Nesfatin-1 stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice

Effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation on the liver enzymes, lipid profiles, glycemic index, and anthropometric indices in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients: An umbrella meta-analysis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The evidence for curcumin's effects on patients with NAFLD is accumulating; however, meta-analyses have reported mixed results. The current umbrella meta-analysis aimed to assess the present evidence and provide an accurate estimate of the overall effects of curcumin/turmeric on NAFLD patients. The Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched till March 2023 using MeSH terms and related keywords based on the PICO criteria. Meta-analysis studies evaluating the effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation on NAFLD patients that reported the effect sizes (ES) and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) were eligible for inclusion in this study. All articles were screened by considering the eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers and required data were extracted from the included meta-analyses. The meta-analysis was performed utilizing a random-effects model by STATA software. Findings of 11 meta-analyses of 99 randomized controlled trials comprising 5546 participants revealed that curcumin/turmeric supplementation reduced AST (ES = -1.072, 95% CI (-1.656, -0.488), p = 0.000), ALT (ES = -0.625, 95% CI (-1.170, -0.134), p = 0.014), and TG (ES = -0.469, 95% CI (-1.057, 0.119), p = 0.128) levels, and HOMA-IR (ES = -0.291, 95% CI (-0.368, -0.214), p = 0.000), BMI (ES = -0.205, 95% CI (-0.304, -0.107), p = 0.000), and WC (ES = -1.290, 95% CI (-2.038, -0.541), p = 0.001) in comparison to the control group. However, the effects of curcumin on GGT, ALP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBS, and HbA1C levels and body weight were not significant. The findings suggest the beneficial effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation in patients with NAFLD, such as improving liver function, decreasing serum TG levels, ameliorating insulin resistance, and reducing general and central obesity. Nevertheless, high-quality research is further required to prove these achievements.

Associations between Oxidant/Antioxidant Status and Circulating Adipokines in Non-Obese Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), but there are no data on these disorders in non-obese children with PWS. Therefore, the presented study examined total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the oxidative stress index (OSI), and adipokine levels in 22 non-obese children with PWS during dietary intervention and growth hormone treatment compared with 25 non-obese healthy children. Serum concentrations of TOC, TAC, nesfatin-1, leptin, hepcidin, ferroportin, and ferritin were determined using immunoenzymatic methods. We found that TOC concentrations were higher by 50% (p = 0.006) in patients with PWS than in healthy children, but no significant differences in TAC concentrations were observed between these groups. The OSI was higher in children with PWS than in the controls (p = 0.002). We found positive associations between TOC values and the percentage of the Estimated Energy Requirement, body mass index (BMI) Z-score, percentage of fat mass, and leptin, nesfatin-1, and hepcidin concentrations in patients with PWS. A positive association was also found between the OSI and nesfatin-1 levels. These observations suggest that higher daily energy intake and weight gain may be accompanied by an increasing prooxidant state in these patients. Adipokines such as leptin, nesfatin-1, or hepcidin may also play a role in the prooxidant state in non-obese children with PWS.

The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.

The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control

Fish body growth is a trait of major importance for individual survival and reproduction. It has implications in population, ecology, and evolution. Somatic growth is controlled by the GH/IGF endocrine axis and is influenced by nutrition, feeding, and reproductive-regulating hormones as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, oxygen levels, and salinity. Global climate change and anthropogenic pollutants will modify environmental conditions affecting directly or indirectly fish growth performance. In the present review, we offer an overview of somatic growth and its interplay with the feeding regulatory axis and summarize the effects of global warming and the main anthropogenic pollutants on these endocrine axes.

Knockdown of Endogenous Nucb2/Nesfatin-1 in the PVN Leads to Obese-Like Phenotype and Abolishes the Metformin- and Stress-Induced Thermogenic Response in Rats

Nesfatin-1, the cleavage product of nucleobindin-2, is an anorexigenic peptide and major regulator of energy homeostasis. Beyond reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, it is also involved in regulating the stress response. Interaction of nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 and glucose homeostasis has been observed and recent findings suggest a link between the action of the antidiabetic drug metformin and the nesfatinergic system. Hence, this study aimed to clarify the role of nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in energy homeostasis as well as its involvement in stress- and metformin-mediated changes in energy expenditure. Knockdown of nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 in male Wistar rats led to significantly increased food intake, body weight, and reduced energy expenditure compared to controls. Nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 knockdown animals developed an obese-like phenotype represented by significantly increased fat mass and overall increase of circulating lipids. Concomitantly, expression of nucleobindin-2 and melanocortin receptor type 3 and 4 mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus was decreased indicating successful knockdown and impairment at the level of the melanocortin system. Additionally, stress induced activation of interscapular brown adipose tissue was significantly decreased in nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 knockdown animals and accompanied by lower adrenal weight. Finally, intracerebroventricular administration of metformin significantly increased energy expenditure in controls and this effect was absent in nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 knockdown animals. Overall, we clarified the crucial role of nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The nesfatinergic system was further identified as important mediator in stress- and metformin-induced thermogenesis.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Using Thymus serpyllum on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic BALB/c Mice

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders, and is characterized by abnormal blood sugar level due to impaired insulin secretion or impaired insulin action—or both. Metformin is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, but due to its slow mode of action and various side effects it shows poor and slow therapeutic response in patients. Currently, scientists are trying to tackle these limitations by developing nanomedicine. This research reports novel synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum and aims to elucidate its therapeutic potential as an antidiabetic agent on streptozotocin induced diabetic BALB/c mice. Thymus serpyllum mediated silver nanoparticles were characterized through UV, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The alpha amylase inhibition and antioxidant activity were checked through α amylase and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. To check the effect of silver nanoparticles on blood glucose levels FBG, IPGTT, ITT tests were employed on STZ induced BALB/c mice. To assess the morphological changes in the anatomy of liver, pancreas, and kidney of BALB/c mice due to silver nanoparticles, histological analysis was done through H&E staining system. Finally, AMPK and IRS1 genes expression analysis was carried out via real time PCR. Silver nanoparticles were found to be spherical in shape with an average size of 42 nm. They showed an IC50 of 8 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL for α amylase and DPPH assay, respectively. Our study suggests that silver nanoparticles—specifically 10 mg/kg—cause a significant increase in the expression of AMPK and IRS1, which ultimately increase the glucose uptake in cells. Thymus serpyllum mediated silver nanoparticles possess strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential and can further be explored as an effective and cheaper alternative option for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The Actions of Centrally Administered Nesfatin-1 on Emesis, Feeding, and Locomotor Activity in Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew)

Nesfatin-1 is an anorectic peptide expressed in both peripheral tissues and brain areas involved in the regulation of feeding, emotion and emesis. The aim of the present study is to characterize the distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in Suncus murinus and to investigate the actions of nesfatin-1 to affect gastrointestinal contractility, emesis, food and water intake, and locomotor activity. The deduced amino acid sequence of S. murinus nesfatin-1 using in silico cloning showed high homology with humans and rodents. NUCB2 mRNA was detected throughout the entire brain and in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and gut. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of nesfatin-1 protein in these regions. The NUCB2 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and brainstem were significantly decreased, whereas that in the striatum were increased after 24 h starvation compared to ad libitum-fed animals (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies, nesfatin-1 (0.3–1,000 pM) failed to contract or relax the isolated gastric antrum and intestinal segments. In conscious, freely moving animals, intracerebroventricular administration of nesfatin-1 (1–50 pmol) induced emesis (p < 0.05) and suppressed 6-h cumulative food intake (p < 0.05), without affecting the latency to feeding. Nesfatin-1 (25 pmol, i.c.v.) decreased 24-h cumulative food and water intake by 28.3 and 35.4%, respectively (p < 0.01). No significant differences in locomotor activity were observed. In conclusion, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 might be a potent regulator of feeding and emesis in S. murinus. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of actions of this peptide as a mediator linking the brainstem NUCB2/nesfatin-1 to forebrain system.

"Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin

Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.

Serum nesfatin-1 is a biomarker of pre-diabetes and interplays with cardiovascular risk factors

Background and objectives

Nesfatin-1 as a potent anorexigenic peptide is secreted by pancreatic β cells. Conflicting data are available about its level among diabetic patients. Our study aimed to assess nesfatin-1 levels in newly diagnosed drug-naïve diabetic and pre-diabetic patients and its association with cardio-metabolic risk and insulin resistance (IR). This case-control study included drug-naive patients with DMT2 (group 1, n = 30) and pre-diabetes (group 2, n = 30) in addition to healthy subjects (group 3, n = 28). Anthropometric and routine biochemical assessments were performed. Serum nesfatin-1and plasma insulin levels were assessed by ELISA methods. Homeostatic model for assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was calculated.

Results

Serum nesfatin-1 was significantly lower in diabetic and pre-diabetic compared to healthy subjects (3.89 ± 1.1 ng/dl and 7.47 ± 1.22 ng/dl versus 15.39 ± 3.53 respectively, p < 0.001). Also diabetic patients had statistically significant lower nesfatin-1 levels than pre-diabetic patients (p < 0.001) Roc curve analysis identified cut-off values of ≤ 9 ng/dl and ≤ 5.5 ng/dl with an AUC of 0.94 and 0.97, sensitivity of 96.7 and 100%, and specificity of 93.3% and 96.7% for diagnosis of pre-diabetes and diabetes respectively. Using bivariate analysis, nesfatin-1 was negatively correlated with glycemic parameters (fasting and 2 h postprandial blood sugar, HBA1c), IR parameters (fasting insulin and HOMA-IR) and atherogenic lipid profile (triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL-c); and positively correlated to HDL-c in both diabetic and pre-diabetic but not in healthy.

Conclusion

Nesfatin-1 is an excellent predictor for pre-diabetes and DMT2. It is associated with favorable glucose and lipid metabolism probably via insulin signaling pathway.

A comparative account of nesfatin-1 in vertebrates

Nesfatin-1 was discovered as an anorexigenic peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of the prepropeptide, nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2). It is widely expressed in central as well as peripheral tissues and is known to have pleiotropic effects such as regulation of feeding, reproduction, cardiovascular functions and maintenance of glucose homeostasis. In order to execute its multifaceted role, nesfatin-1 employs diverse signaling pathways though its receptor has not been identified till date. Further, nesfatin-1 is reported to be under the regulatory effect of feeding state, nutritional status as well as several metabolic and reproductive hormones. This peptide has also been associated with variety of human diseases, especially metabolic, reproductive, cardiovascular and mental disorders. The current review is aimed to present a consolidated picture and highlight lacunae for further investigation in order to develop a deeper comprehensive understanding on physiological significance of nesfatin-1 in vertebrates.

Plasma nesfatin-1 and DDP-4 levels in patients with coronary artery disease: Kozani study

Background

Nesfatin-1, a novel adipokine and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), a mam malian serine protease, are potent factors of atherosclerosis. In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated whether the plasma nesfatin-1 and DPP4 is associated with the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

We consecutively enrolled a total of 240 patients with significant CAD (previous revascularization or angiographically-proven coronary artery stenosis > 50%) presented with either unstable angina (UA, N = 76) or stable chronic CAD (SCAD, N = 165). 85 patients with at least 2 classical cardiovascular risk factors but without significant CAD served as controls. The severity of CAD was assessed using coronary angiography by the Gensini score. Clinical parameters, glycemic and lipid profile, high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), nesfatin-1 and DPP4 levels were assayed.

Results

No differences were found for age, sex, hypertension and diabetes distribution between groups. Low nesfatin-1 levels were found in both CAD groups (UA & SCAD) with respect to controls. The difference between UA and SCAD groups was marginally non-significant. There was a significant increase of DPP4 along UA to SCAD and control groups. Differences between groups remained unchanged in non-diabetic participants. Nesfatin-1 significantly correlated to hsCRP (r = − 0.287, p = 0.036), HOMA-IR (r = − 0.587, p = 0.007) and hyperlipidemia (r = − 0.331, p = 0.034). DPP4 was significantly associated with hs-CRP (r = 0.353 p < 0.001) and FPG (r = 0.202, p = 0.020) in univariate analysis, but those correlations were lost in multiple regression analysis. There was a negative correlation between nesfatin-1 and the severity of CAD, quantified by the Gensini score (r = − 0.511, p < 0.001), but no association was found for DPP4.

Conclusions

Serum DPP4 levels are increased in patients with CAD, while serum nesfatin-1 levels have a negative association with both the incidence and the severity of CAD. These results are independent of the presence of diabetes mellitus. In addition, both peptides have a strong association with hsCRP.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00306176

Nesfatin-1 in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases

Nesfatin-1, an anorexic neuropeptide discovered in 2006, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has been shown to be involved in the regulation of food intake and lipid metabolism, inhibiting fat accumulation, accelerating lipid decomposition, and in general, inhibiting the development of lipid-related diseases, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Potential mechanisms of Nesfatin-1 action in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases will be discussed as well as its role as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. This review expected to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinically related diseases.

Emerging Protein Biomarkers for the Diagnosis or Prediction of Gestational Diabetes-A Scoping Review

Introduction: Gestational diabetes (GDM), defined as hyperglycemia with onset or initial recognition during pregnancy, has a rising prevalence paralleling the rise in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. GDM is associated with short-term and long-term consequences for both mother and child. Therefore, it is crucial we efficiently identify all cases and initiate early treatment, reducing fetal exposure to hyperglycemia and reducing GDM-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. For this reason, GDM screening is recommended as part of routine pregnancy care. The current screening method, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is a lengthy, cumbersome and inconvenient test with poor reproducibility. Newer biomarkers that do not necessitate a fasting sample are needed for the prompt diagnosis of GDM. The aim of this scoping review is to highlight and describe emerging protein biomarkers that fulfill these requirements for the diagnosis of GDM. Materials and Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Embase and Web of Science with a double screening and extraction process. The search included all articles published in the literature to July 2020. Results: Of the 3519 original database citations identified, 385 were eligible for full-text review. Of these, 332 (86.2%) were included in the scoping review providing a total of 589 biomarkers studied in relation to GDM diagnosis. Given the high number of biomarkers identified, three post hoc criteria were introduced to reduce the items set for discussion: we chose only protein biomarkers with at least five citations in the articles identified by our search and published in the years 2017-2020. When applied, these criteria identified a total of 15 biomarkers, which went forward for review and discussion. Conclusions: This review details protein biomarkers that have been studied to find a suitable test for GDM diagnosis with the potential to replace the OGTT used in current GDM screening protocols. Ongoing research efforts will continue to identify more accurate and practical biomarkers to take GDM screening and diagnosis into the 21st century.

Neuroendocrine Peptides of the Gut and Their Role in the Regulation of Food Intake

The regulation of food intake encompasses complex interplays between the gut and the brain. Among them, the gastrointestinal tract releases different peptides that communicate the metabolic state to specific nuclei in the hindbrain and the hypothalamus. The present overview gives emphasis on seven peptides that are produced by and secreted from specialized enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in relation with the nutritional status. These established modulators of feeding are ghrelin and nesfatin-1 secreted from gastric X/A-like cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from duodenal I-cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY (PYY) secreted from intestinal L-cells and uroguanylin (UGN) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1679-1730, 2021.

Impaired Learning and Memory Ability Induced by a Bilaterally Hippocampal Injection of Streptozotocin in Mice: Involved With the Adaptive Changes of Synaptic Plasticity

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders, resulting in disability, and loss of self-sufficiency. Objective: To establish an AD-like mice model, investigate the behavioral performance, and explore the potential mechanism. Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ, 3 mg/kg) was microinjected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice, and the behavioral performance was observed. The serum concentrations of insulin and nesfatin-1 were measured by ELISA, and the activation of hippocampal microglia and astrocytes was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression of several molecular associated with the regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) was detected via western blotting. Results: The STZ-microinjected model mice showed a slower bodyweight gain and higher serum concentration of insulin and nesfatin-1. Although there was no significant difference between groups with regard to the ability of balance and motor coordination, the model mice presented a decline of spontaneous movement and exploratory behavior, together with an impairment of learning and memory ability. Increased activated microglia was aggregated in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of model mice, together with an increase abundance of Aβ_1-42 and Tau in the hippocampus and PFC. Moreover, the protein expression of NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, SynGAP, PSD95, BDNF, and p-β-catenin/β-catenin were remarkably decreased in the hippocampus and the PFC of model mice, and the expression of p-GSK-3β (ser9)/GSK-3β were reduced in the hippocampus. Conclusion: A bilateral hippocampal microinjection of STZ could induce not only AD-like behavioral performance in mice, but also adaptive changes of synaptic plasticity against neuroinflammatory and endocrinal injuries. The underlying mechanisms might be associated with the imbalanced expression of the key proteins of Wnt signaling pathway in the hippocampus and the PFC.

Co-administration of berberine/gypenosides/bifendate ameliorates metabolic disturbance but not memory impairment in type 2 diabetic mice

Cognitive impairment is a well-known complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) characterized by cellular insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Berberine, gypenosides and bifendate are traditional Chinese herbal medicines with multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, metabolism improvement and memory improvement. To investigate whether they have synergistic effect on T2DM metabolic syndrome and associated memory impairment, we measured in this study the effect of a low dose of berberine/gypenosides/bifendate (BGB) co-administration on metabolism and memory performance of T2DM model mice. We found that BGB co-administration ameliorated metabolic abnormalities of both high-fat diet/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM mice and db/db mice. However, it did not alleviate memory impairment in either type of T2DM model mice. Since neither berberine, gypenosides nor bifendate alone at the low dose is effective, we presume that BGB co-administration has synergistic action on T2DM metabolic syndrome. In addition, our findings suggest that higher doses of BGB might be required to ameliorate memory impairment than metabolic disturbance associated with T2DM.

Nesfatin-1 Receptor: Distribution, Signaling and Increasing Evidence for a G Protein-Coupled Receptor - A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Nesfatin-1 is an 82-amino acid polypeptide, cleaved from the 396-amino acid precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) and discovered in 2006 in the rat hypothalamus. In contrast to the growing body of evidence for the pleiotropic effects of the peptide, the receptor mediating these effects and the exact signaling cascades remain still unknown.

METHODS

This systematic review was conducted using a search in the Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The keywords "nesfatin-1" combined with "receptor", "signaling", "distribution", "pathway", g- protein coupled receptor", and "binding" were used to identify all relevant articles reporting about potential nesfatin-1 signaling and the assumed mediation via a G_i protein-coupled receptor.

RESULTS

Finally, 1,147 articles were found, of which 1,077 were excluded in several steps of screening, 70 articles were included in this systematic review. Inclusion criteria were studies investigating nesfatin-1's putative receptor or signaling cascade, observational preclinical and clinical studies, experimental studies, registry-based studies, cohort studies, population-based studies, and studies in English language. After screening for eligibility, the studies were assigned to the following subtopics and discussed regarding intracellular signaling of nesfatin-1 including the potential receptor mediating these effects and downstream signaling of the peptide.

CONCLUSION

The present review sheds light on the various effects of nesfatin-1 by influencing several intracellular signaling pathways and downstream cascades, including the peptide's influence on various hormones and their receptors. These data point towards mediation via a G_i protein-coupled receptor. Nonetheless, the identification of the nesfatin-1 receptor will enable us to better investigate the exact mediating mechanisms underlying the different effects of the peptide along with the development of agonists and antagonists.

Taxifolin improves disorders of glucose metabolism and water-salt metabolism in kidney via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in metabolic syndrome rats

AIMS

Our study was designed to explore the function and mechanism of taxifolin on glucose metabolism and water-salt metabolism in kidney with metabolic syndrome (MS) rats.

MAIN METHODS

Spontaneous hypertensive rats were induced by fructose to establish MS model. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured after 7 weeks of continuous administration with taxifolin. Kidney injury indices and histopathological evaluation were done. The apoptosis rate of primary kidney cells was detected by flow cytometry. Insulin signaling pathway related proteins and renal glucose transport-related proteins were detected by western blotting. We assessed the effects of taxifolin on sodium water retention and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in MS rats. We examined not only changes in urine volume, osmotic pressure, urinary sodium and urinary chloride excretion, but also the effects on NA⁺/K⁺-ATPase and RAAS indicators. We also detected changes in inflammatory factors by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence. In vitro experiment, high glucose and salt stimulated NRK-52E cells. By adding the PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) to inhibit the PI3K, the effects of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway on glucose metabolism, water-sodium retention and inflammatory response were discussed.

KEY FINDINGS

Taxifolin effectively reversed SBP, HOMA-IR, the kidney indices and abnormal histopathological changes induced by MS. Besides, taxifolin called back the protein associated with the downstream glucose metabolism pathway of PI3K/AKT. It also inhibited overactivation of RAAS and inflammatory response. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in this process.

SIGNIFICANCE

Taxifolin can improve homeostasis of glucose, inhibit overactivation of RAAS and reduce inflammatory response by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Immunoreactivity of ICAM-1, MMP-2, and Nesfatin-1 in lens epithelial cells of patients with diabetes mellitus with or without diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoreactivity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and nesfatin-1 in cataract lens epithelial cells (LECs) of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and to investigate the relationship of these markers with DM cataract and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups (n = 30): Group 1 (control; patients without DM or DR); Group 2 (patients with DM only), and Group 3 (patients with both DM and DR). Lens capsule samples were collected during intraoperative cataract surgery. Samples were immunohistochemically stained for MMP-2, ICAM-1, and nesfatin-1 and their immunoreactivity was evaluated. The number of immunoreactive cells was determined with a microscope at ×400 magnification.

RESULTS

Increased MMP-2 and ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was detected in the LECs of patients with DM, and especially in patients with DR (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in LECs of diabetic patients (p < 0.001). The mean of MMP-2 immunoreactive cells were 7.47 ± 8.18, 22.80 ± 15.70, and 34.80 ± 20.85 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean of ICAM-1 immunoreactive cells were 17.10 ± 9.83, 38.50 ± 23.55, and 56.93 ± 20.94 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Nesfatin-1, MMP-2, and ICAM-1 and could potentially play important roles in the pathogenesis of cataracts in patients with DM.

Increased serum nesfatin-1 levels in patients with acromegaly

Nesfatin-1 was identified as a satiety factor involved in the regulation of metabolism. Altered levels of circulating nesfatin-1 had been observed in a variety of diseases characterized by energy imbalance. However, there was no published data about nesfatin-1 levels in acromegaly.We evaluated serum nesfatin-1 levels in 13 patients with acromegaly at baseline and postoperatively, and in 21 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy subjects.Compared with the healthy subjects, patients with acromegaly had significantly increased levels of serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and growth hormone (GH). Moreover, the acromegaly group had nesfatin-1 levels higher than controls (1.96 ± 0.56 ng/mL vs 0.61 ± 0.10 ng/mL, P = .004). There was a positive correlation of serum nesfatin-1 levels with diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.579, P = .038) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.598, P = .031) in patients with acromegaly. While a successful surgery decreased serum GH levels, the serum nesfatin-1 levels did not change in acromegaly (P = .965). At last, we compared serum GH/nesfatin-1 levels with predictive markers for aggressive behaviors in pituitary adenomas. There was no relationship between serum nesfatin-1 levels and tumor's size, Ki-67 index, mutant p53, or MGMT proteins. However, increased serum GH levels were positively correlated with tumors' size (P = .023) and mutant p53 proteins expression (P = .028).Circulating nesfatin-1 was increased in acromegaly, which was involved in metabolism regulation.

Nesfatin-1 decreases the motivational and rewarding value of food

Homeostatic and hedonic pathways distinctly interact to control food intake. Dysregulations of circuitries controlling hedonic feeding may disrupt homeostatic mechanisms and lead to eating disorders. The anorexigenic peptides nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin-1 may be involved in the interaction of these pathways. The endogenous levels of this peptide are regulated by the feeding state, with reduced levels following fasting and normalized by refeeding. The fasting state is associated with biochemical and behavioral adaptations ultimately leading to enhanced sensitization of reward circuitries towards food reward. Although NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is expressed in reward-related brain areas, its role in regulating motivation and preference for nutrients has not yet been investigated. We here report that both dopamine and GABA neurons express NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the VTA. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings show that nesfatin-1 hyperpolarizes dopamine, but not GABA, neurons of the VTA by inducing an outward potassium current. In vivo, central administration of nesfatin-1 reduces motivation for food reward in a high-effort condition, sucrose intake and preference. We next adopted a 2-bottle choice procedure, whereby the reward value of sucrose was compared with that of a reference stimulus (sucralose + optogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons) and found that nesfatin-1 fully abolishes the fasting-induced increase in the reward value of sucrose. These findings indicate that nesfatin-1 reduces energy intake by negatively modulating dopaminergic neuron activity and, in turn, hedonic aspects of food intake. Since nesfatin-1´s actions are preserved in conditions of leptin resistance, the present findings render the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 system an appealing target for the development of novel therapeutical treatments towards obesity.

Metabolic and clinical responses to Bunium Persicum (black caraway) supplementation in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. We aimed to determine the metabolic and clinical responses to Bunium Persicum (Black Caraway) supplementation in overweight and obese patients with T2DM.

Methods

Participant recruitment took place in the diabetic clinic of Bu-Ali hospital in Zahedan. Due to the eligibility criteria, 60 participants were randomly placed into two groups, namely placebo (n = 30) and BP (n = 30). The supplementation was considered one 1000 mg capsule 2 times /day BP by meals (lunch and dinner) for 8 weeks. Physical activity levels, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements [weight, height, and waist circumference], glycemic indices [fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin (FBI)], blood lipids [triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)], and serum nesfatin-1 level were determined. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Quantitative insulin sensitivity checks index (QUICKI), and Body Mass Index (BMI) were computed.

Results

In comparison with placebo, BP significantly decreased FBG, HOMA-IR, and BMI (P <  0.05). The differences in the FBI, QUICKI, TG, TC, LDL, HDL, WC, and Nesfatin-1 were not significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

BP supplementation improved serum glucose indices and BMI among overweight and obese T2DM patients. Further trials are needed to confirm results.

Trial registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), IRCT20181207041876N1, Registered 18/01/2019, https://irct.ir/trial/35752

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Extract Affects Plasma Lipid Metabolism and Hepatic Macrophage Infiltration in Diabetic Rats

Background:

Chronic hyperglycemia is known to be a high-risk factor for progressive chronic liver diseases, such as abnormal lipid metabolism. The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a beneficial effect on dyslipidemia. Polyphenols derived from various plants are involved in AMPK activation.

Objective:

We investigated the effects of polyphenol-containing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) extract (SE) on plasma lipid metabolism and macrophage infiltration, and measured the expression and phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in diabetic rat livers.

Methods:

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats received 0, 50, or 250 mg/kg of SE orally for 4 weeks. Blood chemistry, total and phosphorylated protein levels of AMPK and ACC, sterol regulatory element- binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA and protein levels, and macrophage infiltration in the livers were examined.

Results:

Plasma glucose and triacylglycerol levels, which were increased in the untreated diabetic rats, were significantly lower in the 250 mg/kg SE-treated diabetic rats. AMPK and ACC phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in the 250 mg/kg SE-treated diabetic rats compared with those in the untreated rats. There was no difference in the hepatic expression of SREBP-1c between the diabetic rat groups. Macrophage infiltration in the liver was suppressed by 250 mg/kg of SEtreatment.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that SE treatment may affect plasma lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation by upregulating phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in diabetic rat livers.

NUCB2/nesfatin-1 - Inhibitory effects on food intake, body weight and metabolism

Since its discovery in 2006 by Oh-I and colleagues, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 encoded by nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) has drawn sustained attention as reflected in over 500 publications. Among those, more than half focused on the alterations of food intake, body weight and metabolism (glucose, fat) induced by nesfatin-1 and/or NUCB2/nesfatin-1. In the current review we discuss the existing literature focusing on NUCB2/nesfatin-1's influence on food intake, body weight and glucose as well as fat metabolism and highlight gaps in knowledge.

Central nesfatin-1 activates lipid mobilization in adipose tissue and fatty acid oxidation in muscle via the sympathetic nervous system

Little is known about the influence of central nesfatin-1 on lipid metabolism under diabetic conditions. The main objective of this study was to characterize the mechanisms by which central nesfatin-1 regulates lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and whether the sympathetic nervous system is involved. Male Kunming mice were fed high-fat diets (HFDs) and were treated twice with low-dose STZ (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [IP]) to generate the T2DM model. Pharmacological adrenergic blockage (phentolamine 10 mg/kg, propranolol 0.017 mmol) and surgical denervation of sympathetic nervous system of the hindlimb and inguinal fat were used to block nerve conduction to determine whether the effect of central nesfatin-1 required the hypothalamic-sympathetic nervous system axis. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and insulin levels were measured. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels in skeletal muscle and hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglycerides lipase (HSL/ATGL) levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) were measured using western blot. mRNA expression of AMPK was measured. We found that there were significantly fewer NUCB2/nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) in T2DM mice. Central nesfatin-1 administration decreased levels of plasma FFA significantly and activated AMPK to enhance fatty-acid oxidation in skeletal muscle in T2DM mice. In addition, HSL and ATGL were significantly activated during triglyceride mobilization in WAT triggered by central nesfatin-1 administration. Adrenergic blockade and morphological denervation of the sciatic and femoral nerves reduced these changes. Taken together, these data suggest that central nesfatin-1 regulates peripheral lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes via the sympathetic nervous system.

Nesfatin-1 ameliorates type-2 diabetes-associated reproductive dysfunction in male mice

PURPOSE

The present study was aimed to demonstrate the recuperative effect of nesfatin-1 on testicular dysfunction in the high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice.

METHOD AND RESULTS

Three experimental groups were formed: (1) vehicle control (VC), (2) T2DM mice, (3) T2DM + nesf-1. The mice with blood glucose level higher than 300 mg/dL following HFD and a single dose of STZ were used for the experiment. The T2DM mice showed increases in body mass, blood glucose and insulin levels, reductions in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, production of antioxidative enzymes, and disturbed lipid profile. These alterations were all ameliorated by administration of nesfatin-1 at 20 μg/Kg BW for 15 days. Nesfatin-1 treatment also increased the production of testosterone (T), improved insulin sensitivity, and effectively ameliorated the testicular aberrations, and increased spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. In addition, nesfatin-1 treatment upregulated the PCNA and Bcl2 expression and inhibited the caspase-3 and prohibitin expression in T2DM mice. Nesfatin-1 increased insulin receptor (IR) and GLUT8 expressions, and lactate production, the changes that further substantiate the increase of energy influx to the testis.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, the results suggest the ameliorative effect of nesfatin-1 against T2DM-associated testicular dysfunctions and improved insulin sensitivity along with promoting T production and fertility in T2DM mice.

Distinct cardiac energy metabolism and oxidative stress adaptations between obese and non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Little is known about the pathophysiological diversity of myocardial injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but analyzing these differences is important for the accurate diagnosis and precise treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study aimed to elucidate the key cardiac pathophysiological differences in myocardial injury between obese and non-obese T2DM from mice to humans.

Methods: Obese and non-obese T2DM mouse models were successfully constructed and observed until systolic dysfunction occurred. Changes in cardiac structure, function, energy metabolism and oxidative stress were assessed by biochemical and pathological tests, echocardiography, free fatty acids (FFAs) uptake fluorescence imaging, transmission electron microscopy, etc. Key molecule changes were screened and verified by RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Further, 28 human heart samples of healthy population and T2DM patients were collected to observe the cardiac remodeling, energy metabolism and oxidative stress adaptations as measured by pathological and immunohistochemistry tests.

Results: Obese T2DM mice exhibited more severe cardiac structure remodeling and earlier systolic dysfunction than non-obese mice. Moreover, obese T2DM mice exhibited severe and persistent myocardial lipotoxicity, mainly manifested by increased FFAs uptake, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen, accompanied by continuous activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK-3β), and sustained inhibition of glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT4) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), whereas non-obese mice showed no myocardial lipotoxicity characteristics at systolic dysfunction stage, accompanied by the restored PPARα pathway and GLUT4, sustained inhibition of p-GSK-3β and activation of ATGL. Additionally, both obese and non-obese T2DM mice showed significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when systolic dysfunction occurred, but the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway was significantly activated in obese mice, while was significantly inhibited in non-obese mice. Furthermore, the key differences found in animals were reliably verified in human samples.

Conclusion: Myocardial injury in obese and non-obese T2DM may represent two different types of complications. Obese T2DM individuals, compared to non-obese individuals, are more prone to develop cardiac systolic dysfunction due to severe and persistent myocardial lipotoxicity. Additionally, anti-oxidative dysfunction may be a key factor leading to myocardial injury in non-obese T2DM.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity by Increasing GLUT4 Expression in Skeletal Muscle and Stimulating UCP1 in Brown Adipose Tissue in T2DM Mice

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is a treatment modality useful for diseases. Hypoxia could stimulate the induction of insulin resistance. Therefore, we sought to determine whether hyperbaric oxygen would ameliorate insulin sensitivity by promoting glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression in muscle and by stimulating UCP1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in a streptozocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated three times with low-dose of streptozocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and were fed with high-fat diets (HFD) to establish the T2DM model. HBO was administered daily as 100% oxygen at 2.0 atmosphere absolute (ATA) for 1 h for a week. We found that HBO significantly reduced blood glucose levels and attenuated insulin resistance in T2DM mice. HBO modulated food intake by influencing the activity of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc). HBO treatment increased GLUT4 amount and level of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in muscles of T2DM mice whereas this treatment stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK in muscles of both T2DM and HFD mice. The morphological staining of BAT and the increased expression of uncoupling of protein 1 (UCP1) demonstrated the promotion of metabolism after HBO treatment. These findings suggest that HBO ameliorates insulin sensitivity of T2DM mice by stimulating the Akt signaling pathway and by promoting GLUT4 expression in muscle, and by increasing UCP1 expression in BAT.

The effects of curcumin supplementation on body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity; its prevalence is elevating due to the rising epidemic of obesity. Several clinical trials have examined the effects of curcumin supplementation on anthropometric variables in NAFLD patients with inconclusive results. This dose-response meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of curcumin supplementation on body mass index (BMI), body weight, and waist circumference (WC) in patients with NAFLD. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Sid.ir, and Magiran.com to identify eligible studies up to March 2019. A meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed using the random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect size. Eight randomized controlled trials with 520 participants (curcumin group = 265 and placebo group = 255) were included. Supplementation dose and duration ranged from 70 to 3,000 mg/day and 8 to 12 weeks, respectively. Curcumin supplementation significantly reduced BMI (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -0.34 kg/m² , 95% CI [-0.64, -0.04], p < .05) and WC (WMD = -2.12 cm, 95% CI [-3.26, -0.98], p < .001). However, no significant effects of curcumin supplementation on body weight were found. These results suggest that curcumin supplementation might have a positive effect on visceral fat and abdominal obesity that have been associated with NAFLD.

Nano-curcumin improves glucose indices, lipids, inflammation, and Nesfatin in overweight and obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background

Since lifestyle changes are main therapies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), changing dietary components (nutritional or bioactive) may play a parallel important role. Few studies have assessed the effects of curcumin on NAFLD (mainly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects). We aimed to determine the effects of nano-curcumin (NC) on overweight/obese NAFLD patients by assessing glucose, lipids, inflammation, insulin resistance, and liver function indices, especially through nesfatin.

Methods

This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in the Oil Company Central Hospital, Tehran. 84 overweight/obese patients with NAFLD diagnosed using ultrasonography were recruited according to the eligibility criteria (age 25–50 yrs., body mass index [BMI] 25–35 kg/m²). The patients were randomly divided into two equal NC (n = 42) and placebo (n = 42) groups. Interventions were two 40 mg capsules/day after meals for 3 months. Lifestyle changes were advised. A general questionnaire, a 24-h food recall (at the beginning, middle and end), and the short-form international physical activity questionnaire (at the beginning and end) were completed. Also, blood pressure, fatty liver degree, anthropometrics, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin (FBI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), high sensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), liver transaminases, and nesfatin were determined at the beginning and end.

Results

NC compared with placebo significantly increased HDL, QUICKI, and nesfatin and decreased fatty liver degree, liver transaminases, waist circumference (WC), FBS, FBI, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and IL-6 (P < 0.05). The mean changes in weight, BMI, body composition (BC), and blood pressure were not significant (P > 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, the changes were similar to the unadjusted model.

Conclusion

NC supplementation in overweight/obese NAFLD patients improved glucose indices, lipids, inflammation, WC, nesfatin, liver transaminases, and fatty liver degree. Accordingly, the proposed mechanism for ameliorating NAFLD with NC was approved by the increased serum nesfatin and likely consequent improvements in inflammation, lipids, and glucose profile. Further trials of nano-curcumin’s effects are suggested.

Trial registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT2016071915536N3. Registered 2016-08-02.

Neuropeptide Y-Positive Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Are Involved in the Anorexic Effect of Angptl8

Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8), a recently identified member of the angiopoietin-like protein family (ANGPTLs), is a 22-kDa peptide synthesized in the liver. It participates in lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, consequently increasing the triglyceride levels. Despite evidence that Angptl8 is involved in feeding control, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Central and peripheral injections of Angptl8 significantly decreased food intake. Angptl8 was widely expressed in appetite-related nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the ventromedial hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the hypothalamus. Peripheral Angptl8 administration decreased c-Fos-positive neurons in the DMH. Central Angptl8 administration decreased c-Fos-positive neurons in the DMH and PVN but increased these neurons in the ARC. Angptl8 inhibited appetite via neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the DMH. Furthermore, the chronic administration of Angptl8 decreased body weight gain and altered adipose tissue deposits. Nevertheless, neither peripheral nor central Angptl8 influenced the brown adipose tissue (BAT) morphology or uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp-1) expression in BAT. Taken together, these data suggested that Angptl8 modulates appetite and energy homeostasis.

Current Understanding of the Role of Nesfatin-1

Nesfatin-1 was discovered in 2006 and implicated in the regulation of food intake. Subsequently, its widespread central and peripheral distribution gave rise to additional effects. Indeed, a multitude of actions were described, including modulation of gastrointestinal functions, glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenesis, mediation of anxiety and depression, as well as cardiovascular and reproductive functions. Recent years have witnessed a great increase in our knowledge of these effects and their underlying mechanisms, which will be discussed in the present review. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be highlighted to foster further studies.

Effects of upper-body resistance exercise training on serum nesfatin-1 level, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese paraplegic men

BACKGROUND

As a recently discovered adipokine, nesfatin-1 is conducive to insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, energy balance, and probably obesity.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of upper-body resistance exercise training (RET) on nesfatin-1 levels, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and body composition in obese paraplegic men.

METHODS

Twenty obese paraplegic men were randomly assigned into control and upper-body RET groups. Upper-body RET was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week at an intensity corresponding to 60-80% maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maximal contraction in 5 stations (bench press, seated rows, sitting lat pulldown, arm extension, and arm curls). Body fat percentage was determined according to 4-sites skinfold protocol of Durnin and Womersley and Siri equation. Obesity for spinal cord injury patients in the current study was set at BMI >22 kg/m². Data were statistically analyzed by paired and independent t-test (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

We found significant improvements in serum levels of nesfatin-1 (21.13%), insulin sensitivity (8.95%), and high-density lipoprotein (10.87%). Other lipid profile markers, i.e. low-density lipoprotein (4.32%), cholesterol (8.20%), and triglyceride (15.10%) reduced significantly after upper-body RET. Moreover, upper-body RET led to a significant reduction in body mass index (2.36%), body fat percentage (2.79%), and waist-to-hip ratio (2.40%).

CONCLUSION

Upper-body RET improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and body composition in paraplegic men. Serum nefastin-1 may be a potential marker of success in weight management in this population.

Nesfatin-1 and visfatin expression is associated with reduced atherosclerotic disease risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Nesfatin is an anti-inflammatory molecule that reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. By contrast, visfatin has pro-inflammatory properties and is pro-atherogenic. We examined the potential impact of nesfatin and visfatin on atherosclerotic disease in 232 (113 black and 119 white) consecutive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from 2 centers. Independent relationships of nesfatin and visfatin concentrations with metabolic risk factors, endothelial activation, carotid atherosclerosis and altered plaque stability were determined in multivariable regression models. Rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity was associated with both nesfatin (β = 0.650, p < 0.0001) and visfatin levels (β = 0.157, p = 0.03). Visfatin concentrations were related to increased diastolic blood pressure (β = 4.536, p = 0.01) and diabetes prevalence (β = 0.092, p = 0.04). Nesfatin levels were associated with reduced carotid intima-media thickness (β = -0.017, p = 0.008). Nesfatin (β = 0.116, p = 0.001) and visfatin concentrations (β = 0.234, p = 0.001) were related to those of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a plaque stability mediator. Nesfatin and visfatin concentrations were directly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.516). The nesfatin-MMP-2 and visfatin-MMP-2 relations were both stronger in RF negative compared to RF positive patients (interaction p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). Nesfatin is associated with reduced atherosclerosis and increased plaque stability mediator levels in RA. Visfatin is related to adverse cardio-metabolic risk in RA. Increased MMP-2 expression in relation to visfatin may represent a compensatory mechanism aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk in RA.

Ghrelin Receptor Is Required for the Effect of Nesfatin-1 on Glucose Metabolism

Studies of nesfatin-1 in glucose metabolism have become a topic of interest recently, however, the specific receptor for nesfatin-1 has not yet been identified. Some studies hinted at a connection between nesfatin-1 and the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of GHSR in the glycemic effects of nesfatin-1 as well as its downstream pathways. We employed C57/BL6 mice (wild type and GHSR knockout mice) eating a normal chow diet and a high fat diet in this study, and the experimental technique included western blot, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA. We found that in mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD), nesfatin-1 improved glucose tolerance, up-regulated AKT kinase (AKT) mRNA levels and phosphorylation and GLUT4 membrane translocation in skeletal muscle. These effects were blocked by co-injection of GHSR antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and were attenuated in GHSR knockout mice. In mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), nesfatin-1 not only exerted the effects observed in NCD mice, but also suppressed appetite and raised AKT levels in liver tissues that also required GHSR. Peripheral nesfatin-1 suppressed c-fos expression of GHSR immunoreactive neurons induced by fasting in hypothalamic nuclei, indicating that nesfatin-1 inhibited the activation of central GHSR. We concluded that the effects of nesfatin-1 on food intake and glucose metabolism were GHSR-dependent, and that the glycemic effect was associated with AKT and GLUT4. This study should stimulate further exploration of the nesfatin-1 receptor.

Nesfatin-1 Regulates Feeding, Glucosensing and Lipid Metabolism in Rainbow Trout

Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid peptide that has been involved in a wide variety of physiological functions in both mammals and fish. This study aimed to elucidate the role of nesfatin-1 on rainbow trout food intake, and its putative effects on glucose and fatty acid sensing systems. Intracerebroventricular administration of 25 ng/g nesfatin-1 resulted in a significant inhibition of appetite, likely mediated by the activation of central POMC and CART. Nesfatin-1 stimulated the glucosensing machinery (changes in sglt1, g6pase, gsase, and gnat3 mRNA expression) in the hindbrain and hypothalamus. Central fatty acid sensing mechanisms were unaltered by nesfatin-1, but this peptide altered the expression of mRNAs encoding factors regulating lipid metabolism (fat/cd36, acly, mcd, fas, lpl, pparα, and pparγ), suggesting that nesfatin-1 promotes lipid accumulation in neurons. In the liver, intracerebroventricular nesfatin-1 treatment resulted in decreased capacity for glucose use and lipogenesis, and increased the potential of fatty acid oxidation. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that nesfatin-1 is involved in the homeostatic regulation of food intake and metabolism in fish.

How AMPK and PKA Interplay to Regulate Mitochondrial Function and Survival in Models of Ischemia and Diabetes

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved, redox-activated master regulator of cell metabolism. In the presence of oxidative stress, AMPK promotes cytoprotection by enhancing the conservation of energy by suppressing protein translation and by stimulating autophagy. AMPK interplays with protein kinase A (PKA) to regulate oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. AMPK and dual-specificity A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (D-AKAP1), a mitochondrial-directed scaffold of PKA, interact to regulate mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in cardiac and endothelial cells. Ischemia and diabetes, a chronic disease that increases the onset of cardiovascular diseases, suppress the cardioprotective effects of AMPK and PKA. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which AMPK and D-AKAP1/PKA interplay to regulate mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and signaling pathways that prime endothelial cells, cardiac cells, and neurons for cytoprotection against oxidative stress. We discuss recent literature showing how temporal dynamics and localization of activated AMPK and PKA holoenzymes play a crucial role in governing cellular bioenergetics and cell survival in models of ischemia, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Finally, we propose therapeutic strategies that tout localized PKA and AMPK signaling to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and death of neurons and cardiac and endothelial cells during ischemia and diabetes.

A novel function of NUCB2 in promoting the development and invasion of renal cell carcinoma

Previous studies have assessed nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) expression in multiple urological cancer cell lines and detected its effect on renal cancer cell apoptosis. Additionally, certain reports have indicated a novel function of NUCB2 in promoting invasion in renal cancer. The levels of NUCB2 expression in different tumor cell lines were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Human NUCB2 and β-actin (ACTB) cDNA plasmids were inserted into lentivirus plasmids, which were then transfected into 786-O cells. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were then performed to determine the gene expression in NUCB2-knocked down cells. Apoptosis was also examined by flow cytometry subsequent to successful transfection. Finally, a transwell invasion assay was performed to investigate the effects on invasive abilities in renal cancer cells. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated a high expression of NUCB2 in 786-O, ACHN and LNCaP cells, and there was particularly high expression in renal cancer 786-O cells. Following successful transfection, downregulation of NUCB2 facilitated renal carcinoma cell apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increased apoptosis rate in the lenti-NUCB2-KD 786-O cells (13.72±0.84 vs. 3.32±0.10; lenti-NUCB2-KD group vs. negative control). Notably, a significant decreased invasion rate was observed in the NUCB2 knocked-down cells compared with negative control, suggesting an invasion-promoting effect of NUCB2. These results suggested a novel function of NUCB2 in the process of development and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. NUCB2 may be an important prognostic factor and target in the diagnosis and treatment of human renal cancer.

The role of nesfatin-1 expression in letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries in the rat

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and heterogeneous endocrine disorder, generally exhibiting the characteristic features of hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. Nesfatin-1 is derived from the precursor nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), and plays an active role in energy balance, glucose metabolism and most likely gonadal function. In order to explore the role of nesfatin-1, we employed a rat model that uses letrozole to induce PCOS. The PCOS rats exhibited increased body weight, irregular cycles, polycystic ovaries characterized by cysts formed from atretic follicles, and a diminished granulosa layer. The expression of both nesfatin-1 mRNA and protein in the ovarian tissues of PCOS group decreased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Nesfatin-1 expression in peripheral blood also decreased in the PCOS group, in contrast with the control group. Furthermore, we found that nesfatin-1 had a positive correlation with FSH, E₂ and P, whereas it had a negative correlation with LH, and total T (p < 0.05). When taken together, these data indicated that the decrease in nesfatin-1 may contribute to the mechanism governing PCOS, and might provide a new potential target for therapies aimed at treating PCOS.

Nesfatin-1 in the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus Inhibits Food Intake, Modulates Excitability of Glucosensing Neurons, and Enhances UCP1 Expression in Brown Adipose Tissue

Nesfatin-1, an 82-amino acid neuropeptide, has been shown to induce anorexia and energy expenditure. Food intake is decreased in ad libitum-fed rats following injections of nesfatin-1 into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricles of the brain. Although the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is a key regulator of feeding behavior and thermogenesis, the role of nesfatin-1 in this structure has not yet been delineated. We found that intra-LPBN microinjections of nesfatin-1 significantly reduced nocturnal cumulative food intake and average meal sizes without affecting meal numbers in rats. Because glucose sensitive neurons are involved in glucoprivic feeding and glucose homeostasis, we examined the effect of nesfatin-1 on the excitability of LPBN glucosensing neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from LPBN glucose sensitive neurons showed that nesfatin-1 (1.5 × 10-8 M) excited most of the glucose-inhibited neurons. Chronic administration of nesfatin-1 into the LPBN of rats reduced body weight gain and enhanced the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) over a 10-day period. Furthermore, the effects of nesfatin-1 on food intake, body weight, and BAT were attenuated by treatment with the melanocortin antagonist SHU9119. These results demonstrate that nesfatin-1 in LPBN inhibited food intake, modulated excitability of glucosensing neurons and enhanced UCP1 expression in BAT via the melanocortin system.

Levels of metabolic markers in drug-naive prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients

AIMS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (pre-DM) are associated with changes in levels of metabolic markers. The main aim of this study is to compare the levels of omentin, irisin, endothelin-1, nesfatin, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor, and oxytocin (OXT) between normoglycemic and pre-DM/T2DM obese Jordanian patients.

METHODS

One hundred and ninety-eight adult Jordanian subjects were recruited. Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected. The serum levels of biomarkers were measured by enzymatic assay procedure.

RESULTS

Compared to normoglycemic (95 subjects), pre-DM/T2DM (103 subjects) displayed higher HGF (ng/ml) = 78.8 (71.4-104) versus 55.9 (45.3-66.6), p < 0.0001; and nesfatin (ng/ml) = 0.5 (0.4-0.7) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), p < 0.0001; betatrophin (ng/ml) = 1.2 (0.8-1.6) versus 0.22 (0.15-0.41), p < 0.0001. On the other hand, they had lower levels of omentin (ng/ml) = 2.1 (0.9-3.3) versus 3.6 (2.0-6.4), p < 0.0001, irisin (ng/ml) = 113.7 (88.9-142.9) versus 132.6 (110.7-147.8), p < 0.0001; and oxytocin (pg/ml) = 1077.9 (667.3-1506.0) versus 2180.1 (1464.5-2795.6), p < 0.0001; respectively. In comparison, FGF-21 (ng/ml) = 0.3 (0.2-0.5) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), and endothelin (pg/ml) = 2.7 (1.3-5.2) versus 2.8 (1.6-5.6) did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, patients with pre-DM and T2DM have higher serum levels of metabolic HGF, nesfatin, and betatrophin and lower levels of omentin, irisin, and OXT. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are required to confirm the utility of these markers as novel progression or therapeutic targets in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes.

Relation of serum and vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations with diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVE

Nesfatin-1, belonging to adipokine family, serves as an anti-inflammatory mediator. We performed this investigation to evaluate the relation between serum and vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

METHODS

This study was performed in a population of 189 diabetic patients and 48 control subjects. Diabetic patients were then divided into diabetic patients without DR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients.

RESULTS

Serum and vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations were significantly lower in the diabetic patients than in the controls. NPDR patients had reduced vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations compared with patients without DR. In addition, there were significantly lower serum and vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations in PDR patients compared with the other three groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum nesfatin-1 was negatively correlated with body mass index and fasting plasma glucose in diabetic patients.

CONCLUSION

Serum and vitreous nesfatin-1 concentrations were negatively correlated with DR.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Hepatic Tissue of T2DM Rhesus Macaque

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that severely affects human health, but the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown. The high-fat/high-sucrose diets combined with streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced nonhuman primate animal model of diabetes are a valuable research source of T2DM. Here, we present a study of a STZ rhesus macaque model of T2DM that utilizes quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic method. We compared the protein profiles in the liver of STZ-treated macaques as well as age-matched healthy controls. We identified 171 proteins differentially expressed in the STZ-treated groups, about 70 of which were documented as diabetes-related gene in previous studies. Pathway analyses indicated that the biological functions of differentially expressed proteins were related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, complements, and coagulation cascades. Expression change in tryptophan metabolism pathway was also found in this study which may be associations with diabetes. This study is the first to explore genome-wide protein expression in hepatic tissue of diabetes macaque model using HPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology. In addition to providing potential T2DM biomarkers, this quantitative proteomic study may also shed insights regarding the molecular pathogenesis of T2DM.

Circulating Nesfatin-1 Levels and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The role of nesfatin-1 in glucose homeostasis has been investigated previously. However, although numerous studies have examined the relationships between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes, the conclusions are contradictory. We aimed to probe the relationship between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes by meta-analysis. Seven studies including 328 type 2 diabetes patients and 294 control subjects were included. Although there was no obvious difference in circulating nesfatin-1 levels between patients with type 2 diabetes and the control group (MD = -0.04; 95% CI = -0.32 to -0.23), subgroup analysis showed higher nesfatin-1 levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients (MD = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.74) and significantly lower nesfatin-1 levels in type 2 diabetes patients receiving antidiabetic treatment (MD = -0.26; 95% CI = -0.33 to -0.20). In conclusion, the analysis supports a relationship between circulating nesfatin-1 levels and type 2 diabetes, where newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was associated with an elevated Nesfatin-1 level, and type 2 diabetes patients receiving antidiabetic treatment showed lower circulating nesfatin-1 levels.

Nesfatin-1 alleviates extrahepatic cholestatic damage of liver in rats

Obstructive jaundice (OJ) can be defined as cessation of bile flow into the small intestine due to benign or malignant changes. Nesfatin-1, recently discovered anorexigenic peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 in hypothalamic nuclei, was shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. This study is aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of nesfatin-1 on OJ in rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar-Hannover rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham (n = 8), control (n = 8), and nesfatin (n = 8). After bile duct ligation, the study groups were treated with saline or nesfatin-1, for 10 days. Afterward, blood and liver tissue samples were obtained for biochemical analyses, measurement of cytokines, determination of the oxidative DNA damage, DNA fragmentation, and histopathologic analyses. Alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were decreased after the nesfatin treatment; however, these drops were statistically non-significant compared to control group (p = 0.345, p = 0.114). Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly in nesfatin group compared to control group (p = 0.032). Decreases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels from the liver tissue samples were not statistically significant in nesfatin group compared to control group. The level of oxidative DNA damage was lower in nesfatin group, however this result was not statistically significant (p = 0.75). DNA fragmentation results of all groups were similar. Histopathological examination revealed that there was less neutrophil infiltration, edema, bile duct proliferation, hepatocyte necrosis, basement membrane damage, and parenchymal necrosis in nesfatin compared to control group. The nesfatin-1 treatment could alleviate cholestatic liver damage caused by OJ due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Nesfatin-1 promotes brown adipocyte phenotype

Nesfatin-1, an 82 amino acid gastric peptide, is involved in regulation of food uptake and in multiple metabolic activities. Whether nesfatin-1 modulates the differentiation and lipid metabolism of brown adipocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we found that nesfatin-1 mRNA and protein were detectable in isolated brown adipocytes and gradually decreased during differentiation (95% CI 0.6057 to 1.034, p = 0.0001). The decrease in nesfatin-1 was associated with a significant reduction in p-S6. Exposure to nesfatin-1 promoted differentiation of brown adipocytes as revealed by a significant increase in UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.03) and lipolysis-related ATGL mRNA (p = 0.04). Nesfatin-1 attenuated phosphorylation of S6K and S6 during brown adipocyte differentiation. Activation of mTOR by leucine or deletion of TSC1 decreased expression of brown adipocyte-related genes UCP1, UCP3, PGC1α and PRDM16, as well as COX8B and ATP5B. Both leucine and TSC1 deletion blocked nesfatin-1-induced up-regulation of UCP1, PGC1α, COX8B and ATP5B in differentiated brown adipocytes. In conclusion, nesfatin-1 promotes the differentiation of brown adipocytes likely through the mTOR dependent mechanism.