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Ko JH, Forsythe NL, Gelb MB, Messina KMM, Lau UY, Bhattacharya A, Olafsen T, Lee JT, Kelly KA, Maynard HD. Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) and Its Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3383-3395. [PMID: 35767465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) (pSAT), composed of trehalose side chains linked to a polystyrene backbone via acetals, stabilizes a variety of proteins and enzymes against fluctuations in temperature. A promising application of pSAT is conjugation of the polymer to therapeutic proteins to reduce renal clearance. To explore this possibility, the safety of the polymer was first studied. Investigation of acute toxicity of pSAT in mice showed that there were no adverse effects of the polymer at a high (10 mg/kg) concentration. The immune response (antipolymer antibody and cytokine production) in mice was also studied. No significant antipolymer IgG was detected for pSAT, and only a transient and low level of IgM was elicited. pSAT was also safe in terms of cytokine response. The polymer was then conjugated to a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), a therapeutic protein that is approved by the Federal Drug Administration, in order to study the biodistribution of a pSAT conjugate. A site-selective, two-step synthesis approach was developed for efficient conjugate preparation for the biodistribution study resulting in 90% conjugation efficiency. The organ distribution of GCSF-pSAT was measured by positron emission tomography and compared to controls GCSF and GCSF-poly(ethylene glycol), which confirmed that the trehalose polymer conjugate improved the in vivo half-life of the protein by reducing renal clearance. These findings suggest that trehalose styrenyl polymers are promising for use in therapeutic protein-polymer conjugates for reduced renal clearance of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Madeline B Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Uland Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Seaton KE, Deal A, Han X, Li SS, Clayton A, Heptinstall J, Duerr A, Allen MA, Shen X, Sawant S, Yates NL, Spearman P, Churchyard G, Goepfert PA, Maenza J, Gray G, Pantaleo G, Polakowski L, Robinson HL, Grant S, Randhawa AK, Huang Y, Morgan C, Grunenberg N, Karuna S, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Huang Y, Tomaras GD. Meta-analysis of HIV-1 vaccine elicited mucosal antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:56. [PMID: 33859204 PMCID: PMC8050318 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied mucosal immune responses in six HIV-1 vaccine trials investigating different envelope (Env)-containing immunogens. Regimens were classified into four categories: DNA/vector, DNA/vector plus protein, protein alone, and vector alone. We measured HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA in secretions from cervical (n = 111) and rectal swabs (n = 154), saliva (n = 141), and seminal plasma (n = 124) and compared to corresponding blood levels. Protein-containing regimens had up to 100% response rates and the highest Env-specific IgG response rates. DNA/vector groups elicited mucosal Env-specific IgG response rates of up to 67% that varied across specimen types. Little to no mucosal IgA responses were observed. Overall, gp41- and gp140-specific antibodies dominated gp120 mucosal responses. In one trial, prior vaccination with a protein-containing immunogen maintained durability of cervical and rectal IgG for up to 17 years. Mucosal IgG responses were boosted after revaccination. These findings highlight a role for protein immunization in eliciting HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies and the ability of HIV-1 vaccines to elicit durable HIV-1-specific mucosal IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Aaron Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley Clayton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Spearman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnatti, OH, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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Booth JS, Goldberg E, Patil SA, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Effect of the live oral attenuated typhoid vaccine, Ty21a, on systemic and terminal ileum mucosal CD4+ T memory responses in humans. Int Immunol 2020; 31:101-116. [PMID: 30346608 PMCID: PMC6376105 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of CD4+ T-cell-mediated immunity (CMI) elicited by the oral live attenuated typhoid vaccine Ty21a is primarily derived from studies using peripheral blood. Very limited data are available in humans regarding mucosal immunity (especially CD4+ T) at the site of infection (e.g. terminal ileum; TI). Here using multiparametric flow cytometry, we examined the effect of Ty21a immunization on TI-lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and peripheral blood CD4+ T memory (TM) subsets in volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy. Interestingly, we observed significant increases in the frequencies of LPMC CD4+ T cells following Ty21a immunization, restricted to the T effector/memory (TEM)-CD45RA+ (TEMRA) subset. Importantly, Ty21a immunization elicited Salmonella Typhi-responsive LPMC CD4+ T cells in all major TM subsets [interferon (IFN)γ and interleukin (IL)-17A in TEM; IFNγ and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1β in T central/memory (TCM); and IL-2 in TEMRA]. Subsequently, we analyzed LPMC S. Typhi-responsive CD4+ T cells in depth for multifunctional (MF) effectors. We found that LPMC CD4+ TEM responses were mostly MF, except for those cells exhibiting the characteristics associated with IL-17A responses. Finally, we compared mucosal to systemic responses and observed that LPMC CD4+S. Typhi-specific responses were unique and distinct from their systemic counterparts. This study provides the first demonstration of S. Typhi-specific CD4+ TM responses in the human TI mucosa and provides valuable information about the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Lemos MP, Taylor TE, McGoldrick SM, Molyneux ME, Menon M, Kussick S, Mkhize NN, Martinson NA, Stritmatter A, Randolph-Habecker J. Pathology-Based Research in Africa. Clin Lab Med 2018; 38:67-90. [PMID: 29412886 PMCID: PMC5894888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The process of conducting pathology research in Africa can be challenging. But the rewards in terms of knowledge gained, quality of collaborations, and impact on communities affected by infectious disease and cancer are great. This report reviews 3 different research efforts: fatal malaria in Malawi, mucosal immunity to HIV in South Africa, and cancer research in Uganda. What unifies them is the use of pathology-based approaches to answer vital questions, such as physiology, pathogenesis, predictors of clinical course, and diagnostic testing schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Lemos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, E4-203, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Terrie E Taylor
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Suzanne M McGoldrick
- Seattle Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 21823 30th Dr SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Malcolm E Molyneux
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
| | - Manoj Menon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue, M1-B140, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue, M1-B140, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Avenue, M1-B140, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steve Kussick
- PhenoPath Laboratories, 551 North 34th Street #100, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Stritmatter
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway, Room BHH 423, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
| | - Julie Randolph-Habecker
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway, Room BHH 423, Yakima, WA 98901, USA.
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5
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Booth JS, Patil SA, Ghazi L, Barnes R, Fraser CM, Fasano A, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Systemic and Terminal Ileum Mucosal Immunity Elicited by Oral Immunization With the Ty21a Typhoid Vaccine in Humans. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:419-437. [PMID: 29022005 PMCID: PMC5626924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Systemic cellular immunity elicited by the Ty21a oral typhoid vaccine has been extensively characterized. However, very limited data are available in humans regarding mucosal immunity at the site of infection (terminal ileum [TI]). Here we investigated the host immunity elicited by Ty21a immunization on terminal ileum-lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and peripheral blood in volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy. METHODS We characterized LPMC-T memory (TM) subsets and assessed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi)-specific responses by multichromatic flow cytometry. RESULTS No differences were observed in cell yields and phenotypes in LPMC CD8+-TM subsets following Ty21a immunization. However, Ty21a immunization elicited LPMC CD8+ T cells exhibiting significant S Typhi-specific responses (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-17A, and/or CD107a) in all major TM subsets (T-effector/memory [TEM], T-central/memory, and TEM-CD45RA+), although each TM subset exhibited unique characteristics. We also investigated whether Ty21a immunization elicited S Typhi-specific multifunctional effectors in LPMC CD8+ TEM. We observed that LPMC CD8+ TEM responses were mostly multifunctional, except for those cells exhibiting the characteristics associated with cytotoxic responses. Finally, we compared mucosal with systemic responses and made the important observation that LPMC CD8+S Typhi-specific responses were unique and distinct from their systemic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first demonstration of S Typhi-specific responses in the human terminal ileum mucosa and provides novel insights into the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a immunization.
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Key Words
- CD8+-T Memory Cells
- CMI, cell-mediated immune responses
- EBV-B, Epstein-Barr virus–transformed lymphoblastoid B cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LPMC, lamina propria mononuclear cells
- Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells
- MF, multifunctional
- MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein
- Multifunctional T Cells
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- S, S Typhi–specific single producing cells
- TCM, T-central/memory (CD62L+CD45RA-)
- TEM, T-effector/memory (CD62L-CD45RA-)
- TEMRA, TEM-CD45RA+ (CD62L-CD45RA+)
- TI, terminal ileum
- TM, CD8+ T memory
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Typhoid
- Vaccines
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seema A. Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leyla Ghazi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robin Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce D. Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dr. Marcelo B. Sztein, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. fax: (410) 706 6205.Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
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6
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Human immune compartment comparisons: Optimization of proliferative assays for blood and gut T lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2017; 445:77-87. [PMID: 28336395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of peripheral blood late-differentiated memory CD8 T cells with features of replicative (cellular) senescence, including inability to proliferate in vitro, has been extensively studied. Importantly, the abundance of these cells is directly correlated with increased morbidity and mortality in older persons. Of note, peripheral blood contains only 2% of the total body lymphocyte population. By contrast, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the most extensive lymphoid organ, housing up to 60% of total body lymphocytes, but has never been assessed with respect to senescence profiles. We report here the development of a method for measuring and comparing proliferative capacity of peripheral blood and gut colorectal mucosa-derived CD8 T cells. The protocol involves a 5-day culture of mononuclear leukocyte populations, from blood and gut colorectal mucosa respectively, labeled with 5-(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and stimulated with anti-CD2/3/28-linked microbeads. Variables tested and optimized as part of the protocol development include: mode of T cell stimulation, CFSE concentration, inclusion of a second proliferation marker, BrdU, culture duration, initial culture concentration, and inclusion of autologous irradiated feeder cells. Moving forward, this protocol demonstrates a significant advance in the ability of researchers to study compartment-specific differences of in vitro proliferative dynamics of CD8 T cells, as an indicator of replicative senescence and immunological aging. The study's two main novel contributions are (1) Optimization and adaptation of standard proliferative dynamics blood T cell protocols for T cells within the mucosal immune system. (2) Introduction of the novel technique of combining CFSE and BrdU staining to do so.
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7
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Lama JR, Karuna ST, Grant SP, Swann EM, Ganoza C, Segura P, Montano SM, Lacherre M, De Rosa SC, Buchbinder S, Sanchez J, McElrath MJ, Lemos MP. Transient Peripheral Immune Activation follows Elective Sigmoidoscopy or Circumcision in a Cohort Study of MSM at Risk of HIV Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160487. [PMID: 27536938 PMCID: PMC4990246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal and genital sampling in HIV prevention trials permits assessments at the site of HIV entry. Yet the safety and acceptability of circumcision and sigmoidoscopy (and associated abstinence recommendations) are unknown in uncircumcised men who have sex with men (MSM) at high risk of HIV infection. METHODS Twenty-nine HIV-seronegative high-risk Peruvian MSM agreed to elective sigmoidoscopy biopsy collections (weeks 2 and 27) and circumcision (week 4) in a 28-week cohort study designed to mimic an HIV vaccine study mucosal collection protocol. We monitored adherence to abstinence recommendations, procedure-related complications, HIV infections, peripheral immune activation, and retention. RESULTS Twenty-three (79.3%) underwent a first sigmoidoscopy, 21 (72.4%) were circumcised, and 16 (55.2%) completed a second sigmoidoscopy during the study period. All who underwent procedures completed the associated follow-up safety visits. Those completing the procedures reported they were well tolerated, and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature. Immune activation was detected during the healing period (1 week post-sigmoidoscopy, 6 weeks post-circumcision), including increases in CCR5+CD4+T cells and α4β7+CD4+T cells. Most participants adhered to post-circumcision abstinence recommendations whereas reduced adherence occurred post-sigmoidoscopy. CONCLUSION Rectosigmoid mucosal and genital tissue collections were safe in high-risk MSM. Although the clinical implications of the post-procedure increase in peripheral immune activation markers are unknown, they reinforce the need to provide ongoing risk reduction counseling and support for post-procedure abstinence recommendations. Future HIV vaccine studies should also consider the effects of mucosal and tissue collections on peripheral blood endpoints in trial design and analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02630082.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shannon P. Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edith M. Swann
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria P. Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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8
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Lemos MP, Karuna ST, Mize GJ, Fong Y, Montano SM, Ganoza C, Lama JR, Sanchez J, McElrath MJ. In men at risk of HIV infection, IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA reach the human foreskin epidermis. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:798-808. [PMID: 26509877 PMCID: PMC4848120 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We profiled the humoral response in the penis, an area that has been minimally explored but may be relevant for protecting insertive men against HIV and other sexually acquired infections. Comparing paired tissue samples from 20 men at risk of HIV infection, foreskin contains less immunoglobulin A (IgA) and more IgG2 than colon. Using foreskin dermal and epidermal explants and paired plasma from 17 men, we examined Ig accumulation by normalizing Ig to human serum albumin (HSA) transudation. Dermal IgM, IgG2, IgA, and IgE ratios were greater than that in plasma, suggesting there is local antibody secretion at the dermis. Local Ig transcription was concentrated at the inner rather than the outer foreskin, and inner foreskin Ig ratios did not correlate with blood, indicating that localized production can contribute to the foreskin response. IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA have preferential access to the foreskin epidermis, whereas IgG2, IgG4, and IgE are restricted to the dermis. Lastly, Ad5-specific IgA was selectively present in the colon, whereas foreskin Ad5 IgG was mainly derived from blood, and reached the inner epidermis at higher ratios than the outer (P<0.002). In summary, the foreskin antibody response combines local and systemic sources, and there is selective isotype accumulation in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S T Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Y Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S M Montano
- US Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Perú
| | - C Ganoza
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - J R Lama
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - J Sanchez
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - M J McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
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9
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Trivedi S, Neeman T, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe R, Jack C, Ranasinghe C. Identification of biomarkers to measure HIV-specific mucosal and systemic CD8(+) T-cell immunity using single cell Fluidigm 48.48 Dynamic arrays. Vaccine 2015; 33:7315-7327. [PMID: 26519547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty genes composed of cytokines, chemokines, granzymes, perforin and integrins were evaluated in gut and splenic K(d)Gag197-205-specific single CD8(+) T cells using Fluidigm 48.48 Dynamic arrays, with the aim of identifying biomarkers to predict effective mucosal and systemic vaccine efficacy. The mRNA expression profiles were analyzed in three ways: (i) the "number" of K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing the biomarker, (ii) "level" of mRNA expression using principal component analysis (PCA) and (iii) poly-functionality in relation to RANTES expression. In total, 21 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the vaccine groups and the immune compartments tested. Overall, the PCA indicated that IL-13Rα2 or IL-4R antagonist adjuvanted vaccines that previously induced high-avidity mucosal/systemic CD8(+) T cells with better protective efficacy, the "level" of mRNA expression, specifically RANTES, MIP-1β, and integrin α4 in gut K(d)Gag197-205-specific single CD8(+) T cells, were significantly elevated compared to unadjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, significantly elevated granzymes/perforin levels were detected in IL-13(-/-) mice given the unadjuvanted vaccine, indicating that the degree of IL-13 inhibition (total, transient or no inhibition) can considerably alter the level of T-cell activity/poly-functionality. When splenic- and gut-K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8(+) T cells were compared, PC1 vs. PC2 scores revealed that not only RANTES, MIP-1β, and integrin α4 mRNA, but also perforin, granzymes A/B, and integrins β1 and β2 mRNA were elevated in spleen. Collectively, data suggest that RANTES, MIP-1β, perforin, and integrins α4, β1 and β7 mRNA in single HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells could be used as a measure of effective mucosal and systemic vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Statistical Consultant Unit, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Roshanka Ranasinghe
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cameron Jack
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Genome Discovery Unit, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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10
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McGowan I, Anton PA, Elliott J, Cranston RD, Duffill K, Althouse AD, Hawkins KL, De Rosa SC. Exploring the feasibility of multi-site flow cytometric processing of gut associated lymphoid tissue with centralized data analysis for multi-site clinical trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126454. [PMID: 26010577 PMCID: PMC4444258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the development of a standardized approach to the collection of intestinal tissue from healthy volunteers, isolation of gut associated lymphoid tissue mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC), and characterization of mucosal T cell phenotypes by flow cytometry was sufficient to minimize differences in the normative ranges of flow parameters generated at two trial sites. Forty healthy male study participants were enrolled in Pittsburgh and Los Angeles. MMC were isolated from rectal biopsies using the same biopsy acquisition and enzymatic digestion protocols. As an additional comparator, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from the study participants. For quality control, cryopreserved PBMC from a single donor were supplied to both sites from a central repository (qPBMC). Using a jointly optimized standard operating procedure, cells were isolated from tissue and blood and stained with monoclonal antibodies targeted to T cell phenotypic markers. Site-specific flow data were analyzed by an independent center which analyzed all data from both sites. Ranges for frequencies for overall CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, derived from the qPBMC samples, were equivalent at both UCLA and MWRI. However, there were significant differences across sites for the majority of T cell activation and memory subsets in qPBMC as well as PBMC and MMC. Standardized protocols to collect, stain, and analyze MMC and PBMC, including centralized analysis, can reduce but not exclude variability in reporting flow data within multi-site studies. Based on these data, centralized processing, flow cytometry, and analysis of samples may provide more robust data across multi-site studies. Centralized processing requires either shipping of fresh samples or cryopreservation and the decision to perform centralized versus site processing needs to take into account the drawbacks and restrictions associated with each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McGowan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Department of Medicine and the AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Elliott
- Department of Medicine and the AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ross D. Cranston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Duffill
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Althouse
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Hawkins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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11
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Brown J, Excler JL, Kim JH. New prospects for a preventive HIV-1 vaccine. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:78-88. [PMID: 26523292 PMCID: PMC4625840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune correlates of risk analysis and recent non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies have generated hypotheses that suggest HIV-1 envelope may be essential and, perhaps, sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against HIV-1 acquisition at the mucosal entry. New prime-boost mosaic and conserved-sequence, together with replicating vector immunisation strategies aiming at inducing immune responses or greater breadth, as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralising antibodies and mucosal responses, should be actively pursued and tested in humans. Whether the immune correlates of risk identified in RV144 can be extended to other vaccines, other populations, or different modes and intensity of transmission, and against increasing HIV-1 genetic diversity, remains to be demonstrated. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key for answering the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,Corresponding author: Jean-Louis Excler,
US Military HIV Research Program,
6720-A Rockledge Drive, Suite 400Bethesda,
MD20817,
USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Silver Spring,
MD,
USA
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12
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Lazarus EM, Otwombe K, Adonis T, Sebastian E, Gray G, Grunenberg N, Roux S, Churchyard G, Innes C, Laher F. Uptake of genital mucosal sampling in HVTN 097, a phase 1b HIV vaccine trial in South Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112303. [PMID: 25401780 PMCID: PMC4234370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Because sexual transmission of HIV occurs across mucosal membranes, understanding the immune responses of the genital mucosa to vaccines may contribute knowledge to finding an effective candidate HIV vaccine. We describe the uptake of rectal secretion, cervical secretion and seminal mucosal secretion sampling amongst volunteers in a Phase 1b HIV vaccine trial. Age at screening, gender, study site and the designation of the person conducting the informed consent procedure were collected for volunteers who screened for the HVTN 097 study. A total of 211 volunteers (54% female) were screened at three sites in South Africa: Soweto (n = 70, 33%), Cape Town (n = 68, 32%) and Klerksdorp (n = 73, 35%). Overall uptake of optional mucosal sampling amongst trial volunteers was 71% (n = 149). Compared to Cape Town, volunteers from Soweto and Klerksdorp were less likely to consent to sampling (Soweto OR 0.08 CI: 0.03-0.25 p<0.001 and Klerksdorp OR 0.13 CI: 0.04-0.41 p = 0.001). In contrast, volunteers over 25 years of age were 2.39 times more likely to consent than younger volunteers (CI: 1.13-5.08, p = 0.02). Further studies are required to better understand the cultural, demographic and sociobehavioral factors which influence willingness to participate in mucosal sampling in HIV prevention studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02109354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Maxine Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Elaine Sebastian
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Surita Roux
- Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Craig Innes
- The Aurum Institute, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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