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Huang S, Zhang W, Xuan S, Si H, Huang D, Ba M, Qi D, Pei X, Lu D, Li Z. Chronic sleep deprivation impairs retinal circadian transcriptome and visual function. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109907. [PMID: 38649019 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Sleep loss is common in modern society and is increasingly associated with eye diseases. However, the precise effects of sleep loss on retinal structure and function, particularly on the retinal circadian system, remain largely unexplored. This study investigates these effects using a chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) model in mice. Our investigation reveals that CSD significantly alters the retinal circadian transcriptome, leading to remarkable changes in the temporal patterns of enriched pathways. This perturbation extends to metabolic and immune-related transcriptomes, coupled with an accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the retina. Notably, CSD rhythmically affects the thickness of the ganglion cell complex, along with diurnal shifts in microglial migration and morphology within the retina. Most critically, we observe a marked decrease in both scotopic and photopic retinal function under CSD conditions. These findings underscore the broad impact of sleep deprivation on retinal health, highlighting its role in altering circadian gene expression, metabolism, immune response, and structural integrity. Our study provides new insights into the broader impact of sleep loss on retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuting Xuan
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongli Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duliurui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengru Ba
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Di Qi
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Pei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan University, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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Sletten TL, Weaver MD, Foster RG, Gozal D, Klerman EB, Rajaratnam SMW, Roenneberg T, Takahashi JS, Turek FW, Vitiello MV, Young MW, Czeisler CA. The importance of sleep regularity: a consensus statement of the National Sleep Foundation sleep timing and variability panel. Sleep Health 2023; 9:801-820. [PMID: 37684151 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and present consensus findings of the National Sleep Foundation sleep timing and variability panel regarding the impact of sleep timing variability on health and performance. METHODS The National Sleep Foundation assembled a panel of sleep and circadian experts to evaluate the scientific evidence and conduct a formal consensus and voting procedure. A systematic literature review was conducted using the NIH National Library of Medicine PubMed database, and panelists voted on the appropriateness of 3 questions using a modified Delphi RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method with 2 rounds of voting. RESULTS The literature search and panel review identified 63 full text publications to inform consensus voting. Panelists achieved consensus on each question: (1) is daily regularity in sleep timing important for (a) health or (b) performance? and (2) when sleep is of insufficient duration during the week (or work days), is catch-up sleep on weekends (or non-work days) important for health? Based on the evidence currently available, panelists agreed to an affirmative response to all 3 questions. CONCLUSIONS Consistency of sleep onset and offset timing is important for health, safety, and performance. Nonetheless, when insufficient sleep is obtained during the week/work days, weekend/non-work day catch-up sleep may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Sletten
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew D Weaver
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Gozal
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institutes for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine and Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Butelman ER, Goldstein RZ, Nwaneshiudu CA, Girdhar K, Roussos P, Russo SJ, Alia-Klein N. Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Opioid Use Disorder and Recovery: Translatability to Human Studies, and Future Research Directions. Neuroscience 2023; 528:102-116. [PMID: 37562536 PMCID: PMC10720374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major current cause of morbidity and mortality. Long-term exposure to short-acting opioids (MOP-r agonists such as heroin or fentanyl) results in complex pathophysiological changes to neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory functions, affected in part by peripheral mechanisms (e.g., cytokines in blood), and by neuroendocrine systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There are important findings from preclinical models, but their role in the trajectory and outcomes of OUD in humans is not well understood. The goal of this narrative review is to examine available data on immune and inflammatory functions in persons with OUD, and to identify major areas for future research. Peripheral blood biomarker studies revealed a pro-inflammatory state in persons with OUD in withdrawal or early abstinence, consistent with available postmortem brain studies (which show glial activation) and diffusion tensor imaging studies (indicating white matter disruptions), with gradual abstinence-associated recovery. The mechanistic roles of these neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory changes in the trajectory of OUD (including recovery and medication management) cannot be examined practically with postmortem data. Collection of longitudinal data in larger-scale human cohorts would allow examination of these mechanisms associated with OUD stage and progression. Given the heterogeneity in presentation of OUD, a precision medicine approach integrating multi-omic peripheral biomarkers and comprehensive phenotyping, including neuroimaging, can be beneficial in risk stratification, and individually optimized selection of interventions for individuals who will benefit, and assessments under refractory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Neuropsychoimaging of Addictions and Related Conditions Research Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Depts. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Neuropsychoimaging of Addictions and Related Conditions Research Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Depts. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chinwe A Nwaneshiudu
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kiran Girdhar
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA, Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Neuropsychoimaging of Addictions and Related Conditions Research Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Depts. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Zhang MM, Zhao JW, Li ZQ, Shao J, Gao XY. Acupuncture at Back-Shu point improves insomnia by reducing inflammation and inhibiting the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:340-350. [PMID: 37383281 PMCID: PMC10294136 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a disease where individuals cannot maintain a steady and stable sleep state or fail to fall asleep. Western medicine mainly uses sedatives and hypnotic drugs to treat insomnia, and long-term use is prone to drug resistance and other adverse reactions. Acupuncture has a good curative effect and unique advantages in the treatment of insomnia.
AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of acupuncture at Back-Shu point for the treatment of insomnia.
METHODS We first prepared a rat model of insomnia, and then carried out acupuncture for 7 consecutive days. After treatment, the sleep time and general behavior of the rats were determined. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning ability and spatial memory ability of the rats. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and the hippocampus were detected by ELISA. qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression changes in the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were carried out to evaluate the protein expression levels of RAF-1, MEK-2, ERK1/2 and NF-κB.
RESULTS Acupuncture can prolong sleep duration, and improve mental state, activity, diet volume, learning ability and spatial memory. In addition, acupuncture increased the release of 1L-1β, 1L-6 and TNF-α in serum and the hippocampus and inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acupuncture at Back-Shu point can inhibit the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway and treat insomnia by increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines in the hippo-campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Luoyang Orthopedic Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 471002, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Pain Treatment, Luoyang Orthopedic Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 471002, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Xi-Yan Gao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
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5
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Chalfant JM, Howatt DA, Johnson VB, Tannock LR, Daugherty A, Pendergast JS. Chronic environmental circadian disruption increases atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia in female, but not male, ApolipoproteinE-deficient mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167858. [PMID: 37064902 PMCID: PMC10090465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work chronically disrupts circadian rhythms and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms linking shift work and cardiovascular disease are largely unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of chronically shifting the light-dark (LD) cycle, which models the disordered exposure to light that may occur during shift work, on atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the progressive accumulation of lipid-filled lesions within the artery wall and is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. We studied ApolipoproteinE-deficient (ApoE -/- ) mice that are a well-established model of atherosclerosis. Male and female ApoE -/- mice were housed in control 12L:12D or chronic LD shift conditions for 12 weeks and fed low-fat diet. In the chronic LD shift condition, the light-dark cycle was advanced by 6 h every week. We found that chronic LD shifts exacerbated atherosclerosis in female, but not male, ApoE -/- mice. In females, chronic LD shifts increased total serum cholesterol concentrations with increased atherogenic VLDL/LDL particles. Chronic LD shifts did not affect food intake, activity, or body weight in male or female ApoE -/- mice. We also examined eating behavior in female ApoE -/- mice since aberrant meal timing has been linked to atherosclerosis. The phases of eating behavior rhythms, like locomotor activity rhythms, gradually shifted to the new LD cycle each week in the chronic LD shift group, but there was no effect of the LD shift on the amplitudes of the eating rhythms. Moreover, the duration of fasting intervals was not different in control 12L:12D compared to chronic LD shift conditions. Together these data demonstrate that female ApoE -/- mice have increased atherosclerosis when exposed to chronic LD shifts due to increased VLDL/LDL cholesterol, independent of changes in energy balance or feeding-fasting cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Chalfant
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Lisa R. Tannock
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Julie S. Pendergast
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Jerigova V, Zeman M, Okuliarova M. Circadian Disruption and Consequences on Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213722. [PMID: 36430199 PMCID: PMC9690954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms control almost all aspects of physiology and behavior, allowing temporal synchrony of these processes between each other, as well as with the external environment. In the immune system, daily rhythms of leukocyte functions can determine the strength of the immune response, thereby regulating the efficiency of defense mechanisms to cope with infections or tissue injury. The natural light/dark cycle is the prominent synchronizing agent perceived by the circadian clock, but this role of light is highly compromised by irregular working schedules and unintentional exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN). The primary concern is disrupted circadian control of important physiological processes, underlying potential links to adverse health effects. Here, we first discuss the immune consequences of genetic circadian disruption induced by mutation or deletion of specific clock genes. Next, we evaluate experimental research into the effects of disruptive light/dark regimes, particularly light-phase shifts, dim ALAN, and constant light on the innate immune mechanisms under steady state and acute inflammation, and in the pathogenesis of common lifestyle diseases. We suggest that a better understanding of the mechanisms by which circadian disruption influences immune status can be of importance in the search for strategies to minimize the negative consequences of chronodisruption on health.
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Rizk AA, Jenkins BW, Al-Sabagh Y, Hamidullah S, Reitz CJ, Rasouli M, Martino TA, Khokhar JY. The Impact of Sex, Circadian Disruption, and the ClockΔ19/Δ19 Genotype on Alcohol Drinking in Mice. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040701. [PMID: 35456507 PMCID: PMC9031797 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work is associated with increased alcohol drinking, more so in males than females, and is thought to be a coping mechanism for disrupted sleep cycles. However, little is presently known about the causal influence of circadian rhythm disruptions on sex differences in alcohol consumption. In this study, we disrupted circadian rhythms in female and male mice using both environmental (i.e., shifting diurnal cycles) and genetic (i.e., ClockΔ19/Δ19 mutation) manipulations, and measured changes in alcohol consumption and preference using a two-bottle choice paradigm. Alcohol consumption and preference, as well as food and water consumption, total caloric intake, and weight were assessed in adult female and male ClockΔ19/Δ19 mutant mice or wild-type (WT) litter-mates, housed under a 12-hour:12-hour light:dark (L:D) cycle or a shortened 10-hour:10-hour L:D cycle. Female WT mice (under both light cycles) increased their alcohol consumption and preference over time, a pattern not observed in male WT mice. Compared to WT mice, ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice displayed increased alcohol consumption and preference. Sex differences were not apparent in ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice, with or without shifting diurnal cycles. In conclusion, sex differences in alcohol consumption patterns are evident and increase with prolonged access to alcohol. Disrupting circadian rhythms by mutating the Clock gene greatly increases alcohol consumption and abolishes sex differences present in WT animals.
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Atwater AQ, Immergluck LC, Davidson AJ, Castanon-Cervantes O. Shift Work Predicts Increases in Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein, Interleukin-10, and Leukocyte Counts in a Cross-Sectional Study of Healthy Volunteers Carrying Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413158. [PMID: 34948768 PMCID: PMC8701724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of inflammatory responses is a potential mechanism behind the harmful effects of shift work and is associated with increased risk of hypertension, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. These responses are linked to the proliferation of leukocytes in shift workers, suggesting a systemic signal as a potential mediator. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between systemic inflammation, leukocyte counts, and systemic endotoxemia in samples from a diverse cohort of day workers and shift workers. Participants (normothermic and normotensive) were healthy volunteers, non-smoking, and drug- and medication-free. The following outcomes were measured: C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, leukocyte counts (monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils), and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Risk factors that increase systemic inflammation, such as blood pressure, sleep loss, and cortisol, were also assessed. The results indicated that shift workers slept significantly less than day workers and had significantly increased concentrations of all of the cytokines measured as well as plasma cortisol. Regression models found that after controlling for covariates, shift-work exposure predicted the significant increase observed in IL-10, leukocyte counts, and LBP. Our results suggest that acute increases in low-grade systemic endotoxemia are unresolved during chronic shift-work exposure. This ongoing immune challenge may underlie the disrupted inflammatory responses characteristic of shift-work-related pathologies. Systemic endotoxemia may represent a novel target to investigate the early effects of exposure to shift-work schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Q. Atwater
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.Q.A.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Lilly Cheng Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
- Pediatric Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.Q.A.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Oscar Castanon-Cervantes
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.Q.A.); (A.J.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Sanchez REA, Kalume F, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep timing and the circadian clock in mammals: Past, present and the road ahead. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:3-14. [PMID: 34092510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals display robust daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. These approximately 24-h cycles, known as circadian rhythms, are driven by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and affect biological processes ranging from metabolism to immune function. Perhaps the most overt output of the circadian clock is the sleep-wake cycle, the integrity of which is critical for health and homeostasis of the organism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep. We discuss the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying daily sleep timing, and the trajectory of circadian regulation of sleep across development. We conclude by proposing future research priorities for the field that will significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Franck Kalume
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are complex, tightly regulated behaviors that occur in virtually all animals. With recent exciting developments in neuroscience methodologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and cell-specific calcium imaging technology, researchers can advance our understanding of how discrete neuronal groups precisely modulate states of sleep and wakefulness. In this chapter, we provide an overview of key neurotransmitter systems, neurons, and circuits that regulate states of sleep and wakefulness. We also describe long-standing models for the regulation of sleep/wake and non-rapid eye movement/rapid eye movement cycling. We contrast previous knowledge derived from classic approaches such as brain stimulation, lesions, cFos expression, and single-unit recordings, with emerging data using the newest technologies. Our understanding of neural circuits underlying the regulation of sleep and wakefulness is rapidly evolving, and this knowledge is critical for our field to elucidate the enigmatic function(s) of sleep.
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Foxx CL, Heinze JD, González A, Vargas F, Baratta MV, Elsayed AI, Stewart JR, Loupy KM, Arnold MR, Flux MC, Sago SA, Siebler PH, Milton LN, Lieb MW, Hassell JE, Smith DG, Lee KAK, Appiah SA, Schaefer EJ, Panitchpakdi M, Sikora NC, Weldon KC, Stamper CE, Schmidt D, Duggan DA, Mengesha YM, Ogbaselassie M, Nguyen KT, Gates CA, Schnabel K, Tran L, Jones JD, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Fleshner M, Dorrestein PC, Knight R, Wright KP, Lowry CA. Effects of Immunization With the Soil-Derived Bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae on Stress Coping Behaviors and Cognitive Performance in a "Two Hit" Stressor Model. Front Physiol 2021; 11:524833. [PMID: 33469429 PMCID: PMC7813891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.524833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (M. vaccae), a soil-derived bacterium with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, is a potentially useful countermeasure against negative outcomes to stressors. Here we used male C57BL/6NCrl mice to determine if repeated immunization with M. vaccae is an effective countermeasure in a "two hit" stress exposure model of chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) followed by acute social defeat (SD). On day -28, mice received implants of biotelemetric recording devices to monitor 24-h rhythms of locomotor activity. Mice were subsequently treated with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae (0.1 mg, administered subcutaneously on days -21, -14, -7, and 27) or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Mice were then exposed to 8 consecutive weeks of either stable normal 12:12 h light:dark (LD) conditions or CDR, consisting of 12-h reversals of the LD cycle every 7 days (days 0-56). Finally, mice were exposed to either a 10-min SD or a home cage control condition on day 54. All mice were exposed to object location memory testing 24 h following SD. The gut microbiome and metabolome were assessed in fecal samples collected on days -1, 48, and 62 using 16S rRNA gene sequence and LC-MS/MS spectral data, respectively; the plasma metabolome was additionally measured on day 64. Among mice exposed to normal LD conditions, immunization with M. vaccae induced a shift toward a more proactive behavioral coping response to SD as measured by increases in scouting and avoiding an approaching male CD-1 aggressor, and decreases in submissive upright defensive postures. In the object location memory test, exposure to SD increased cognitive function in CDR mice previously immunized with M. vaccae. Immunization with M. vaccae stabilized the gut microbiome, attenuating CDR-induced reductions in alpha diversity and decreasing within-group measures of beta diversity. Immunization with M. vaccae also increased the relative abundance of 1-heptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a lysophospholipid, in plasma. Together, these data support the hypothesis that immunization with M. vaccae stabilizes the gut microbiome, induces a shift toward a more proactive response to stress exposure, and promotes stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Foxx
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jared D. Heinze
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael V. Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ahmed I. Elsayed
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jessica R. Stewart
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Loupy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mathew R. Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - M. C. Flux
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Saydie A. Sago
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Philip H. Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lauren N. Milton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Margaret W. Lieb
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - James E. Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - David G. Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kyo A. K. Lee
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Sandra A. Appiah
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Evan J. Schaefer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicole C. Sikora
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kelly C. Weldon
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher E. Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - David A. Duggan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yosan M. Mengesha
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mikale Ogbaselassie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kadi T. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Chloe A. Gates
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - K’loni Schnabel
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Linh Tran
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Joslynn D. Jones
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ, United States
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12
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Huang W, Liu Y, Wang X, Li X, Liu Y, Zou J, Xu H, Zhu H, Yi H, Guan J, Yin S. Effect of Interaction Between Slow Wave Sleep and Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Insulin Resistance: A Large-Scale Study. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:739-749. [PMID: 34113201 PMCID: PMC8187030 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s311130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have attracted recent research attention. However, their joint effects on insulin resistance (IR) remain unclear. This study explored whether SWS influences the relationship between OSA and IR. METHODS We enrolled potential participants in our sleep center from 2007 to 2019. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics and determined IR status. SWS was derived from polysomnography data. Logistic regression analysis was used to reveal the associations between SWS and IR. RESULTS In all, 6966 participants (5709 OSA and 1257 primary snoring [PS] subjects) were enrolled. Less SWS increased the risk of IR in OSA patients but not in PS patients. OSA patients with SWS <6.5% were more likely to have IR than were those with SWS >21.3%. OSA was an independent risk factor for IR after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In stratified analyses according to the percentage of SWS, OSA patients with SWS <6.5% had an odds ratio for IR of 2.461 (95% CI, 2.018-3.002) compared to the PS group after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION Less SWS is associated with higher odds for IR in OSA patients but not in PS patients. OSA is independently associated with IR. In addition, OSA combined with an extreme lack of SWS has a more harmful effect on the status of IR than OSA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupu Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyin Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajun Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shankai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lundy SR, Richardson S, Ramsey A, Ellerson D, Fengxia Y, Onyeabor S, Kirlin W, Thompson W, Black CM, DeBruyne JP, Davidson AJ, Immergluck LC, Blas-Machado U, Eko FO, Igietseme JU, He Q, Omosun YO. Shift work influences the outcomes of Chlamydia infection and pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15389. [PMID: 32958779 PMCID: PMC7505842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work, performed by approximately 21 million Americans, is irregular or unusual work schedule hours occurring after 6:00 pm. Shift work has been shown to disrupt circadian rhythms and is associated with several adverse health outcomes and chronic diseases such as cancer, gastrointestinal and psychiatric diseases and disorders. It is unclear if shift work influences the complications associated with certain infectious agents, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility resulting from genital chlamydial infection. We used an Environmental circadian disruption (ECD) model mimicking circadian disruption occurring during shift work, where mice had a 6-h advance in the normal light/dark cycle (LD) every week for a month. Control group mice were housed under normal 12/12 LD cycle. Our hypothesis was that compared to controls, mice that had their circadian rhythms disrupted in this ECD model will have a higher Chlamydia load, more pathology and decreased fertility rate following Chlamydia infection. Results showed that, compared to controls, mice that had their circadian rhythms disrupted (ECD) had higher Chlamydia loads, more tissue alterations or lesions, and lower fertility rate associated with chlamydial infection. Also, infected ECD mice elicited higher proinflammatory cytokines compared to mice under normal 12/12 LD cycle. These results imply that there might be an association between shift work and the increased likelihood of developing more severe disease from Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Lundy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Shakyra Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Anne Ramsey
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Debra Ellerson
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Yan Fengxia
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Sunny Onyeabor
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Ward Kirlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Winston Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Carolyn M Black
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Alec J Davidson
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Lilly C Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Pediatric Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Clinical Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Francis O Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Joseph U Igietseme
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Qing He
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Yusuf O Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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14
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Ramsey AM, Stowie A, Castanon-Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. Environmental Circadian Disruption Increases Stroke Severity and Dysregulates Immune Response. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:368-376. [PMID: 32508262 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420929450.environmental] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the health consequences of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms can contribute to improving prevention strategies for shift workers. Chronic circadian disruption in shift work has been linked to a higher risk of stroke. Dysregulated immune responses are also linked to circadian disruption and may be a factor in stroke outcomes in shift workers. In this study, we test the hypotheses that specific schedules of circadian disruption exacerbate inflammatory responses in the brain, causing an increase in infarct size after experimentally induced ischemic stroke. Mice were exposed to 1 of 5 different lighting schedules followed by a 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion, then reperfusion and 3-day recovery. A history of weekly phase advances resulted in an increased infarct volume versus the control lighting schedule. These effects were shift-direction specific, nonpermanent, and required multiple shifts to occur. In a separate cohort, stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide were given bilaterally after exposure to 1 of 3 different lighting schedules. Ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine expression show dysregulated responses after a history of phase advances. We conclude that chronic circadian disruption leads to worsened stroke outcome in a direction- and schedule-specific manner likely because of priming of the inflammatory response in the brain. These pieces of evidence suggest that the health impacts of shift work may be improved by targeting shift work scheduling, inflammatory mediators, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ramsey
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Stowie
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Ramsey AM, Stowie A, Castanon-Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. Environmental Circadian Disruption Increases Stroke Severity and Dysregulates Immune Response. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:368-376. [PMID: 32508262 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420929450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the health consequences of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms can contribute to improving prevention strategies for shift workers. Chronic circadian disruption in shift work has been linked to a higher risk of stroke. Dysregulated immune responses are also linked to circadian disruption and may be a factor in stroke outcomes in shift workers. In this study, we test the hypotheses that specific schedules of circadian disruption exacerbate inflammatory responses in the brain, causing an increase in infarct size after experimentally induced ischemic stroke. Mice were exposed to 1 of 5 different lighting schedules followed by a 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion, then reperfusion and 3-day recovery. A history of weekly phase advances resulted in an increased infarct volume versus the control lighting schedule. These effects were shift-direction specific, nonpermanent, and required multiple shifts to occur. In a separate cohort, stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide were given bilaterally after exposure to 1 of 3 different lighting schedules. Ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine expression show dysregulated responses after a history of phase advances. We conclude that chronic circadian disruption leads to worsened stroke outcome in a direction- and schedule-specific manner likely because of priming of the inflammatory response in the brain. These pieces of evidence suggest that the health impacts of shift work may be improved by targeting shift work scheduling, inflammatory mediators, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ramsey
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Stowie
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Sanchez REA, Bussi IL, Ben-Hamo M, Caldart CS, Catterall WA, De La Iglesia HO. Circadian regulation of sleep in a pre-clinical model of Dravet syndrome: dynamics of sleep stage and siesta re-entrainment. Sleep 2020; 42:5539047. [PMID: 31346614 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbances are common co-morbidities of epileptic disorders. Dravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable epilepsy accompanied by disturbed sleep. While there is evidence that daily sleep timing is disrupted in DS, the difficulty of chronically recording polysomnographic sleep from patients has left our understanding of the effect of DS on circadian sleep regulation incomplete. We aim to characterize circadian sleep regulation in a mouse model of DS. METHODS Here we exploit long-term electrocorticographic recordings of sleep in a mouse model of DS in which one copy of the Scn1a gene is deleted. This model both genocopies and phenocopies the disease in humans. We test the hypothesis that the deletion of Scn1a in DS mice is associated with impaired circadian regulation of sleep. RESULTS We find that DS mice show impairments in circadian sleep regulation, including a fragmented rhythm of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and an elongated circadian period of sleep. Next, we characterize re-entrainment of sleep stages and siesta following jet lag in the mouse. Strikingly, we find that re-entrainment of sleep following jet lag is normal in DS mice, in contrast to previous demonstrations of slowed re-entrainment of wheel-running activity. Finally, we report that DS mice are more likely to have an absent or altered daily "siesta". CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the circadian regulation of sleep is altered in DS and highlight the value of long-term chronic polysomnographic recording in studying the role of the circadian clock on sleep/wake cycles in pre-clinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Ivana L Bussi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Miriam Ben-Hamo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - William A Catterall
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Horacio O De La Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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17
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Floessner TSE, Boekelman FE, Druiven SJM, de Jong M, Rigter PMF, Beersma DGM, Hut RA. Lifespan is unaffected by size and direction of daily phase shifts in Nasonia, a hymenopteran insect with strong circadian light resetting. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103896. [PMID: 31194973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms have an endogenous circadian clock with a period length of approximately 24 h that enables adaptation, synchronization and anticipation to environmental cycles. The circadian system (circa = about or around, diem = a day) may provide evolutionary benefits when entrained to the 24-h light-dark cycle. The more the internal circadian period (τ) deviates from the external light-dark cycle, the larger the daily phase shifts need to be to synchronize to the environment. In some species, large daily phase shifts reduce survival rate. Here we tested this 'resonance fitness hypothesis' on the diurnal wasp Nasonia vitripennis, which exhibits a large latitudinal cline in free-running period with longer circadian period lengths in the north than in the south. Longevity was measured in northern and southern wasps placed into light-dark cycles (T-cycles) with periods ranging from 20 h to 28 h. Further, locomotor activity was recorded to estimate range and phase angle of entrainment under these various T-cycles. A light pulse induced phase response curve (PRC) was measured in both lines to understand entrainment results. We expected a concave survival curve with highest longevity at T = τ and a reduction in longevity the further τ deviates from T (τ/T<>1). Our results do not support this resonance fitness hypothesis. We did not observe a reduction in longevity when τ deviates from T. Our results may be understood by the strong circadian light resetting mechanism (type 0 PRC) to single light pulses that we measured in Nasonia, resulting in: (1) the broad range of entrainment, (2) the wide natural variation in circadian free-running period, and (3) the lack of reduced survival when τ/T ratio's deviates from 1. Together this indicates that circadian adaption to latitude may lead to changes in circadian period and light response, without negative influences on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S E Floessner
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floor E Boekelman
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stella J M Druiven
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje de Jong
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pomme M F Rigter
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Domien G M Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Neurobiology Expertise Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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18
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Stowie A, Ellis I, Adams K, Castanon-Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. A reductionist, in vitro model of environmental circadian disruption demonstrates SCN-independent and tissue-specific dysregulation of inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217368. [PMID: 31136603 PMCID: PMC6538156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental circadian disruption (ECD), characterized by repeated or long-term disruption in environmental timing cues which require the internal circadian clock to change its phase to resynchronize with the environment, is associated with numerous serious health issues in humans. While animal and isolated cell models exist to study the effects of destabilizing the relationship between the circadian system and the environment, neither approach provides an ideal solution. Here, we developed an in vitro model which incorporates both elements of a reductionist cellular model and disruption of the clock/environment relationship using temperature as an environmental cue, as occurs in vivo. Using this approach, we have demonstrated that some effects of in vivo ECD can be reproduced using only isolated peripheral oscillators. Specifically, we report exaggerated inflammatory responses to endotoxin following repeated environmental circadian disruption in explanted spleens. This effect requires a functional circadian clock but not the master brain clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Further, we report that this is a result of cumulative, rather than acute, circadian disruption as has been previously observed in vivo. Finally, such effects appear to be tissue specific as it does not occur in lung, which is less sensitive to the temperature cycles employed to induce ECD. Taken together, the present study suggests that this model could be a valuable tool for dissecting the causes and effects of circadian disruption both in isolated components of physiological systems as well as the aggregated interactions of these systems that occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stowie
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ivory Ellis
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kandis Adams
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oscar Castanon-Cervantes
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Smyk MK, van Luijtelaar G, Huysmans H, Drinkenburg WH. Spike-Wave Discharges and Sleep-Wake States during Circadian Desynchronization: No Effects of Agomelatine upon Re-Entrainment. Neuroscience 2019; 408:327-338. [PMID: 30978380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in the light-dark cycle cause circadian desynchronization between rhythms of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and motor activity in genetic epileptic rats, and this is accompanied by an increase in epileptic activity. Given the close relationship between absence seizures and sleep-wake states, the present study assessed firstly a putative relationship between vigilance rhythms and SWDs during re-synchronization, and secondly sleep-wake patterns responsible for increased epileptic activity. Lastly, in a view of existing evidence that melatonin and its agonists accelerate re-synchronization, the effects of different doses of agomelatine upon the speed of re-synchronization of different sleep-wake states and SWDs were investigated. Simultaneous electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings were made in symptomatic WAG/Rij rats, before, during and 10 days following an 8 h light phase delay. Agomelatine was orally administered acutely and sub-chronically, during 10 post-shift days. The magnitude of the advance after the shift and the speed of re-synchronization were specific for various rhythms. Most prominent change was the increase in REM sleep duration during the dark phase. A post-shift increase in passive wakefulness and a reduction in deep slow-wave sleep coincided with an aggravation of SWDs during the light phase. Agomelatine showed neither an effect on sleep-wake parameters and SWDs, nor affected re-synchronization. The same speed of re-synchronization of SWDs and light slow-wave sleep suggests that both are controlled by a common circadian mechanism. The redistribution of SWDs and their increase in the light phase after the shift may be of importance for patients with absence epilepsy planning long trans-meridian flight across time zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Smyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Heidi Huysmans
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus H Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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20
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Hasan S, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV, Peirson SN. Effects of circadian misalignment on sleep in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15343. [PMID: 30367119 PMCID: PMC6203841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep-wake history determine sleep duration and intensity, and influence subsequent waking. Previous studies have shown that T cycles - light-dark (LD) cycles differing from 24 h - lead to acute changes in the daily amount and distribution of waking and sleep. However, little is known about the long-term effects of T cycles. Here we performed continuous 10 day recording of electroencephalography (EEG), locomotor activity and core body temperature in C57BL/6 mice under a T20 cycle, to investigate spontaneous sleep and waking at baseline compared with when the circadian clock was misaligned and then re-aligned with respect to the external LD cycle. We found that the rhythmic distribution of sleep was abolished during misalignment, while the time course of EEG slow wave activity (1–4 Hz) was inverted compared to baseline. Although the typical light-dark distribution of NREM sleep was re-instated when animals were re-aligned, slow wave activity during NREM sleep showed an atypical increase in the dark phase, suggesting a long-term effect of T cycles on sleep intensity. Our data show that circadian misalignment results in previously uncharacterised long-term effects on sleep, which may have important consequences for behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom.
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21
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Jiao-tai-wan Up-regulates Hypothalamic and Peripheral Circadian Clock Gene Cryptochrome and Activates PI3K/AKT Signaling in Partially Sleep-deprived Rats. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:704-713. [PMID: 30128882 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of Jiao-tai-wan (JTW) on systemic and tissue-specific inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity-resistant (OR) rats with chronic partial sleep deprivation (PSD). OR rats with PSD were orally given JTW and Estazolam for 4 weeks. The amount of food intake and metabolic parameters such as body weight increase rate, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and plasma inflammatory markers were measured. The expression levels of circadian proteins cryptochrome 1 (Cryl) and cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) in hypothalamus, adipose and liver tissues were also determined. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 protein, as well as the expression levels of insulin signaling pathway proteins in hypothalamus, adipose and liver tissues were measured. Additionally, cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and activity of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in hypothalamus tissue were measured. JTW significantly decreased the body weight increase rate and food intake, ameliorated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. JTW effectively ameliorated inflammation and increased PI3K/AKT signaling activation in hypothalamus, adipose and liver. Interestingly, all these changes were associated with the up-regulation of circadian gene Cryl and Cry2 protein expression. We also found that in hypothalamus tissue of PSD rats, down-regulation of Cryl and Cry2 activated cAMP/PKA signaling and then led to inflammation, while JTW inhibited this signaling. These results suggested that JTW has the beneficial effect on ameliorating inflammation and insulin resistance in partially sleep-deprived rats by up-regulating Cry expression.
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22
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Fisk AS, Tam SKE, Brown LA, Vyazovskiy VV, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal. Front Neurol 2018; 9:56. [PMID: 29479335 PMCID: PMC5811463 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exerts a wide range of effects on mammalian physiology and behavior. As well as synchronizing circadian rhythms to the external environment, light has been shown to modulate autonomic and neuroendocrine responses as well as regulating sleep and influencing cognitive processes such as attention, arousal, and performance. The last two decades have seen major advances in our understanding of the retinal photoreceptors that mediate these non-image forming responses to light, as well as the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms by which circadian rhythms are generated and entrained to the external light/dark (LD) cycle. By contrast, our understanding of the mechanisms by which lighting influences cognitive processes is more equivocal. The effects of light on different cognitive processes are complex. As well as the direct effects of light on alertness, indirect effects may also occur due to disrupted circadian entrainment. Despite the widespread use of disrupted LD cycles to study the role circadian rhythms on cognition, the different experimental protocols used have subtly different effects on circadian function which are not always comparable. Moreover, these protocols will also disrupt sleep and alter physiological arousal, both of which are known to modulate cognition. Studies have used different assays that are dependent on different cognitive and sensory processes, which may also contribute to their variable findings. Here, we propose that studies addressing the effects of different lighting conditions on cognitive processes must also account for their effects on circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal if we are to fully understand the physiological basis of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Fisk
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shu K E Tam
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Polidarová L, Houdek P, Sumová A. Chronic disruptions of circadian sleep regulation induce specific proinflammatory responses in the rat colon. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1273-1287. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1361436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Polidarová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Houdek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Effect of Jiaotai Pill (交泰丸) on intestinal damage in partially sleep deprived rats. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:901-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Marti AR, Patil S, Mrdalj J, Meerlo P, Skrede S, Pallesen S, Pedersen TT, Bramham CR, Grønli J. No Escaping the Rat Race: Simulated Night Shift Work Alters the Time-of-Day Variation in BMAL1 Translational Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:70. [PMID: 29085284 PMCID: PMC5649179 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide work during the night, resulting in disturbed circadian rhythms and sleep loss. This may cause deficits in cognitive functions, impaired alertness and increased risk of errors and accidents. Disturbed circadian rhythmicity resulting from night shift work could impair brain function and cognition through disrupted synthesis of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal function. Recently, the circadian transcription factor brain-and-muscle arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1) has been identified as a promoter of mRNA translation initiation, the most highly regulated step in protein synthesis, through binding to the mRNA “cap”. In this study we investigated the effects of simulated shift work on protein synthesis markers. Male rats (n = 40) were exposed to forced activity, either in their rest phase (simulated night shift work) or in their active phase (simulated day shift work) for 3 days. Following the third work shift, experimental animals and time-matched undisturbed controls were euthanized (rest work at ZT12; active work at ZT0). Tissue lysates from two brain regions (prefrontal cortex, PFC and hippocampus) implicated in cognition and sleep loss, were analyzed with m7GTP (cap) pull-down to examine time-of-day variation and effects of simulated shift work on cap-bound protein translation. The results show time-of-day variation of protein synthesis markers in PFC, with increased protein synthesis at ZT12. In the hippocampus there was little difference between ZT0 and ZT12. Active phase work did not induce statistically significant changes in protein synthesis markers at ZT0 compared to time-matched undisturbed controls. Rest work, however, resulted in distinct brain-region specific changes of protein synthesis markers compared to time-matched controls at ZT12. While no changes were observed in the hippocampus, phosphorylation of cap-bound BMAL1 and its regulator S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) was significantly reduced in the PFC, together with significant reduction in the synaptic plasticity associated protein activity-regulatedcytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Our results indicate considerable time-of-day and brain-region specific variation in cap-dependent translation initiation. We concludethat simulated night shift work in rats disrupts the pathways regulating the circadian component of the translation of mRNA in the PFC, and that this may partly explain impaired waking function during night shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Marti
- Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sudarshan Patil
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jelena Mrdalj
- Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Silje Skrede
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torhild T Pedersen
- Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Janne Grønli
- Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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26
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Trammell RA, Toth LA. Effects of Chronic Diurnal Disruption and Acute Inflammatory Challenge on Mice with Latent Murine Gammaherpesvirus Infection. Comp Med 2016; 66:445-454. [PMID: 28304247 PMCID: PMC5157959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
People who engage in shift work (SW) have increased risk of developing illnesses, including infectious diseases and various inflammatory conditions. We hypothesized that exposure to repeated cycles of diurnal disruption, mimicking SW, influences viral clearance, latent viral load, or viral reactivation from latency in mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus (MuGHV). To test this idea, we inoculated BALB/cByJ and C.129S7(B6)-Ifng tm1Ts/J (IFNgKO) mice with MuGHV and housed them under either a stable light:dark (LD) cycle or one mimicking SW. Compared with BALB/cByJ mice, IFNgKO mice generally had higher levels of lytic virus during the 6-wk period after inoculation. In addition, more IFNgKO mice were positive for replicating virus than were BALB/cByJ mice. Exposure to SW did not alter these measures consistently. After the virus had entered the latent phase of infection, mice received either LPS or pyrogen-free saline intraperitoneally. Mice exposed to SW and then injected with LPS during latent infection had greater viral loads and more replicating virus in the lung at 7 d after injection than did either mice that received pyrogen-free saline or those exposed to LD and then treated with LPS. Some cytokine and chemokine concentrations were changed in lung collected 1 d after but not at 7 d after LPS administration. These findings suggest that exposure to repeated chronic diurnal disruption and an acute inflammatory challenge during latent MuGHV infection, in the context of impaired host immune competence, contribute to enhanced viral reactivity and an increased viral load that might trigger 'sickness behavior' symptoms of infectious disease and perhaps contribute to chronic fatigue syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Trammell
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Linda A Toth
- Departments of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois;,
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27
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Brager AJ, Yang T, Ehlen JC, Simon RP, Meller R, Paul KN. Sleep Is Critical for Remote Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection. Sleep 2016; 39:2033-2040. [PMID: 27568798 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Episodes of brief limb ischemia (remote preconditioning) in mice induce tolerance to modeled ischemic stroke (focal brain ischemia). Since stroke outcomes are in part dependent on sleep-wake history, we sought to determine if sleep is critical for the neuroprotective effect of limb ischemia. METHODS EEG/EMG recording electrodes were implanted in mice. After a 24 h baseline recording, limb ischemia was induced by tightening an elastic band around the left quadriceps for 10 minutes followed by 10 minutes of release for two cycles. Two days following remote preconditioning, a second 24 h EEG/EMG recording was completed and was immediately followed by a 60-minute suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (modeled ischemic stroke). This experiment was then repeated in a model of circadian and sleep abnormalities (Bmal1 knockout [KO] mice sleep 2 h more than wild-type littermates). Brain infarction was determined by vital dye staining, and sleep was assessed by trained identification of EEG/EMG recordings. RESULTS Two days after limb ischemia, wild-type mice slept an additional 2.4 h. This additional sleep was primarily comprised of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep during the middle of the light-phase (i.e., naps). Repeating the experiment but preventing increases in sleep after limb ischemia abolished tolerance to ischemic stroke. In Bmal1 knockout mice, remote preconditioning did not increase daily sleep nor provide tolerance to subsequent focal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sleep induced by remote preconditioning is both sufficient and necessary for its neuroprotective effects on stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.,Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tao Yang
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - J Christopher Ehlen
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Roger P Simon
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Robert Meller
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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28
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Carter SJ, Durrington HJ, Gibbs JE, Blaikley J, Loudon AS, Ray DW, Sabroe I. A matter of time: study of circadian clocks and their role in inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:549-60. [PMID: 26856993 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru1015-451r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate changes in physiology, allowing organisms to respond to predictable environmental demands varying over a 24 h period. A growing body of evidence supports a key role for the circadian clock in the regulation of immune functions and inflammatory responses, which influence the understanding of infections and inflammatory diseases and their treatment. A variety of experimental methods have been used to assess the complex bidirectional crosstalk between the circadian clock and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the organization of the molecular clock, experimental methods used to study circadian rhythms, and both the inflammatory and immune consequences of circadian disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Carter
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Durrington
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Gibbs
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John Blaikley
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Loudon
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ray
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- *Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, Manchester, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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29
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Nascimento NF, Hicks JA, Carlson KN, Hatzidis A, Amaral DN, Seggio JA. 6-h advances alter circadian activity patterns, fasting glucose, and insulin levels in C57BL6/J mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Rahman SA, Castanon-Cervantes O, Scheer FAJL, Shea SA, Czeisler CA, Davidson AJ, Lockley SW. Endogenous circadian regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:4-13. [PMID: 25452149 PMCID: PMC4430446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various aspects of immune response exhibit 24-h variations suggesting that infection susceptibility and treatment efficacy may vary by time of day. Whether these 24-h variations are endogenous or evoked by changes in environmental or behavioral conditions is not known. We assessed the endogenous circadian control and environmental and behavioral influences on ex-vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood in thirteen healthy participants under 48h of baseline conditions with standard sleep-wake schedules and 40-50h of constant environmental and behavioral (constant routine; CR) conditions. Significant 24-h rhythms were observed under baseline conditions in Monocyte Chemotactic Protein, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin 8 but not Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha whereas significant 24-h rhythms were observed in all four immune factors under CR conditions. The rhythm amplitudes, expressed as a percentage of mean, were comparable between immune factors and across conditions. In contrast, the acrophase time (time of the fitted peak) was different between immune factors, and included daytime and nighttime peaks and changes across behavioral conditions. These results suggest that the endogenous circadian system underpins the temporal organization of immune responses in humans with additional effects of external environmental and behavioral cycles. These findings have implications for understanding the adverse effects of recurrent circadian disruption and sleep curtailment on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 164 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Oscar Castanon-Cervantes
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 164 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Steven A Shea
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 164 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 164 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. S.W., Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 164 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States
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31
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Phillips DJ, Savenkova MI, Karatsoreos IN. Environmental disruption of the circadian clock leads to altered sleep and immune responses in mouse. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:14-23. [PMID: 25542734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, one of the most salient outputs of the circadian (daily) clock is the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Modern industrialized society has led to a fundamental breakdown in the relationship between our endogenous timekeeping systems and the solar day, disrupting normal circadian rhythms. We have argued that disrupted circadian rhythms could lead to changes in allostatic load, and the capacity of organisms to respond to other environmental challenges. In this set of studies, we apply a model of circadian disruption characterized in our lab in which mice are housed in a 20h long day, with 10h of light and 10h of darkness. We explored the effects of this environmental disruption on sleep patterns, to establish if this model results in marked sleep deprivation. Given the interaction between circadian, sleep, and immune systems, we further probed if our model of circadian disruption also alters the innate immune response to peripheral bacterial endotoxin challenge. Our results demonstrate that this model of circadian disruption does not lead to marked sleep deprivation, but instead affects the timing and quality of sleep. We also show that while circadian disruption does not lead to basal changes in the immune markers we explored, the immune response is affected, both in the brain and the periphery. Together, our findings further strengthen the important role of the circadian timing system in sleep regulation and immune responses, and provide evidence that disrupting the circadian clock increases vulnerability to further environmental stressors, including immunological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Phillips
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Marina I Savenkova
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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32
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Guerrero-Vargas NN, Guzmán-Ruiz M, Fuentes R, García J, Salgado-Delgado R, Basualdo MDC, Escobar C, Markus RP, Buijs RM. Shift Work in Rats Results in Increased Inflammatory Response after Lipopolysaccharide Administration: A Role for Food Consumption. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:318-30. [PMID: 26017928 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415586482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian rhythms in behavioral and physiological variables, including the inflammatory response. Shift work is known to disturb circadian rhythms and is associated with increased susceptibility to develop disease. In rodents, circadian disruption due to shifted light schedules (jet lag) induced increased innate immune responses. To gain more insight into the influence of circadian disruption on the immune response, we characterized the inflammatory response in a model of rodent shift work and demonstrated that circadian disruption affected the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in vivo and in vitro. Since food consumption is a main disturbing element in the shift work schedule, we also evaluated the inflammatory response to LPS in a group of rats that had no access to food during their working hours. Our results demonstrated that the shift work schedule decreased basal TNF-α levels in the liver but not in the circulation. Despite this, we observed that shift work induced increased cytokine response after LPS stimulation in comparison to control rats. Also, Kupffer cells (liver macrophages) isolated from shift work rats produced more TNF-α in response to in vitro LPS stimulation, suggesting important effects of circadian desynchronization on the functionality of this cell type. Importantly, the effects of shift work on the inflammatory response to LPS were prevented when food was not available during the working schedule. Together, these results show that dissociating behavior and food intake from the synchronizing drive of the SCN severely disturbs the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Mara Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Rebeca Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Joselyn García
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - María del Carmen Basualdo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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33
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Dumaine JE, Ashley NT. Acute sleep fragmentation induces tissue-specific changes in cytokine gene expression and increases serum corticosterone concentration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R1062-9. [PMID: 25876653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation induces acute inflammation and increased glucocorticosteroids in vertebrates, but effects from fragmented, or intermittent, sleep are poorly understood. Considering the latter is more representative of sleep apnea in humans, we investigated changes in proinflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1) cytokine gene expression in the periphery (liver, spleen, fat, and heart) and brain (hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus) of a murine model exposed to varying intensities of sleep fragmentation (SF). Additionally, serum corticosterone was assessed. Sleep was disrupted in male C57BL/6J mice using an automated sleep fragmentation chamber that moves a sweeping bar at specified intervals (Lafayette Industries). Mice were exposed to bar sweeps every 20 s (high sleep fragmentation, HSF), 120 s (low sleep fragmentation, LSF), or the bar remained stationary (control). Trunk blood and tissue samples were collected after 24 h of SF. We predicted that HSF mice would exhibit increased proinflammatory expression, decreased anti-inflammatory expression, and elevated stress hormones in relation to LSF and controls. SF significantly elevated IL-1β gene expression in adipose tissue, heart (HSF only), and hypothalamus (LSF only) relative to controls. SF did not increase TNF-α expression in any of the tissues measured. HSF increased TGF-β1 expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus relative to other groups. Serum corticosterone concentration was significantly different among groups, with HSF mice exhibiting the highest, LSF intermediate, and controls with the lowest concentration. This indicates that 24 h of SF is a potent inducer of inflammation and stress hormones in the periphery, but leads to upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Dumaine
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
| | - Noah T Ashley
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
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34
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Mice exposed to dim light at night exaggerate inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:159-63. [PMID: 24012645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system regulates many physiological functions including inflammatory responses. Appropriately timed light information is essential for maintaining circadian organization. Over the past ∼120 years, urbanization and the widespread adoption of electric lights have dramatically altered lighting environments. Exposure to light at night (LAN) is pervasive in modern society and disrupts core circadian clock mechanisms. Because microglia are the resident macrophages in the brain and macrophages contain intrinsic circadian clocks, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to LAN would alter microglia cytokine expression and sickness behavior following LPS administration. Exposure to 4 weeks of dim LAN elevated inflammatory responses in mice. Mice exposed to dimly lit, as compared to dark, nights exaggerated changes in body temperature and elevated microglia pro-inflammatory cytokine expression following LPS administration. Furthermore, dLAN mice had a prolonged sickness response following the LPS challenge. Mice exposed to dark or dimly lit nights had comparable sickness behavior directly following the LPS injection; however, dLAN mice showed greater reductions in locomotor activity, increased anorectic behavior, and increased weight loss than mice maintained in dark nights 24h post-LPS injection. Overall, these data suggest that chronic exposure to even very low levels of light pollution may alter inflammatory responses. These results may have important implications for humans and other urban dwelling species that commonly experience nighttime light exposure.
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