, invasion and proliferation in human glioma cell lines in vitro. METHODS The RKIP over-expressing and RKIP knockdown human U87 glioma cells were used to reveal the effects of RKIP on human glioma cells migration, invasion and proliferation. After the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.0-RKIP or RKIP-shRNA was transfected into the cell lines U87 by the means of liposome assay, the cells migration, invasion and proliferation were detected by wound healing, Transwell and MTT assay. Then, the levels of RKIP, MMP-3, MMP-9 and HMGA2 mRNA transcription were measured by means of RT-qPCR and levels of proteins expressions were determined using Western blot. RESULTS The results of MTT assay suggested that the PKIP have little inhibitive effects on glioma cells proliferation (P>0.05). The present paper showed that the migration distances in the group of RKIP-shRNA were markedly increased compared to the pcDNA3.0-RKIP and control. Similarly, the results showed that the numbers of invasion cells in RKIP-shRNA were remarkably increased than the pcDNA3.0-RKIP group and control group. Western blot and RT-qPCR suggested that over-expressions of RKIP lessened the MMP-2, MMP-9 and HMGA2 expression, however, turning down the RKIP expression showed the inverse effects. CONCLUSION RKIP inhibits the cells migrations and invasions. Meanwhile, RKIP might inhibit the glioma cells through inhibiting MMPs and HMAG2 expression. Therefore, we demonstrated that RKIP is an underlying target for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
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Xia Y, Chen K, Zhang MH, Wang LC, Ma CY, Lin YL, Zhao YR. MicroRNA-124 involves in ankylosing spondylitis by targeting ANTXR2. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:784-9. [PMID: 25736362 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1023887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent genome-wide association study or GWAS identified that anthrax roxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) was one of the risk loci for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Previous study also showed that ANTXR2 could potentially affect new bone formation. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of ANTXR2 involved in AS pathogenesis. METHODS The expression level of ANTXR2 and miR-124 in peripheral blood was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or qRT-PCR. ANTXR2 was predicted to be a target gene of miR-124 by TargetScan, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Western blot analysis was used to further investigate the effect of miR-124 on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and evaluate the activated status of autophagy. RESULTS We evidenced that ANTXR2 was downregulated and miR-124 was upregulated in peripheral blood from AS patients. Intriguingly, miR-124 targeted ANTXR2 and overexpression of miR-124 in Jurkat cells notably inhibited ANTXR2 expression. ANTXR2 inhibition by miR-124 promoted JNK activation and induced autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that miR-124 might induce autophagy to participate in AS by targeting ANTXR2, which might be implicated in pathological process of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- a Department of Central Laboratory , Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , China
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27
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Friebe S, Deuquet J, van der Goot FG. Differential dependence on N-glycosylation of anthrax toxin receptors CMG2 and TEM8. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119864. [PMID: 25781883 PMCID: PMC4363784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ANTXR 1 and 2, also known as TEM8 and CMG2, are two type I membrane proteins, which have been extensively studied for their role as anthrax toxin receptors, but with a still elusive physiological function. Here we have analyzed the importance of N-glycosylation on folding, trafficking and ligand binding of these closely related proteins. We find that TEM8 has a stringent dependence on N-glycosylation. The presence of at least one glycan on each of its two extracellular domains, the vWA and Ig-like domains, is indeed necessary for efficient trafficking to the cell surface. In the absence of any N-linked glycans, TEM8 fails to fold correctly and is recognized by the ER quality control machinery. Expression of N-glycosylation mutants reveals that CMG2 is less vulnerable to sugar loss. The absence of N-linked glycans in one of the extracellular domains indeed has little impact on folding, trafficking or receptor function of the wild type protein expressed in tissue culture cells. N-glycans do, however, seem required in primary fibroblasts from human patients. Here, the presence of N-linked sugars increases the tolerance to mutations in cmg2 causing the rare genetic disease Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome. It thus appears that CMG2 glycosylation provides a buffer towards genetic variation by promoting folding of the protein in the ER lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Friebe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Deuquet
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Zou J, Xu L, Ju Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang B. Cholesterol depletion induces ANTXR2-dependent activation of MMP-2 via ERK1/2 phosphorylation in neuroglioma U251 cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ye L, Sun PH, Sanders AJ, Martin TA, Lane J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Therapeutic potential of capillary morphogenesis gene 2 extracellular vWA domain in tumour‑related angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1565-73. [PMID: 24993339 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) is a receptor of anthrax toxin and plays an important role in angiogenesis. It has been shown to be involved in the cell adhesion and motility of various cell types, including epithelia and endothelia. The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of targeting CMG2 to prevent tumour‑related new vasculature. The full-length coding sequence of the human CMG2 gene and different fragments of the CMG2 vWA domain were amplified and constructed into a mammalian expression plasmid vector. The effect of CMG2 and its vWA domain on endothelial cells and angiogenesis was assessed using relevant in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. The overexpression of CMG2 enhanced the adhesion of endothelial cells to extracellular matrix, but was negatively associated with cell migration. Overexpression of CMG2 and the vWA domain fragments inhibited the tubule formation and migration of endothelial cells. Small peptides based on the amino acid sequence of the CMG2 vWA domain fragments potently inhibited in vitro tubule formation and ex vivo angiogenesis. One of the polypeptides, LG20, showed an inhibitory effect on in vivo tumour growth of cancer cells which were co-inoculated with the vascular endothelial cells. CMG2 is a potential target for treating tumour‑related angiogenesis. The polypeptides based on the CMG2 vWA domain can potently inhibit in vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect on in vivo tumour growth. Further investigations are required to shed light on the machinery and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Lane
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Park SY, Lee HJ, Ji SM, Kim ME, Jigden B, Lim JE, Oh B. ANTXR2 is a potential causative gene in the genome-wide association study of the blood pressure locus 4q21. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:811-7. [PMID: 24739539 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease worldwide, but its genetic basis is poorly understood. Recently, genome-wide association studies identified 33 genetic loci that are associated with blood pressure. However, it has been difficult to determine whether these loci are causative owing to the lack of functional analyses. Of these 33 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) loci, the 4q21 locus, known as the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) locus, has been linked to blood pressure in Asians and Europeans. Using a mouse model, we aimed to identify a causative gene in the 4q21 locus, in which four genes (anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), PR domain-containing 8 (PRDM8), FGF5 and chromosome 4 open reading frame 22 (C4orf22)) were near the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs16998073). Initially, we examined Fgf5 gene by measuring blood pressure in Fgf5-knockout mice. However, blood pressure did not differ between Fgf5 knockout and wild-type mice. Therefore, the other candidate genes were studied by in vivo small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing in mice. Antxr2 siRNA was pretreated with polyethylenimine and injected into mouse tail veins, causing a significant decrease in Antxr2 mRNA by 22% in the heart. Moreover, blood pressure measured under anesthesia in Antxr2 siRNA-injected mice rose significantly compared with that of the controls. These results suggest that ANTXR2 is a causative gene in the human 4q21 GWAS-blood pressure locus. Additional functional studies of ANTXR2 in blood pressure may identify a novel genetic pathway, thus increasing our understanding of the etiology of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Min Ji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marina E Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baigalmaa Jigden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- 1] Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea [2] Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Arévalo MT, Navarro A, Arico CD, Li J, Alkhatib O, Chen S, Diaz-Arévalo D, Zeng M. Targeted silencing of anthrax toxin receptors protects against anthrax toxins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15730-8. [PMID: 24742682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax spores can be aerosolized and dispersed as a bioweapon. Current postexposure treatments are inadequate at later stages of infection, when high levels of anthrax toxins are present. Anthrax toxins enter cells via two identified anthrax toxin receptors: tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2). We hypothesized that host cells would be protected from anthrax toxins if anthrax toxin receptor expression was effectively silenced using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Thus, anthrax toxin receptors in mouse and human macrophages were silenced using targeted siRNAs or blocked with specific antibody prior to challenge with anthrax lethal toxin. Viability assays were used to assess protection in macrophages treated with specific siRNA or antibody as compared with untreated cells. Silencing CMG2 using targeted siRNAs provided almost complete protection against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity and death in murine and human macrophages. The same results were obtained by prebinding cells with specific antibody prior to treatment with anthrax lethal toxin. In addition, TEM8-targeted siRNAs also offered significant protection against lethal toxin in human macrophage-like cells. Furthermore, silencing CMG2, TEM8, or both receptors in combination was also protective against MEK2 cleavage by lethal toxin or adenylyl cyclase activity by edema toxin in human kidney cells. Thus, anthrax toxin receptor-targeted RNAi has the potential to be developed as a life-saving, postexposure therapy against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Arévalo
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Ashley Navarro
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Chenoa D Arico
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Junwei Li
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Omar Alkhatib
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Shan Chen
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Diana Diaz-Arévalo
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- From the Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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Ye L, Sanders AJ, Sun PH, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 regulates adhesion and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:2149-2153. [PMID: 24932305 PMCID: PMC4049711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), also known as anthrax toxin receptor 2, has been indicated in the formation of new vasculature and in the internalisation of the anthrax toxin. Anti-angiogenesis therapy that targets this molecule has been investigated. However, our recent studies of this molecule have indicated that this gene may also play certain roles in cancer cells. The present study aimed to examine the expression of CMG2 in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines, and also its impact on cellular functions. The expression of CMG2 was detectable in normal and prostate cancer tissues. The prostate cancer cell lines appeared to have relatively high expression compared with the prostatic epithelial cells. Knockdown of CMG2 impaired the adherence of the prostate cancer cells. CMG2 overexpression resulted in decreasing invasiveness, while the knockdown of CMG2 contrastingly enhanced this ability. The altered expression of CMG2 in the prostate cancer cells did not affect the in vitro or in vivo growth of the cells. Taken together, these results show that CMG2 is expressed in prostatic epithelia and cancer cells. In addition to its role in the angiogenesis and the internalisation of anthrax toxin, CMG2 also plays an important role in regulating the adhesion and invasion of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Liu S, Moayeri M, Leppla SH. Anthrax lethal and edema toxins in anthrax pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:317-25. [PMID: 24684968 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological effects resulting from many bacterial diseases are caused by exotoxins released by the bacteria. Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is such a pathogen, causing anthrax through a combination of bacterial infection and toxemia. B. anthracis causes natural infection in humans and animals and has been a top bioterrorism concern since the 2001 anthrax attacks in the USA. The exotoxins secreted by B. anthracis use capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) as the major toxin receptor and play essential roles in pathogenesis during the entire course of the disease. This review focuses on the activities of anthrax toxins and their roles in initial and late stages of anthrax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yoshida K, Reeves C, Vink J, Kitajewski J, Wapner R, Jiang H, Cremers S, Myers K. Cervical collagen network remodeling in normal pregnancy and disrupted parturition in Antxr2 deficient mice. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021017. [PMID: 24390076 PMCID: PMC4023666 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The remodeling of the cervix from a rigid barrier into a compliant structure, which dilates to allow for delivery, is a critical process for a successful pregnancy. Changes in the mechanical properties of cervical tissue during remodeling are hypothesized to be related to the types of collagen crosslinks within the tissue. To further understand normal and abnormal cervical remodeling, we quantify the material properties and collagen crosslink density of cervical tissue throughout pregnancy from normal wild-type and Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 knockout (Antxr2-/-) mice. Antxr2-/- females are known to have a parturition defect, in part, due to an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cervix, particularly collagen. In this study, we determined the mechanical properties in gestation-timed cervical samples by osmotic loading and measured the density of mature collagen crosslink, pyridinoline (PYD), by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). The equilibrium material response of the tissue to loading was investigated using a hyperelastic material model where the stresses in the material are balanced by the osmotic swelling tendencies of the glycosaminoglycans and the tensile restoring forces of a randomly-oriented crosslinked collagen fiber network. This study shows that the swelling response of the cervical tissue increased with decreasing PYD density in normal remodeling. In the Antxr2-/- mice, there was no significant increase in swelling volume or significant decrease in crosslink density with advancing gestation. By comparing the ECM-mechanical response relationships in normal and disrupted parturition mouse models this study shows that a reduction of collagen crosslink density is related to cervical softening and contributes to the cervical remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yoshida
- Graduate Research AssistantDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Columbia University,New York, NY 10027e-mail:
| | - Claire Reeves
- Associate Managing EditorBioScience Writers, LLC,Houston, TX 77025 e-mail:
| | - Joy Vink
- Assistant Clinical ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Charles and Marie Robertson ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Vice Chairman for ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Associate Research ScientistIrving Institute for Clinicaland Translational Research,Department of Medicine,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032 e-mail:
| | - Serge Cremers
- Assistant Professor of Medical SciencesIrving Institute for Clinicaland Translational Research,Department of Medicine,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY 10032e-mail:
| | - Kristin Myers
- Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Columbia University, New York, NY 10027e-mail:
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Vink JY, Charles-Horvath PC, Kitajewski JK, Reeves CV. Anthrax toxin receptor 2 promotes human uterine smooth muscle cell viability, migration and contractility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210:154.e1-8. [PMID: 24060446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously we demonstrated anthrax toxin receptor 2 knockout (Antxr2(-/-)) mice are fertile but fail to deliver their pups at term. This parturition defect is associated with overaccumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and decreased myometrial cell content in the uterus. Myometrial cell loss in Antxr2(-/-) uterine tissue prompted us to evaluate if ANTXR2 is essential for human uterine smooth muscle cell viability and function. STUDY DESIGN We subjected human uterine smooth muscle cell to lentiviral-mediated knock down or retroviral-mediated overexpression of ANTXR2. Flow cytometry confirmed lentiviral-mediated knock down or retroviral-mediated overexpression in cell lines vs control. Cell behavior and function in control, lentiviral-mediated knock down and retroviral-mediated overexpression cells were evaluated for apoptosis via TUNEL assay, migration via Boyden chamber assay and with oxytocin-mediated collagen contraction assays. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was evaluated using gelatin zymography. Cell lines and samples were run in duplicate. Student t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS ANTXR2 is expressed by human uterine smooth muscle cell. Human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells exhibited increased apoptosis (P < .05) and decreased migration (P < .05), although human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells exhibited no change in apoptosis (P = .91) and increased migration (P = .05) vs control. Human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells contracted significantly less than control, although human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells showed no difference in contractility vs control. Matrix metalloproteinase activity 2 activity appeared slightly decreased in human uterine smooth muscle cell-lentiviral-mediated knock down cells and increased in human uterine smooth muscle cell-retroviral-mediated overexpression cells vs control. CONCLUSION ANTXR2 is expressed by human uterine smooth muscle cell and appears important for normal human uterine smooth muscle cell viability, migration and contractility. Further studies are needed to delineate if ANTXR2 is important for normal and abnormal labor patterns.
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Thang NM, Kumasawa K, Tsutsui T, Nakamura H, Masaki H, Ono T, Kimura T. Overexpression of endogenous TIMP-2 increases the proliferation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells through the MAPK-signaling pathway. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1184-92. [PMID: 23427184 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113477485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant form of trophoblastic tumor that is characterized by malignant placental tumors and rapid cell growth. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) is present in choriocarcinoma. However, the role of TIMP-2 in cell proliferation in choriocarcinoma has not been investigated. Exogenous TIMP-2 is known to promote cell proliferation. During growth, cells are subjected to varied concentrations of TIMP-2, which depend on the amount of TIMP-2 produced by the cells themselves. Thus, the effect of gradually increasing endogenous TIMP-2 on the proliferation of choriocarcinoma cells needs to be examined. Proliferation of BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells was stimulated by transient transfection of a plasmid expressing TIMP-2. Overexpression of endogenous TIMP-2 also activated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 of the MAPK-signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of these proteins resulted in suppression of the cell proliferation-stimulating effect of TIMP-2. These results suggest that TIMP-2 plays an important role in tumor growth in the case of BeWo cells. Moreover, proliferation of BeWo cells due to TIMP-2 expression can be used as a model for fast-growing choriocarcinomas, and TIMP-2 could be used as a novel tumor marker of choriocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Thang
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Studies in mice reveal a role for anthrax toxin receptors in matrix metalloproteinase function and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:315-26. [PMID: 23389402 PMCID: PMC3640537 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding Anthrax Toxin Receptors (ANTXRs) were originally identified based on expression in endothelial cells suggesting a role in angiogenesis. The focus of this review is to discuss what has been learned about the physiological roles of these receptors through evaluation of the Antxr knockout mouse phenotypes. Mice mutant in Antxr genes have defects in extracellular matrix homeostasis. We discuss how knowledge of physiological ANTXR function relates to what is already known about anthrax intoxication.
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Rogers MS, Cryan LM, Habeshian KA, Bazinet L, Caldwell TP, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. A FRET-based high throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of anthrax protective antigen binding to capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39911. [PMID: 22768167 PMCID: PMC3386954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies are effective for the treatment of cancer, a variety of ocular diseases, and have potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. We have previously shown that anthrax protective antigen (PA), a non-pathogenic component of anthrax toxin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, apparently as a result of interaction with the cell surface receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Hence, molecules that bind the anthrax toxin receptors may be effective to slow or halt pathological vascular growth. Here we describe development and testing of an effective homogeneous steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) high throughput screening assay designed to identify molecules that inhibit binding of PA to CMG2. Molecules identified in the screen can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-anthrax therapies. The assay to screen for inhibitors of this protein–protein interaction is sensitive and robust, with observed Z' values as high as 0.92. Preliminary screens conducted with a library of known bioactive compounds identified tannic acid and cisplatin as inhibitors of the PA-CMG2 interaction. We have confirmed that tannic acid both binds CMG2 and has anti-endothelial properties. In contrast, cisplatin appears to inhibit PA-CMG2 interaction by binding both PA and CMG2, and observed cisplatin anti-angiogenic effects are not mediated by interaction with CMG2. This work represents the first reported high throughput screening assay targeting CMG2 to identify possible inhibitors of both angiogenesis and anthrax intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Cryan
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaiane A. Habeshian
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - P. Christine Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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