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Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:474-497. [PMID: 37455828 PMCID: PMC10345208 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide despite modern breakthroughs in medicine, and novel treatments are urgently needed. The revolutionary success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the past decade serves as proof of concept that the immune system can be effectively harnessed to treat cancer. Cytokines are small signalling proteins with critical roles in orchestrating the immune response and have become an attractive target for immunotherapy. Type 1 immune cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), have been shown to have largely tumour suppressive roles in part through orchestrating anti-tumour immune responses mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells and T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Conversely, type 2 immunity involving group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and Th2 cells are involved in tissue regeneration and wound repair and are traditionally thought to have pro-tumoural effects. However, it is found that the classical type 2 immune cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 may have conflicting roles in cancer. Similarly, type 2 immunity-related cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 with recently characterised roles in cancer may either promote or suppress tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, type 1 cytokines IFNγ and TNFα have also been found to have pro-tumoural effects under certain circumstances, further complicating the overall picture. Therefore, the dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 cytokines inhibiting and promoting tumours respectively is not concrete, and attempts of utilising these for cancer immunotherapy must take into account all available evidence. This review provides an overview summarising the current understanding of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in tumour immunity and discusses the prospects of harnessing these for immunotherapy in light of previous and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jou
- Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9ET Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
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2
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Filip-Psurska B, Zachary H, Strzykalska A, Wietrzyk J. Vitamin D, Th17 Lymphocytes, and Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153649. [PMID: 35954312 PMCID: PMC9367508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effect of vitamin D3 on the development of breast cancer (favorable, ineffective, or even unfavorable) depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. The immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D may be unfavorable in case of breast cancer progression. The effect of vitamin D on Th17 cells may depend on disease type and patients’ age. Our goal was to summarize the data available and to find indications of vitamin D treatment failure or success. Therefore, in this review, we present data describing the effects of vitamin D3 on Th17 cells, mainly in breast cancer. Abstract Vitamin D3, which is well known to maintain calcium homeostasis, plays an important role in various cellular processes. It regulates the proliferation and differentiation of several normal cells, including immune and neoplastic cells, influences the cell cycle, and stimulates cell maturation and apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the vitamin D receptor. The involvement of vitamin D3 in breast cancer development has been observed in numerous clinical studies. However, not all studies support the protective effect of vitamin D3 against the development of this condition. Furthermore, animal studies have revealed that calcitriol or its analogs may stimulate tumor growth or metastasis in some breast cancer models. It has been postulated that the effect of vitamin D3 on T helper (Th) 17 lymphocytes is one of the mechanisms promoting metastasis in these murine models. Herein we present a literature review on the existing data according to the interplay between vitamin D, Th17 cell and breast cancer. We also discuss the effects of this vitamin on Th17 lymphocytes in various disease entities known to date, due to the scarcity of scientific data on Th17 lymphocytes and breast cancer. The presented data indicate that the effect of vitamin D3 on breast cancer development depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. According to that, more extensive clinical trials and studies are needed to assess the importance of vitamin D in breast cancer, especially when no correlations seem to be obvious.
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3
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Johnson D, Clases D, Fernández-Sánchez ML, Eiro N, González LO, Vizoso FJ, Doble PA, de Vega RG. Quantitative multiplexed analysis of MMP-11 and CD45 in metastatic breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry-assisted LA-ICP-MS. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022; 14:6648710. [PMID: 35867868 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and tremendous efforts are undertaken to limit dissemination and to provide effective treatment. Various histopathological parameters are routinely assessed in breast cancer biopsies to provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information. MMP-11 and CD45 are tumour associated antigens and potentially valuable biomarkers for grading aggressiveness and metastatic probability. This paper presents methods for quantitative and multiplexed imaging of MMP-11 and CD45 in breast cancer tissues and investigates their potential for improved cancer characterisation and patient stratification. An immunohistochemistry (IHC)-assisted LA-ICP-MS method was successfully developed and optimised using lanthanide tagged monoclonal antibodies as proxies to determine spatial distributions and concentrations of the two breast cancer biomarkers. The labelling degree of antibodies was determined via size exclusion-inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS/MS) employing on-line calibration via post-column isotope dilution analysis. The calibration of spatial distributions of labelled lanthanides in tissues was performed by ablating mould prepared gelatine standards spiked with element standards. Knowledge of labelling degrees enabled the translation of lanthanide concentrations into biomarkers concentrations. k-means clustering was used to select tissue areas for statistical analysis and mean concentrations were compared for sets of metastatic, non-metastatic and healthy samples. MMP-11 was expressed in stroma surrounding tumour areas, while CD45 was predominantly found inside tumour areas of high cell density. There was no significant correlation between CD45 and metastasis (p = 0.70), however, MMP-11 was significantly upregulated (202%) in metastatic samples compared to non-metastatic (p = 0.0077) and healthy tissues (p = 0.0087).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Johnson
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Hospital de Jove Foundation, Gijón, Spain
| | | | | | - Philip A Doble
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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Gene Expression Profile of Stromal Factors in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts from Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071605. [PMID: 35885510 PMCID: PMC9325062 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations point at the stromal microenvironment to assess additional diagnostic information and provide new therapeutic targets in cancer. The aim of the study was to contribute to the characterization of the phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in prostate cancer (PCa) compared with normal prostate-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) and fibroblasts from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Three patient populations were prospectively recruited: 23 patients with new localized PCa, 14 patients with advanced PCa treated with androgenic deprivation therapy (ADT), and 7 patients with BPH. Gene expression of 20 stroma-derived factors, including the androgen receptor (AR), chaperones (HSPA1A and HSF1), growth factors (FGF2, FGF7, FGF10, HGF, PDGFB, and TGFβ), proteins implicated in invasion (MMP2, MMP9, and MMP11), inflammation (IL6, IL17RB, NFκB, and STAT3), and in-stroma/epithelium interaction (CDH11, CXCL12, CXCL14, and FAP), was evaluated. Localized PCa CAFs showed a significant higher expression of FGF7, IL6, MMP2, and MMP11 compared with NAFs or IL17RB compared with BPH fibroblasts, but significantly lower expression of FGF10 and IL17RB compared with NAFs or CXCL14 compared with BPH fibroblasts. In addition, CAFs from ADT-resistant PCa showed significantly higher MMP11 and NFκB but significant lower TGFβ expression compared with CAFs from ADT-sensitive tumors. Our results contribute to defining the CAFs phenotypes associated to PCa progression, which may contribute to the diagnosis and design of alternative therapies in PCa.
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Benot-Dominguez R, Cimini A, Barone D, Giordano A, Pentimalli F. The Emerging Role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Treating Diet-Induced Obesity: New Opportunities for Breast and Ovarian Cancers? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2709. [PMID: 35681689 PMCID: PMC9179653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity constitute the most impactful lifestyle-dependent risk factors for cancer and have been tightly linked to a higher number of tumor-related deaths nowadays. The excessive accumulation of energy can lead to an imbalance in the level of essential cellular biomolecules that may result in inflammation and cell-cycle dysregulation. Nutritional strategies and phytochemicals are gaining interest in the management of obesity-related cancers, with several ongoing and completed clinical studies that support their effectiveness. At the same time, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are becoming an important target in breast and ovarian cancer treatment, with various FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors that have recently received more attention for their potential role in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here we provide an overview of the most recent studies involving nutraceuticals and other dietary strategies affecting cell-cycle pathways, which might impact the management of breast and ovarian cancers, as well as the repurposing of already commercialized chemotherapeutic options to treat DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Benot-Dominguez
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; (R.B.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Daniela Barone
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; (R.B.-D.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Balakrishnan V, Ganapathy S, Veerasamy V, Duraisamy R, Sathiavakoo VA, Krishnamoorthy V, Lakshmanan V. Anticancer and antioxidant profiling effects of Nerolidol against DMBA induced oral experimental carcinogenesis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23029. [PMID: 35243731 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the chemopreventive effects of Nerolidol (NER) on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBC) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in male golden Syrian hamsters. In this study, oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of an oral painted hamster with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times weekly for 12 weeks. To assess DMBA-induced hamster buccal tissue carcinogenesis, biochemical endpoints such as Phase I and II detoxification enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products, and renal function markers, as well as histopathological examinations, were used. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical studies of interleukin-6 were investigated to find the inflammatory link in the HBC carcinogenesis. In our results, DMBA alone exposed hamsters showed 100% tumor growth, altered levels of antioxidants, detoxification agents, LPO, and renal function identifiers as compared to the control hamsters. The outcome in present biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry studies has been found a reverse in NER-treated hamsters against the tumor. This study concluded that NER modulated the biochemical profiles (antioxidants, detoxification, LPO, and renal function markers) and inhibited tumor development in DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaitheeswari Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sindhu Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vinothkumar Veerasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramachandhiran Duraisamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vigil Anbiah Sathiavakoo
- Central Animal House, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Vennila Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
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Rezaei M, Shahouzehi B, Rahemi S, Fallah H, Salarkarimi M. Effect of IRAK1/4 inhibitor on IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ and TNF-α expression in breast cancer cells of several lines. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Shahouzehi B, Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Aminizadeh S, Nasri H. Expression of antioxidant enzymes genes in the liver and cardiac tissues of rats under L-carnitine administration and high-intensity. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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9
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González LO, Eiro N, Fraile M, Sánchez R, Andicoechea A, Fernández-Francos S, Schneider J, Vizoso FJ. Joint Tumor Bud-MMP/TIMP Count at the Invasive Front Improves the Prognostic Evaluation of Invasive Breast Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020196. [PMID: 33669393 PMCID: PMC7920253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor budding is a histological phenomenon consisting of the formation of small clusters of one to five undifferentiated malignant cells detached from the main tumor mass which are observed in the tumor stroma. In the present study, we investigated the prognostic significance of tumor budding in breast cancer and its relationship with the expressions of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). METHODS The number of buds was counted in whole-tissue sections from 153 patients with invasive ductal carcinomas who underwent a long follow-up period. In addition, an immunohistochemical study of MMP-9, -11, and -14 TIMP-1 and -2 expression by cell types at the invasive tumor front was carried out. RESULTS There was a wide variability in the number of buds among tumors, ranging from 0 to 28 (median = 5). Tumor budding count ≥ 4 was the optimal cut-off to predict both relapse-free and overall survival. High-grade tumor budding was associated with MMP/TIMP expression by cancer-associated fibroblasts. In addition, we found that the combination of tumor budding grade with MMP/TIMP expression by stromal cells, and especially with MMP-11 expression by mononuclear inflammatory cells, significantly improved the prognostic evaluation. CONCLUSION High-grade tumor budding is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype, which, combined with MMP/TIMP expression by stromal cells at the invasive front of the tumor, identifies patients with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O. González
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain;
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (N.E.); (M.F.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - María Fraile
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (N.E.); (M.F.); (S.F.-F.)
| | - Rosario Sánchez
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (R.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Alejandro Andicoechea
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (R.S.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Jose Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (N.E.); (M.F.); (S.F.-F.)
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (R.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-8532-0050 (ext. 84216); Fax: +34- 9-8531-5710
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10
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Todorović-Raković N. The role of cytokines in the evolution of cancer: IFN-γ paradigm. Cytokine 2021; 151:155442. [PMID: 33509640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of malignant cells implies an increase in oncogenic fitness of cells which arises in active and reciprocal interaction with the tumor microenvironment. The mechanisms facilitating the adaptive evolution of cancer cells involve clonal selection of cancer cells, in a direction of increased adaptive potential under the selective pressure of host defensive strategies. Once reached, this potential could go the other way, changing the same evolutionary force in the tumor microenvironment which influenced its emergence and favoring cancer progression. The immunological system as a part of host defensive mechanisms could be an effective modulator of cancer evolution/progression since it is also a major source of cellular intermediators, such as cytokines. The exemplar of IFN-γ actions during cancer evolution could help the revealing of these mutual interactions and enable better insight into the complex nature of cancer disease, leading to a new approach to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Eiro N, Cid S, Aguado N, Fraile M, de Pablo N, Fernández B, Domínguez F, González LO, Vizoso FJ. MMP1 and MMP11 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells upon Their Interaction with Breast Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010371. [PMID: 33396463 PMCID: PMC7795480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells phenotype is associated with tumor progression. However, little is known about the phenotype of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from breast cancer patients. We investigated MMP1 and MMP11 expression in PBMC from breast cancer patients and we analyzed gene expression changes upon their interaction with cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). We measured the impact of PBMC on proinflammatory gene expression in breast cancer cells, normal fibroblast (NF), and CAF and the impact on proliferation and invasiveness capacity of breast cancer cells. Gene expression of MMP1 and MMP11 in PBMC from breast cancer patients (n = 54) and control (n = 28); expression of IL1A, IL6, IL17, IFNβ, and NFĸB in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231); and, additionally, IL10 and MMP11 in CAF and NF were analyzed by qRT-PCR before and after co-culture. Our results show the existence of a subpopulation of breast cancer patients (25.9%) with very high levels of MMP11 gene expression in PBMC. Also, gene expression of MMP1 and MMP11 increases in PBMC after co-culture with breast cancer cell lines, NF or CAF. PBMC from healthy or breast cancer patients induce an increased proliferation rate on MCF-7 and an increased invasiveness capacity of MDA-MB-231. Finally, we show a differential expression profile of inflammatory genes in NF and CAF when co-cultured with control or breast cancer PBMC. We have observed that MMPs’ expression in PBMC is regulated by the microenvironment, while the expression of inflammatory genes in NF or CAF is differentially regulated by PBMC. These findings confirm the importance of the crosstalk between stromal cells and suggest that PBMC would play a role in promoting aggressive tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.C.); (M.F.); (N.d.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216) (N.E.)
| | - Sandra Cid
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.C.); (M.F.); (N.d.P.)
| | - Nuria Aguado
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario San Agustín, 33401 Avilés, Spain;
| | - María Fraile
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.C.); (M.F.); (N.d.P.)
| | - Nagore de Pablo
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.C.); (M.F.); (N.d.P.)
| | - Berta Fernández
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Domínguez
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, 33394 Gijón, Spain;
| | - Luis O. González
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33209 Gijón, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.C.); (M.F.); (N.d.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216) (N.E.)
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Grisaru-Tal S, Itan M, Grass DG, Torres-Roca J, Eschrich SA, Gordon Y, Dolitzky A, Hazut I, Avlas S, Jacobsen EA, Ziv-Baran T, Munitz A. Primary tumors from mucosal barrier organs drive unique eosinophil infiltration patterns and clinical associations. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1859732. [PMID: 33457078 PMCID: PMC7781846 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1859732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that display key effector functions in allergic diseases. Nonetheless, recent data highlight important roles for eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Eosinophils have been attributed with pleiotropic and perhaps conflicting functions, which may be attributed at least in part to variations in eosinophil quantitation in the TME. Thus, a reliable, quantitative, and robust method for the assessment of eosinophilic infiltration in the TME is required. This type of methodology could standardize the identification of these cells and promote the subsequent generation of hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of multiple primary tumors from distinct anatomical sites using a standardized method. Bioinformatics analysis of 10,469 genomically profiled primary tumors revealed that eosinophil abundance within different tumors can be categorized into three groups representing tumors with high, intermediate, and low eosinophil levels. Consequently, eosinophil abundance, as well as spatial distribution, was determined in tissue tumor arrays of six tumors representing all three classifications (colon and esophagus - high; lung - intermediate; cervix, ovary, and breast - low). With the exception of breast cancer, eosinophils were mainly localized in the tumor stroma. Importantly, the tumor anatomical site was identified as the primary predictive factor of eosinophil stromal density highlighting a distinction between mucosal-barrier organs versus non-mucosal barrier organs. These findings enhance our understanding of eosinophil diversity in the TME and provide a compelling rationale for future experiments assessing the activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grisaru-Tal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel G Grass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Javier Torres-Roca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Steven A Eschrich
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yaara Gordon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avishay Dolitzky
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Hazut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Avlas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, SC Johnson Medical Research Center, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Tomer Ziv-Baran
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Grisaru-Tal S, Itan M, Klion AD, Munitz A. A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:594-607. [PMID: 32678342 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are evolutionarily conserved, pleotropic cells that display key effector functions in allergic diseases, such as asthma. Nonetheless, eosinophils infiltrate multiple tumours and are equipped to regulate tumour progression either directly by interacting with tumour cells or indirectly by shaping the tumour microenvironment (TME). Eosinophils can readily respond to diverse stimuli and are capable of synthesizing and secreting a large range of molecules, including unique granule proteins that can potentially kill tumour cells. Alternatively, they can secrete pro-angiogenic and matrix-remodelling soluble mediators that could promote tumour growth. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activity in the TME. We discuss the mechanisms of eosinophil homing to the TME and examine their diverse pro-tumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions. Finally, we present emerging data regarding eosinophils as predictive biomarkers and effector cells in immunotherapy, especially in response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and highlight outstanding questions for future basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grisaru-Tal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy D Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Rodin D, Menas A, Farcas M, Russo M, Guppi S, Khaliullin TO, Iavicoli I, Harper M, Star A, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Enhanced morphological transformation of human lung epithelial cells by continuous exposure to cellulose nanocrystals. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126170. [PMID: 32114335 PMCID: PMC7750788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), also known as nanowhiskers, have recently gained much attention due to their biodegradable nature, advantageous chemical and mechanical properties, economic value and renewability thus making them attractive for a wide range of applications. However, before these materials can be considered for potential uses, investigation of their toxicity is prudent. Although CNC exposures are associated with pulmonary inflammation and damage as well as oxidative stress responses and genotoxicity in vivo, studies evaluating cell transformation or tumorigenic potential of CNC's were not previously conducted. In this study, we aimed to assess the neoplastic-like transformation potential of two forms of CNC derived from wood (powder and gel) in human pulmonary epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in comparison to fibrous tremolite (TF), known to induce lung cancer. Short-term exposure to CNC or TF induced intracellular ROS increase and DNA damage while long-term exposure resulted in neoplastic-like transformation demonstrated by increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion. The increased proliferative responses were also in-agreement with observed levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Based on the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the inflammatory cytokine responses, CNC powder was segregated from the control and CNC-gel samples. This suggests that CNC may have the ability to influence neoplastic-like transformation events in pulmonary epithelial cells and that such effects are dependent on the type/form of CNC. Further studies focusing on determining and understanding molecular mechanisms underlying potential CNC cell transformation events and their likelihood to induce tumorigenic effects in vivo are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Kisin
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N Yanamala
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D Rodin
- Institute for Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - A Menas
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Farcas
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Russo
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - S Guppi
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - T O Khaliullin
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Harper
- Zefon International, Ocala, FL, USA
| | - A Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - V E Kagan
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A A Shvedova
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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15
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Sabol RA, Villela VA, Denys A, Freeman BT, Hartono AB, Wise RM, Harrison MAA, Sandler MB, Hossain F, Miele L, Bunnell BA. Obesity-Altered Adipose Stem Cells Promote Radiation Resistance of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer through Paracrine Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082722. [PMID: 32326381 PMCID: PMC7216284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with poorer responses to chemo- and radiation therapy for breast cancer, which leads to higher mortality rates for obese women who develop breast cancer. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are an integral stromal component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, the effects of obesity-altered ASCs (obASCs) on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell’s (ER+BCCs) response to radiotherapy (RT) were evaluated. We determined that BCCs had a decreased apoptotic index and increased surviving fraction following RT when co-cultured with obASCs compared to lnASCs or non-co-cultured cells. Further, obASCs reduced oxidative stress and induced IL-6 expression in co-cultured BCCs after radiation. obASCs produce increased levels of leptin relative to ASCs from normal-weight individuals (lnASCs). obASCs upregulate the expression of IL-6 compared to non-co-cultured BCCs, but BCCs co-cultured with leptin knockdown obASCs did not upregulate IL-6. The impact of shLeptin obASCs on radiation resistance of ER+BCCs demonstrate a decreased radioprotective ability compared to shControl obASCs. Key NOTCH signaling players were enhanced in ER+BBCs following co-culture with shCtrl obASCs but not shLep obASCs. This work demonstrates that obesity-altered ASCs, via enhanced secretion of leptin, promote IL-6 and NOTCH signaling pathways in ER+BCCs leading to radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Sabol
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Vidal A. Villela
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Alexandra Denys
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Benjamin T. Freeman
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Alifiani B. Hartono
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Rachel M. Wise
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Mark A. A. Harrison
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Maxwell B. Sandler
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), Department of Genetics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (F.H.); (L.M.)
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center (LCRC), Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUSHC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), Department of Genetics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (F.H.); (L.M.)
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center (LCRC), Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSUSHC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.A.S.); (V.A.V.); (A.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (M.B.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-7071
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16
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Dantas TS, Silva PGDB, Verde MEQL, Júnior ADLR, Cunha MDPSS, Mota MRL, Alves APNN, Leitão RFDC, Sousa FB. Role of Inflammatory Markers in Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3635-3642. [PMID: 31870104 PMCID: PMC7173367 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This estudie evaluated the immunostaining of cytokines in oral carcinoma, in tissue of margin of surgical resecate (MSR) and metastatic lymph nodes, as well as their role in patient prognosis. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas, and sociodemographic and clinical-pathological data were evaluated. In addition, surgical site analysis of the patients was conducted by immunohistochemistry, using a tissue microarray for inflammatory (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-1beta, Interleukin-6, interleukin-10), transcription NF-kappa B and CD68 markers. Immunoexpression was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using ImageJ software, and data were correlated with the prognostic factors and patient survival rates. RESULTS There was a greater immunoexpression of inflammatory and CD68 cytokines in primary tumour and lymph node metastasis than in MSR. In a multinomial logistic regression model, patients with low education (p = 0.041) and a high histoscore for TNF-α (p = 0.021) showed a survival rate of 15.64 (95% CI = 1.13-217.24) and 6.81 (95% CI = 1.02-105.96). CONCLUSION Therefore, despite there is an increased immunoexpression of cytokines in the primary tumour, only TNF-α was the inflammatory cytokine that influenced the survival of patients with oral cancer.
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17
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Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Diagnostic, Molecular and Therapeutic Considerations. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-019-00337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Eiro N, Cid S, Fernández B, Fraile M, Cernea A, Sánchez R, Andicoechea A, DeAndrés Galiana EJ, González LO, Fernández‐Muñiz Z, Fernández‐Martínez JL, Vizoso FJ. MMP11 expression in intratumoral inflammatory cells in breast cancer. Histopathology 2019; 75:916-930. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
| | - Sandra Cid
- Research Unit Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Department of Surgery Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Maria Fraile
- Research Unit Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
| | - Ana Cernea
- Department of Mathematics Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Rosario Sánchez
- Department of Surgery Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
| | | | - Enrique J DeAndrés Galiana
- Department of Mathematics Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Department of Informatics and Computer Science University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Luis O González
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
| | - Zulima Fernández‐Muñiz
- Department of Mathematics Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan L Fernández‐Martínez
- Department of Mathematics Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Research Unit Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
- Department of Surgery Fundación Hospital de Jove Gijón Spain
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19
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Eiro N, Gonzalez LO, Fraile M, Cid S, Schneider J, Vizoso FJ. Breast Cancer Tumor Stroma: Cellular Components, Phenotypic Heterogeneity, Intercellular Communication, Prognostic Implications and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050664. [PMID: 31086100 PMCID: PMC6562436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underlying the genesis and progression of breast cancer are better understood than ever, it is still the most frequent malignant tumor in women and one of the leading causes of cancer death. Therefore, we need to establish new approaches that lead us to better understand the prognosis of this heterogeneous systemic disease and to propose new therapeutic strategies. Cancer is not only a malignant transformation of the epithelial cells merely based on their autonomous or acquired proliferative capacity. Today, data support the concept of cancer as an ecosystem based on a cellular sociology, with diverse components and complex interactions between them. Among the different cell types that make up the stroma, which have a relevant role in the dynamics of tumor/stromal cell interactions, the main ones are cancer associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. Several factors expressed by the stroma of breast carcinomas are associated with the development of metastasis, such as matrix metalloproteases, their tissular inhibitors or some of their regulators like integrins, cytokines or toll-like receptors. Based on the expression of these factors, two types of breast cancer stroma can be proposed with significantly different influence on the prognosis of patients. In addition, there is evidence about the existence of bi-directional signals between cancer cells and tumor stroma cells with prognostic implications, suggesting new therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Luis O Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
| | - María Fraile
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Sandra Cid
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Jose Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain.
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20
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The Interleukin-17 Family of Cytokines in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123880. [PMID: 30518157 PMCID: PMC6321268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide and remains a major cause of mortality with an expected 137,000 death this year in Europe. Standard management of metastatic BC comprises hormonotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have recently proved their efficiency in hormonal receptor expressing BC. Checkpoint proteins inhibition is being evaluated in phase 3 studies. Since inflammation is constantly present in cancers, research teams have focused their attention on the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of proinflammatory cytokines. Preclinical experiments have reported both pro and antitumor effects depending on the conditions. In the present article, we review the accumulating evidences about the roles of IL-17 in BC and discuss whether this family of cytokines could be a new target in anticancer treatments.
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21
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Mamouch F, Berrada N, Aoullay Z, El Khanoussi B, Errihani H. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: A Literature Review. World J Oncol 2018; 9:129-135. [PMID: 30524636 PMCID: PMC6279456 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidisciplinary management of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), which is the most aggressive form of breast cancer due to its rapid proliferation, has changed over the past three decades thanks to advances in medical treatments that represent the basis of treatment, without eliminating the use of locoregional treatments including surgery and radiotherapy in the localized stages. The molecular profile determination of IBC allows the orientation towards new targeted therapeutic strategies with an impact on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Mamouch
- Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Zineb Aoullay
- Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Hassan Errihani
- Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
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22
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Sharma MC. Annexin A2 (ANX A2): An emerging biomarker and potential therapeutic target for aggressive cancers. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2074-2081. [PMID: 30125343 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ANX A2 is an important member of annexin family of proteins expressed on surface of endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, mononuclear cells and various types of cancer cells. It exhibits high affinity binding for calcium (Ca++ ) and phospholipids. ANX A2 plays an important role in many biological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, cell-cell communications and biochemical activation of plasminogen. On the cell surface ANX A2 organizes the assembly of plasminogen (PLG) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for efficient conversion of PLG to plasmin, a serine protease. Proteolytic activity of plasmin is required for activation of inactive pro-metalloproteases (pro-MMPs) and latent growth factors for their biological actions. These activation steps are critical for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement proteins (BM) for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Increased expression of ANX A2 protein/gene has been correlated with invasion and metastasis in a variety of human cancers. Moreover, clinical studies have positively correlated ANX A2 protein expression with aggressive cancers and with resistance to anticancer drugs, shorter disease-free survival (DFS), and worse overall survival (OS). The mechanism(s) by which ANX A2 regulates cancer invasion and metastasis are beginning to emerge. Investigators used various technologies to target ANX A2 in preclinical model of human cancers and demonstrated exciting results. In this review article, we analyzed existing literature concurrent with our own findings and provided a critical overview of ANX A2-dependent mechanism(s) of cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh C Sharma
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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23
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts affect breast cancer cell gene expression, invasion and angiogenesis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:369-378. [PMID: 29497991 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that stromal cell features may affect the clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent one of the most abundant cell types within the breast cancer stroma. Here, we aimed to explore the influence of CAFs on breast cancer gene expression, as well as on invasion and angiogenesis. METHODS qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of several cancer progression related genes (S100A4, TGFβ, FGF2, FGF7, PDGFA, PDGFB, VEGFA, IL-6, IL-8, uPA, MMP2, MMP9, MMP11 and TIMP1) in the human breast cancer-derived cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, before and after co-culture with CAFs. Stromal mononuclear inflammatory cell (MIC) MMP11 expression was used to stratify primary tumors. In addition, we assessed the in vitro effects of CAFs on both MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion and endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation. RESULTS We found that the expression levels of most of the genes tested were significantly increased in both breast cancer-derived cell lines after co-culture with CAFs from either MMP11+ or MMP11- MIC tumors. IL-6 and IL-8 showed an increased expression in both cancer-derived cell lines after co-culture with CAFs from MMP11+ MIC tumors. We also found that the invasive and angiogenic capacities of, respectively, MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC cells were increased after co-culture with CAFs, especially those from MMP11+ MIC tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that tumor-derived CAFs can induce up-regulation of genes involved in breast cancer progression. Our data additionally indicate that CAFs, especially those derived from MMP11+ MIC tumors, can promote breast cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis.
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Todorović-Raković N, Radulovic M, Vujasinović T, Milovanović J, Nikolić-Vukosavljević D. The time-dependent prognostic value of intratumoral cytokine expression profiles in a natural course of primary breast cancer with a long-term follow-up. Cytokine 2018; 102:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ahmad N, Ammar A, Storr SJ, Green AR, Rakha E, Ellis IO, Martin SG. IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with good prognosis in early stage invasive breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 67:537-549. [PMID: 29256156 PMCID: PMC5860102 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-associated cytokines play an important role in cancer metastasis; however, the functions of interleukins (IL) 6 and 10 in breast cancer (BC) progression and metastasis are not clear. In this study the roles of IL-6/IL-10 in regulating vascular invasion and their prognostic significance in BC are investigated. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 migration (± IL-6 or IL-10) was assessed by scratch wound assay. Cancer cell adhesion to IL-6/IL-10 stimulated blood and lymphatic endothelial cells (EC) was investigated. Expression of IL-6 /IL-10 was assessed using immunohistochemistry in an annotated cohort of early stage BC (n = 1380) and associations with clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome evaluated. IL-6 did not alter BC cell migration however a dose-dependent inhibition in MDA-MB-231 migration with IL-10 treatment was observed (P = 0.03). BC cells were more adhesive to blood vs lymphatic EC, however, IL-6/IL-10 had no effect on adhesion patterns. High expression of IL-6/IL-10 was associated with clinicopathological criteria (e.g. hormone receptor status, all P < 0.05), improved disease-free survival (DFS; P < 0.05) and improved BC-specific survival (BCSS; only IL-6, P = 0.017). However, neither IL-6 nor IL-10 expression were independent prognostic factors from multivariate analysis. In BC subgroups, IL-6 and IL-10 were good prognosticators in terms of DFS in non-basal, non-triple-negative (non-TN), ER-positive, PgR-positive (only IL-10), and Her-2-negative (only IL-6) BC (all P < 0.05). IL-6 was associated with improved BCSS in non-basal, ER-positive and non-TN BC (all P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Ahmad
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Aula Ammar
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Academic Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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Prognostic Influence of Tumor Stroma on Breast Cancer Subtypes. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e123-e133. [PMID: 28927692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the present work was to evaluate the impact of the phenotype of both intratumoral mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), assessed as to their expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) on prognosis in different breast cancer subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 247 tumors of patients with primary ductal invasive breast cancer were categorized into 1 of 4 major subtypes, using the 3 standard immunohistochemical markers (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], and human epidermal growth factor receptor/Neu 2 [HER2] receptor status). An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against MMP-9, MMP-11, and MMP-14, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. RESULTS MMP-11 expression by MICs was significantly and strongly associated with prognosis in all breast cancer subtypes. There were other significant associations with poor prognosis in luminal A tumors: expressions of MMP-9, MMP-11, and TIMP-2 by CAFs, in luminal B tumors: MMP-14 expression by MICs and TIMP-2 expression by MICs, in HER-2-positive tumors: expression of MMP-9 by MICs, and in triple negative breast cancers: expression of TIMP-1 by MICs. CONCLUSION Characterization of both tumor stromal CAFs and MICs, with regard to the expression of MMPs and TIMPs, improve the prognostic evaluation of all breast cancer subtypes.
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Radisky ES, Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh M, Radisky DC. Therapeutic Potential of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3531-3548. [PMID: 28585723 PMCID: PMC5621753 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc endopeptidases that cleave nearly all components of the extracellular matrix as well as many other soluble and cell-associated proteins. MMPs have been implicated in normal physiological processes, including development, and in the acquisition and progression of the malignant phenotype. Disappointing results from a series of clinical trials testing small molecule, broad spectrum MMP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics led to a re-evaluation of how MMPs function in the tumor microenvironment, and ongoing research continues to reveal that these proteins play complex roles in cancer development and progression. It is now clear that effective targeting of MMPs for therapeutic benefit will require selective inhibition of specific MMPs. Here, we provide an overview of the MMP family and its biological regulators, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We then summarize recent research from model systems that elucidate how specific MMPs drive the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells, including acquisition of cancer stem cell features and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and we also outline clinical studies that implicate specific MMPs in breast cancer outcomes. We conclude by discussing ongoing strategies for development of inhibitors with therapeutic potential that are capable of selectively targeting the MMPs most responsible for tumor promotion, with special consideration of the potential of biologics including antibodies and engineered proteins based on the TIMP scaffold. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3531-3548, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville 32224, Florida
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Metalloproteinase 11, potential marker and molecular target in advanced and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Culture study of peritumoral fibroblasts. Actas Urol Esp 2017; 41:376-382. [PMID: 28161070 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the expression of metalloprotein 11 (MMP11) in cultured fibroblasts obtained from human prostate tumors with different clinical and pathological characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study we analyzed samples of transrectal prostate biopsies from tumors with different characteristics, treated with or whithout androgen deprivation (AD). After optimization of the culture method, fibroblasts were isolated and cultured to perform the study (PCR) of MMP11 mRNA. RESULTS Finally, 37 cases were studied: 5 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia, 14 cases with localized neoplasms (7 high-risk according to the D'Amico classification), 5 with metastasic tumors (bone metastases), and 13 treated with AD therapy, of which 6 fulfilled the requirements to be defined as resistant to castration. In tumors without AD therapy, MMP11 expression was significantly higher (P=.001) in fibroblasts of higher grade tumors. A significant (P=.001) correlation was found between PSA and expression of MMP11 in fibroblast s and a significant increase of MMP11 expression in metastatic tumors. In tumors with AD therapy, a significantly greater expression of MMP11 was observed in resistant to castration patients than in those sensitive to castration (P=.003). CONCLUSION In advanced prostate tumors or in stages of increased tumor aggressiveness, the production of MMP11 by fibroblasts is significantly greater than in non-metastatic tumors or in AD sensitive tumors.
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Sameni M, Cavallo-Medved D, Franco OE, Chalasani A, Ji K, Aggarwal N, Anbalagan A, Chen X, Mattingly RR, Hayward SW, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic avatars reveal divergent roles of microenvironment in invasive transition of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:56. [PMID: 28506312 PMCID: PMC5433063 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breast tumor microenvironment regulates progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). However, it is unclear how interactions between breast epithelial and stromal cells can drive this progression and whether there are reliable microenvironmental biomarkers to predict transition of DCIS to IDC. METHODS We used xenograft mouse models and a 3D pathomimetic model termed mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) to study the interplay between human breast myoepithelial cells (MEPs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on DCIS progression. RESULTS Our results show that MEPs suppress tumor formation by DCIS cells in vivo even in the presence of CAFs. In the in vitro MAME model, MEPs reduce the size of 3D DCIS structures and their degradation of extracellular matrix. We further show that the tumor-suppressive effects of MEPs on DCIS are linked to inhibition of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-mediated proteolysis by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and that they can lessen the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs by attenuating interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our studies using MAME are, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate a divergent interplay between MEPs and CAFs within the DCIS tumor microenvironment. We show that the tumor-suppressive actions of MEPs are mediated by PAI-1, uPA and its receptor, uPAR, and are sustained even in the presence of the CAFs, which themselves enhance DCIS tumorigenesis via IL-6 signaling. Identifying tumor microenvironmental regulators of DCIS progression will be critical for defining a robust and predictive molecular signature for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Anita Chalasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Arulselvi Anbalagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Raymond R. Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Espinoza JA, Jabeen S, Batra R, Papaleo E, Haakensen V, Timmermans Wielenga V, Møller Talman ML, Brunner N, Børresen-Dale AL, Gromov P, Helland Å, Kristensen VN, Gromova I. Cytokine profiling of tumor interstitial fluid of the breast and its relationship with lymphocyte infiltration and clinicopathological characteristics. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1248015. [PMID: 28123884 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1248015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of many immune cell subpopulations and is an important factor in the malignant progression of neoplasms, particularly breast cancer (BC). However, the cytokine networks that coordinate various regulatory events within the BC interstitium remain largely uncharacterized. Moreover, the data obtained regarding the origin of cytokine secretions, the levels of secretion associated with tumor development, and the possible clinical relevance of cytokines remain controversial. Therefore, we profiled 27 cytokines in 78 breast tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) samples, 43 normal interstitial fluid (NIF) samples, and 25 matched serum samples obtained from BC patients with Luminex xMAP multiplex technology. Eleven cytokines exhibited significantly higher levels in the TIF samples compared with the NIF samples: interleukin (IL)-7, IL-10, fibroblast growth factor-2, IL-13, interferon (IFN)γ-inducible protein (IP-10), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-β, IL-1β, chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-12. An immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated that IL-1RA, IP-10, IL-10, PDGF-β, RANTES, and VEGF are widely expressed by both cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), whereas IP-10 and RANTES were preferentially abundant in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) compared to Luminal A subtype cancers. The latter observation corresponds with the high level of TILs in the TNBC samples. IL-1β, IL-7, IL-10, and PDGFβ also exhibited a correlation between the TIF samples and matched sera. In a survival analysis, high levels of IL-5, a hallmark TH2 cytokine, in the TIF samples were associated with a worse prognosis. These findings have important implications for BC immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shakila Jabeen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Richa Batra
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilde Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Timmermans Wielenga
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj-Lis Møller Talman
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Brunner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pavel Gromov
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Cancer Proteomics Group , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Irina Gromova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Genome Integrity Unit, Cancer Proteomics Group , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fernandez-Garcia B, Eiro N, Miranda MA, Cid S, González LO, Domínguez F, Vizoso FJ. Prognostic significance of inflammatory factors expression by stroma from breast carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:768-776. [PMID: 27207649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the expression and clinical relevance of some cytokines in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon β (IFNβ) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) was performed in 108 breast carcinomas. Most studied cytokines were mainly expressed by cancer cells but also by stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs). Global expression (score) of IL-1β and IL-17 was positively associated with histological grade; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors showed a higher global expression of IFNβ but a lower global expression of NFκB; and node-negative tumors showed a higher global expression of IL-6. High score of IL-6 was significantly associated with both longer relapse free-survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Moreover, the expression of IL-1β by each stromal cells (CAFs and MICs) was significantly associated with both longer RFS and OS, whereas the expression of IL-10 by these cells was significantly associated with both shorter RFS and OS. However, the combination of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 expression by MICs reached an important association with prognosis and improved our previously reported prognostic signification based on the matrix metalloprotease 11 status by MICs. The combination of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 expression by MICs was significant and independently associated with distant RFS in a multivariate analysis. Therefore, the combination of the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 may serve as promising biomarkers of MICs with prognostic significance, contributing to a better characterization of breast carcinomas microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Fernandez-Garcia
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
| | - Maria-Angeles Miranda
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
| | - Sandra Cid
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
| | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
| | | | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro s/n, 33920 Gijón, Asturias, Spain and
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Cid S, Eiro N, González LO, Beridze N, Vazquez J, Vizoso FJ. Expression and Clinical Significance of Metalloproteases and Their Inhibitors by Endothelial Cells From Invasive Breast Carcinomas. Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 16:e83-91. [PMID: 27266802 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that tumor blood vessels are important in tumor progression and metastasis, tumor endothelial cells (ECs) are the main targets of antiangiogenic therapy. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the phenotype of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) from ECs at the tumor center and its relationship to MMP/TIMP global expression and its relationship to the occurrence of distant metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against MMPs (MMP-2, -7, -9, -11, -13, and -14) and TIMPs (TIMP-1, -2, and -3) at the tumor center in 104 patients with primary ductal invasive breast tumors. RESULTS MMP-11 expression by ECs was related to shorter relapse-free survival, whereas TIMP-3 expression was related to low occurrence of distant metastasis. In addition, MMP-11 and TIMP-2 expression by ECs was associated with shorter overall survival, whereas TIMP-3 expression by ECs was associated with longer overall survival. Our findings indicate significant relationships between the expression of MMPs/TIMPs by ECs and the global expression of these factors at the tumor scene. CONCLUSION High MMP/TIMP expression by ECs from breast carcinomas, which may be consequence of the cross-talk between tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cid
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nana Beridze
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Julio Vazquez
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital Álvarez-Buylla, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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Interleukin-17 Could Promote Breast Cancer Progression at Several Stages of the Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:804347. [PMID: 26783383 PMCID: PMC4691460 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic disease accounts for more than 90% of deaths from breast cancer. Yet the factors that trigger metastasis, often years after primary tumor removal, are not understood well. Recently the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 17 family has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Here we review current literature on the pathogenic mechanisms driven by IL-17 during breast cancer progression and connect these findings to metastasis. These include (1) direct effects of IL-17 on tumor cells promoting tumor cell survival and invasiveness, (2) regulation of tumor angiogenesis, and (3) interaction with myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to inhibit antitumor immune response and collaborate at the distant metastatic site. Furthermore, IL-17 might also be a culprit in bone destruction caused by late stage bone metastasis. Interestingly, in addition to these potential prometastasis functions, there is also evidence for an opposite, antitumor role of IL-17 during cancer therapies. We hypothesize that these contradictory roles may be due to chronic, imbalanced versus acute transient nature of the immune reactions, as well as differences in the cells that interact with IL-17+ cells under different circumstances.
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González L, Eiro N, Fernandez-Garcia B, González LO, Dominguez F, Vizoso FJ. Gene expression profile of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts according to intratumoral inflammatory cells phenotype from breast cancer tissue. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1489-1502. [PMID: 26349857 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biological heterogeneity of breast cancer leads to the need for finding new approaches to understand the mechanisms implicated in breast cancer progression. The tumor stroma appears as a key in the progression of solid tumors towards a malignant phenotype. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may orchestrate a functional "corrupted" stroma which in turn helps metastatic spread. In this study, we investigated by real-time PCR, the expression of 19 factors by normal breast-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) and CAFs, which were implicated in several actions promoting tumor growth, such as extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation and invasion. Also, we explored the influence of inflammatory cells phenotypes (MMP11 status) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) on the molecular profile of CAFs. If we consider that one of the major sources of CAFs are resident NAFs, the transition of NAFs into CAFs is associated with molecular changes involving the overexpression of some molecular factors of biological importance in tumor progression. In addition, the characterization of the tumor stroma regarding to the MMP11 status by MICs reflects a type of fibroblasts which contribute even more to tumor progression. Moreover, different patterns in the induction of the expression of factors by CAFs were observed, depending on the tumor cell line which they were co-cultured with. Furthermore, CAFs influence TGFβ expression in both cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study can help to a better characterization of tumor stroma in order to improve the prognostic evaluation, as well as to define the different populations of CAFs as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain. .,Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain.
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Wang L, Tang C, Cao H, Li K, Pang X, Zhong L, Dang W, Tang H, Huang Y, Wei L, Su M, Chen T. Activation of IL-8 via PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway is involved in leptin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1220-30. [PMID: 26121010 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1056409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Previous studies have revealed that leptin may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial initiator of cancer progression to facilitate metastatic cascade, increase tumor recurrence, and ultimately cause poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of our present study was to investigate the effect of leptin on EMT of breast cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that leptin significantly increased the phosphorylation of STAT3, Akt, and ERK1/2, elevated the expression of IL-8, and induced breast cancer cells to undergo EMT. The effect of leptin on IL-8 could visibly abolished by the inhibitor of PI3K LY294002. In addition, leptin-induced EMT of breast cancer cells was blocked by anti-IL-8 antibodies. Examination of the expression of ObR, leptin, IL-8 and EMT-related biomarkers in patient specimens demonstrated that malignant breast carcinoma with lymph node metastases (LNM), which represents poor prognosis, expressed higher levels of ObR, leptin, IL-8 than other types of breast cancer, and displayed more obvious EMT transversion. In vivo xenograft experiment revealed that leptin signally promoted tumor growth and metastasis and increased the expressions of IL-8 and EMT-related biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that leptin-induced EMT in breast cancer cells requires IL-8 activation via the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
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Key Words
- AKT, Protein Kinase B
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- IFN, interferon
- IL-8
- IL-8, Interleukin 8
- JAK, Junas Kinase
- LNM, lymph node metastases
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- Ob-R, Ob receptor
- PI-3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
- PI3K/Akt
- STAT, signal transduction and activators of transcription
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necorsis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- breast cancer
- leptin
- mTOR, Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin
- qRT-PCR, quantify reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine ; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine ; Ministry of Education ; Chongqing Medical University ; Chongqing , China
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Zaynagetdinov R, Sherrill TP, Gleaves LA, McLoed AG, Saxon JA, Habermann AC, Connelly L, Dulek D, Peebles RS, Fingleton B, Yull FE, Stathopoulos GT, Blackwell TS. Interleukin-5 facilitates lung metastasis by modulating the immune microenvironment. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1624-1634. [PMID: 25691457 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the lung is the most common metastatic site for cancer cells, biologic mechanisms regulating lung metastasis are not fully understood. Using heterotopic and intravenous injection models of lung metastasis in mice, we found that IL5, a cytokine involved in allergic and infectious diseases, facilitates metastatic colonization through recruitment of sentinel eosinophils and regulation of other inflammatory/immune cells in the microenvironment of the distal lung. Genetic IL5 deficiency offered marked protection of the lungs from metastasis of different types of tumor cells, including lung cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer. IL5 neutralization protected subjects from metastasis, whereas IL5 reconstitution or adoptive transfer of eosinophils into IL5-deficient mice exerted prometastatic effects. However, IL5 deficiency did not affect the growth of the primary tumor or the size of metastatic lesions. Mechanistic investigations revealed that eosinophils produce CCL22, which recruits regulatory T cells to the lungs. During early stages of metastasis, Treg created a protumorigenic microenvironment, potentially by suppressing IFNγ-producing natural killer cells and M1-polarized macrophages. Together, our results establish a network of allergic inflammatory circuitry that can be co-opted by metastatic cancer cells to facilitate lung colonization, suggesting interventions to target this pathway may offer therapeutic benefits to prevent or treat lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Taylor P Sherrill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Allyson G McLoed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Jamie A Saxon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Arun C Habermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Linda Connelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii, USA, 96720
| | - Daniel Dulek
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
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Eiró N, Fernandez-Garcia B, Vázquez J, Del Casar JM, González LO, Vizoso FJ. A phenotype from tumor stroma based on the expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors, associated with prognosis in breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e992222. [PMID: 26140253 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.992222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the impact of the phenotype of both mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) in early breast cancer patients, specifically assessed as to their expression of MMP/TIMP relative to their position within the tumor (i.e., localization at the tumor center or invasive front) and the occurrence of distant metastases.. An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -7, -9, -11, -13 and -14, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2 and -3, both at tumor center and at invasive front, in 107 patients with primary ductal invasive breast tumors. Data were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. Our results indicated that MMP-11 expression by MICs, and TIMP-2 expression by CAFs at either the tumor center or the invasive front, were the most potent independent prognostic factors for predicting the clinical outcome of patients. Using the unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, we found well-defined clusters of cases identifying subgroups of tumors showing a high molecular profile of MMPs/TIMPs expression by stromal cells (CAFs and MICs), both at the tumor center and at the invasive front, which were strongly associated with a higher prevalence of distant metastasis. In addition, we found combinations of these clusters defining subpopulations of breast carcinomas differing widely in their clinical outcome. The results presented here identify biologic markers useful to categorize patients into different subgroups based on their tumor stroma, which may contribute to improved understanding of the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Key Words
- Breast cancer
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast
- CI, confidence interval
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- IGFBPs, IGF binding protein
- IGFs, insulin growth factors
- IL, interleukin
- MIC, mononuclear inflammatory cell
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa B
- PgR, progesterone receptor, TA, tissue array
- TGFß, transforming growth factor ß
- TIMP, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases
- bFGF, fibroblast growth factor
- cancer-associated fibroblast
- matrix-metalloproteases
- mononuclear inflammatory cell
- tumor stroma
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove , Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Julio Vázquez
- Servicio de Ginecología, Hospital Álvarez-Buylla , Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - José M Del Casar
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove , Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove , Gijón, Asturias, Spain ; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón , Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove , Gijón, Asturias, Spain ; Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove , Gijón, Spain
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Blanchard Z, Paul BT, Craft B, ElShamy WM. BRCA1-IRIS inactivation overcomes paclitaxel resistance in triple negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:5. [PMID: 25583261 PMCID: PMC4322455 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance is a major problem in oncology. Although highly responsive to chemotherapies such as paclitaxel, most triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients develop chemoresistance. Here we investigate the role of BRCA1-IRIS as a novel treatment target for TNBCs and their paclitaxel-resistant recurrences. Methods We analyzed the response of BRCA1-IRIS overexpressing normal mammary cells or established TNBC cells silenced from BRCA1-IRIS to paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed BRCA1-IRIS downstream signaling pathways in relation to paclitaxel treatment. We also analyzed a large cohort of breast tumor samples for BRCA1-IRIS, Forkhead box class O3a (FOXO3a) and survivin expression. Finally, we analyzed the effect of BRCA1-IRIS silencing or inactivation on TNBCs formation, maintenance and response to paclitaxel in an orthotopic model. Results We show that low concentrations of paclitaxel triggers BRCA1-IRIS expression in vitro and in vivo, and that BRCA1-IRIS activates two autocrine signaling loops (epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF receptor 1 (EGFR)-EGF receptor 2 (ErbB2) and neurogulin 1 (NRG1)/ErbB2-EGF receptor 3 (ErbB3), which enhances protein kinase B (AKT) and thus survivin expression/activation through promoting FOXO3a degradation. This signaling pathway is intact in TNBCs endogenously overexpressing BRCA1-IRIS. These events trigger the intrinsic and acquired paclitaxel resistance phenotype known for BRCA1-IRIS-overexpressing TNBCs. Inactivating BRCA1-IRIS signaling using a novel inhibitory mimetic peptide inactivates these autocrine loops, AKT and survivin activity/expression, in part by restoring FOXO3a expression, and sensitizes TNBC cells to low paclitaxel concentrations in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show BRCA1-IRIS and survivin overexpression is correlated with lack of FOXO3a expression in a large cohort of primary tumor samples, and that BRCA1-IRIS overexpression-induced signature is associated with decreased disease free survival in heavily treated estrogen receptor alpha-negative patients. Conclusions In addition to driving TNBC tumor formation, BRCA1-IRIS overexpression drives their intrinsic and acquired paclitaxel resistance, partly by activating autocrine signaling loops EGF/EGFR-ErbB2 and NRG1/ErbB2-ErbB3. These loops activate AKT, causing FOXO3a degradation and survivin overexpression. Taken together, this underscores the need for BRCA1-IRIS-specific therapy and strongly suggests that BRCA1-IRIS and/or signaling loops activated by it could be rational therapeutic targets for advanced TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zannel Blanchard
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Bibbin T Paul
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Present address: University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Barbara Craft
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Wael M ElShamy
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Eiró N, Fernandez-Garcia B, González LO, Vizoso FJ. Cytokines related to MMP-11 expression by inflammatory cells and breast cancer metastasis. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e24010. [PMID: 23762791 PMCID: PMC3667897 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors infiltrated by matrix metalloprotease 11 (MMP-11)+ mononuclear inflammatory cells are prone to form metastases; express high levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, interferon β (IFNβ) and NFκB; and exhibit an increased CD68+/(CD3+CD20+) cell ratio at their invasive front. These factors, which are implicated in the crosstalk between tumors and their inflammatory microenvironment, may emerge as attractive prognostic factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación; Fundación Hospital de Jove; Gijón, Asturias, Spain
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40
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Oliveira A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Nogueira A, Gonçalves F, Silva P, Vieira C, Silvestre R, Carvalho F, Medeiros R. Interleukin-1β genotype and circulating levels in cancer patients: metastatic status and pain perception. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1209-13. [PMID: 24747159 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proinflammatory cytokines released during inflammation can cause hyperexcitability in pain transmission neurons, leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Polymorphisms in interleukin 1 (IL-1) family of genes (IL1A, IL1B) and in IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, coded by IL1RN) may therefore induce alterations in cytokine levels/effects and pain related response. Our purpose was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms in IL1A/B/RN on cytokine serum levels and its correlation with pain intensity, performance status, adverse effects, metastases and breakthrough pain in Caucasian cancer patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum IL-1α/β levels of 74 cancer patients were measured by competitive enzyme immunosorbent assay. All patients were also genotyped for the polymorphisms in IL1A (rs17561), IL1B (rs1143634) and IL1RN (rs419598) with Real-Time PCR. Results were then correlated to the appearance of bone or CNS metastases and several pain-related parameters. RESULTS IL-1β rs1143634 homozygous for T allele were associated with lower levels of IL1-β (p=0.032, Mann-Whitney test) and presented a trend for lower levels of pain (p=0.06, Fisher's Exact Test). Also, IL1-β levels were related with cancer onset status, since a four-fold increase probability of metastatic disease was observed in high IL-1β individuals (OR=4.074, p=0.010, Pearson χ(2) test). Among the female patients presenting metastatic disease and carriers of the TT genotype we observed a trend to lower levels of IL1-β (p=0.053, Pearson χ(2) test). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that genetic variation at IL1-β gene may influence serum levels of IL1-β, with proportional consequences in cancer-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo J Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center of Forensic Sciences (CENCIFOR), Portugal
| | - Augusto Nogueira
- Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ferraz Gonçalves
- Palliative Care Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Silva
- Palliative Care Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vieira
- Medical Oncology Department, Francisco Gentil Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences - North, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology GRP and Virology LB, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; LPCC, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Regional Center of the North, Porto, Portugal.
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41
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Newman G, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Leptin-cytokine crosstalk in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:570-582. [PMID: 23562747 PMCID: PMC3844060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence suggesting a positive correlation between leptin levels, obesity, post-menopause and breast cancer incidence, our current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in these relationships is still incomplete. Since the cloning of leptin in 1994 and its receptor (OB-R) 1 year later by Friedman's laboratory (Zhang et al., 1994) and Tartaglia et al. (Tartaglia et al., 1995), respectively, more than 22,000 papers related to leptin functions in several biological systems have been published (Pubmed, 2012). The ob gene product, leptin, is an important circulating signal for the regulation of body weight. Additionally, leptin plays critical roles in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, reproduction, growth and the immune response. Supporting evidence for leptin roles in cancer has been shown in more than 1000 published papers, with almost 300 papers related to breast cancer (Pubmed, 2012). Specific leptin-induced signaling pathways are involved in the increased levels of inflammatory, mitogenic and pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. In obesity, a mild inflammatory condition, deregulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and leptin from adipose tissue, inflammatory and cancer cells could contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. We used an in silico software program, Pathway Studio 9, and found 4587 references citing these various interactions. Functional crosstalk between leptin, IL-1 and Notch signaling (NILCO) found in breast cancer cells could represent the integration of developmental, proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic signals critical for leptin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation/migration, tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Remarkably, the inhibition of leptin signaling via leptin peptide receptor antagonists (LPrAs) significantly reduced the establishment and growth of syngeneic, xenograft and carcinogen-induced breast cancer and, simultaneously decreased the levels of VEGF/VEGFR2, IL-1 and Notch. Inhibition of leptin-cytokine crosstalk might serve as a preventative or adjuvant measure to target breast cancer, particularly in obese women. This review is intended to present an update analysis of leptin actions in breast cancer, highlighting its crosstalk to inflammatory cytokines and growth factors essential for tumor development, angiogenesis and potential role in BCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
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Masuda H, Baggerly KA, Wang Y, Iwamoto T, Brewer T, Pusztai L, Kai K, Kogawa T, Finetti P, Birnbaum D, Dirix L, Woodward WA, Reuben JM, Krishnamurthy S, Symmans W, Van Laere SJ, Bertucci F, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT. Comparison of molecular subtype distribution in triple-negative inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R112. [PMID: 24274653 PMCID: PMC3978878 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because of its high rate of metastasis, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) has a poor prognosis compared with non-inflammatory types of breast cancer (non-IBC). In a recent study, Lehmann and colleagues identified seven subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We hypothesized that the distribution of TNBC subtypes differs between TN-IBC and TN-non-IBC. We determined the subtypes and compared clinical outcomes by subtype in TN-IBC and TN-non-IBC patients. Methods We determined TNBC subtypes in a TNBC cohort from the World IBC Consortium for which IBC status was known (39 cases of TN-IBC; 49 cases of TN-non-IBC). We then determined the associations between TNBC subtypes and IBC status and compared clinical outcomes between TNBC subtypes. Results We found the seven subtypes exist in both TN-IBC and TN-non-IBC. We found no association between TNBC subtype and IBC status (P = 0.47). TNBC subtype did not predict recurrence-free survival. IBC status was not a significant predictor of recurrence-free or overall survival in the TNBC cohort. Conclusions Our data show that, like TN-non-IBC, TN-IBC is a heterogeneous disease. Although clinical characteristics differ significantly between IBC and non-IBC, no unique IBC-specific TNBC subtypes were identified by mRNA gene-expression profiles of the tumor. Studies are needed to identify the subtle molecular or microenvironmental differences that contribute to the differing clinical behaviors between TN-IBC and TN-non-IBC.
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Fu S, Dong L, Sun W, Xu Y, Gao L, Miao Y. Stromal-epithelial crosstalk provides a suitable microenvironment for the progression of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:616-24. [PMID: 24147897 PMCID: PMC3887600 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.849723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer. This study focused on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and stromal–epithelial interaction between CAFs and epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) cells. We isolated and established primary cultures of CAFs and co-cultured CAFs and EOC cells in vitro. The co-culture conditioned medium (CC-CM) was harvested and its influence on EOC cells was examined. Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels were screened using a biotin label-based human antibody array system. We found that the stromal–epithelial crosstalk provided a suitable microenvironment for the progression of ovarian cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Fu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,1
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Arnutti P, Kotepui M, Asanprakit W, Punyarit P, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P, Harnroongroj T, Petmitr S. Determination of whole transcription profiles and specific pathways in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:1112-1120. [PMID: 23696929 PMCID: PMC3657364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide including Thailand. Whole transcription profiles of invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) obtained by oligonucleotide microarray should lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of IDCs, allow for examination of specific markers for diagnosis, and provide novel targets for therapy. This study aimed to detect the whole transcript expression of approximately 35,000 target genes in Thai breast cancer patients, using Affymetrix GeneChip(®) Exon 1.0 Sense Target Arrays. Analysis revealed that the differential expression profiles of 928 genes (423 up-regulated and 505 down-regulated genes) were 2-fold or greater (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05) in invasive ductal breast cancer, compared with normal tissues. The Gene Ontology (GO) databases support important associations in 17 gene sets with p-value < 1E-10 and ≥ 4-fold changes, involving the tumorigenic pathways of cell cycles, extracellular regions, as well as cellular component organization. Likewise, the TGFBR and IL-6 pathways contain gene expression with statistically significant changes in IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasra Arnutti
- Department of Tropical Nutrition & Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkok 10400, Thailand
- Present address: Department of Pathology, Phramongkutklao College of MedicineBangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine & Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wichitra Asanprakit
- Department of Surgery, Phramongkutklao College of MedicineBangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phaibul Punyarit
- Pathology Division, Army Institute of PathologyBangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Talabporn Harnroongroj
- Department of Tropical Nutrition & Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Songsak Petmitr
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine & Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Eiró N, Pidal I, Fernandez-Garcia B, Junquera S, Lamelas ML, del Casar JM, González LO, López-Muñiz A, Vizoso FJ. Impact of CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio at the invasive front of primary tumors on distant metastasis development in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52796. [PMID: 23300781 PMCID: PMC3530508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are infiltrated by macrophages, T and B-lymphocytes, which may favor tumor development by promoting angiogenesis, growth and invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the relative amount of macrophages (CD68+), T-cells (CD3+) and B-cells (CD20+) at the invasive front of breast carcinomas, and the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) either at the invasive front or at the tumor center. We performed an immunohistochemical study counting CD3, CD20 and CD68 positive cells at the invasive front, in 102 breast carcinomas. Also, tissue sections were stained with MMP-2, -9, -11, -14 and TIMP-2 antibodies, and immunoreactivity location, percentage of reactive area and intensity were determined at the invasive front and at the tumor center. The results showed that an increased CD68 count and CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio were directly associated with both MMP-11 and TIMP-2 expression by mononuclear inflammatory cells at the tumor center (p = 0.041 and p = 0.025 for CD68 count and p = 0.001 and p = 0.045 for ratio, respectively for MMP-11 and TIMP-2). In addition, a high CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio (>0.05) was directly associated with a higher probability of shortened relapse-free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio was an independent factor associated with distant relapse-free survival (RR: 2.54, CI: (1.23–5.24), p<0.01). Therefore, CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio at the invasive front could be used as an important prognostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/metabolism
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Iván Pidal
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Sara Junquera
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria L. Lamelas
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Ginecología, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - José M. del Casar
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O. González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alfonso López-Muñiz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- * E-mail:
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