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Liao EE, Yang M, Nathan Kochen N, Vunnam N, Braun AR, Ferguson DM, Sachs JN. Proteasomal Stimulation by MK886 and Its Derivatives Can Rescue Tau-Induced Neurite Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6133-6144. [PMID: 37428404 PMCID: PMC10529599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation of intrinsically disordered proteins, such as tau, is a critical component of proteostasis in both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated proteasomal activation by MK886 (MK). We previously identified MK as a lead compound capable of modulating tau oligomerization in a cellular FRET assay and rescuing P301L tau-induced cytotoxicity. We first confirmed robust proteasomal activation by MK using 20S proteasomal assays and a cellular proteasomal tau-GFP cleavage assay. We then show that MK treatment can significantly rescue tau-induced neurite pathology in differentiated SHSY5Y neurospheres. Due to this compelling result, we designed a series of seven MK analogs to determine if proteasomal activity is sensitive to structural permutations. Using the proteasome as the primary MOA, we examined tau aggregation, neurite outgrowth, inflammation, and autophagy assays to identify two essential substituents of MK that are required for compound activity: (1) removal of the N-chlorobenzyl group from MK negated both proteasomal and autophagic activity and reduced neurite outgrowth; and (2) removal of the indole-5-isopropyl group significantly improved neurite outgrowth and autophagy activity but reduced its anti-inflammatory capacity. Overall, our results suggest that the combination of proteasomal/autophagic stimulation and anti-inflammatory properties of MK and its derivatives can decrease tau-tau interactions and help rebalance dysfunctional proteostasis. Further development of MK to optimize its proteasomal, autophagic, and anti-inflammatory targets may lead to a novel therapeutic that would be beneficial in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly E Liao
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Noah Nathan Kochen
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nagamani Vunnam
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anthony R Braun
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - David M Ferguson
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan N Sachs
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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2
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Zips S, Huang B, Hotte S, Hiendlmeier L, Wang C, Rajamani K, Buriez O, Al Boustani G, Chen Y, Wolfrum B, Yamada A. Aerosol Jet-Printed High-Aspect Ratio Micro-Needle Electrode Arrays Applied for Human Cerebral Organoids and 3D Neurospheroid Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37469180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a complex and poorly accessible organ. Thus, new tools are required for studying the neural function in a controllable environment that preserves multicellular interaction and neuronal wiring. In particular, high-throughput methods that alleviate the need for animal experiments are essential for future studies. Recent developments of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies have enabled in vitro modeling of the human brain by creating three-dimensional brain tissue mimic structures. To leverage these new technologies, a systematic and versatile approach for evaluating neuronal activity at larger tissue depths within the regime of tens to hundreds of micrometers is required. Here, we present an aerosol-jet- and inkjet-printing-based method to fabricate microelectrode arrays, equipped with high-aspect ratio μ-needle electrodes that penetrate 3D neural network assemblies. The arrays have been successfully applied for electrophysiological recordings on interconnected neurospheroids formed on an engineered substrate and on cerebral organoids, both derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Boxin Huang
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Salammbô Hotte
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Hiendlmeier
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karthyayani Rajamani
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - George Al Boustani
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics─Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ayako Yamada
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Park DH, He MT, Cho EJ, Morten K, Go JS. Development of a novel microfluidic perfusion 3D cell culture system for improved neuronal cell differentiation. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:22. [PMID: 37310518 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have recently gained popularity in the biomedical sciences because of their similarity to the in vivo environment. SH-SY5Y cells, which are neuronal cells and are commonly used to investigate neurodegenerative diseases, have particularly been reported to be differentiated as neuron-like cells expressing neuron-specific markers of mature neurons in static 3D culture environments when compared to static 2D environments, and those in perfusion environments have not yet been investigated. Microfluidic technology has provided perfusion environment which has more similarity to in vivo through mimicking vascular transportation of nutrients, but air bubbles entering into microchannels drastically increase instability of the flow. Furthermore, static incubation commonly used is incompatible with perfusion setup due to its air conditions, which is a critical huddle to the biologists. In the present study, we developed a novel microfluidic perfusion 3D cell culture system that overcomes the disturbance from air bubbles and intuitionally sets the incubation with the perfusion 3D culture. The system is capable of generating concentration gradients between 5 and 95% and air bubble traps were included to increase stability during incubation by collecting air bubbles. To evaluate the perfusion 3D culture, SH-SY5Y differentiation was examined in static 2D, static 3D, and perfusion 3D cultures. Our system supported significantly increased clustering of SH-SY5Y compared to static 2D and 3D methods, as well as increasing neurite growth rate. This novel system therefore supports differentiation of SH-SY5Y and can be used to more accurately model the in vivo environment during cell culture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeok Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Tong He
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Karl Morten
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeung Sang Go
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Fabbri R, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A, Magliaro C. Advanced 3D Models of Human Brain Tissue Using Neural Cell Lines: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. Cells 2023; 12:1181. [PMID: 37190089 PMCID: PMC10136913 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-relevant three-dimensional (3D) models of cerebral tissue can be invaluable tools to boost our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying brain pathophysiology. Nowadays, the accessibility, isolation and harvesting of human neural cells represents a bottleneck for obtaining reproducible and accurate models and gaining insights in the fields of oncology, neurodegenerative diseases and toxicology. In this scenario, given their low cost, ease of culture and reproducibility, neural cell lines constitute a key tool for developing usable and reliable models of the human brain. Here, we review the most recent advances in 3D constructs laden with neural cell lines, highlighting their advantages and limitations and their possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Fabbri
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ludovica Cacopardo
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Chiara Magliaro
- Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Italy
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5
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Wang Z, Huang C, Liu H, Shi Z, Han X, Li S, Huang J, Wang Z, Yan Y, Chen Z. Two-step method fabricating a 3D nerve cell model with brain-like mechanical properties and tunable porosity vascular structures via coaxial printing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 224:113202. [PMID: 36801526 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) nerve cell models have been widely developed to understand the mechanisms and discover treatment methods of ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. However, there is a contradiction in the production of 3D models that they should possess high modulus to ensure mechanical stability while low modulus to provide mechanical stimuli for nerve cells. In addition, it is challenging to maintain the long-term viability of 3D models when lacking vascular structures. Here, a 3D nerve cell model with brain-like mechanical properties and tunable porosity vascular structures has been fabricated. The matrix materials with brain-like low mechanical properties were favorable for promoting HT22 proliferation. The nerve cells could exchange nutrients and waste with the cultural environment through vascular structures. The vascular structures also played a supporting role, and model stability was enhanced by combining matrix materials with vascular structures. Furthermore, the porosity of vascular structure walls was adjusted by adding sacrificial materials to the tube walls during 3D coaxial printing and removing them after preparation, resulting in tunable porosity vascular structures. Finally, HT22 cells showed better cell viability and proliferation performance after culturing 7 days in the 3D models with vascular structures than in the 3D models with solid structures. All these results suggest that this 3D nerve cell model possesses good mechanical stability and long-term viability, which is expected to be used in pathological studies and drug screening for ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Chuanzhen Huang
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Hanlian Liu
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yonggan Yan
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- Centre for Advanced Jet Engineering Technology (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanical Engineering (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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6
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HS3ST2 expression induces the cell autonomous aggregation of tau. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10850. [PMID: 35760982 PMCID: PMC9237029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates have long been known to intracellularly accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease neurons, where they colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles made of abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated tau protein. However, the reasons and consequences of the heparan sulfates accumulation in the Alzheimer’s cells are not yet well understood. Previously, we showed that the neural heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase HS3ST2 is critical for the abnormal phosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease-related tauopathy. Using cell models of tauopathy we showed that intracellular 3-O-sulfatated heparan sulfates interact with tau inducing its abnormal phosphorylation. However, it is unknown whether HS3ST2 expression induces the intracellular aggregation of tau in cells. Here, by using replicative pEBV plasmids, we engineered HEK293 cells to stably express HS3ST2 together with human tau carrying or not the P301S mutation. We show that HS3ST2 gain of function induces the cell autonomous aggregation of tau not only in cells expressing tauP301S, but also in cells expressing the wild type tau. Our engineered cells mimicked both the HS intracellular accumulation observed in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease and the tau aggregation characteristic of tauopathy development and evolution. These results give evidence that the neural HS3ST2 plays a critical role in the cell autonomous self-aggregation of tau.
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7
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Bose A, Petsko GA, Studer L. Induced pluripotent stem cells: a tool for modeling Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:608-620. [PMID: 35667922 PMCID: PMC9576003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Among its pathologies, progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra is characteristic and contributes to many of the most severe symptoms of PD. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have made it possible to generate patient-derived DA neuronal cell culture and organoid models of PD. These models have contributed to understanding disease mechanisms and the identification of novel targets and therapeutic candidates. Still needed are better ways to model the age-related aspects of PD, as well as a deeper understanding of the interactions among disease-modifying genes and between genetic and environmental contributions to the etiology and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bose
- Ann Romney Institute of Neurological Diseases, Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Ann Romney Institute of Neurological Diseases, Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Vignon A, Salvador-Prince L, Lehmann S, Perrier V, Torrent J. Deconstructing Alzheimer's Disease: How to Bridge the Gap between Experimental Models and the Human Pathology? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8769. [PMID: 34445475 PMCID: PMC8395727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than a century ago, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only still present in our societies but has also become the most common dementia, with 50 million people worldwide affected by the disease. This number is expected to double in the next generation, and no cure is currently available to slow down or stop the disease progression. Recently, some advances were made due to the approval of the aducanumab treatment by the American Food and Drug Administration. The etiology of this human-specific disease remains poorly understood, and the mechanisms of its development have not been completely clarified. Several hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanisms of AD have been proposed, but the existing studies focus primarily on the two main markers of the disease: the amyloid β peptides, whose aggregation in the brain generates amyloid plaques, and the abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins, which are responsible for neurofibrillary tangles. These protein aggregates induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, which, in turn, lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits. The challenge is, therefore, to create models that best reproduce this pathology. This review aims at gathering the different existing AD models developed in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. Many models have already been set up, but it is necessary to identify the most relevant ones for our investigations. The purpose of the review is to help researchers to identify the most pertinent disease models, from the most often used to the most recently generated and from simple to complex, explaining their specificities and giving concrete examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vignon
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Lucie Salvador-Prince
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Perrier
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Joan Torrent
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.V.); (L.S.-P.)
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9
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Bi FC, Yang XH, Cheng XY, Deng WB, Guo XL, Yang H, Wang Y, Li J, Yao Y. Optimization of cerebral organoids: a more qualified model for Alzheimer's disease research. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:27. [PMID: 34372927 PMCID: PMC8349709 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that currently cannot be cured by any drug or intervention, due to its complicated pathogenesis. Current animal and cellular models of AD are unable to meet research needs for AD. However, recent three-dimensional (3D) cerebral organoid models derived from human stem cells have provided a new tool to study molecular mechanisms and pharmaceutical developments of AD. In this review, we discuss the advantages and key limitations of the AD cerebral organoid system in comparison to the commonly used AD models, and propose possible solutions, in order to improve their application in AD research. Ethical concerns associated with human cerebral organoids are also discussed. We also summarize future directions of studies that will improve the cerebral organoid system to better model the pathological events observed in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chen Bi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xin-He Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Wen-Bin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Li Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Research Center of Medical Science and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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10
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Spheroids as a Type of Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures-Examples of Methods of Preparation and the Most Important Application. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176225. [PMID: 32872135 PMCID: PMC7503223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are very important for testing materials and drugs, and in the examination of cell biology and special cell mechanisms. The most popular models of cell culture are two-dimensional (2D) as monolayers, but this does not mimic the natural cell environment. Cells are mostly deprived of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. A much better in vitro model is three-dimensional (3D) culture. Because many cell lines have the ability to self-assemble, one 3D culturing method is to produce spheroids. There are several systems for culturing cells in spheroids, e.g., hanging drop, scaffolds and hydrogels, and these cultures have their applications in drug and nanoparticles testing, and disease modeling. In this paper we would like to present methods of preparation of spheroids in general and emphasize the most important applications.
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11
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Smits LM, Schwamborn JC. Midbrain Organoids: A New Tool to Investigate Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32509785 PMCID: PMC7248385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human 3D cell culture models not only bridges the gap between traditional 2D in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, it also addresses processes that cannot be recapitulated by either of these traditional models. Therefore, it offers an opportunity to better understand complex biology including brain development. The brain organoid technology provides a physiologically relevant context, which holds great potential for its application in modeling neurological diseases. Here, we compare different methods to obtain highly specialized structures that resemble specific features of the human midbrain. Regionally patterned neural stem cells (NSCs) were utilized to derive such human midbrain-specific organoids (hMO). The resulting neural tissue exhibited abundant neurons with midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity, as well as astroglia and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Within the midbrain organoids, neurite myelination, and the formation of synaptic connections were observed. Regular neuronal fire patterning and neural network synchronicity were determined by multielectrode array recordings. In addition to electrophysiologically functional neurons producing and secreting dopamine, responsive neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons were also detected. In order to model disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro, midbrain organoids carrying a disease specific mutation were derived and compared to healthy control organoids to investigate relevant neurodegenerative pathophysiology. In this way midbrain-specific organoids constitute a powerful tool for human-specific in vitro modeling of neurological disorders with a great potential to be utilized in advanced therapy development.
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12
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Marrazzo P, Angeloni C, Hrelia S. Combined Treatment with Three Natural Antioxidants Enhances Neuroprotection in a SH-SY5Y 3D Culture Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100420. [PMID: 31547034 PMCID: PMC6827135 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the majority of cell-based studies on neurodegeneration are carried out on two-dimensional cultured cells that do not represent the cells residing in the complex microenvironment of the brain. Recent evidence has suggested that three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microenvironments may better model key features of brain tissues in order to study molecular mechanisms at the base of neurodegeneration. So far, no drugs have been discovered to prevent or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. New therapeutic interventions can come from phytochemicals that have a broad spectrum of biological activities. On this basis, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of three phytochemicals (sulforaphane, epigallocatechin gallate, and plumbagin) alone or in combination, focusing on their ability to counteract oxidative stress. The combined treatment was found to be more effective than the single treatments. In particular, the combined treatment increased cell viability and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated antioxidant enzymes and insulin-degrading enzymes, and downregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 and 2 in respect to peroxide-treated cells. Our data suggest that a combination of different phytochemicals could be more effective than a single compound in counteracting neurodegeneration, probably thanks to a pleiotropic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Marrazzo
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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13
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Naseri NN, Wang H, Guo J, Sharma M, Luo W. The complexity of tau in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:183-194. [PMID: 31028844 PMCID: PMC7060758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by two major pathological lesions in the brain, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed mainly of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau, respectively. Although accumulation of toxic Aβ species in the brain has been proposed as one of the important early events in AD, continued lack of success of clinical trials based on Aβ-targeting drugs has triggered the field to seek out alternative disease mechanisms and related therapeutic strategies. One of the new approaches is to uncover novel roles of pathological tau during disease progression. This review will primarily focus on recent advances in understanding the contributions of tau to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima N Naseri
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jennifer Guo
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Manu Sharma
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
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14
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Fang A, Li D, Hao Z, Wang L, Pan B, Gao L, Qu X, He J. Effects of astrocyte on neuronal outgrowth in a layered 3D structure. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:74. [PMID: 31215491 PMCID: PMC6582480 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human brain models and pharmacological models of brain diseases are in high demand for drug screening because animal models have been found to be less than ideal for fully representing the human brain and are likely to fail during drug screening and testing; therefore, the construction of brain-like tissues is necessary. Due to the complexity of cortical tissue, the in vitro construction of brain-like tissue models has been restricted to mostly two-dimensional (2D) models and, on a limited scale, three-dimensional (3D) models. Methods In this study, 3D tissue blocks encapsulating neurons and astrocytes were constructed and cultured in vitro to mimic the cortex of the brain and to investigate the effects of astrocytes on the growth of neurons in a 3D culture. Results The results indicated that such methodology can provide a 3D culture environment suitable for neurons and astrocytes to live and function. When both cells were evenly mixed and cultured in a 3D manner, the astrocytes, which showed better outgrowth and a higher proliferation rate, benefited more than the neurons. On the other hand, the neurons benefited, showing longer axons and a denser network of dendrites, when they were accompanied by astrocytes at a certain distance. Conclusion In conclusion, astrocytes stimulated the outgrowth of neurons in a 3D culture environment in vitro. Regardless, the spatial relationship between both types of cells should be controlled. Thus, culturing cells in a 3D manner is necessary to investigate the correlations between them. This study provides a foundation for biofabricating 3D neurons’ cultures to allow for a deeper insight into the relationship between astrocytes or other glial cells and neurons in a 3D culture that is similar to the natural environment of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Dichen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhiyan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Binglei Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoli Qu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jiankang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
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15
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Ranjan VD, Qiu L, Tan EK, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Modelling Alzheimer's disease: Insights from in vivo to in vitro three-dimensional culture platforms. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1944-1958. [PMID: 30011422 DOI: 10.1002/term.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by progressive memory loss, impairment of other cognitive functions, and inability to perform activities of daily life. The key to understanding AD aetiology lies in the development of effective disease models, which should ideally recapitulate all aspects pertaining to the disease. A plethora of techniques including in vivo, in vitro, and in silico platforms have been utilized in developing disease models of AD over the years. Each of these approaches has revealed certain essential characteristics of AD; however, none have managed to fully mimic the pathological hallmarks observed in the AD human brain. In this review, we will provide details into the genesis, evolution, and significance of the principal methods currently employed in modelling AD, the advantages and limitations faced in their application, including the headways made by each approach. This review will focus primarily on two-dimensional and three-dimensional in vitro modelling of AD, which during the last few years has made significant breakthroughs in the areas of AD pathology and therapeutic screening. In addition, a glimpse into state-of-the-art neural tissue engineering techniques incorporating biomaterials and microfluidics technologies is provided, which could pave the way for the development of more accurate and comprehensive AD models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Damodar Ranjan
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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16
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Zhuang P, Sun AX, An J, Chua CK, Chew SY. 3D neural tissue models: From spheroids to bioprinting. Biomaterials 2017; 154:113-133. [PMID: 29120815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro neural tissue models provide a better recapitulation of in vivo cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Therefore, the former is believed to have great potential for both mechanistic and translational studies. In this paper, we review the recent developments in 3D in vitro neural tissue models, with a particular focus on the emerging bioprinted tissue structures. We draw on specific examples to describe the merits and limitations of each model, in terms of different applications. Bioprinting offers a revolutionary approach for constructing repeatable and controllable 3D in vitro neural tissues with diverse cell types, complex microscale features and tissue level responses. Further advances in bioprinting research would likely consolidate existing models and generate complex neural tissue structures bearing higher fidelity, which is ultimately useful for probing disease-specific mechanisms, facilitating development of novel therapeutics and promoting neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Jia An
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Chee Kai Chua
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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17
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O'Rourke C, Lee-Reeves C, Drake RA, Cameron GW, Loughlin AJ, Phillips JB. Adapting tissue-engineered in vitro CNS models for high-throughput study of neurodegeneration. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417697920. [PMID: 28507726 PMCID: PMC5415290 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417697920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative conditions remain difficult to treat, with the continuing failure to see therapeutic research successfully advance to clinical trials. One of the obstacles that must be overcome is to develop enhanced models of disease. Tissue engineering techniques enable us to create organised artificial central nervous system tissue that has the potential to improve the drug development process. This study presents a replicable model of neurodegenerative pathology through the use of engineered neural tissue co-cultures that can incorporate cells from various sources and allow degeneration and protection of neurons to be observed easily and measured, following exposure to neurotoxic compounds – okadaic acid and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Furthermore, the technology has been miniaturised through development of a mould with 6 mm length that recreates the advantageous features of engineered neural tissue co-cultures at a scale suitable for commercial research and development. Integration of human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells aids more accurate modelling of human diseases, creating new possibilities for engineered neural tissue co-cultures and their use in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona O'Rourke
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Charlotte Lee-Reeves
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - A Jane Loughlin
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Collins SJ, Haigh CL. Simplified Murine 3D Neuronal Cultures for Investigating Neuronal Activity and Neurodegeneration. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 75:3-13. [PMID: 27796787 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to model brain tissue in three-dimensions offers new potential for elucidating functional cellular interactions and corruption of such functions during pathogenesis. Many protocols now exist for growing neurones in three-dimensions and these vary in complexity and cost. Herein, we describe a straight-forward method for generating three-dimensional, terminally differentiated central nervous system cultures from adult murine neural stem cells. The protocol requires no specialist equipment, is not labour intensive or expensive and produces mature cultures within 10 days that can survive beyond a month. Populations of functional glutamatergic neurones could be identified within cultures. Additionally, the three dimensional neuronal cultures can be used to investigate tissue changes during the development of neurodegenerative disease where demonstration of hallmark features, such as plaque generation, has not previously been possible using two-dimensional cultures of neuronal cells. Using a prion model of acquired neurodegenerative disease, biochemical changes indicative of prion pathology were induced within 2-3 weeks in the three dimensional cultures. Our findings show that tissue differentiated in this simplified three dimensional culture model is physiologically competent to model central nervous system cellular behaviour as well as manifest the functional failures and pathological changes associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collins
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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19
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Jahnke HG, Krinke D, Seidel D, Lilienthal K, Schmidt S, Azendorf R, Fischer M, Mack T, Striggow F, Althaus H, Schober A, Robitzki AA. A novel 384-multiwell microelectrode array for the impedimetric monitoring of Tau protein induced neurodegenerative processes. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 88:78-84. [PMID: 27506337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, countless bioelectronic monitoring systems were developed for the analysis of cells as well as complex tissues. Most studies addressed the sensitivity and specificity of the bioelectronic detection method in comparison to classical molecular biological assays. In contrast, the up scaling as a prerequisite for the practical application of these novel bioelectronic monitoring systems is mostly only discussed theoretically. In this context, we developed a novel 384-multiwell microelectrode array (MMEA) based measurement system for the sensitive label-free real-time monitoring of neurodegenerative processes by impedance spectroscopy. With respect to the needs of productive screening systems for robust and reproducible measurements on high numbers of plates, we focused on reducing the critical contacting of more than 400 electrodes for a 384-MMEA. Therefore, we introduced an on top array of immersive counter electrodes that are individually addressed by a multiplexer and connected all measurement electrodes on the 384-MMEA to a single contact point. More strikingly, our novel approach provided a comparable signal stability and sensitivity similar to an array with integrated counter electrodes. Next, we optimized a SH-SY5Y cell based tauopathy model by introducing a novel 5-fold Tau mutation eliminating the need of artificial tauopathy induction. In combination with our novel 384-MMEA based measurement system, the concentration and time dependent neuroregenerative effect of the kinase inhibitor SRN-003-556 could be quantitatively monitored. Thus, our novel screening system could be a useful tool to identify and develop potential novel therapeutics in the field of Tau-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Diana Seidel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Katharina Lilienthal
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Ronny Azendorf
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Michael Fischer
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Till Mack
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany; Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, D-39120 Germany
| | - Frank Striggow
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany; Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, D-39120 Germany
| | - Holger Althaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation IFF, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany.
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20
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Seidel D, Obendorf J, Englich B, Jahnke HG, Semkova V, Haupt S, Girard M, Peschanski M, Brüstle O, Robitzki AA. Impedimetric real-time monitoring of neural pluripotent stem cell differentiation process on microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:277-286. [PMID: 27387257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In today's neurodevelopment and -disease research, human neural stem/progenitor cell-derived networks represent the sole accessible in vitro model possessing a primary phenotype. However, cultivation and moreover, differentiation as well as maturation of human neural stem/progenitor cells are very complex and time-consuming processes. Therefore, techniques for the sensitive non-invasive, real-time monitoring of neuronal differentiation and maturation are highly demanded. Using impedance spectroscopy, the differentiation of several human neural stem/progenitor cell lines was analyzed in detail. After development of an optimum microelectrode array for reliable and sensitive long-term monitoring, distinct cell-dependent impedimetric parameters that could specifically be associated with the progress and quality of neuronal differentiation were identified. Cellular impedance changes correlated well with the temporal regulation of biomolecular progenitor versus mature neural marker expression as well as cellular structure changes accompanying neuronal differentiation. More strikingly, the capability of the impedimetric differentiation monitoring system for the use as a screening tool was demonstrated by applying compounds that are known to promote neuronal differentiation such as the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. The non-invasive impedance spectroscopy-based measurement system can be used for sensitive and quantitative monitoring of neuronal differentiation processes. Therefore, this technique could be a very useful tool for quality control of neuronal differentiation and moreover, for neurogenic compound identification and industrial high-content screening demands in the field of safety assessment as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Seidel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Obendorf
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Englich
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone Haupt
- LIFE&BRAIN GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathilde Girard
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- LIFE&BRAIN GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Jonczyk R, Kurth T, Lavrentieva A, Walter JG, Scheper T, Stahl F. Living Cell Microarrays: An Overview of Concepts. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E11. [PMID: 27600077 PMCID: PMC5003487 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Living cell microarrays are a highly efficient cellular screening system. Due to the low number of cells required per spot, cell microarrays enable the use of primary and stem cells and provide resolution close to the single-cell level. Apart from a variety of conventional static designs, microfluidic microarray systems have also been established. An alternative format is a microarray consisting of three-dimensional cell constructs ranging from cell spheroids to cells encapsulated in hydrogel. These systems provide an in vivo-like microenvironment and are preferably used for the investigation of cellular physiology, cytotoxicity, and drug screening. Thus, many different high-tech microarray platforms are currently available. Disadvantages of many systems include their high cost, the requirement of specialized equipment for their manufacture, and the poor comparability of results between different platforms. In this article, we provide an overview of static, microfluidic, and 3D cell microarrays. In addition, we describe a simple method for the printing of living cell microarrays on modified microscope glass slides using standard DNA microarray equipment available in most laboratories. Applications in research and diagnostics are discussed, e.g., the selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers. Finally, we highlight current limitations and the future prospects of living cell microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Tracy Kurth
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Johanna-Gabriela Walter
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, Hannover 30167, Germany.
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22
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High-throughput platforms for the screening of new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1355-1366. [PMID: 27178019 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, a lack of solid fundamental knowledge on the etiology of many of the major neurodegenerative diseases has made it difficult to obtain effective therapies to treat these conditions. Scientists have been looking to carry out more-human-relevant studies, with strong statistical power, to overcome the limitations of preclinical animal models that have contributed to the failure of numerous therapeutics in clinical trials. Here, we identify currently existing platforms to mimic central nervous system tissues, healthy and diseased, mainly focusing on cell-based platforms and discussing their strengths and limitations in the context of the high-throughput screening of new therapeutic targets and drugs.
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23
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D'Avanzo C, Aronson J, Kim YH, Choi SH, Tanzi RE, Kim DY. Alzheimer's in 3D culture: challenges and perspectives. Bioessays 2015; 37:1139-48. [PMID: 26252541 PMCID: PMC4674791 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and there is currently no cure. The "β-amyloid cascade hypothesis" of AD is the basis of current understanding of AD pathogenesis and drug discovery. However, no AD models have fully validated this hypothesis. We recently developed a human stem cell culture model of AD by cultivating genetically modified human neural stem cells in a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system. These cells were able to recapitulate key events of AD pathology including β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we will discuss the progress and current limitations of AD mouse models and human stem cell models as well as explore the breakthroughs of 3D cell culture systems. We will also share our perspective on the potential of dish models of neurodegenerative diseases for studying pathogenic cascades and therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D'Avanzo
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jenna Aronson
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Young Hye Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Eichler M, Jahnke HG, Krinke D, Müller A, Schmidt S, Azendorf R, Robitzki AA. A novel 96-well multielectrode array based impedimetric monitoring platform for comparative drug efficacy analysis on 2D and 3D brain tumor cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:582-9. [PMID: 25445619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive cancer entities like neuroblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme are still difficult to treat and have discouraging prognosis in malignant stage. Since each tumor has its own characteristics concerning the sensitivity towards different chemotherapeutics and moreover, can obtain resistance, the development of novel chemotherapeutics with a broad activity spectrum, high efficacy and minimum side effects is a continuous process. Sophisticated in vitro assays for comprehensive prediction of in vivo drug efficacy and side effects represent an actual bottleneck in the drug development process. In this context, we developed a novel in vitro 2D and 3D multiwell-multielectrode device for drug efficacy monitoring based on direct real-time impedance spectroscopy measurement in combination with our unique 96-well multielectrode arrays and microcavity arrays. For demonstration, we used three neuro- and glioblastoma cell lines that were cultured as monolayer and multicellular tumor spheroids for recapitulating in vivo conditions. Using our novel 96-well multielectrode array based system it was possible to detect time and concentration dependent responses concerning treatment with doxorubicin, etoposide and vincristine. While all tested chemotherapeutics revealed high potency for apoptosis induction in neuroblastoma cells, etoposide was ineffective for glioblastoma cell lines. Determination of IC50 values allowed us to compare drug efficacy in 2D and 3D culture models and moreover, revealed chemotherapeutic and tumor cell line specific activity patterns. These pharmacokinetic patterns are of great interest in the context of preclinical drug development. Thus, impedance spectroscopy based monitoring systems could be used for the fast in vitro based in vivo prediction of novel anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Eichler
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Azendorf
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Poenick S, Jahnke HG, Eichler M, Frost S, Lilie H, Robitzki AA. Comparative label-free monitoring of immunotoxin efficacy in 2D and 3D mamma carcinoma in vitro models by impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 53:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhang D, Pekkanen-Mattila M, Shahsavani M, Falk A, Teixeira AI, Herland A. A 3D Alzheimer's disease culture model and the induction of P21-activated kinase mediated sensing in iPSC derived neurons. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1420-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Calamini B, Lo DC, Kaltenbach LS. Experimental models for identifying modifiers of polyglutamine-induced aggregation and neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:400-15. [PMID: 23700210 PMCID: PMC3701774 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) typifies a class of inherited neurodegenerative disorders in which a CAG expansion in a single gene leads to an extended polyglutamine tract and misfolding of the expressed protein, driving cumulative neural dysfunction and degeneration. HD is invariably fatal with symptoms that include progressive neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments, and eventual motor disability. No curative therapies yet exist for HD and related polyglutamine diseases; therefore, substantial efforts have been made in the drug discovery field to identify potential drug and drug target candidates for disease-modifying treatment. In this context, we review here a range of early-stage screening approaches based in in vitro, cellular, and invertebrate models to identify pharmacological and genetic modifiers of polyglutamine aggregation and induced neurodegeneration. In addition, emerging technologies, including high-content analysis, three-dimensional culture models, and induced pluripotent stem cells are increasingly being incorporated into drug discovery screening pipelines for protein misfolding disorders. Together, these diverse screening strategies are generating novel and exciting new probes for understanding the disease process and for furthering development of therapeutic candidates for eventual testing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Calamini
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Drug Discovery, Duke University Medical Center, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Durham, NC 27704 USA
| | - Donald C. Lo
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Drug Discovery, Duke University Medical Center, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Durham, NC 27704 USA
| | - Linda S. Kaltenbach
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Drug Discovery, Duke University Medical Center, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Durham, NC 27704 USA
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Medina M, Avila J, Villanueva N. Use of okadaic acid to identify relevant phosphoepitopes in pathology: a focus on neurodegeneration. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1656-68. [PMID: 23697949 PMCID: PMC3707166 DOI: 10.3390/md11051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes and is the result of a balance between protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Biologically active marine derived compounds have been shown to represent an interesting source of novel compounds that could modify that balance. Among them, the marine toxin and tumor promoter, okadaic acid (OA), has been shown as an inhibitor of two of the main cytosolic, broad-specificity protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A, thus providing an excellent cell-permeable probe for examining the role of protein phosphorylation, and PP1 and PP2A in particular, in any physiological or pathological process. In the present work, we review the use of okadaic acid to identify specific phosphoepitopes mainly in proteins relevant for neurodegeneration. We will specifically highlight those cases of highly dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events and the ability of OA to block the high turnover phosphorylation, thus allowing the detection of modified residues that could be otherwise difficult to identify. Finally, its effect on tau hyperhosphorylation and its relevance in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28041, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Jesús Avila
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28041, Spain; E-Mail:
- Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa” CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-91-196-4803; Fax: +34-91-196-4715
| | - Nieves Villanueva
- National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Crta. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mail:
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Jahnke HG, Heimann A, Azendorf R, Mpoukouvalas K, Kempski O, Robitzki AA, Charalampaki P. Impedance spectroscopy--an outstanding method for label-free and real-time discrimination between brain and tumor tissue in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:8-14. [PMID: 23500470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Until today, brain tumors especially glioblastoma are difficult to treat and therefore, results in a poor survival rate of 0-14% over five years. To overcome this problem, the development of novel therapeutics as well as optimization of neurosurgical procedures to remove the tumor tissue are subject of intensive research. The main problem of the tumor excision, as the primary clinical intervention is the diffuse infiltration of the tumor cells in unaltered brain tissue that complicates the complete removal of residual tumor cells. In this context, we are developing novel approaches for the label-free discrimination between tumor tissue and unaltered brain tissue in real-time during the surgical process. Using our impedance spectroscopy-based measurement system in combination with flexible microelectrode arrays we could successfully demonstrate the discrimination between a C6-glioma and unaltered brain tissue in an in vivo rat model. The analysis of the impedance spectra revealed specific impedance spectrum shape characteristics of physiologic neuronal tissue in the frequency range of 10-500 kHz that were significantly different from the tumor tissue. Moreover, we used an adapted equivalent circuit model to get a deeper understanding for the nature of the observed effects. The impedimetric label-free and real-time discrimination of tumor from unaltered brain tissue offers the possibility for the implementation in surgical instruments to support surgeons to decide, which tissue areas should be removed and which should be remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, Germany.
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30
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A novel 3D culture model of tauopathy shows promise as a screening tool for Alzheimer disease therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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