1
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Defourneaux É, Herranz M, Armenteros M, Sørensen MV, Norenburg JL, Park T, Worsaae K. Circumtropical distribution and cryptic species of the meiofaunal enteropneust Meioglossus (Harrimaniidae, Hemichordata). Sci Rep 2024; 14:9296. [PMID: 38654022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemichordata has always played a central role in evolutionary studies of Chordata due to their close phylogenetic affinity and shared morphological characteristics. Hemichordates had no meiofaunal representatives until the surprising discovery of a microscopic, paedomorphic enteropneust Meioglossus psammophilus (Harrimaniidae, Hemichordata) from the Caribbean in 2012. No additional species have been described since, questioning the broader distribution and significance of this genus. However, being less than a millimeter long and superficially resembling an early juvenile acorn worm, Meioglossus may easily be overlooked in both macrofauna and meiofauna surveys. We here present the discovery of 11 additional populations of Meioglossus from shallow subtropical and tropical coralline sands of the Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and East China Sea. These geographically separated populations show identical morphology but differ genetically. Our phylogenetic reconstructions include four gene markers and support the monophyly of Meioglossus. Species delineation analyses revealed eight new cryptic species, which we herein describe using DNA taxonomy. This study reveals a broad circumtropical distribution, supporting the validity and ecological importance of this enigmatic meiobenthic genus. The high cryptic diversity and apparent morphological stasis of Meioglossus may exemplify a potentially common evolutionary 'dead-end' scenario, where groups with highly miniaturized and simplified body plan lose their ability to diversify morphologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éloïse Defourneaux
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Herranz
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Superior School of Experimental Science and Technology (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipán S/N, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maickel Armenteros
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Joel Montes Camarena S/N, 82040, Mazatlán, México
| | - Martin V Sørensen
- Natural History Museum Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon L Norenburg
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Taeseo Park
- Species Diversity Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Hwangyeong-Ro 42, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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DNA barcoding reveals hidden nemertean diversity from the marine protected area Namuncurá–Burdwood Bank, Southwestern Atlantic. Polar Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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3
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Abato J, Yoshida R, Kajihara H. Histology-free description and phylogenetics of Tetrastemma parallelos sp. nov. (Nemertea: Eumonostilifera) from Japan. J NAT HIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2118642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamael Abato
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Biology Department, Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Philippines
| | - Ryuta Yoshida
- Tateyama Marine Laboratory, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, Ochanomizu University, Chiba, Japan
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4
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Maslakova S, Ellison CI, Hiebert TC, Conable F, Heaphy MC, Venera-Pontón DE, Norenburg JL, Schwartz ML, Moss ND, Boyle MJ, Driskell AC, Macdonald KS, Zattara EE, Collin R. Sampling multiple life stages significantly increases estimates of marine biodiversity. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210596. [PMID: 35414224 PMCID: PMC9039783 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity assessments are critical for setting conservation priorities, understanding ecosystem function and establishing a baseline to monitor change. Surveys of marine biodiversity that rely almost entirely on sampling adult organisms underestimate diversity because they tend to be limited to habitat types and individuals that can be easily surveyed. Many marine animals have planktonic larvae that can be sampled from the water column at shallow depths. This life stage often is overlooked in surveys but can be used to relatively rapidly document diversity, especially for the many species that are rare or live cryptically as adults. Using DNA barcode data from samples of nemertean worms collected in three biogeographical regions—Northeastern Pacific, the Caribbean Sea and Eastern Tropical Pacific—we found that most species were collected as either benthic adults or planktonic larvae but seldom in both stages. Randomization tests show that this deficit of operational taxonomic units collected as both adults and larvae is extremely unlikely if larvae and adults were drawn from the same pool of species. This effect persists even in well-studied faunas. These results suggest that sampling planktonic larvae offers access to a different subset of species and thus significantly increases estimates of biodiversity compared to sampling adults alone. Spanish abstract is available in the electronic supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Maslakova
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Christina I Ellison
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Terra C Hiebert
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Frances Conable
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Maureen C Heaphy
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | | | - Jon L Norenburg
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Megan L Schwartz
- University of Washington, 1900 Commerce Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98420, USA
| | - Nicole D Moss
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Michael J Boyle
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa Ancon, Panama
| | - Amy C Driskell
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macdonald
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Eduardo E Zattara
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA.,INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
| | - Rachel Collin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa Ancon, Panama
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5
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Verdes A, Arias MB, Junoy J, Schwartz ML, Kajihara H. Species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity within Cerebratulus marginatus (Nemertea: Pilidiophora). SYST BIODIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1950231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Verdes
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - María Belén Arias
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Juan Junoy
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, AP 20 Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain
| | - Megan L. Schwartz
- Department Sciences and Mathematics, University of Washington, 1900 Commerce Avenue, Tacoma, 98420, WA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kajihara
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10 W8, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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6
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Tessens B, Monnens M, Backeljau T, Jordaens K, Van Steenkiste N, Breman FC, Smeets K, Artois T. Is ‘everything everywhere’? Unprecedented cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan flatworm
Gyratrix hermaphroditus. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tessens
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Marlies Monnens
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Department of Biology Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS: Taxonomy and Phylogeny & JEMU) Brussels Belgium
| | - Kurt Jordaens
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA: Entomology Section & JEMU) Tervuren Belgium
| | - Niels Van Steenkiste
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
- Departments of Botany and Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Floris C. Breman
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS: Taxonomy and Phylogeny & JEMU) Brussels Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
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7
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Ikenaga J, Kajihara H, Yoshida M. Kulikovia alborostrata and Kulikovia fulva comb. nov. (Nemertea: Heteronemertea) are Sister Species with Prezygotic Isolating Barriers. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:193-202. [PMID: 33812359 DOI: 10.2108/zs200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The heteronemertean Kulikovia alborostrata (Takakura, 1898) was originally described as Lineus alborostratus based on material from Misaki, Japan. Although this species was regarded as consisting of two color variants, purple and brown-yellow, the identity of these variants has never been examined based on topotypes. In this study, we performed a multi-locus phylogeny reconstruction, species delimitation analyses, and cross-fertilization experiments to examine the species status of Takakura's original taxon concept consisting of these color variants. Our results suggest that the purple type is identical to Lineus alborostratus Takakura, 1898 auct. (currently Kulikovia alborostrata), whereas the brown-yellow type is conspecific with Lineus fulvus Iwata, 1954, originally established from Hokkaido. These two species appear to have a sister-taxon relationship and are reproductively isolated from each other by prezygotic mechanisms involving gamete incompatibility, minimally separated with 2.8% (16S rRNA) and 14.4% (COI) uncorrected p-distances. We propose that the purple type be considered as representing the true identity of the nominal species Lineus alborostratus (currently assigned to the genus Kulikovia) to maintain the common usage of the name. Although Takakura's type material is not extant, we consider that neotypification is unnecessary in this case because no taxonomic/nomenclatural confusion persists. We also propose to transfer Lineus fulvus to yield Kulikovia fulva comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Ikenaga
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajihara
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0180, Japan
| | - Manabu Yoshida
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan,
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8
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Cerca J, Rivera-Colón AG, Ferreira MS, Ravinet M, Nowak MD, Catchen JM, Struck TH. Incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture, and speciation without morphological change in ghost-worm cryptic species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10896. [PMID: 33614296 PMCID: PMC7879940 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologically similar species, that is cryptic species, may be similar or quasi-similar owing to the deceleration of morphological evolution and stasis. While the factors underlying the deceleration of morphological evolution or stasis in cryptic species remain unknown, decades of research in the field of paleontology on punctuated equilibrium have originated clear hypotheses. Species are expected to remain morphologically identical in scenarios of shared genetic variation, such as hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, or in scenarios where bottlenecks reduce genetic variation and constrain the evolution of morphology. Here, focusing on three morphologically similar Stygocapitella species, we employ a whole-genome amplification method (WGA) coupled with double-digestion restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species complex. We explore population structure, use population-level statistics to determine the degree of connectivity between populations and species, and determine the most likely demographic scenarios which generally reject for recent hybridization. We find that the combination of WGA and ddRAD allowed us to obtain genomic-level data from microscopic eukaryotes (∼1 millimetre) opening up opportunities for those working with population genomics and phylogenomics in such taxa. The three species share genetic variance, likely from incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture. We speculate that the degree of shared variation might underlie morphological similarity in the Atlantic species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cerca
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angel G. Rivera-Colón
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Mafalda S. Ferreira
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark Ravinet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Julian M. Catchen
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Champaign, IL, United States of America
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9
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Sevigny JL, Norenburg JL, Leasi F. A Bioinformatics Tutorial for Comparative Development Genomics in Diverse Meiofauna. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2219:289-305. [PMID: 33074549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization, which is a common feature in animals, is particularly manifest in meiofauna-animals sharing peculiar phenotypic features that evolved as adaptations to the highly specialized aquatic interstitial habitat. While revealing much about the extreme phyletic diversity of meiofauna, the genome structure of meiofaunal species could also characterize the phenotype of ancestral states as well as explain the origin and evolution of miniaturization. Here, we present a practical bioinformatics tutorial for genome assembly, genome comparison, and characterization of Hox clusters in meiofaunal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sevigny
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jon L Norenburg
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Francesca Leasi
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA.
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10
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Puillandre N, Brouillet S, Achaz G. ASAP: assemble species by automatic partitioning. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 21:609-620. [PMID: 33058550 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), a new method to build species partitions from single locus sequence alignments (i.e., barcode data sets). ASAP is efficient enough to split data sets as large 104 sequences into putative species in several minutes. Although grounded in evolutionary theory, ASAP is the implementation of a hierarchical clustering algorithm that only uses pairwise genetic distances, avoiding the computational burden of phylogenetic reconstruction. Importantly, ASAP proposes species partitions ranked by a new scoring system that uses no biological prior insight of intraspecific diversity. ASAP is a stand-alone program that can be used either through a graphical web-interface or that can be downloaded and compiled for local usage. We have assessed its power along with three others programs (ABGD, PTP and GMYC) on 10 real COI barcode data sets representing various degrees of challenge (from small and easy cases to large and complicated data sets). We also used Monte-Carlo simulations of a multispecies coalescent framework to assess the strengths and weaknesses of ASAP and the other programs. Through these analyses, we demonstrate that ASAP has the potential to become a major tool for taxonomists as it proposes rapidly in a full graphical exploratory interface relevant species hypothesis as a first step of the integrative taxonomy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Puillandre
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Achaz
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,SMILE Group, CIRB, UMR 7241, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Éco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7206, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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11
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DNA Barcoding for Delimitation of Putative Mexican Marine Nematodes Species. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nematode biodiversity is mostly unknown; while about 20,000 nematode species have been described, estimates for species diversity range from 0.1 to 100 million. The study of nematode diversity, like that of meiofaunal organisms in general, has been mostly based on morphology-based taxonomy, a time-consuming and costly task that requires well-trained specialists. This work represents the first study on the taxonomy of Mexican nematodes that integrates morphological and molecular data. We added eleven new records to the Mexican Caribbean nematode species list: Anticomidae sp.1, Catanema sp.1, Enoploides gryphus, Eurystomina sp.1, Haliplectus bickneri, Metachromadora sp.1, Odontophora bermudensis, Oncholaimus sp.1, Onyx litorale, Proplatycoma fleurdelis, and Pontonema cf. simile. We improved the COI database with 57 new sequences from 20 morphotypes. All COI sequences obtained in this work are new entries for the international genetic databases GenBank and BOLD. Among the studied sites, we report the most extensive species record (12 species) at Cozumel. DNA barcoding and species delineation methods supported the occurrence of 20 evolutionary independent entities and confirmed the high taxonomic resolution of the COI gene. Different approaches provided consistent results: ABGD and mPTP methods disentangled 20 entities, whereas Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) recovered 22 genetic species. Results support DNA barcoding being an efficient, fast, and low-cost method to integrate into morphological observations in order to address taxonomical shortfalls in meiofaunal organisms.
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12
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Cerca J, Meyer C, Purschke G, Struck TH. Delimitation of cryptic species drastically reduces the geographical ranges of marine interstitial ghost-worms (Stygocapitella; Annelida, Sedentaria). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 143:106663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Worsaae K, Kerbl A, Vang Á, Gonzalez BC. Broad North Atlantic distribution of a meiobenthic annelid - against all odds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15497. [PMID: 31664164 PMCID: PMC6820731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA barcoding and population genetic studies have revealed an unforeseen hidden diversity of cryptic species among microscopic marine benthos, otherwise exhibiting highly similar and simple morphologies. This has led to a paradigm shift, rejecting cosmopolitism of marine meiofauna until genetically proven and challenging the "Everything is Everywhere, but the environment selects" hypothesis that claims ubiquitous distribution of microscopic organisms. With phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of worldwide genetic samples of the meiofaunal family Dinophilidae (Annelida) we here resolve three genera within the family and showcase an exceptionally broad, boreal, North Atlantic distribution of a single microscopic marine species with no obvious means of dispersal besides vicariance. With its endobenthic lifestyle, small size, limited migratory powers and lack of pelagic larvae, the broad distribution of Dinophilus vorticoides seems to constitute a "meiofaunal paradox". This species feasts in the biofilm among sand grains, but also on macroalgae and ice within which it can likely survive long-distance rafting dispersal due to its varying lifecycle stages; eggs encapsulated in cocoons and dormant encystment stages. Though often neglected and possibly underestimated among marine microscopic species, dormancy may be a highly significant factor for explaining wide distribution patterns and a key to solving this meiofaunal paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Worsaae
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Alexandra Kerbl
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Áki Vang
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Brett C Gonzalez
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, MRC-163, P.O. BOX 37012, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA.
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14
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Sagorny C, Wesseler C, Krämer D, von Döhren J. Assessing the diversity and distribution of Cephalothrix
species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) in European waters by comparing different species delimitation methods. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sagorny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Carina Wesseler
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Daria Krämer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Jörn von Döhren
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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15
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Flammensbeck CK, Haszprunar G, Korshunova T, Martynov AV, Neusser TP, Jörger KM. Pseudovermis paradoxus 2.0—3D microanatomy and ultrastructure of a vermiform, meiofaunal nudibranch (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Unraveling the intricate biodiversity of the benthic harpacticoid genus Nannopus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Nannopodidae) in Korean waters. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 130:366-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Chernyshev AV, Polyakova N, Britayev TA, Bratova OA, Mekhova ES. Cephalotrichella echinicola, sp. nov. (Palaeonemertea : Cephalotrichellidae), a new nemertean associated with sea urchins from Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea). INVERTEBR SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/is18080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
About 50 nemertean species have been reported to live in symbiotic relationships with other invertebrates, but only two hoplonemertean species are associated with echinoderms (starfish). The palaeonemertean Cephalotrichella echinicola, sp. nov. is described from samples collected in Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, South China Sea. The species is the first known nemertean associated with sea urchins (Metalia sternalis and M. spatagus), living on both the oral and the aboral surfaces of the host and freely moving among its spines. The internal morphology of the new species is described based on histological sections and confocal laser scanning microscopy with phalloidin and antibody labelling. Sequences of three nuclear gene markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and histone H3) and two mitochondrial gene markers (16S rRNA and COI) were compared with those of other palaeonemertean species, and a phylogenetic analysis suggested that C. echinicola is closest to the free-living Cephalotrichella alba Gibson & Sundberg, 1992. Both the morphological data and the phylogenetic analysis provide additional evidence for distinguishing the families Cephalotrichidae and Cephalotrichellidae and support the rejection of Cephalotrichella as a junior synonym of Cephalothrix. A new diagnosis of the genus Cephalotrichella is given. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:091B5D56-71B2-4F4C-9AD8-F666B4610DE2
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Atherton S, Jondelius U. Wide distributions and cryptic diversity within a Microstomum
(Platyhelminthes) species complex. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Atherton
- Department of Zoology; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Jondelius
- Department of Zoology; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet; Stockholm Sweden
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19
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Mendes CB, Norenburg JL, Solferini VN, Andrade SCS. Hidden diversity: Phylogeography of genus Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863 (Ototyphlonemertidae: Hoplonemertea) reveals cryptic species and high diversity in Chilean populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195833. [PMID: 29698411 PMCID: PMC5919620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ototyphlonemertes is a cosmopolitan genus of meiofaunal nemerteans. Their morphological characters are insufficient to reliably identify and delimit species. Consequently, some of the species are considered cosmopolitan despite anticipated low dispersion capability of the adults and a short planktonic larval phase. Indeed, recent studies show that some species actually comprise cryptic species, and populations are connected by stochastic events of long-distance dispersion. Based solely on morphological traits, a Lactea and a Pallida morph of Ototyphlonemertes are recognized here from collections at eight and five locations respectively along the Chilean coast. To assess the phylogeographic patterns of their populations, two mitochondrial markers (COI and COX3) of 162 specimens of Lactea and 25 of Pallida were sequenced. Final sequences are 605bp and 362bp for COI and COX3, respectively. Results from phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses suggest that the Lactea morph comprises up to three independent evolutionary units (one with only COX3 sequences). A COI gene tree including other previously published Ototyphlonemertes sequences groups the Chilean Lactea with other Lactea, while the Chilean Pallida is grouped with other Pallida. Different structuring and gene flow patterns found for the four groups support the hypothesis that these are four independent evolutionary entities with different ecological, dispersal and demographical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecili B. Mendes
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genômica, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, IB (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jon L. Norenburg
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Vera N. Solferini
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética, Departamento de Genética, Evolução Microbiologia e Imunologia, IB (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sónia C. S. Andrade
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genômica, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, IB (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Prantoni AL, Belmonte-Lopes R, Lana PC, Erséus C. Genetic diversity of marine oligochaetous clitellates in selected areas of the South Atlantic as revealed by DNA barcoding. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine oligochaetous clitellates are poorly investigated in the South Atlantic Ocean, especially along the east coast of South America. Closely related species are often difficult to distinguish based on morphology. The lack of specialists and modern identification guides have been pointed out as the main reasons for the scarcity of studies in the South Atlantic Ocean as a whole. To increase the knowledge of this group in the South Atlantic, the genetic diversity of a sample of marine oligochaetous clitellates from Brazil, South Africa and Antarctica was assessed by the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and the generalised mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) approaches. In total, 80 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were obtained, each with ~658bp, estimated to represent 32 distinct putative species. ABGD established a barcoding gap between 3% and 14% divergence for uncorrected p-distances and the estimates of GMYC were largely concordant. All the clusters or putative species were genetically associated with previously known species or genera. This study thus confirms the adequacy of the COI barcoding approach combined with a genetic divergence threshold at the order of 10% for marine oligochaetous clitellates.
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Species diversity in the marine microturbellarian Astrotorhynchus bifidus sensu lato (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 120:259-273. [PMID: 29248627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that many widespread species of meiofauna are in fact regional complexes of (pseudo-)cryptic species. This knowledge has challenged the 'Everything is Everywhere' hypothesis and also partly explains the meiofauna paradox of widespread nominal species with limited dispersal abilities. Here, we investigated species diversity within the marine microturbellarian Astrotorhynchus bifidus sensu lato in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We used a multiple-evidence approach combining multi-gene (18S, 28S, COI) phylogenetic analyses, several single-gene and multi-gene species delimitation methods, haplotype networks and conventional taxonomy to designate Primary Species Hypotheses (PSHs). This included the development of rhabdocoel-specific COI barcode primers, which also have the potential to aid in species identification and delimitation in other rhabdocoels. Secondary Species Hypotheses (SSHs) corresponding to morphospecies and pseudo-cryptic species were then proposed based on the minimum consensus of different PSHs. Our results showed that (a) there are at least five species in the A. bifidus complex in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, four of which can be diagnosed based on stylet morphology, (b) the A. bifidus complex is a mixture of sympatric and allopatric species with regional and/or subglobal distributions, (c) sympatry occurs on local (sample sites), regional (Northeastern Pacific) and subglobal (Northern Atlantic, Arctic, Northeastern Pacific) scales. Mechanisms for this co-occurrence are still poorly understood, but we hypothesize they could include habitat differentiation (spatial and/or seasonal) and life history characteristics such as sexual selection and dispersal abilities. Our results also suggest the need for improved sampling and exploration of molecular markers to accurately map gene flow and broaden our understanding of species diversity and distribution of microturbellarians in particular and meiofauna in general.
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22
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Cryptic genetic diversity of Neverita didyma in the coast of China revealed by phylogeographic analysis: implications for management and conservation. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Ortiz D, Francke OF. Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Chernyshev AV, Polyakova NE, Turanov SV, Kajihara H. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Lineus torquatus and allies (Nemertea, Lineidae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new cryptic species. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1317672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V. Chernyshev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Neonila E. Polyakova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei V. Turanov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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25
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Kieneke A, Nikoukar H. Integrative morphological and molecular investigation of Turbanella hyalina Schultze, 1853 (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida), including a redescription of the species. ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Chroni A, Djan M, Vidaković DO, Petanidou T, Vujić A. Molecular species delimitation in the genus Eumerus (Diptera: Syrphidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:126-138. [PMID: 27572819 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eumerus is one of the most diverse genera of hoverfly worldwide. Species delimitation within genus is considered to be difficult due to: (a) lack of an efficient key; (b) non-defined taxonomical status of a large number of species; and (c) blurred nomenclature. Here, we present the first molecular study to delimit species of the genus by using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) gene. We assessed 75 specimens assigned to 28 taxa originating from two biogeographic zones: 22 from the western Palaearctic and six from the Afrotropical region. Two datasets were generated based on different sequence lengths to explore the significance of availability of more polymorphic sites for species delimitation; dataset A with a total length of 647 bp and dataset B with 746 bp. Various tree inference approaches and Poisson tree processes models were applied to evaluate the putative 'taxonomical' vs. 'molecular' taxa clusters. All analyses resulted in high taxonomic resolution and clear species delimitation for both the dataset lengths. Furthermore, we revealed a high number of mitochondrial haplotypes and high intraspecific variability. We report two major monophyletic clades, and seven 'molecular' groups of taxa formed, which are congruent with morphology-based taxonomy. Our results support the use of the mitochondrial COI gene in species diagnosis of Eumerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chroni
- Department of Geography,University of the Aegean, University Hill,81100, Mytilene,Greece
| | - M Djan
- Faculty of Sciences,Department of Biology and Ecology,University of Novi Sad,Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 2100,Novi Sad,Serbia
| | - D Obreht Vidaković
- Faculty of Sciences,Department of Biology and Ecology,University of Novi Sad,Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 2100,Novi Sad,Serbia
| | - T Petanidou
- Department of Geography,University of the Aegean, University Hill,81100, Mytilene,Greece
| | - A Vujić
- Faculty of Sciences,Department of Biology and Ecology,University of Novi Sad,Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 2100,Novi Sad,Serbia
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Lesieur V, Martin JF, Weaver DK, Hoelmer KA, Smith DR, Morrill WL, Kadiri N, Peairs FB, Cockrell DM, Randolph TL, Waters DK, Bon MC. Phylogeography of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae): Implications for Pest Management. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168370. [PMID: 27959958 PMCID: PMC5154603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is a key pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains of North America, and damage resulting from this species has recently expanded southward. Current pest management practices are inadequate and uncertainty regarding geographic origin, as well as limited data on population structure and dynamics across North America impede progress towards more informed management. We examined the genetic divergence between samples collected in North America and northeastern Asia, the assumed native range of C. cinctus using two mitochondrial regions (COI and 16S). Subsequently, we characterized the structure of genetic diversity in the main wheat producing areas in North America using a combination of mtDNA marker and microsatellites in samples collected both in wheat fields and in grasses in wildlands. The strong genetic divergence observed between North American samples and Asian congeners, in particular the synonimized C. hyalinatus, did not support the hypothesis of a recent American colonization by C. cinctus. Furthermore, the relatively high genetic diversity both with mtDNA and microsatellite markers offered additional evidence in favor of the native American origin of this pest. The genetic diversity of North American populations is structured into three genetic clusters and these are highly correlated with geography. Regarding the recent southern outbreaks in North America, the results tend to exclude the hypothesis of recent movement of damaging wheat stem sawfly populations from the northern area. The shift in host plant use by local populations appears to be the most likely scenario. Finally, the significance of these findings is discussed in the context of pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lesieur
- USDA ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, 810, Avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montferrier sur Lez, France
- Montpellier-SupAgro, UMR CBGP, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montferrier sur Lez, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-François Martin
- Montpellier-SupAgro, UMR CBGP, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - David K. Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Hoelmer
- USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - David R. Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Wendell L. Morrill
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Nassera Kadiri
- Département Biologie-Ecologie-Environnement, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frank B. Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Darren M. Cockrell
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Terri L. Randolph
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Debra K. Waters
- Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Sidney, MT, United States of America
| | - Marie-Claude Bon
- USDA ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, 810, Avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montferrier sur Lez, France
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28
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Ortiz D, Francke OF. Two DNA barcodes and morphology for multi-method species delimitation in Bonnetina tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 101:176-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Salvi D, Mariottini P. Molecular taxonomy in 2D: a novel ITS2 rRNA sequence-structure approach guides the description of the oysters' subfamily Saccostreinae and the genusMagallana(Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Salvi
- CIBIO-InBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Campus Agrário de Vairão Vairão 4485-661 Portugal
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università “Roma Tre”; Viale Marconi 446 Rome 00146 Italy
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30
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Krämer D, Schmidt C, Podsiadlowski L, Beckers P, Horn L, von Döhren J. Unravelling theLineus ruber/viridisspecies complex (Nemertea, Heteronemertea). ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Krämer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Patrick Beckers
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Lisa Horn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Jörn von Döhren
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 1 DE-53121 Bonn Germany
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31
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Hao Y, Kajihara H, Chernyshev AV, Okazaki RK, Sun SC. DNA Taxonomy of Paranemertes (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea) with Spirally Fluted Stylets. Zoolog Sci 2016; 32:571-8. [PMID: 26654040 DOI: 10.2108/zs140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the 14 nominal species that are now or have ever been assigned to the genus Paranemertes Coe, 1901 , four have been reported to have stylets with a spirally fluted or braided appearance. Although differentiation in color patterns has been documented among species/populations, these nemerteans share similar external characters. Using the sequence datasets of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA, and nuclear 28S rRNA genes of specimens from 14 localities of Canada, USA, Russia, Japan, and China, we analyzed the genetic differentiation and reconstructed the phylogenetic trees for these nemerteans. In conjunction with the external characters, we discuss their taxonomy and species delimitation. An analysis based on COI dataset showed high genetic variations among populations and even among worms from the same geographic area. The analyzed 111 individuals were assigned into seven networks by statistical parsimony analysis. The inter-network uncorrected p-distances ranged from 0.044 to 0.172 and the mean intra-network uncorrected p-distances varied from 0.001 to 0.005. With the exception of two networks that contain specimens from the East China Sea, all networks were well-supported by the results of Bayesian and neighbor-joining analyses on the COI data. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA datasets were basically similar to the COI trees, but specimens in some networks were merged into larger clades. Present molecular analyses support the validity of P. sanjuanensis and the synonymization of P. cylindracea with P. peregrina. Nemerteans previously recorded as P. peregrina may contain several species and sympatric speciation might have been occurred in this nemertean group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- 1 institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hiroshi Kajihara
- 2 Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Alexei V Chernyshev
- 3 A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.,4 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Robert K Okazaki
- 5 Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept 2505, Ogden, UT 84408-2505, USA
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- 1 institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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Hiebert TC, Maslakova S. Integrative Taxonomy of the Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 Species Complex (Nemertea: Heteronemertea), with Descriptions of a New Genus Maculaura gen. nov. and Four New Species from the NE Pacific. Zoolog Sci 2016; 32:615-37. [PMID: 26654045 DOI: 10.2108/zs150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 is a common intertidal heteronemertean known from eastern and northwest Pacific (Alaska to Ensenada, Mexico and Akkeshi, Japan, respectively). It is an emerging model system in developmental biology research. We present evidence from morphology of the adults, gametes, and sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA genes that it is not one, but a complex of five, cryptic species. All five of these species co-occur at least in part of their geographic range (e.g. southern Oregon). Preliminary cross-hybridization experiments suggest that at least some of these species are reproductively isolated. The five species share characteristics of adult morphology (e.g. accessory buccal glands) and at least four are known to possess a unique larval morphotype--pilidium maculosum. We propose that these characters define a new genus, Maculaura gen. nov., which contains the following five species: Maculaura alaskensis comb. nov., Maculaura aquilonia sp. nov., Maculaura cerebrosa sp. nov., Maculaura oregonensis sp. nov., and Maculaura magna sp. nov. It is unclear which of the five species Coe originally encountered and described. We chose to retain the name "alaskensis" for the species that current researchers know as "Micrura alaskensis", although, presently, it is only known from Washington and Oregon, and has not been collected from Alaska. Maculaura aquilonia sp. nov. is the only member of the genus we have encountered in Alaska, and we show that it also occurs in the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Maslakova
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
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33
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Leasi F, Andrade SCDS, Norenburg J. At least some meiofaunal species are not everywhere. Indication of geographic, ecological and geological barriers affecting the dispersion of species of Ototyphlonemertes
(Nemertea, Hoplonemertea). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1381-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leasi
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; PO Box 37012, NMNH Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | | | - Jon Norenburg
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; PO Box 37012, NMNH Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
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34
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Kajihara H, Ikoma M, Yamasaki H, Hiruta SF. Trilobodrilus itoi sp. nov., with a Re-Description of T. nipponicus (Annelida: Dinophilidae) and a Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:405-17. [PMID: 26245229 DOI: 10.2108/zs140251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The marine interstitial annelid Trilobodrilus itoi sp. nov., the sixth member of the genus, is described on the basis of specimens collected intertidally at Ishikari Beach, Hokkaido, Japan; this is the second species in the genus described from the Pacific Rim. In addition, T. nipponicus Uchida and Okuda, 1943 is re-described based on fresh topotypic material from Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan. From both species, we determined sequences of the nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences of the three genes showed that T. itoi and T. nipponicus form a clade, which was the sister group to a clade containing the two European congeners T. axi Westheide, 1967 and T. heideri Remane, 1925. The Kimura two-parameter distance for COI was 22.5-22.7% between T. itoi and T. nipponicus, comparable with interspecific values in other polychaete genera. We assessed the taxonomic utility of epidermal inclusions and found that the known six species can be classified into three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kajihara
- 1 Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Maho Ikoma
- 1 Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasaki
- 2 Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shimpei F Hiruta
- 1 Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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35
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Sundberg P. Thirty-Five Years of Nemertean (Nemertea) Research--Past, Present, and Future. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:501-6. [PMID: 26654033 DOI: 10.2108/zs140254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developments in nemertean research over the last 35+ years are reviewed from a systematist's perspective. Nemertean systematics and classification, until fairly recently, was not based on explicit phylogenetic hypotheses, but rather on subjective assessment of "important characters". The first cladistic analyses appeared in the 1980s and were criticized at the time by leading researchers in nemertean systematics for not taking into account convergent evolution in ribbon worm morphology. The first molecular study involving the phylum Nemertea appeared in 1992, followed by reports later in the 1990s and early 2000s. Molecular information is now commonplace in nemertean research, and has changed our understanding of evolutionary relationships within the phylum, as well as our view on species and intraspecific variation. Challenges in nemertean systematics and taxonomy are discussed, with special emphasis on future species descriptions, and how to deal with a number of species names that in all likelihood never will be encountered again. Suggestions for how to deal with these challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Sundberg
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Herrera-Bachiller A, Fernández-Álvarez FÁ, Junoy J. A Taxonomic Catalogue of the Nemerteans (Phylum Nemertea) of Spain and Portugal. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:507-22. [DOI: 10.2108/zs140242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kang XX, Fernández-Álvarez FÁ, Alfaya JEF, Machordom A, Strand M, Sundberg P, Sun SC. Species Diversity ofRamphogordius sanguineus/Lineus ruber-Like Nemerteans (Nemertea: Heteronemertea) and Geographic Distribution ofR. sanguineus. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:579-89. [DOI: 10.2108/zs150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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