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Tang Z, Sng KTH, Zhang Y, Carrasco LR. Climate change market-driven poleward shifts in cropland production create opportunities for tropical biodiversity conservation and habitat restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171198. [PMID: 38438043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the impacts of climate change on the yields of crops have been studied, how these changes will result in the eventual realized crop production through market feedbacks has received little attention. Using a combination of attainable yield predictions for wheat, rice, maize, soybean and sugarcane, computable general equilibrium and land rent models, we project market impacts and crop-specific land-use change up to 2100 and the resulting implications for carbon and biodiversity. The results show a general increase in crop prices in tropical regions and a decrease in sub-tropical and temperate regions. Land-use change driven by market feedbacks generally amplify the effects of climate change on yields. Wheat, maize and sugarcane are projected to experience the most expansion especially in Canada and Russia, which also present the highest potential for habitat conversion-driven carbon emissions. Conversely, Latin America presents the highest extinction potential for birds, mammals and amphibians due to cropland expansion. Climate change is likely to redistribute agricultural production, generating market-driven land-use feedback effects which could, counterintuitively, protect global biodiversity by shifting global food production towards less-biodiverse temperate regions while creating substantial restoration opportunities in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Keith T H Sng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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2
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Caradus JR, Chapman DF, Rowarth JS. Improving Human Diets and Welfare through Using Herbivore-Based Foods: 2. Environmental Consequences and Mitigations. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1353. [PMID: 38731357 PMCID: PMC11083977 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-sourced foods are important for human nutrition and health, but they can have a negative impact on the environment. These impacts can result in land use tensions associated with population growth and the loss of native forests and wetlands during agricultural expansion. Increased greenhouse gas emissions, and high water use but poor water quality outcomes can also be associated. Life cycle analysis from cradle-to-distribution has shown that novel plant-based meat alternatives can have an environmental footprint lower than that of beef finished in feedlots, but higher than for beef raised on well-managed grazed pastures. However, several technologies and practices can be used to mitigate impacts. These include ensuring that grazing occurs when feed quality is high, the use of dietary additives, breeding of animals with higher growth rates and increased fecundity, rumen microbial manipulations through the use of vaccines, soil management to reduce nitrous oxide emission, management systems to improve carbon sequestration, improved nutrient use efficacy throughout the food chain, incorporating maize silage along with grasslands, use of cover crops, low-emission composting barns, covered manure storages, and direct injection of animal slurry into soil. The technologies and systems that help mitigate or actually provide solutions to the environmental impact are under constant refinement to enable ever-more efficient production systems to allow for the provision of animal-sourced foods to an ever-increasing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Caradus
- Grasslanz Technology Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Jacqueline S. Rowarth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, 85084 Ellesmere Junction Road, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
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3
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Du B, Ye S, Gao P, Ren S, Liu C, Song C. Analyzing spatial patterns and driving factors of cropland change in China's National Protected Areas for sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169102. [PMID: 38056649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Farming in protected areas frequently challenges ecological conservation goals while supporting local livelihoods. To balance protection and agriculture, a comprehensive understanding of cropland dynamics in protected areas is of paramount importance. However, studies addressing this trade-off are relatively scarce, especially considering explicit Chinese government regulations on population relocation and cropland retirement in National Protected Areas (NPAs). Our study examined the spatial and temporal pattern of cropland in NPAs and explored the covariance between cropland density and species richness. Concurrently, the driving factors of cropland development in NPAs were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression. The results indicate that the cropland area in NPAs continued to expand, growing from 1.93 to 2.34 million hectares in 2000-2020, with a cropland density of approximately 0.4. Cropland expansion in the northern NPAs, particularly in the resource-rich Northeast (28.12 %) and the Northwest with high marginal agricultural returns (38.26 %), have encroached upon species habitats and aggravated biodiversity loss. Moreover, cities with higher cropland densities in NPAs are usually located at borders, possibly due to decentralized management. The Multiple Linear Regression results show that high cropland density is usually associated with a high population density (β = 0.156) and lower levels of rural education (β = -0.101) and income (β = -0.122). To mitigate the issue of cropland development in NPAs, it is crucial to avoid one-size-fits-all management strategies, strengthen regional legal supervision, adjust fiscal incentives, and promote eco-friendly agriculture. In the north regions, the expansion of cropland in NPAs should be strictly controlled. For the southwest, the positive role of preserving cropland in NPAs for alleviating human-nature conflict and maintaining social stability should be emphasized. This study provides research support for China's exploration of geographically suitable strategies for controlling cropland in NPAs. Moreover, the findings could serve as a reference for the governance of NPAs in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sijing Ye
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Peichao Gao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuyi Ren
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changqing Song
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Zhao K, Farrell K, Mashiku M, Abay D, Tang K, Oberste MS, Burns CC. A search-based geographic metadata curation pipeline to refine sequencing institution information and support public health. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1254976. [PMID: 38035280 PMCID: PMC10683794 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) has amassed a vast reservoir of genetic data since its inception in 2007. These public data hold immense potential for supporting pathogen surveillance and control. However, the lack of standardized metadata and inconsistent submission practices in SRA may impede the data's utility in public health. Methods To address this issue, we introduce the Search-based Geographic Metadata Curation (SGMC) pipeline. SGMC utilized Python and web scraping to extract geographic data of sequencing institutions from NCBI SRA in the Cloud and its website. It then harnessed ChatGPT to refine the sequencing institution and location assignments. To illustrate the pipeline's utility, we examined the geographic distribution of the sequencing institutions and their countries relevant to polio eradication and categorized them. Results SGMC successfully identified 7,649 sequencing institutions and their global locations from a random selection of 2,321,044 SRA accessions. These institutions were distributed across 97 countries, with strong representation in the United States, the United Kingdom and China. However, there was a lack of data from African, Central Asian, and Central American countries, indicating potential disparities in sequencing capabilities. Comparison with manually curated data for U.S. institutions reveals SGMC's accuracy rates of 94.8% for institutions, 93.1% for countries, and 74.5% for geographic coordinates. Conclusion SGMC may represent a novel approach using a generative AI model to enhance geographic data (country and institution assignments) for large numbers of samples within SRA datasets. This information can be utilized to bolster public health endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katie Farrell
- Cherokee Nation Businesses, Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Catoosa, OK, United States
| | - Melchizedek Mashiku
- Cherokee Nation Businesses, Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Catoosa, OK, United States
| | - Dawit Abay
- Cherokee Nation Businesses, Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Catoosa, OK, United States
| | - Kevin Tang
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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5
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Chen Z, Arango J, Rao IM, Liang C. Editorial: Physiological, molecular and genetic mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in tropical crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150343. [PMID: 36844061 PMCID: PMC9950767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Chen
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jacobo Arango
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Idupulapati M. Rao
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology(icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cuiyue Liang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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da Costa CF, Ramos Pereira MJ. Aerial insectivorous bats in the Brazilian-Uruguayan savanna: Modelling the occupancy through acoustic detection. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.937139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pampa is the least protected and one of the least sampled for bats among the Brazilian domains. This leads to significant Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls for bats in the Brazilian-Uruguayan savanna ecoregion. Here, we aimed to model the occupancy of aerial insectivorous bats in response to landscape structure at different scales, considering the influence of microclimate on bat detection. We acoustically monitored 68 locations during the spring and summer of 2019/2020, gathering data on temperature and humidity associated with each acoustic record using data loggers. We detected at least 11 species of the Molossidae and the Vespertilionidae families, of which 9 were used in the model. The response to landscape structure was species-specific: the occupancy probability of Eptesicus brasiliensis and Molossus cf. currentium increased with landscape connectivity at the 500 m scale while Eptesicus furinalis and Histiotus cf. velatus were negatively affected by landscape connectivity at the 5.0 km scale. Molossus occupancy probability responded negatively to landscape heterogeneity at the 3.0 km scale, while Promops centralis responded positively to landscape heterogeneity at the 5.0 km scale. Molossus rufus responded negatively to native vegetation cover and positively to landscape heterogeneity at the 5.0 km scale. Myotis albescens and Molossops temminckii did not respond significantly to any of the evaluated landscape metrics. Our results show that different bat species perceive the landscape differently, regardless of the guild of use of space – edge- or open-space forager. Our estimate of projected occupancy for the areas contiguous to those sampled ranged from 0.45 to 0.70 for the whole of the bat taxa, suggesting that the landscape, particularly where it still maintains its native elements, is reasonably favourable to aerial insectivores.
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7
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Alcock TD, Salt DE, Wilson P, Ramsden SJ. More sustainable vegetable oil: Balancing productivity with carbon storage opportunities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154539. [PMID: 35302036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intensive cultivation and post-harvest vegetable oil production stages are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Variation between production systems and reporting disparity have resulted in discordance in previous emissions estimates. The aim of this study was to assess global systems-wide variation in GHG emissions resulting from palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower oil production. Such an analysis is critical to understand the implications of meeting increasing edible oil demand. To achieve this, we performed a unified re-analysis of life cycle input data from diverse palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oil production systems, from a saturating search of published literature. The resulting dataset reflects almost 6000 producers in 38 countries, and is representative of over 71% of global vegetable oil production. Across all oil crop systems, median GHG emissions were 3.81 kg CO2e per kg refined oil. Crop specific median emissions ranged from 2.49 kg CO2e for rapeseed oil to 4.25 kg CO2e for soybean oil per kg refined oil. Determination of the carbon cost of agricultural land occupation revealed that carbon storage potential in native compared to agricultural land cover drives variation in production GHG emissions, and indicates that expansion of production in low carbon storage potential land, whilst reforesting areas of high carbon storage potential, could reduce net GHG emissions whilst boosting productivity. Nevertheless, there remains considerable scope to improve sustainability within current production systems, including through increasing yields whilst limiting application of inputs with high carbon footprints, and in the case of palm oil through more widespread adoption of methane capture technologies in processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Alcock
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; Crop Physiology, School of Life Sciences - Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - David E Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Stephen J Ramsden
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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8
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Evans MN, Waller S, Müller CT, Goossens B, Smith JA, Bakar MSA, Kille P. The price of persistence: Assessing the drivers and health implications of metal levels in indicator carnivores inhabiting an agriculturally fragmented landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112216. [PMID: 34656630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterns and practices of agricultural expansion threaten the persistence of global biodiversity. Wildlife species surviving large-scale land use changes can be exposed to a suite of contaminants that may deleteriously impact their health. There is a paucity of data concerning the ecotoxicological impacts associated with the global palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) industry. We sampled wild Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga) across a patchwork landscape degraded by oil palm agriculture in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Using a non-lethal methodology, we quantified the levels of 13 essential and non-essential metals within the hair of this adaptable small carnivore. We robustly assessed the biological and environmental drivers of intrapopulation variation in measured levels. Metal concentrations were associated with civet age, weight, proximity to a tributary, and access to oxbow lakes. In a targeted case study, the hair metal profiles of 16 GPS-collared male civets with differing space use patterns were contrasted. Civets that entered oil palm plantations expressed elevated aluminium, cadmium, and lead, and lower mercury hair concentrations compared to civets that remained exclusively within the forest. Finally, we paired hair metal concentrations with 34 blood-based health markers to evaluate the possible sub-lethal physiological effects associated with varied hair metal levels. Our multi-facetted approach establishes these adaptable carnivores as indicator species within an extensively altered ecosystem, and provides critical and timely evidence for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan N Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK; Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, 88100, Malaysia.
| | - Simon Waller
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Benoit Goossens
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK; Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, 88100, Malaysia; Sustainable Places Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3BA, UK; Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, 88100, Malaysia
| | - Jeremy A Smith
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, CF37 4BB, UK
| | | | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Ray DK, Sloat LL, Garcia AS, Davis KF, Ali T, Xie W. Crop harvests for direct food use insufficient to meet the UN's food security goal. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:367-374. [PMID: 37117562 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Rising competition for crop usage presents policy challenges exacerbated by poor understanding of where crops are harvested for various uses. Here we create high-resolution global maps showing where crops are harvested for seven broad use categories-food, feed, processing, export, industrial, seed and losses. Yields for food crops are low relative to other crop-use categories. It is unlikely, given current trends, that the minimum calorie requirement to eliminate projected food undernourishment by 2030 will be met through crops harvested for direct food consumption, although enough calories will be harvested across all usages. Sub-Saharan African nations will probably fall short of feeding their increased population and eliminating undernourishment in 2030, even if all harvested calories are used directly as food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Ray
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | | | | | - Kyle F Davis
- Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tariq Ali
- School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Xie
- China Center for Agricultural Policy, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Shah HA, Carrasco LR, Hamlet A, Murray KA. Exploring agricultural land-use and childhood malaria associations in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4124. [PMID: 35260722 PMCID: PMC8904834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture in Africa is rapidly expanding but with this comes potential disbenefits for the environment and human health. Here, we retrospectively assess whether childhood malaria in sub-Saharan Africa varies across differing agricultural land uses after controlling for socio-economic and environmental confounders. Using a multi-model inference hierarchical modelling framework, we found that rainfed cropland was associated with increased malaria in rural (OR 1.10, CI 1.03-1.18) but not urban areas, while irrigated or post flooding cropland was associated with malaria in urban (OR 1.09, CI 1.00-1.18) but not rural areas. In contrast, although malaria was associated with complete forest cover (OR 1.35, CI 1.24-1.47), the presence of natural vegetation in agricultural lands potentially reduces the odds of malaria depending on rural-urban context. In contrast, no associations with malaria were observed for natural vegetation interspersed with cropland (veg-dominant mosaic). Agricultural expansion through rainfed or irrigated cropland may increase childhood malaria in rural or urban contexts in sub-Saharan Africa but retaining some natural vegetation within croplands could help mitigate this risk and provide environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Anil Shah
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment - Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Luis Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kris A Murray
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia.,Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Effect of Anthropogenic Activities on the Population of Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractForest loss due to anthropogenic activities is one of the main causes of plant and animal species decline. Studying the species’ population status (i.e., density, abundance, and geographic distribution) on a regular basis is one of the main tools to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on wildlife, to monitor population dynamics and to intervene with effective conservation strategies when the population of an endangered species declines. On Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture, are decreasing the remaining natural habitats available for several endemic and endangered species. The effect of this forest loss on the threatened moor macaques (Macaca maura) in South Sulawesi is unknown, and data on the population status of this species are needed to design effective conservation strategies. To assess the population status of the moor macaques, we walked linear transects (N = 29, survey effort = 114 km) at six sites between November 2019 and March 2020 to estimate macaque population density and encounter rate. We tested the effect of anthropogenic activities on macaque encounter rate. Our global density estimate (24 individuals/km2) was lower than the overall estimate from the most detailed survey conducted on this species, which covered its whole geographic distribution (36.1 individuals/km2). However, these results should be interpreted with caution because the previous density estimate falls within the confidence intervals of our estimate. Furthermore, we found regional declines in moor macaque encounter rates in at least two sites compared with previous studies. We found a high presence of anthropogenic activity in the forests inhabited by macaques. Moor macaques were less abundant in open areas with no forest (i.e., clear cuttings) than in forested areas, and in the presence of nonspecies-specific hunting traps (i.e., wire-loop traps). Moreover, moor macaques were more abundant in areas with a higher presence of humans and domestic animals. Overall, our data suggest that the population of this species may be declining in certain regions but further surveys are needed to corroborate whether this is occurring across the entire geographic distribution.
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12
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Hergoualc’h K, Mueller N, Bernoux M, Kasimir Ä, van der Weerden TJ, Ogle SM. Improved accuracy and reduced uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories by refining the IPCC emission factor for direct N 2 O emissions from nitrogen inputs to managed soils. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6536-6550. [PMID: 34523777 PMCID: PMC9293294 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most national GHG inventories estimating direct N2 O emissions from managed soils rely on a default Tier 1 emission factor (EF1 ) amounting to 1% of nitrogen inputs. Recent research has, however, demonstrated the potential for refining the EF1 considering variables that are readily available at national scales. Building on existing reviews, we produced a large dataset (n = 848) enriched in dry and low latitude tropical climate observations as compared to former global efforts and disaggregated the EF1 according to most meaningful controlling factors. Using spatially explicit N fertilizer and manure inputs, we also investigated the implications of using the EF1 developed as part of this research and adopted by the 2019 IPCC refinement report. Our results demonstrated that climate is a major driver of emission, with an EF1 three times higher in wet climates (0.014, 95% CI 0.011-0.017) than in dry climates (0.005, 95% CI 0.000-0.011). Likewise, the form of the fertilizer markedly modulated the EF1 in wet climates, where the EF1 for synthetic and mixed forms (0.016, 95% CI 0.013-0.019) was also almost three times larger than the EF1 for organic forms (0.006; 95% CI 0.001-0.011). Other factors such as land cover and soil texture, C content, and pH were also important regulators of the EF1 . The uncertainty associated with the disaggregated EF1 was considerably reduced as compared to the range in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Compared to estimates from the 2006 IPCC EF1 , emissions based on the 2019 IPCC EF1 range from 15% to 46% lower in countries dominated by dry climates to 7%-37% higher in countries with wet climates and high synthetic N fertilizer consumption. The adoption of the 2019 IPCC EF1 will allow parties to improve the accuracy of emissions' inventories and to better target areas for implementing mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Mueller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Department of Soil and Crop SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Martial Bernoux
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | | | | | - Stephen M. Ogle
- Department of Ecosystem Science and SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Natural Resource Ecology LaboratoryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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13
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Gray REJ, Rodriguez LF, Lewis OT, Chung AYC, Ovaskainen O, Slade EM. Movement of forest‐dependent dung beetles through riparian buffers in Bornean oil palm plantations. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. J. Gray
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Luisa F. Rodriguez
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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Chapman CA, Peres CA. Primate conservation: Lessons learned in the last 20 years can guide future efforts. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:345-361. [PMID: 34370373 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, we published an assessment of the threats facing primates and with the passing of two decades, we re-evaluate identified threats, consider emerging pressures, identify exciting new avenues of research, and tackle how to change the system to rapidly advance primate and primate habitat conservation. Habitat destruction and hunting have increased, the danger of looming climate change is clearer, and there are emerging threats such as the sublethal effects of microplastics and pesticides. Despite these negative developments, protected areas are increasing, exciting new tools are now available, and the number of studies has grown exponentially. Many of the changes that need to occur to make rapid progress in primate conservation are in our purview to modify. We identify several dimensions indicating the time is right to make large advances; however, the question that remains is do we have the will to prevent widespread primate annihilation and extinction?
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Chapman
- Wilson Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Carlos A Peres
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,Instituto Juruá, Manaus, Brazil
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15
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Tela M, Cresswell W, Chapman H. Pest-removal services provided by birds on subsistence farms in south-eastern Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255638. [PMID: 34370774 PMCID: PMC8351970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent birds provide the ecosystem service of pest control in subsistence farms, and how this service might depend on retained natural habitats near farmlands is unexplored in West Africa. To fill this knowledge gap, we placed plasticine mimics of insect pests on experimentally grown crops on the Mambilla Plateau, South Eastern Nigeria. We recorded bird attacks on the mimics and the proportion of mimics removed by birds. We also determined the influence of distance of crops from forest fragments on both attack and removal rates. We placed 90 potted plants of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) along 15 transects running 4.5 km from forest edge into open grassland. Each plant had six of the 540 mimics in total placed on their leaves. We inspected the potted plants weekly for 12 weeks to record (i) the presence of bird beak marks on mimics, and (ii) the number of missing mimics. Once a week we collected all the mimics from the plants and counted the number of assumed beak marks. After counting we replaced the mimics on the plants, mark free. We found a strong positive correlation between the abundance of insectivorous birds and the mean number of missing mimics and/or bird attack marks on mimics. However, this positive effect of insectivorous bird abundance on prey mimic attack/removal became less strong the farther they were from a forest fragment. We found increased predation rates and abundance of insectivorous birds closer to forest fragments. Our data suggest that pest predation may be a key ecosystem service provided by insectivorous birds on Nigerian farmlands. Farmlands that are closer to forest fragments may experience a higher rate of pest control by insectivorous birds than those further away, suggesting that retaining forest fragments in the landscape may enhance pest control services in sub-Saharan subsistence farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murna Tela
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Will Cresswell
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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16
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Byakagaba P, Okullo JBL, Eilu G, Mwavu EN. The role of fallowing in the restoration of woody species in the Woodlands of Northern Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Byakagaba
- Department of Environmental Management Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - John Bosco L. Okullo
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Gerald Eilu
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Edward N. Mwavu
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism Makerere University Kampala Uganda
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17
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Zhang Y, Runting RK, Webb EL, Edwards DP, Carrasco LR. Coordinated intensification to reconcile the 'zero hunger' and 'life on land' Sustainable Development Goals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112032. [PMID: 33545453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encourage nations to substantially increase food production to achieve zero hunger (SDG 2) while preserving life on land (SDG 15). A key question is how to reconcile these potentially competing goals spatially. We use integer linear programming to develop an 'integrated land use planning framework' that identifies the optimal allocation of 17 crops under different hypothetical conservation targets while meeting agricultural demands by 2030. Intensifying existing cropland to maximum yield before allocating new cropland would reduce land requirement by 43% versus cropland expansion without intensification. Even with yield gap closure, tropical and sub-tropical crops still require expansion, primarily allocated to Venezuela, eastern Brazil, Congo Basin, Myanmar and Indonesia. Enforcement of protected areas, via avoiding conversion in 75% of Key Biodiversity Areas and 65% of intact areas, is vital to attain biodiversity targets but bears large opportunity costs, with agricultural rents dropping from $4.1 to $2.8 trillion. Although nationally constrained forest conservation efforts would earn 9% less agricultural rents compared to globally coordinated conservation solutions, they were also able to reduce intact habitat and forest loss (43% and 35% reduction). Our results demonstrate that careful choice of the allocation of future cropland expansion, could dramatically reduce-but not eliminate-the tradeoffs between the SDGs for food production and land biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Rebecca K Runting
- School of Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward L Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
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18
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Develey PF. Bird Conservation in Brazil: Challenges and practical solutions for a key megadiverse country. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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19
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Can Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) be a Game Changer in Tropical Agriculture? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020133. [PMID: 33525615 PMCID: PMC7911048 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic soil disinfection (ASD) has been identified as an alternative soil-borne pathogen control strategy to chemical fumigation. ASD involves the application of an easily liable carbon source followed by irrigation to field capacity and maintenance of an anaerobic condition for a certain period. A literature search undertaken on ASD found that more than 50 comprehensive research projects have been conducted since its first discovery in 2000. Most of these studies were conducted in the USA and in the Netherlands. Though the exact mechanism of ASD in pathogen control is unknown, promising results have been reported against a wide range of pathogens such as fungi, nematodes, protists, and oomycetes. However, it is interesting to note that, except for a few studies, ASD research in the developing world and in the tropical countries has lagged behind. Nevertheless, with soil quality depletion, reduction in arable lands, and exponential population growth, a drastic change to the current agricultural practices should be adapted since yield gain has reached a plateau for major staple crops. Under such circumstances, we identified the gaps and the potentials of ASD in tropical agricultural systems and proposed promising biodegradable materials.
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20
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Pervasive cropland in protected areas highlight trade-offs between conservation and food security. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2010121118. [PMID: 33468666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cropland expansion over the last century caused widespread habitat loss and degradation. Establishment of protected areas aims to counteract the loss of habitats and to slow species extinctions. However, many protected areas also include high levels of habitat disturbance and conversion for uses such as cropland. Understanding where and why this occurs may realign conservation priorities and inform protected area policy in light of competing priorities such as food security. Here, we use our global synthesis cropland dataset to quantify cropland in protected areas globally and assess their relationship to conservation aims and socio-environmental context. We estimate that cropland occupies 1.4 million km2 or 6% of global protected area. Cropland occurs across all protected area management types, with 22% occurring in strictly protected areas. Cropland inside protected areas is more prevalent in countries with higher population density, lower income inequality, and with higher agricultural suitability of protected lands. While this phenomenon is dominant in midnorthern latitudes, areas of cropland in protected areas of the tropics and subtropics may present greater trade-offs due to higher levels of both biodiversity and food insecurity. Although area-based targets are prominent in biodiversity goal-setting, our results show that they can mask persistent anthropogenic land uses detrimental to native ecosystem conservation. To ensure the long-term efficacy of protected areas, post-2020 goal setting must link aims for biodiversity and human health and improve monitoring of conservation outcomes in cropland-impacted protected areas.
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21
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Carvalho WD, Meyer CFJ, Xavier BDS, Mustin K, Castro IJD, Silvestre SM, Pathek DB, Capaverde UD, Hilário R, Toledo JJD. Consequences of Replacing Native Savannahs With Acacia Plantations for the Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic α- and β-Diversity of Bats in the Northern Brazilian Amazon. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.609214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the globe, millions of hectares of native vegetation have been replaced by commercial plantations, with negative consequences for biodiversity. The effects of the replacement of native vegetation with commercial plantations on the functional and phylogenetic diversity of bat assemblages remain understudied, and most studies have focused exclusively on the taxonomic component of diversity. Here, we investigate how the replacement of natural savannahs by acacia plantations affects the α- and β-diversity of bat assemblages. We sampled bats, using mist-nets at ground level, in natural forest, savannah areas and acacia plantations, in the Lavrados de Roraima in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Our results show that, in general, acacia is less diverse than native forests in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity, and is also less taxonomically diverse than the savannah matrix which it substitutes. The observed patterns of α- and β-diversity found in the present study are in large part driven by the superabundance of one generalist and opportunistic species, Carollia perspicillata, in the acacia plantations. Taken together, our results show that the replacement of areas of natural savannah by acacia plantations causes a regional loss in diversity across all diversity dimensions: taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic. However, further studies are required to fully understand the ecological and conservation implications of this landscape change.
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22
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Barbosa JM, Hiraldo F, Romero MÁ, Tella JL. When does agriculture enter into conflict with wildlife? A global assessment of parrot–agriculture conflicts and their conservation effects. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jomar M. Barbosa
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de DoñanaC.S.I.C. Seville Spain
| | - Fernando Hiraldo
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de DoñanaC.S.I.C. Seville Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Romero
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de DoñanaC.S.I.C. Seville Spain
| | - José L. Tella
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de DoñanaC.S.I.C. Seville Spain
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23
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Wilkinson CL, Chua KWJ, Fiala R, Liew JH, Kemp V, Hadi Fikri A, Ewers RM, Kratina P, Yeo DCJ. Forest conversion to oil palm compresses food chain length in tropical streams. Ecology 2020; 102:e03199. [PMID: 32969053 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, biodiversity-rich forests are being extensively logged and converted to oil palm monocultures. Although the impacts of these changes on biodiversity are largely well documented, we know addition to samples we collected in 201 little about how these large-scale impacts affect freshwater trophic ecology. We used stable isotope analyses (SIA) to determine the impacts of land-use changes on the relative contribution of allochthonous and autochthonous basal resources in 19 stream food webs. We also applied compound-specific SIA and bulk-SIA to determine the trophic position of fish apex predators and meso-predators (invertivores and omnivores). There was no difference in the contribution of autochthonous resources in either consumer group (70-82%) among streams with different land-use type. There was no change in trophic position for meso-predators, but trophic position decreased significantly for apex predators in oil palm plantation streams compared to forest streams. This change in maximum food chain length was due to turnover in identity of the apex predator among land-use types. Disruption of aquatic trophic ecology, through reduction in food chain length and shift in basal resources, may cause significant changes in biodiversity as well as ecosystem functions and services. Understanding this change can help develop more focused priorities for mediating the negative impacts of human activities on freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Wilkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Kenny W J Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Roswitha Fiala
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4DQ, UK
| | - Jia H Liew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victoria Kemp
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4DQ, UK
| | - Arman Hadi Fikri
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London-Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4DQ, UK
| | - Darren C J Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore, 117377, Singapore
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24
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Dimensions of Phyllostomid Bat Diversity and Assemblage Composition in a Tropical Forest-Agricultural Landscape. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12060238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests are suffering rapid habitat loss with large extensions of land transformed into agriculture. We wanted to know whether the type of agricultural activity in forest-agricultural landscapes affects how species composition as well as taxonomic and functional dimensions of diversity respond. We worked in the Amazon forests of southeast Peru and used bats as model organisms. We sampled mosaics characterized by forest adjacent to papaya plantations or cattle pastures. At each sampling site we established a transect in each of the three different vegetation types: forest interior, forest edge and agricultural land. We found that vegetation type was a better predictor of species composition than the type of agricultural land present. Vegetation structure characteristics explained differences in bat species composition between forest interior and edge. Agricultural land type chosen was not irrelevant as we found higher estimated species richness in papaya than in pasture sites. Agricultural land type present in a site and vegetation type affected functional diversity, with both agricultural land types showing a lower number of functionally distinct species than forests. We found papaya plantation sites showed species more evenly dispersed in trait space, suggesting they do better at conserving functional diversity when compared to cattle pasture sites. We demonstrate that sites that harbor agricultural activities can maintain a considerable proportion of the expected bat diversity. We note that this region still has large tracts of intact forest adjacent to agricultural lands, which may explain their ability to maintain relatively high levels bat diversity.
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25
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Quantifying the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services in Oil Palm Dominated Landscapes in Riau Province in Sumatra, Indonesia. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem services in oil palm plantations owned by smallholders in four villages in the Riau Province, Indonesia were identified and valued. Nine provisioning, three regulating and maintenance, one cultural ecosystem service, and a single ecosystem dis-service, were identified from interviews with 62 farming households. Direct and indirect market valuation methods were used to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of these services, which averaged USD 6520 ha−1 year−1 (range = USD 2970–7729 ha−1 year−1). The values of provisioning services were USD 4331 ha−1 year−1 (range = USD 2263–5489 ha−1 year−1), regulating and maintenance services were valued at USD 1880 ha−1 year−1 (range of USD 707–3110 ha−1 year−1), and cultural services were USD 309 ha−1 year−1. We conclude that identifying and valuing ecosystem services offers an opportunity to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of smallholders in oil palm landscapes in Indonesia.
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Abstract
Nitrogen lost from agriculture has altered the geochemistry of the biosphere, with pronounced impacts on aquatic ecosystems. We aim to elucidate the patterns and driving factors behind the N fluxes in lowland stream ecosystems differing about land-use and climatic-hydrological conditions. The climate-hydrology areas represented humid cold temperate/stable discharge conditions, and humid subtropical climate/flashy conditions. Three complementary monitoring sampling characteristics were selected, including a total of 43 streams under contrasting farming intensities. Farming intensity determined total dissolved N (TDN), nitrate concentrations, and total N concentration and loss to streams, despite differences in soil and climatic-hydrological conditions between and within regions. However, ammonium (NH4+) and dissolved organic N concentrations did not show significant responses to the farming intensity or climatic/hydrological conditions. A high dissolved inorganic N to TDN ratio was associated with the temperate climate and high base flow conditions, but not with farming intensity. In the absence of a significant increase in farming N use efficiency (or the introduction of other palliative measures), the expected farming intensification would result in a stronger increase in NO3−, TDN, and TN concentrations as well as in rising flow-weighted concentrations and loss in temperate and subtropical streams, which will further exacerbate eutrophication.
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27
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Chemura A, Rwasoka D, Mutanga O, Dube T, Mushore T. The impact of land-use/land cover changes on water balance of the heterogeneous Buzi sub-catchment, Zimbabwe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Luke SH, Dwi Advento A, Dow RA, Aryawan AAK, Barclay H, Eycott AE, Hinsch JK, Kurniawan C, Naim M, Mann DJ, Pujianto, Purnomo D, Rambe TDS, Slade EM, Soeprapto, Ps S, Suhardi, Tarigan RS, Wahyuningsih R, Widodo RH, Caliman J, Snaddon JL, Foster WA, Turner EC. Complexity within an oil palm monoculture: The effects of habitat variability and rainfall on adult dragonfly (Odonata) communities. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Luke
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Andreas Dwi Advento
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Rory A. Dow
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
- Sarawak Museum Campus Project Kuching Malaysia
| | | | - Holly Barclay
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Amy E. Eycott
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Steinkjer Steinkjer Norway
| | - Julie K. Hinsch
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Candra Kurniawan
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Naim
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | | | - Pujianto
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Dedi Purnomo
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | | | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Soeprapto
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Sudharto Ps
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Suhardi
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Ribka Sionita Tarigan
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Resti Wahyuningsih
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Rudy Harto Widodo
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Jean‐Pierre Caliman
- Sinar Mas Agro Resources Technology Research Institute (SMARTRI) Pekanbaru Indonesia
| | - Jake L. Snaddon
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Preface. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(20)30020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Occupancy Modeling Reveals Interspecific Variation in Habitat Use and Negative Effects of Dogs on Lemur Populations. INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Farneda FZ, Meyer CFJ, Grelle CEV. Effects of land‐use change on functional and taxonomic diversity of Neotropical bats. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Z. Farneda
- Department of Ecology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Carlos E. V. Grelle
- Department of Ecology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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32
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Cornejo A, Tonin AM, Checa B, Tuñon AR, Pérez D, Coronado E, González S, Ríos T, Macchi P, Correa-Araneda F, Boyero L. Effects of multiple stressors associated with agriculture on stream macroinvertebrate communities in a tropical catchment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220528. [PMID: 31393898 PMCID: PMC6687280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are declining at unprecedented rates in favour of agriculture, and streams can be severely impacted due to effects of multiple stressors that have rarely been considered together in tropical studies. We studied the effects of multiple stressors associated with agricultural practices (pesticide toxicity, nutrient enrichment and habitat alteration-quantified as TUmax, soluble reactive phosphorus concentration and sedimentation, respectively) on macroinvertebrate communities in a tropical catchment in Panama (13 stream sites sampled in 20 occasions from 2015 to 2017, with 260 samples in total). We examined how macroinvertebrate abundance, taxonomic richness, community composition and biotic indices (SPEAR and BMWP/PAN, which were specifically designed to detect pesticide toxicity and nutrient enrichment, respectively) varied depending on the studied stressors, considering their single and combined effects. Our analyses revealed significant effects of the studied stressors on macroinvertebrate communities, with two particular results that merit further attention: (1) the fact that pesticide toxicity affected BMWP/PAN, but not SPEAR, possibly because the former had been adapted for local fauna; and (2) that most stressors showed antagonistic interactions (i.e., lower combined effects than expected from their individual effects). These results highlight the need for toxicity bioassays with tropical species that allow adaptations of biotic indices, and of observational and manipulative studies exploring the combined effects of multiple stressors on tropical macroinvertebrate communities and ecosystems, in order to predict and manage future anthropogenic impacts on tropical streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydeé Cornejo
- Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Laboratory, Zoological Collection Dr. Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies (COZEM-ICGES), Panama City, Panama
- Doctoral Program in Natural Sciences with emphasis in Entomology, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
- * E-mail:
| | - Alan M. Tonin
- Department of Ecology, IB, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Brenda Checa
- Plant Health Laboratory, Agricultural Development Ministry (MIDA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Ana Raquel Tuñon
- Environmental Quality Laboratory of the Ministry of Environment, Panama City, Panama
| | - Diana Pérez
- Pacific Mariculture Station, Aquatic Resources Authority of Panama (ARAP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Enilda Coronado
- Plant Health Laboratory, Agricultural Development Ministry (MIDA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Stefani González
- Plant Health Laboratory, Agricultural Development Ministry (MIDA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Tomás Ríos
- Museum of Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates, Autonomous University of Chiriquí, David, Panama
| | - Pablo Macchi
- Research Institute of Paleobiology and Geology, CONICET-National University of Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina
- Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, CONICET-National University of Comahue, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Correa-Araneda
- Unidad de Cambio Climático y Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Estudios de Hábitat (IEH), Facultad de Arquitectura y Construcción, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV / EHU), Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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Vågen TG, Winowiecki LA. Predicting the Spatial Distribution and Severity of Soil Erosion in the Global Tropics using Satellite Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2019; 11:1800. [PMID: 33489317 PMCID: PMC7771391 DOI: 10.3390/rs11151800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research paper presents the first consistent spatial assessments of soil
erosion prevalence based on Earth observation data and systematic field surveys
to train models that predict soil erosion prevalence across the global tropics.
The results of the study have major implications for efforts to identify land
degradation hotspots and design interventions to restore degraded lands given
the importance of soil erosion as a major process of land degradation globally.
The paper also presents analysis of changes in soil erosion prevalence over the
15 year period from 2002 to 2017. The results of the study can also be used to
better understand ecosystem health and resilience in the global tropics, for
assessments of food security, and the implications of land degradation on
climate change. Soil erosion has long been recognized as a major process of land degradation
globally, affecting millions of hectares of land in the tropics and resulting in
losses in productivity and biodiversity, decreased resilience of both marine and
terrestrial ecosystems, and increased vulnerability to climate change. This
paper presents an assessment of the extent of soil erosion in the global tropics
at a moderate spatial resolution (500 m) based on a combination of systematic
field surveys using the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF)
methodology and Earth observation data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) platform. The highest erosion prevalence was observed
in wooded grassland, bushland, and shrubland systems in semi-arid areas, while
the lowest occurrence was observed in forests. Observed erosion decreased with
increasing fractional vegetation cover, but with high rates of erosion even at
50–60% fractional cover. These findings indicate that methods to assess
soil erosion need to be able to detect erosion under relatively dense vegetation
cover. Model performance was good for prediction of erosion based on MODIS, with
high accuracy (~89% for detection) and high overall precision (AUC = 0.97). The
spatial predictions from this study will allow for better targeting of
interventions to restore degraded land and are also important for assessing the
dynamics of land health indicators such as soil organic carbon. Given the
importance of soil erosion for land degradation and that the methodology gives
robust results that can be rapidly replicated at scale, we would argue that soil
erosion should be included as a key indicator in international conventions such
as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor-Gunnar Vågen
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi,
Kenya
- Correspondence:
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Evapotranspiration and its Components in the Nile River Basin Based on Long-Term Satellite Assimilation Product. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Actual evapotranspiration (ET) and its individual components’ contributions to the water–energy nexus provide insights into our hydrological cycle in a changing climate. Based on long-term satellite ET data assimilated by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), we analyzed changes in ET and its components over the Nile River Basin from 1980 to 2014. The results show a multi-year mean ET of 518 mm·year–1. The long-term ET trend showed a decline at a rate of 18.8 mm·year–10. ET and its components showed strong seasonality and the ET components’ contribution to total ET varied in space and time. ET and its components decreased in humid regions, which was related to precipitation deficits. ET increases in arid-semiarid regions were due to water availability from crop irrigation fields in the Nile Plain. Precipitation was the dominant limiting driver of ET in the region. Vegetation transpiration (an average of 78.1% of total ET) dominated the basin’s water fluxes, suggesting biological fluxes play a role in the regional water cycle’s response to climate change. This analysis furthers our understanding of the water dynamics in the region and may significantly improve our knowledge of future hydrological modelling.
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Global impacts of future cropland expansion and intensification on agricultural markets and biodiversity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2844. [PMID: 31253787 PMCID: PMC6598988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With rising demand for biomass, cropland expansion and intensification represent the main strategies to boost agricultural production, but are also major drivers of biodiversity decline. We investigate the consequences of attaining equal global production gains by 2030, either by cropland expansion or intensification, and analyse their impacts on agricultural markets and biodiversity. We find that both scenarios lead to lower crop prices across the world, even in regions where production decreases. Cropland expansion mostly affects biodiversity hotspots in Central and South America, while cropland intensification threatens biodiversity especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, India and China. Our results suggest that production gains will occur at the costs of biodiversity predominantly in developing tropical regions, while Europe and North America benefit from lower world market prices without putting their own biodiversity at risk. By identifying hotspots of potential future conflicts, we demonstrate where conservation prioritization is needed to balance agricultural production with conservation goals. The increase in needs for agricultural commodities is projected to outpace the growth of farmland production globally, leading to high pressure on farming systems in the next decades. Here, the authors investigate the future impact of cropland expansion and intensification on agricultural markets and biodiversity, and suggest the need for balancing agricultural production with conservation goals.
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Schmidt IB, Ferreira MC, Sampaio AB, Walter BMT, Vieira DLM, Holl KD. Tailoring restoration interventions to the grassland‐savanna‐forest complex in central Brazil. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel B. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology, University of BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte Brasília 70910‐900 Brazil
| | - Maxmiller C. Ferreira
- Biotechnology InstituteFederal University of Goiás – Regional Catalão, Avenida Doutor Lamartine Pinto de Avelar Catalão 75704020 Brazil
| | - Alexandre B. Sampaio
- Centro Nacional de Avaliação da Biodiversidade e de Pesquisa e Conservação do Cerrado, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade – ICMBio Brasilia 70635‐800 Brazil
| | - Bruno M. T. Walter
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Asa Norte, Caixa Postal 02372 Brasília 70770‐900 Brazil
| | - Daniel L. M. Vieira
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Asa Norte, Caixa Postal 02372 Brasília 70770‐900 Brazil
| | - Karen D. Holl
- Environmental Studies DepartmentUniversity of California Santa Cruz CA U.S.A
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Carrasco‐Rueda F, Loiselle BA. Do riparian forest strips in modified forest landscapes aid in conserving bat diversity? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4192-4209. [PMID: 31015998 PMCID: PMC6467860 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural practices lead to losses of natural resources and biodiversity. Maintaining forests alongside streams (riparian forest strips) has been used as a mechanism to minimize the impact of clearing for agriculture on biodiversity. To test the contribution of riparian forest strips to conserve biodiversity in production landscapes, we selected bats as a biodiversity model system and examined two dimensions of diversity: taxonomic and functional. We compared bat diversity and composition in forest, with and without stream habitat, and in narrow forest riparian strips surrounded by areas cleared for agriculture. We tested the hypothesis that riparian forest strips provide potential conservation value by providing habitat and serving as movement corridors for forest bat species. Riparian forest strips maintained 75% of the bat species registered in forested habitats. We found assemblage in sites with riparian forest strips were dominated by a few species with high abundance and included several species with low abundance. Bat species assemblage was more similar between sites with streams than between those sites to forests without stream habitat. These results highlight the importance of stream habitat in predicting presence of bat species. We registered similar number of guilds between forest sites and riparian forest strips sites. Relative to matrix habitats, stream and edge habitats in riparian forest strips sites were functionally more diverse, supporting our hypothesis about the potential conservation value of riparian forest strips. Results from this study suggest that maintaining riparian forest strips within cleared areas for agricultural areas helps conserve the taxonomic and functional diversity of bats. Also, it provides basic data to evaluate the efficacy of maintaining these landscape features for mitigating impacts of agricultural development on biodiversity. However, we caution that riparian forest strips alone are not sufficient for biodiversity maintenance; their value depends on maintenance of larger forest areas in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Carrasco‐Rueda
- School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Bette A. Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Center for Latin American StudiesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
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Bonanomi J, Tortato FR, Gomes RDSR, Penha JM, Bueno AS, Peres CA. Protecting forests at the expense of native grasslands: Land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian cerrado biome. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. LAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/land7030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning.
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Higher agrobiodiversity is associated with improved dietary diversity, but not child anthropometric status, of Mayan Achí people of Guatemala. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2128-2141. [PMID: 29611490 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Child undernutrition remains one of the greatest challenges for public health nutrition in rural areas in developing countries. Interventions aiming to increase and conserve agrobiodiversity seem to be promising alternatives to improve child nutrition. However, the existing literature on these interventions is not conclusive about their effectiveness in combating child undernutrition. We tested the hypothesis that 'higher agrobiodiversity is associated with greater dietary diversity and better anthropometric status' in rural Guatemala.Design/Setting/SubjectsIn the summer of 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 154 children (6-60 months). We conducted dietary recalls and structured interviews, measured children's weight and height, and visited food production systems (Milpas, home gardens, coffee plantations). Crop species richness, nutritional functional diversity, dietary diversity scores and anthropometric status were calculated. RESULTS Higher food self-sufficiency, nutritional functional diversity and dietary diversity scores were positively correlated with higher crop and animal species richness. Contrarily, remoteness to the local market was negatively correlated with dietary diversity scores. However, higher dietary diversity scores were not correlated with better child anthropometric status. Better child anthropometric status was positively correlated with improved sanitary conditions and maternal education; and negatively correlated with large household size and frequent child morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Agricultural diversification could diversify diets, increase nutrient availability and improve child anthropometry. However, these interventions need to be accompanied by sanitation improvements, family planning, nutritional education and women's empowerment to strengthen their positive effect on diet and nutrition.
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Luskin MS, Lee JS, Edwards DP, Gibson L, Potts MD. Study context shapes recommendations of land-sparing and sharing; a quantitative review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Combined Landsat and L-Band SAR Data Improves Land Cover Classification and Change Detection in Dynamic Tropical Landscapes. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cancelliere EC, Chapman CA, Twinomugisha D, Rothman JM. The nutritional value of feeding on crops: Diets of vervet monkeys in a humanized landscape. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Cancelliere
- Department of Anthropology Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx NY USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
| | | | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York, and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
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Forest Structure and the Species Composition of the Parque Estadual Mata Atlântica, Located in Goiás State, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1219374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Parque Estadual Mata Atlântica (PEMA), Goiás state, Brazil, is an Atlantic Forest reserve which has not been studied yet. The aims were to investigate plant biodiversity and characterize the flora to support the management plan. We adopt the point-centered quarter method to inventory the tree-shrub and lianas with the diameter at breast height more than or equal to 5 cm. The study was performed through 1.86 km of transect with 187 sampled points. We sampled 748 individuals and identified 109 species, 82 genera, and 51 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) was 3.97, and Pielou’s evenness (J) was 0.846, both considered high. The Fabaceae family was the most diverse with 20 species. Aspidosperma polyneuron, an endangered tree species, had greater relative dominance and importance value. The floristic similarity analysis indicated that the PEMA vegetation belongs to the seasonal forest, currently very fragmented and degraded. Due to several anthropogenic threats, we suggest the following recommendations: prevent the exploitation of species, avoid hunting, control invasive grasses, prevent forest fires, and promote environmental education. This study demonstrates the importance of PEMA for species conservation. Therefore, this study is essential for the development of management plan and the conservation of PEMA biodiversity.
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Primate Responses to Changing Environments in the Anthropocene. PRIMATE LIFE HISTORIES, SEX ROLES, AND ADAPTABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chaikam V, Nair SK, Martinez L, Lopez LA, Utz HF, Melchinger AE, Boddupalli PM. Marker-Assisted Breeding of Improved Maternal Haploid Inducers in Maize for the Tropical/Subtropical Regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1527. [PMID: 30405665 PMCID: PMC6201356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For efficient production of doubled haploid (DH) lines in maize, maternal haploid inducer lines with high haploid induction rate (HIR) and good adaptation to the target environments is an important requirement. In this study, we present second-generation Tropically Adapted Inducer Lines (2GTAILs), developed using marker assisted selection (MAS) for qhir1, a QTL with a significant positive effect on HIR from the crosses between elite tropical maize inbreds and first generation Tropically Adapted Inducers Lines (TAILs). Evaluation of 2GTAILs for HIR and agronomic performance in the tropical and subtropical environments indicated superior performance of 2GTAILs over the TAILs for both HIR and agronomic performance, including plant vigor, delayed flowering, grain yield, and resistance to ear rots. One of the new inducers 2GTAIL006 showed an average HIR of 13.1% which is 48.9% higher than the average HIR of the TAILs. Several other 2GTAILs also showed higher HIR compared to the TAILs. While employing MAS for qhir1 QTL, we observed significant influence of the non-inducer parent on the positive effect of qhir1 QTL on HIR. The non-inducer parents that resulted in highest mean HIR in the early generation qhir1+ families also gave rise to highest numbers of candidate inducers, some of which showed transgressive segregation for HIR. The mean HIR of early generation qhir1+ families involving different non-inducer parents can potentially indicate recipient non-inducer parents that can result in progenies with high HIR. Our study also indicated that the HIR associated traits (endosperm abortion rate, embryo abortion rate, and proportion of haploid plants among the inducer plants) can be used to differentiate inducers vs. non-inducers but are not suitable for differentiating inducers with varying levels of haploid induction rates. We propose here an efficient methodology for developing haploid inducer lines combining MAS for qhir1 with HIR associated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Chaikam
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sudha K. Nair
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Leocadio Martinez
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Lopez
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - H. Friedrich Utz
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albrecht E. Melchinger
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prasanna M. Boddupalli
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Prasanna M. Boddupalli,
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Valenta K, Twinomugisha D, Godfrey K, Liu C, Schoof VAM, Goldberg TL, Chapman CA. Comparison of gastrointestinal parasite communities in vervet monkeys. Integr Zool 2017; 12:512-520. [PMID: 28685946 PMCID: PMC5725676 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Globally, habitat degradation is accelerating, especially in the tropics. Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates, people, and domestic animals and change stress levels in wildlife, leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections. However, the direction and consequences of these changes are unclear, since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources (e.g., improving nutritional health by eating nutritious crops) and decreasing susceptibility to infection, or interactions with humans may lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection. Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to understand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance. Here we quantify the gastrointestinal parasites of a group of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) near Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, that frequently overlaps with people in their use of a highly modified environment. We compare the parasites found in this population to seven other sites where vervet monkey gastrointestinal parasites have been identified. The vervets of Lake Nabugabo have the greatest richness of parasites documented to date. We discuss how this may reflect differences in sampling intensity or differences in the types of habitat where vervet parasites have been sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Godfrey
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Liu
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie A M Schoof
- Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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MacKenzie CA, Salerno J, Hartter J, Chapman CA, Reyna R, Tumusiime DM, Drake M. Changing perceptions of protected area benefits and problems around Kibale National Park, Uganda. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 200:217-228. [PMID: 28582745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Local residents' changing perceptions of benefits and problems from living next to a protected area in western Uganda are assessed by comparing household survey data from 2006, 2009, and 2012. Findings are contextualized and supported by long-term data sources for tourism, protected area-based employment, tourism revenue sharing, resource access agreements, and problem animal abundance. We found decreasing perceived benefit and increasing perceived problems associated with the protected area over time, with both trends dominated by increased human-wildlife conflict due to recovering elephant numbers. Proportions of households claiming benefit from specific conservation strategies were increasing, but not enough to offset crop raiding. Ecosystem services mitigated perceptions of problems. As human and animal populations rise, wildlife authorities in Sub-Saharan Africa will be challenged to balance perceptions and adapt policies to ensure the continued existence of protected areas. Understanding the dynamic nature of local people's perceptions provides a tool to adapt protected area management plans, prioritize conservation resources, and engage local communities to support protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina A MacKenzie
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Rue Sherbrooke West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada; Department of Geography, University of Vermont, 200 Old Mill Building, 94 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405-0114, USA.
| | - Jonathan Salerno
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Sustainability, Energy, and Environment Complex, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Sustainability, Energy, and Environment Complex, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA; Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. 409, Fort Portal, Uganda.
| | - Rafael Reyna
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Avenida Rancho Poligono 2A, Lerma, Campeche, 24500, Mexico.
| | | | - Michael Drake
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Sustainability, Energy, and Environment Complex, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Denmead LH, Darras K, Clough Y, Diaz P, Grass I, Hoffmann MP, Nurdiansyah F, Fardiansah R, Tscharntke T. The role of ants, birds and bats for ecosystem functions and yield in oil palm plantations. Ecology 2017; 98:1945-1956. [PMID: 28464275 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H. Denmead
- Agroecology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Marine and Environmental Management; Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology; Tauranga New Zealand
| | - Kevin Darras
- Agroecology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Yann Clough
- Agroecology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Ingo Grass
- Agroecology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Munir P. Hoffmann
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Fuad Nurdiansyah
- Agroecology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- University of Jambi; Jambi Indonesia
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Chapman CA, Corriveau A, Schoof VAM, Twinomugisha D, Valenta K. Long-term simian research sites: significance for theory and conservation. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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