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Farder-Gomes CF, de Oliveira MA, Malaspina O, Nocelli RFC. Exposure of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris to imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, and glyphosate, alone and in combination, impair its walking activity and fat body morphology and physiology. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123783. [PMID: 38490525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The stingless bee Melipona scutellaris performs buzz pollination, effectively pollinating several wild plants and crops with economic relevance. However, most research has focused on honeybees, leaving a significant gap in studies concerning native species, particularly regarding the impacts of pesticide combinations on these pollinators. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the sublethal effects of imidacloprid (IMD), pyraclostrobin (PYR), and glyphosate (GLY) on the behavior and fat body cell morphology and physiology of M. scutellaris. Foragers were orally exposed to the different pesticides alone and in combination for 48 h. Bees fed with contaminated solution walked less, moved slower, presented morphological changes in the fat body, including vacuolization, altered cell shape and nuclei morphology, and exhibited a higher count of altered oenocytes and trophocytes. In all exposed groups, alone and in combination, the number of cells expressing caspase-3 increased, but the TLR4 number of cells expressing decreased compared to the control groups. The intensity of HSP70 immunolabeling increased compared to the control groups. However, the intensity of the immunolabeling of HSP90 decreased in the IMD, GLY, and I + G (IMD + GLY) groups but increased in I + P-exposed bees (IMD + PYR). Alternatively, exposure to PYR and P + G (PYR + GLY) did not affect the immunolabeling intensity. Our findings demonstrate the hazardous effects and environmental consequences of isolated and combined pesticides on a vital neotropical pollinator. Understanding how pesticides impact the fat body can provide crucial insights into the overall health and survival of native bee populations, which can help develop more environmentally friendly approaches to agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliver Fernandes Farder-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco Antônio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Florestal, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil.
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências (IB), Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Ferreira Cornélio Nocelli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
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2
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Farder-Gomes CF, Grella TC, Malaspina O, Nocelli RFC. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, and glyphosate harm the behavior and fat body cells of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168072. [PMID: 37879468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use in agriculture threatens non-target insects such as bees. Considering the ecological and economic relevance of native bees, such as Scaptotrigona postica, and the insufficient studies on the effects of pesticides on their behavior and physiology, improving the current knowledge on this issue is essential. Therefore, this study investigated the sublethal effects of imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, and glyphosate on the behavior and fat body cells of S. postica. Pesticide ingestion decreased the walking distance and mean velocity of bees compared to the control and solvent control groups. The oenocytes of the control groups were spherical, with central nuclei containing decondensed chromatin, and the trophocytes presented irregular morphology, with cells varying in shape and the cytoplasm filled with vacuoles and granules. However, bees exposed to pesticides showed extensive cytoarchitectural disruption in the fat body, such as vacuolization and shape changes in oenocytes and altered nuclei morphology in trophocytes. Moreover, pesticide exposure increased the number of atypical oenocytes and altered trophocytes, except for the PYR group, which showed a lower number of atypical oenocytes. Caspase-positive labeling significantly increased in all exposed bee groups. Alternatively, TLR4 labeling was significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to the control groups. There was a significant increase in HSP90 immunolabeling in all exposed groups compared to the control. These findings reinforce the importance of research on the sublethal effects of low pesticide concentrations on key neotropical pollinators and prove that these toxic substances can impair their detoxification and immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliver Fernandes Farder-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP 13.600-970, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Caroline Grella
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências (IB), Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências (IB), Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Ferreira Cornélio Nocelli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP 13.600-970, Brazil.
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Wu T, Gao J, Choi YS, Kim DW, Han B, Yang S, Lu Y, Kang Y, Du H, Diao Q, Dai P. Interaction of chlorothalonil and Varroa destructor on immature honey bees rearing in vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166302. [PMID: 37595923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Under realistic environmental conditions, bees are often exposed to multiple stressors, especially Varroa destructor and pesticides. In this study, the effects of exposure to NOAEC of chlorothalonil during the larval stage, in the presence or absence of V. destructor, was examined in terms of survival, morphological and transcriptional changes. The interaction between chlorothalonil and V. destructor on the survival of honey bee was additive. V. destructor are the dominant factor in the interaction for survival and transcriptome alternation. The downregulation of the genes related to tissue growth and caste differentiation may directly link to the mortality of honey bees. Either chlorothalonil or V. destructor induces the irregular morphology of trophocytes and oenocytes in the fat body. In addition to irregular shapes, oenocytes in V. destructor alone and double-stressor treatment group showed altered nuclei and vacuoles in the cytoplasm. The interaction of V. destructor and chlorothalonil at the larval stage have potential adverse effects on the subsequent adult bees, with up-regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification/defense in fat body tissue. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of combinatorial effects between biotic and abiotic stressors on one of the most important pollinators, honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yong Soo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuxin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanchao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Pinheiro RA, Duque TS, Barroso GM, Soares MA, Cabral CM, Zanuncio JC, Dos Santos JB. Herbicides may threaten advances in biological control of diseases and pests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111850-111870. [PMID: 37848791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in agriculture include integrated methods of controlling pests, diseases, and weeds with biocontrollers, which are constantly increasing, along with herbicides. The objective is to present a systematic review of the main reports of herbicide effects on non-target organisms used in applied biological control and those naturally occurring in the ecosystems controlling pests. The categories were divided into predatory and parasitoid arthropods. Three hundred and fifty reports were analyzed, being 58.3% with parasitoids and 41.7% with predators. Lethal or sublethal effects of herbicides on reproduction, predation, genotoxicity, and abundance of biological control organisms have been reported. Two hundred and four reports of the impact of herbicides on parasitoids were analyzed. The largest number of reports was with parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma, with wide use in managing pests of the herbicide-tolerant transgenic plants. Most tests evaluating effects on parasitism, emergence, and mortality of natural enemies subjected to herbicides are with parasitoids of Lepidoptera eggs with a high diversity and use in managing these pests in different crops. Additive and synergistic effects of molecules increase the risks of herbicide mixtures. Herbicide use for weed management must integrate other control methods, as the chemical can impact natural enemies, reducing the biological control of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeida Pinheiro
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tayna Sousa Duque
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Cassia Michelle Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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5
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Pons DG, Herrera C, Torrens-Mas M, Leza M, Sastre-Serra J. Sublethal doses of glyphosate modulates mitochondria and oxidative stress in honeybees by direct feeding. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22028. [PMID: 37259187 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees are essential for the ecosystem maintenance and for plant production in agriculture. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide widely used in crops to control weeds and could affect honeybees' health in sublethal doses. Our aim was to study how sublethal doses of glyphosate affects to oxidative stress and mitochondrial homeostasis in honeybees. We exposed honeybees to glyphosate at 5 and 10 mg·l-1 for 2 and 10 h for the gene expression analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for 48 and 72 h for the antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation determination. We observed a general increase in antioxidant- and mitochondrial-related genes expression in honeybees after 2 h of exposition to glyphosate, as well as a rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity after 48 h and an increment in lipid peroxidation adducts generation after 72 h. These results suggest a direct effect of glyphosate on honeybees' health, with an insufficient response of the antioxidant system to the generated oxidative stress, resulting in an increase in lipid peroxidation and, therefore, oxidative damage. Altogether, results obtained in this work demonstrate that sublethal treatments of glyphosate could directly affect honeybee individuals under laboratory conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternatives to glyphosate to determine if they are less harmful to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gabriel Pons
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Cayetano Herrera
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Translational Research In Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mar Leza
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jorge Sastre-Serra
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d´Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Zhao K, Zeng L, Zhao J, Yang P, Nie J, Chang Y. Supra-herbicide based on sunlight-opened macrocycle gate with reduced toxicity. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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7
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Stuart AM, Merfield CN, Horgan FG, Willis S, Watts MA, Ramírez-Muñoz F, U JS, Utyasheva L, Eddleston M, Davis ML, Neumeister L, Sanou MR, Williamson S. Agriculture without paraquat is feasible without loss of productivity-lessons learned from phasing out a highly hazardous herbicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16984-17008. [PMID: 36622585 PMCID: PMC9928820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A small proportion of the thousands of pesticides on the market today are associated with a disproportionately high incidence of severe acute pesticide poisoning and suicide. Paraquat stands out as one of the most lethal pesticides in common use, frequently involved in fatal incidents due to suicides or accidental exposure. Even though paraquat has been banned in over 67 countries, it is still widely used in many others, particularly in Asia and Latin America. Based on a literature review and consultations, this paper identifies options for replacing paraquat and distils practical lessons from numerous successes around the world. Our aim is to support regulators, policymakers, agronomists and the supply chain sector with practical information related to phasing out paraquat. Production data consistently failed to show any negative effects of banning paraquat on agricultural productivity. A wide range of alternative approaches to weed management and crop defoliation are available, many of which do not rely on herbicides. Over 1.25 million farmers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) successfully produce a range of crops for private voluntary standards (PVS) in food and fiber supply chains which prohibit paraquat use. We conclude from the findings of this study that eliminating paraquat will save lives without reducing agricultural productivity. Less hazardous and more sustainable alternatives exist. To enhance successful adoption and uptake of these methods on a wide scale, farmers require training and support within an enabling policy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Finbarr G Horgan
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Facultat de Ciencias Agrarias Y Forestales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7-D, 3349001, Curico, Chile
- EcoLaVerna Integral Restoration Ecology, Bridestown, Kildinan, T56 P 499, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sheila Willis
- Pesticide Action Network UK, Brighthelm Centre, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Fernando Ramírez-Muñoz
- Central American Institute for Studies On Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Leah Utyasheva
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark L Davis
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Manoé R Sanou
- Department of Plant Protection and Packaging, Ministry of Agriculture, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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8
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Gómez-Alonso I, Baltierra-Uribe S, Sánchez-Torres L, Cancino-Diaz M, Cancino-Diaz J, Rodriguez-Martinez S, Ovruski SM, Hendrichs J, Cancino J. Irradiation and parasitism affect the ability of larval hemocytes of Anastrepha obliqua for phagocytosis and the production of reactive oxygen species. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21953. [PMID: 35927971 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of the parasitoid Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Anastrepha obliqua (McQuart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae is unviable in nature; however, if the host larva is irradiated at 160 Gy, the parasitoid develops and emerges successfully. This suggests that radiation affects the immune responses of A. obliqua larvae, while the underlying mechanisms remain to be revealed. Using optical and electronic microscopies we determined the number and type of hemocyte populations found inside the A. obliqua larvae, either nonirradiated, irradiated at 160 Gy, parasitized by D. crawfordi, or irradiated and parasitized. Based on flow cytometry, the capacity to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by the 123-dihydrorhodamine method in those hemocyte cells. Five cell populations were found in the hemolymph of A. obliqua larvae, two of which (granulocytes and plasmatocytes) can phagocytize and produce ROS. A reduction in the number of cells, mainly of the phagocytic type, was observed, as well as the capacity of these cells to produce ROS, when A. obliqua larvae were irradiated. Both radiation and parasitization decreased the ROS production, and when A. obliqua larvae were irradiated followed by parasitization by D. crawfordi, the reduction of the ROS level was even greater. In contrast, a slight increase in the size of these cells was observed in the hemolymph of the parasitized larvae compared to those in nonparasitized larvae. These results suggest that radiation significantly affects the phagocytic cells of A. obliqua and thus permits the development of the parasitoid D. crawfordi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzia Gómez-Alonso
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación del Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Shantal Baltierra-Uribe
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Luvia Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Mario Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Juan Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Martinez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Sergio M Ovruski
- LIEMEN, División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología, CONICET, Ave. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jorge Hendrichs
- Division of Nuclear Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Wagramerstrasse 5, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Departamento de Control Biológico, Programa Moscafrut SADER-IICA, Camino a Cacahoatales S. N., Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, México
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9
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Nkontcheu Kenko DB, Ngameni NT, Kamta PN. Environmental assessment of the influence of pesticides on non-target arthropods using PRIMET, a pesticide hazard model, in the Tiko municipality, Southwest Cameroon. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136578. [PMID: 36162518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use in farming is unescapable to enhance the harvest and prevent deleterious organisms. Unfortunately, certain pesticide users most often unveil poor practices, remarkably in developing countries. This study aimed at estimating pesticide risk to non-target arthropods (NTAs) using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model, in the Tiko municipality, Southwest Cameroon. To achieve this, data was assembled on the pesticide treatment plan (active ingredient, crops, dosage, number of applications, application interval) and ecotoxicological properties (LR50), and typeset one at the time in PRIMET 2.0 for risk appraisal. The model estimated the Acceptable Effect Concentration (AECNTA), the In-Field and Off-Field Exposure (PEC) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio (ETR = PEC/AECNTA). If ETR < 1, there is "No Risk", if 1 ≤ ETR≤ 100, there is a "Possible Risk", and if ETR > 100, there is a "Definite Risk". Amongst the thirty-nine (39) pesticides evaluated, the most dangerous compound was imidacloprid (ETRIF = 255 000 000), followed by cypermethrin (ETRIF = 299 800) and oxamyl (ETRIF = 57 917). Epoxiconazole was the only fungicide, out of fourteen predicted to pose a definite in-field risk to NTAs with ETRIF = 1491. Half of the fungicides (50%) posed a possible in-field risk. One third of herbicides evaluated posed a possible in-field risk to NTAs. In this classification, paraquat (ETRIF = 51) exhibited the highest risk. All the herbicides were predicted for no off-field risk to NTAs. NTAs seemed to be more tolerant to most fungicides and herbicides than insecticides. The strengthening of the directive on pesticide purchasing and operation is inevitability in order to protect anthropoid and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parfait Nkontcheu Kamta
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
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10
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Inoue LVB, Domingues CEC, Gregorc A, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Malaspina O. Harmful Effects of Pyraclostrobin on the Fat Body and Pericardial Cells of Foragers of Africanized Honey Bee. TOXICS 2022; 10:530. [PMID: 36136494 PMCID: PMC9501569 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Managed honey bees are daily exposed in agricultural settings or wild environments to multiple stressors. Currently, fungicide residues are increasingly present in bees' pollen and nectar and can harm colonies' production and survival. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the fungicide pyraclostrobin on the fat body and pericardial cells of Africanized honey bees. The foragers were divided into three experimental treatment groups and two controls: pyraclostrobin 0.125 ng/µL (FG1), 0.025 ng/µL (FG2), 0.005 ng/µL (FG3), untreated control (CTL), and acetone control (CAC). After five days of oral exposure (ad libitum), the bees were dissected and prepared for histopathological and morphometric analysis. The FG1-treated bees showed extensive cytoarchitecture changes in the fat body and pericardial cells, inducing cell death. Bees from the FG2 group showed disarranged oenocytes, peripheral vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei of pericardial cells, but the cytoarchitecture was not compromised as observed in FG1. Additionally, immune system cells were observed through the fat body in the FG1 group. Bees exposed to FG3 demonstrated only oenocytes vacuolization. A significant decrease in the oenocyte's surface area for bees exposed to all pyraclostrobin concentrations was observed compared to the CTL and CAC groups. The bees from the FG1 and FG2 treatment groups presented a reduced surface area of pericardial cells compared to the controls and the FG3 group. This study highlighted the harmful effects of fungicide pyraclostrobin concentrations at the individual bee cellular level, potentially harming the colony level on continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais V. B. Inoue
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-“Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio E. C. Domingues
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-“Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Gregorc
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Elaine C. M. Silva-Zacarin
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Análise de Integridade Ambiental (LEIA), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba 18052-780, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-“Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
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11
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Trombin de Souza M, Trombin de Souza M, Bernardi D, Oliveira DDC, Morais MC, de Melo DJ, Richardi VS, Zarbin PHG, Zawadneak MAC. Essential Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis Ecotypes and Their Major Compounds: Insecticidal and Histological Assessment Against Drosophila suzukii and Their Impact on a Nontarget Parasitoid. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:955-966. [PMID: 34865075 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) produced by plants in the Lamiaceae family may provide new insecticidal molecules. Novel control compounds are needed to control Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a severe economic invasive pest of thin-skinned fruit crops. Thus, we characterized the main compounds of EOs from three rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis ecotypes (ECOs) and evaluated their toxicity to D. suzukii adults, deterrence of oviposition behavior, and histological alterations in larvae. Additionally, we analyzed the lethal and sublethal effect on the pupal parasitoid Trichopria anastrephae. The main compounds identified in the R. officinalis ECOs were α-pinene, camphor and 1,8-cineole. In bioassays via topical application or ingestion, ECOs and their major compounds showed high toxicity on D. suzukii adults and a lower concentration could kill 50% and 90% of flies compared to spinetoram. The dry residues of a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor provided a repellent effect by reducing D. suzukii oviposition by ~47% compared to untreated fruit. Histological sections of 3rd instar larval D. suzukii posttreatment revealed damage to the fat body, Malpighian tubules, brain, salivary gland, and midgut, which contributed to high larval and pupal mortality. Survival and parasitism by adult T. anastrephae were not affected. Thus, R. officinalis EO and their compounds have potential for developing novel insecticides to manage D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daiana da Costa Oliveira
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maíra Chagas Morais
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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12
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Conceição de Assis J, Eduardo da Costa Domingues C, Tadei R, Inês da Silva C, Soares Lima HM, Decio P, Silva-Zacarin ECM. Sublethal doses of imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin impair fat body of solitary bee Tetrapedia diversipes (Klug, 1810). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119140. [PMID: 35301028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solitary bees present greater species diversity than social bees. However, they are less studied than managed bees, mainly regarding the harmful effects of pesticides present in agroecosystems commonly visited by them. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of residual doses of imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin, alone and in combination, on the fat body (a multifunctional organ) of the neotropical solitary bee Tetrapedia diversipes by means of morphological and histochemical evaluation of oenocytes and trophocytes. Males and females of newly-emerged adults were submitted to bioassays of acute topical exposure. Experimental groups were essayed: control (CTR), solvent control (ACT), imidacloprid (IMI, 0.0028 ng/μL), pyraclostrobin (PYR, 2.7 ng/μL) and imidacloprid + pyraclostrobin (I + P). The data demonstrated that the residual doses applied in T. diversipes adults are sublethal at 96 h. Both oenocytes and trophocytes cells responded to topical exposure to the pesticides, showing morphological changes. In the IMI group, the bee oenocytes showed the greatest proportion of vacuolization and altered nuclei. The pyraclostrobin exposure increased the intensity of PAS-positive labeling (glycogen) in trophocytes. This increase was also observed in the I + P group. Changes in energy reserve (glycogen) of trophocytes indicate a possible mobilization impairment of this neutral polysaccharide to the hemolymph, which can compromise the fitness of exposed individuals. Also, changes in oenocytes can compromise the detoxification function performed by the fat body. This is the first study to show sublethal effects in neotropical solitary bees and highlight the importance of studies with native bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josimere Conceição de Assis
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Tadei
- São Paulo State University, UNESP, Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Inês da Silva
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Integrity (LEIA), Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Environmental Sciences, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Hellen Maria Soares Lima
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Integrity (LEIA), Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Decio
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Integrity (LEIA), Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Integrity (LEIA), Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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13
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Schuehly W, Riessberger-Gallé U, Hernández López J. Sublethal pesticide exposure induces larval removal behavior in honeybees through chemical cues. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:113020. [PMID: 34856485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We were intrigued by reported observations of reduced brood production and a high number of empty brood cells in bee colonies exposed to sublethal pesticide doses, which could suggest an active removal of larvae. Higher numbers of oenocytes, insect cells responsible for lipid processing and detoxification, were also found in pesticide-exposed larvae. Oenocytes are involved in hydrocarbon metabolism and chemical communication, and we hypothesized that these larvae could display altered cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles when exposed to pesticides as compared to control larvae. In addition, we proposed that these chemical cues could trigger specific behavioral responses in colony nurses. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed the CHC profiles of artificially reared larvae that had been fed sublethal doses of either dimethoate or clothianidin or fed on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found significant differences in the CHC profiles of these differently treated larvae. In a subsequent behavioral experiment, we transferred clothianidin-treated or LPS-treated larvae into the brood combs of surrogate colonies. Larvae that had been fed either the pesticide or LPS were removed at a significantly higher rate than control larvae. Our results demonstrate that larvae exposed to clothianidin possess altered CHC profiles, are detected in the colony by nurse bees via chemical cues and are actively removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuehly
- Department of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Agroecological Strategies to Safeguard Insect Pollinators in Biodiversity Hotspots: Chile as a Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Industrial agriculture (IA) has been recognized among the main drivers of biodiversity loss, climate change, and native pollinator decline. Here we summarize the known negative effects of IA on pollinator biodiversity and illustrate these problems by considering the case of Chile, a “world biodiversity hotspot” (WBH) where food exports account for a considerable share of the economy in this country. Most of Chile’s WBH area is currently being replaced by IA at a fast pace, threatening local biodiversity. We present an agroecological strategy for sustainable food production and pollinator conservation in food-producing WBHs. In this we recognize native pollinators as internal inputs that cannot be replaced by IA technological packages and support the development of agroecological and biodiversity restorative practices to protect biodiversity. We suggest four fundamental pillars for food production change based on: (1) sharing the land, restoring and protecting; (2) ecological intensification; (3) localized knowledge, research, and technological development; and (4) territorial planning and implementation of socio-agroecological policies. This approach does not need modification of native pollination services that sustain the world with food and basic subsistence goods, but a paradigm change where the interdependency of nature and human wellbeing must be recognized for ensuring the world’s food security and sovereignty.
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15
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Majoe M, Libbrecht R, Foitzik S, Nehring V. Queen loss increases worker survival in leaf-cutting ants under paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190735. [PMID: 33678018 PMCID: PMC7938173 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity is traded off with fecundity in most solitary species, but the two traits are positively linked in social insects. In ants, the most fecund individuals (queens and kings) live longer than the non-reproductive individuals, the workers. In many species, workers may become fertile following queen loss, and recent evidence suggests that worker fecundity extends worker lifespan. We postulated that this effect is in part owing to improved resilience to oxidative stress, and tested this hypothesis in three Myrmicine ants: Temnothorax rugatulus, and the leaf-cutting ants Atta colombica and Acromyrmex echinatior. We removed the queen from colonies to induce worker reproduction and subjected workers to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress drastically reduced survival, but this effect was less pronounced in leaf-cutting ant workers from queenless nests. We also found that, irrespective of oxidative stress, outside workers died earlier than inside workers did, likely because they were older. Since At. colombica workers cannot produce fertile offspring, our results indicate that direct reproduction is not necessary to extend the lives of queenless workers. Our findings suggest that workers are less resilient to oxidative stress in the presence of the queen, and raise questions on the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying socially mediated variation in worker lifespan. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Majoe
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns Dieter Hüsch Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns Dieter Hüsch Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns Dieter Hüsch Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Nehring
- Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Almasri H, Tavares DA, Pioz M, Sené D, Tchamitchian S, Cousin M, Brunet JL, Belzunces LP. Mixtures of an insecticide, a fungicide and a herbicide induce high toxicities and systemic physiological disturbances in winter Apis mellifera honey bees. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111013. [PMID: 32888588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pesticides originating from plant protection treatments and the treatment of pests infecting honey bees are frequently detected in beehive matrices. Therefore, winter honey bees, which have a long life span, could be exposed to these pesticides for longer periods than summer honey bees. In this study, winter honey bees were exposed through food to the insecticide imidacloprid, the fungicide difenoconazole and the herbicide glyphosate, alone or in binary and ternary mixtures, at environmental concentrations (0 (controls), 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/L) for 20 days. The survival of the honey bees was significantly reduced after exposure to these 3 pesticides individually and in combination. Overall, the combinations had a higher impact than the pesticides alone with a maximum mortality of 52.9% after 20 days of exposure to the insecticide-fungicide binary mixture at 1 μg/L. The analyses of the surviving bees showed that these different pesticide combinations had a systemic global impact on the physiological state of the honey bees, as revealed by the modulation of head, midgut and abdomen glutathione-S-transferase, head acetylcholinesterase, abdomen glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and midgut alkaline phosphatase, which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, the nervous system, defenses against oxidative stress, metabolism and immunity, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of studying the effects of chemical cocktails based on low realistic exposure levels and developing long-term tests to reveal possible lethal and adverse sublethal interactions in honey bees and other insect pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Almasri
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | | | - Maryline Pioz
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Déborah Sené
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Sylvie Tchamitchian
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Marianne Cousin
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRAE, UR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France.
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17
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Zioga E, Kelly R, White B, Stout JC. Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109873. [PMID: 32795671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Plant Protection Products, PPPs, (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) is a significant stressor for bees and other pollinators, and has recently been the focus of intensive debate and research. Specifically, exposure through contaminated pollen and nectar is considered pivotal, as it presents the highest risk of PPP exposure across all bee species. However, the actual risk that multiple PPP residues might pose to non-target species is difficult to assess due to the lack of clear evidence of their actual concentrations. To consolidate the existing knowledge of field-realistic residues detected in pollen and nectar directly collected from plants, we performed a systematic literature review of studies over the past 50 years (1968-2018). We found that pollen was the matrix most frequently evaluated and, of the compounds investigated, the majority were detected in pollen samples. Although the overall most studied category of PPPs were the neonicotinoid insecticides, the compounds with the highest median concentrations of residues in pollen were: the broad spectrum carbamate carbofuran (1400 ng/g), the fungicide and nematicide iprodione (524 ng/g), and the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate (500 ng/g). In nectar, the highest median concentration of PPP residues detected were dimethoate (1595 ng/g), chlorothalonil (76 ng/g), and the insecticide phorate (53.5 ng/g). Strong positive correlation was observed between neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar of cultivated plant species. The maximum concentrations of several compounds detected in nectar and pollen were estimated to exceed the LD50s for honey bees, bumble bees and four solitary bee species, by several orders of magnitude. However, there is a paucity of information for the biggest part of the world and there is an urgent need to expand the range of compounds evaluated in PPP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zioga
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Ruth Kelly
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, DCU Water Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jane C Stout
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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18
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Harwood GP, Dolezal AG. Pesticide-Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines. Viruses 2020; 12:E566. [PMID: 32455815 PMCID: PMC7291294 DOI: 10.3390/v12050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic Varroa mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan P. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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19
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Gutiérrez Y, Ott D, Scherber C. Direct and indirect effects of plant diversity and phenoxy herbicide application on the development and reproduction of a polyphagous herbivore. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7300. [PMID: 32350369 PMCID: PMC7190834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread application of synthetic pesticides and loss of plant diversity are regarded as significant drivers of current global change. The effects of such phenomena on insect performance have been extensively studied separately, yet the interactions of these two drivers have been poorly explored. Here, we subjected the polyphagous grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) to a full-lifecycle field experiment with 50 cages containing experimental plant communities differing in grass species richness (2 vs. 8 grass species), half of them treated with a phenoxy herbicide commonly employed to control broadleaf plants in grasslands. We measured plant elemental content as a proxy for plant physiology, and a wide range of insect traits in both female and male grasshoppers. In females, grass diversity increased herbivory, insect nitrogen content and egg load, while herbicide reduced herbivory but increased the number of offspring, likely mediated by altered plant community composition. In males, grass diversity also increased herbivory, had positive effects on fat body, muscle volume and lifespan, and negative effects on body mass. Herbicide negatively affected herbivory in both females and males. Overall, plant diversity and herbicides may shift resource allocation in generalist terrestrial insect herbivores, indicating complex and unexpected effects of human-induced environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - David Ott
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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20
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Galvani GL, Soto EM, Canavoso LE, Settembrini BP. Fat body morphology, but not body size, changes in forager bees of Scaptotrigona jujuyensis (Apidae: Meliponini) during foraging season. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Dai P, Jack CJ, Mortensen AN, Bustamante TA, Ellis JD. Chronic toxicity of amitraz, coumaphos and fluvalinate to Apis mellifera L. larvae reared in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5635. [PMID: 29618776 PMCID: PMC5884784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of chronic exposure to common acaricides on Apis mellifera survival, developmental rate and larval weight were tested in the laboratory. Larvae were reared in vitro and fed a diet containing amitraz: 1.5, 11, 25 and 46 mg/L; coumaphos: 1.8, 6, 8 and 25 mg/L; or fluvalinate: 0.1, 1, 2.4 and 6 mg/L. The dependent variables were compared for groups feeding on treated diets and control diets: positive control, 45 mg/L dimethoate; solvent control; and negative control. Bee survival decreased in the 46 mg/L amitraz and 25 mg/L coumaphos treatments but not in any fluvalinate treatment. Furthermore, the developmental rate decreased in individuals treated with 46 mg/L amitraz. In our study, larvae exposed to acaricides at concentrations similar to maximum residue in pollen and honey/nectar had no detectable change in survival or developmental rate. Given that pollen and honey/nectar represent only a small part of larval diet, we suggest that residues of amitraz, coumaphos and fluvalinate at the levels we tested are unlikely to impact immature worker bee survival in the field, though our data do not preclude any sublethal effects that may result from bee exposure to these compounds or possible synergisms when they co-occur in bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. .,Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Cameron J Jack
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Ashley N Mortensen
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Tomas A Bustamante
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
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22
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de Mattos IM, Soares AEE, Tarpy DR. Mitigating effects of pollen during paraquat exposure on gene expression and pathogen prevalence in Apis mellifera L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:32-44. [PMID: 29067534 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations have been experiencing notable mortality in Europe and North America. No single cause has been identified for these dramatic losses, but rather multiple interacting factors are likely responsible (such as pesticides, malnutrition, habitat loss, and pathogens). Paraquat is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides, especially in developing countries. This herbicide is considered slightly toxic to honey bees, despite being reported as a highly effective inducer of oxidative stress in a wide range of living systems. Here, we test the effects of paraquat on the expression of detoxification and antioxidant-related genes, as well as on the dynamics of pathogen titers. Moreover, we tested the effects of pollen as mitigating factor to paraquat exposure. Our results show significant changes in the expression of several antioxidant-related and detoxification-related genes in the presence of paraquat, as well as an increase of pathogens titers. Finally, we demonstrate a mitigating effect of pollen through the up-regulation of specific genes and improvement of survival of bees exposed to paraquat. The presence of pollen in the diet was also correlated with a reduced prevalence of Nosema and viral pathogens. We discuss the importance of honey bees' nutrition, especially the availability of pollen, on colony losses chronically reported in the USA and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Ademilson E E Soares
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14.049-900, Brazil
| | - David R Tarpy
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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23
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Domingues CEC, Abdalla FC, Balsamo PJ, Pereira BVR, Hausen MDA, Costa MJ, Silva-Zacarin ECM. Thiamethoxam and picoxystrobin reduce the survival and overload the hepato-nephrocitic system of the Africanized honeybee. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:994-1005. [PMID: 28835008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Apis mellifera perform important pollination roles in agroecosystems. However, there is often intensive use of systemic pesticides in crops, which can be carried to the colony by forage bees through the collection of contaminated pollen and nectar. Inside the colony, pollen loads are stored by bees that add honey and several enzymes to this pollen. Nevertheless, intra-colonial chronic exposure could induce sublethal effects in young bees exposed to a wide range of pesticides present in these pollen loads. This study was aimed to both determine the survival rate and evaluate the sublethal effects on the hepato-nephrocitic system in response to continuous oral exposure to lower concentrations of neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TXT) and picoxystrobin fungicide (PXT). Exposure to a single chemical and co-exposure to both pesticides were performed in newly emerged honeybee workers. A significant decrease in the bee survival rates was observed following exposure to TXT (0.001 ng a.i./μL) and PXT (0.018 ng a.i./μL), as well as following co-exposure to TXT+PXT/2. After five days of continuous exposure, TXT induced sub-lethal effects in the organs involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as the fat body and pericardial cells, and it also induced a significant increase in the hemocyte number. Thus, the hepato-nephrocitic system (HNS) reached the greatest level of activity of pericardial cells as an attempt to eliminate this toxic compound from hemolymph. The HNS was activated at low levels by PXT without an increase in the hemocyte number; however, the mobilization of neutral glycoconjugates from the trophocytes of the fat body was prominent only in this group. TXT and PXT co-exposure induced intermediary morphological effects in trophocytes and pericardial cells, but oenocytes from the fat body presented with atypical cytoplasm granulation only in this group. These data showed that the realistic concentrations of these pesticides are harmful to newly emerged Africanized honeybees, indicating that intra-colonial chronic exposure drastically reduces the longevity of bees exposed to neonicotinoid insecticide (TXT) and the fungicide strobilurin (PXT) as in single and co-exposure. Additionally, the sublethal effects observed in the organs constituting the HNS suggest that the activation of this system, even during exposure to low concentrations of theses pesticides, is an attempt to maintain homeostasis of the bees. These data together are alarming because these pesticides can affect the performance of the entire colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio E C Domingues
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional (LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Biomarcadores em Abelhas (LEBA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Camargo Abdalla
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional (LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo José Balsamo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional (LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz V R Pereira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Biomarcadores em Abelhas (LEBA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Moema de Alencar Hausen
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Jones Costa
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Biologia (DBio), Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Biomarcadores em Abelhas (LEBA), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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24
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Gábor E, Cinege G, Csordás G, Török T, Folkl-Medzihradszky K, Darula Z, Andó I, Kurucz É. Hemolectin expression reveals functional heterogeneity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) hemocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:403-411. [PMID: 28713010 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of molecular markers considerably facilitated the classification and functional analysis of blood cell types. Apis mellifera hemocytes have been classified by morphological criteria and lectin binding properties; however, the use of molecular markers has been minimal. Here we describe a monoclonal antibody to a non-phagocytic subpopulation of A. mellifera hemocytes and to a constituent of the hemolymph clot. We demonstrate that the antibody identifies the A. mellifera hemolectin, a protein carrying human von Willebrand factor homology domains, characteristic of proteins involved in blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in mammals. Hemolectin expressing A. mellifera hemocytes contain the protein as cytoplasmic granules and contribute to the formation of a protein matrix, building up around foreign particles. Consequently, hemolectin as a marker molecule reveals a clear functional heterogeneity of hemocytes, allowing for the analytical separation of hemocyte classes, and could promote the molecular identification of hemocyte lineages in A. mellifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gábor
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gyöngyi Cinege
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Folkl-Medzihradszky
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - István Andó
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Éva Kurucz
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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25
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Tavares DA, Dussaubat C, Kretzschmar A, Carvalho SM, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Malaspina O, Bérail G, Brunet JL, Belzunces LP. Exposure of larvae to thiamethoxam affects the survival and physiology of the honey bee at post-embryonic stages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:386-393. [PMID: 28618362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under laboratory conditions, the effects of thiamethoxam were investigated in larvae, pupae and emerging honey bees after exposure at larval stages with different concentrations in the food (0.00001 ng/μL, 0.001 ng/μL and 1.44 ng/μL). Thiamethoxam reduced the survival of larvae and pupae and consequently decreased the percentage of emerging honey bees. Thiamethoxam induced important physiological disturbances. It increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at all developmental stages and increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase para (CaEp) activities at the pupal stages. For midgut alkaline phosphatase (ALP), no activity was detected in pupae stages, and no effect was observed in larvae and emerging bees. We assume that the effects of thiamethoxam on the survival, emergence and physiology of honey bees may affect the development of the colony. These results showed that attention should be paid to the exposure to pesticides during the developmental stages of the honey bee. This study represents the first investigation of the effects of thiamethoxam on the development of A. mellifera following larval exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Antonia Tavares
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Dussaubat
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement, Avignon, France
| | | | | | | | - Osmar Malaspina
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Géraldine Bérail
- INRA, Laboratoire de L'Environnement et de L'Alimentation de La Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement, Avignon, France.
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26
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Friol PS, Catae AF, Tavares DA, Malaspina O, Roat TC. Can the exposure of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apiadae) larvae to a field concentration of thiamethoxam affect newly emerged bees? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:56-66. [PMID: 28686887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of insecticides on crops can affect non-target insects, such as bees. In addition to the adult bees, larvae can be exposed to the insecticide through contaminated floral resources. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible effects of the exposure of A. mellifera larvae to a field concentration of thiamethoxam (0.001 ng/μL thiamethoxam) on larval and pupal survival and on the percentage of adult emergence. Additionally, its cytotoxic effects on the digestive cells of midgut, Malpighian tubules cells and Kenyon cells of the brain of newly emerged A. mellifera bees were analyzed. The results showed that larval exposure to this concentration of thiamethoxam did not influence larval and pupal survival or the percentage of adult bee emergence. However, this exposure caused ultra-structural alterations in the target and non-target organs of newly emerged bees. The digestive cell of bees that were exposed to the insecticide exhibited a basal labyrinth without long and thin channels and compromised mitochondria. In Malpighian tubules cells, disorganized basal labyrinth, dilated mitochondria with a deformed shape and a loss of cristae, and disorganized microvilli were observed. The results showed that the exposed bees presented Kenyon cells with alterations in the nucleus and mitochondria. These alterations indicate possible tissue degeneration, demonstrating the cytotoxicity of thiamethoxam in the target and non-target organs of newly emerged bees. Such results suggest cellular organelle impairment that can compromise cellular function of the midgut cells, Malpighian tubules cells and Kenyon cells, and, consequently, can compromise the longevity of the bees of the whole colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Sepúlveda Friol
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline Fernanda Catae
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daiana Antonia Tavares
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thaisa Cristina Roat
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Paris L, Roussel M, Pereira B, Delbac F, Diogon M. Disruption of oxidative balance in the gut of the western honeybee Apis mellifera exposed to the intracellular parasite Nosema ceranae and to the insecticide fipronil. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1702-1717. [PMID: 28736933 PMCID: PMC5658624 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The causes underlying the increased mortality of honeybee colonies remain unclear and may involve multiple stressors acting together, including both pathogens and pesticides. Previous studies suggested that infection by the gut parasite Nosema ceranae combined with chronic exposure to sublethal doses of the insecticide fipronil generated an increase in oxidative stress in the midgut of honeybees. To explore the impact of these two stressors on oxidative balance, we experimentally infected bees with N. ceranae and/or chronically exposed to fipronil at low doses for 22 days, and we measured soluble reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS damage by quantifying both protein and lipid oxidation in the midgut. Our results revealed a disruption of the oxidative balance, with a decrease in both the amount of ROS and ROS damage in the presence of the parasite alone. However, protein oxidation was significantly increased in the N. ceranae/fipronil combination, revealing an increase in oxidative damage and suggesting higher fipronil toxicity in infected bees. Furthermore, our results highlighted a temporal order in the appearance of oxidation events in the intestinal cells and revealed that all samples tended to undergo protein oxidation during ageing, regardless of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Paris
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michaël Roussel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, DRCI, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Diogon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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28
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Benuszak J, Laurent M, Chauzat MP. The exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae) to pesticides: Room for improvement in research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:423-438. [PMID: 28256316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Losses of honey bees have been repeatedly reported from many places worldwide. The widespread use of synthetic pesticides has led to concerns regarding their environmental fate and their effects on pollinators. Based on a standardised review, we report the use of a wide variety of honey bee matrices and sampling methods in the scientific papers studying pesticide exposure. Matrices such as beeswax and beebread were very little analysed despite their capacities for long-term pesticide storage. Moreover, bioavailability and transfer between in-hive matrices were poorly understood and explored. Many pesticides were studied but interactions between molecules or with other stressors were lacking. Sampling methods, targeted matrices and units of measure should have been, to some extent, standardised between publications to ease comparison and cross checking. Data on honey bee exposure to pesticides would have also benefit from the use of commercial formulations in experiments instead of active ingredients, with a special assessment of co-formulants (quantitative exposure and effects). Finally, the air matrix within the colony must be explored in order to complete current knowledge on honey bee pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Benuszak
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Laurent
- Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chauzat
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France; Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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29
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Freydier L, Lundgren JG. Unintended effects of the herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba on lady beetles. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1270-1277. [PMID: 27282375 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Weed resistance to glyphosate and development of new GM crops tolerant to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and dicamba is expected to lead to increased use of these herbicides in cropland. The lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata is an important beneficial insect in cropland that is commonly used as an indicator species in safety evaluations of pesticides. Here, we examined the lethal and non-lethal effects of 2,4-D and dicamba active ingredients and commercial formulations to this lady beetle species, and tested for synergistic effects of the herbicides. Second instars of lady beetles were exposed to an experimental treatment, and their mortality, development, weight, sex ratio, fecundity, and mobility was evaluated. Using similar methods, a dose-response study was conducted on 2,4-D with and without dicamba. The commercial formulation of 2,4-D was highly lethal to lady beetle larvae; the LC90 of this herbicide was 13 % of the label rate. In this case, the "inactive" ingredients were a key driver of the toxicity. Dicamba active ingredient significantly increased lady beetle mortality and reduced their body weight. The commercial formulations of both herbicides reduced the proportion of males in the lady beetle population. The herbicides when used together did not act synergistically in their toxicity toward lady beetles versus when the chemistries were used independently. Our work shows that herbicide formulations can cause both lethal and sublethal effects on non-target, beneficial insects, and these effects are sometimes driven by the "inactive" ingredients. The field-level implications of shifts in weed management practices on insect management programs should receive further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Freydier
- Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 842015, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan G Lundgren
- North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD, 57006, USA.
- Ecdysis Foundation, 46958 188th Street, Estelline, SD, 57234, USA.
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30
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Zhang YX, Ge LQ, Jiang YP, Lu XL, Li X, Stanley D, Song QS, Wu JC. RNAi knockdown of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene eliminates jinggangmycin-enhanced reproduction and population growth in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15360. [PMID: 26482193 PMCID: PMC4611885 DOI: 10.1038/srep15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in ecology lies in understanding the coexistence of intraguild species, well documented at the organismal level, but not at the molecular level. This study focused on the effects of the antibiotic, jinggangmycin (JGM), a fungicide widely used in Asian rice agroecosystems, on reproduction of insects within the planthopper guild, including the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens and the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera, both serious resurgence rice pests. JGM exposure significantly increased BPH fecundity and population growth, but suppressed both parameters in laboratory and field WBPH populations. We used digital gene expression and transcriptomic analyses to identify a panel of differentially expressed genes, including a set of up-regulated genes in JGM-treated BPH, which were down-regulated in JGM-treated WBPH. RNAi silencing of Acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC), highly expressed in JGM-treated BPH, reduced ACC expression (by > 60%) and eliminated JGM-induced fecundity increases in BPH. These findings support our hypothesis that differences in ACC expression separates intraguild species at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Zhang
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
| | - Lin-Quan Ge
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
| | - Xiu-Li Lu
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of insect Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science, University of Missouri, Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jin-Cai Wu
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R.China
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31
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Abstract
Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects, so it is unsurprising that many insecticides have the potential to harm honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, bees are exposed to a great variety of other potentially toxic chemicals, including flavonoids and alkaloids that are produced by plants; mycotoxins produced by fungi; antimicrobials and acaricides that are introduced by beekeepers; and fungicides, herbicides, and other environmental contaminants. Although often regarded as uniquely sensitive to toxic compounds, honey bees are adapted to tolerate and even thrive in the presence of toxic compounds that occur naturally in their environment. The harm caused by exposure to a particular concentration of a toxic compound may depend on the level of simultaneous exposure to other compounds, pathogen levels, nutritional status, and a host of other factors. This review takes a holistic view of bee toxicology by taking into account the spectrum of xenobiotics to which bees are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
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