1
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Yin Z, He Q, Yang H, Morisseau C, El-Sheikh ESA, Li D, Hammock BD. Development of a sandwich ELISA for the specific quantitation of hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged proteins during their inducible expression in Escherichia coli. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5563-5574. [PMID: 37505234 PMCID: PMC10473979 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavy single-chain antibodies (VHH or nanobodies) are popular in the medical and analytical fields due to its small size, high solubility, stability, and other advantageous features. However, the usage of VHHs is limited by the low yield of its production and purification. In order to determine the optimal purification strategy for VHH to improve the yield, a method to monitor purification at the intermediate steps is needed. In this study, a simple, sensitive, low-cost sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to quantitate VHHs throughout the purification steps. Under optimized conditions, the assay has a sensitivity of 0.149 OD·mL/ng and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.029 ng/mL. The average recoveries of the assay against the spiked samples were 101.9-106.0% and 100.7-108.0%. The method was applied to a variety of real samples for the detection of different VHHs in bacterial cell media. High amount of VHHs (up to 41.3 mg/mL), which are comparable to the average yield of VHH in standard production protocols, were detected in the media. This study raises attention to the problem of protein losses in cell culture supernatants and provides a method for the continuous detection of the protein abundance to optimize the expression and purification protocols especially for nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yin
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qiyi He
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - El-Sayed A El-Sheikh
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Li Q, Nemecz Á, Aymé G, Dejean de la Bâtie G, Prevost MS, Pons S, Barilone N, Baachaoui R, Maskos U, Lafaye P, Corringer PJ. Generation of nanobodies acting as silent and positive allosteric modulators of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:164. [PMID: 37231269 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a potential drug target for treating cognitive disorders, mediates communication between neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Although many competitive antagonists, agonists, and partial-agonists have been found and synthesized, they have not led to effective therapeutic treatments. In this context, small molecules acting as positive allosteric modulators binding outside the orthosteric, acetylcholine, site have attracted considerable interest. Two single-domain antibody fragments, C4 and E3, against the extracellular domain of the human α7-nAChR were generated through alpaca immunization with cells expressing a human α7-nAChR/mouse 5-HT3A chimera, and are herein described. They bind to the α7-nAChR but not to the other major nAChR subtypes, α4β2 and α3β4. E3 acts as a slowly associating positive allosteric modulator, strongly potentiating the acetylcholine-elicited currents, while not precluding the desensitization of the receptor. An E3-E3 bivalent construct shows similar potentiating properties but displays very slow dissociation kinetics conferring quasi-irreversible properties. Whereas, C4 does not alter the receptor function, but fully inhibits the E3-evoked potentiation, showing it is a silent allosteric modulator competing with E3 binding. Both nanobodies do not compete with α-bungarotoxin, localizing at an allosteric extracellular binding site away from the orthosteric site. The functional differences of each nanobody, as well as the alteration of functional properties through nanobody modifications indicate the importance of this extracellular site. The nanobodies will be useful for pharmacological and structural investigations; moreover, they, along with the extracellular site, have a direct potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Li
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Antibody Engineering Platform, Paris, France
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Product Co., Lanzhou, China
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Ákos Nemecz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel Aymé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Antibody Engineering Platform, Paris, France.
| | | | - Marie S Prevost
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Barilone
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France
| | - Rayen Baachaoui
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Antibody Engineering Platform, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems Unit, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Antibody Engineering Platform, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Corringer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Channel-Receptors Unit, Paris, France.
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4
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Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Therapeutic applications of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections: Current update. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:70-80. [PMID: 36586649 PMCID: PMC9797221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review discusses about the single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, their structure, and their types against the infections of dreadful SARS-CoV-2 virus. A precise description highlights the nanobodies and their therapeutic application against the other selected viruses. It aims to focus on the extraordinary features of these antibodies compared to the conventional therapeutics like mAbs, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccines. The stable structure of these nanobodies along with the suitable mechanism of action also confers greater resistance to the evolving variants with numerous mutations. The nanobodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant variants have shown the greater neutralization potential than the primitive ones. Engineering of these specialized antibodies by modern biotechnological approaches will surely be more beneficial in treating this COVID-19 pandemic along with certain other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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5
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Zheng F, Pang Y, Li L, Pang Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Raes G. Applications of nanobodies in brain diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978513. [PMID: 36426363 PMCID: PMC9679430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are antibody fragments derived from camelids, naturally endowed with properties like low molecular weight, high affinity and low immunogenicity, which contribute to their effective use as research tools, but also as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in a wide range of diseases, including brain diseases. Also, with the success of Caplacizumab, the first approved nanobody drug which was established as a first-in-class medication to treat acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, nanobody-based therapy has received increasing attention. In the current review, we first briefly introduce the characterization and manufacturing of nanobodies. Then, we discuss the issue of crossing of the brain-blood-barrier (BBB) by nanobodies, making use of natural methods of BBB penetration, including passive diffusion, active efflux carriers (ATP-binding cassette transporters), carrier-mediated influx via solute carriers and transcytosis (including receptor-mediated transport, and adsorptive mediated transport) as well as various physical and chemical methods or even more complicated methods such as genetic methods via viral vectors to deliver nanobodies to the brain. Next, we give an extensive overview of research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications of nanobodies in brain-related diseases, with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain tumors. Thanks to the advance of nanobody engineering and modification technologies, nanobodies can be linked to toxins or conjugated with radionuclides, photosensitizers and nanoparticles, according to different requirements. Finally, we provide several perspectives that may facilitate future studies and whereby the versatile nanobodies offer promising perspectives for advancing our knowledge about brain disorders, as well as hopefully yielding diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yucheng Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxing Pang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Geert Raes
- Research Group of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Pinto-Espinoza C, Guillou C, Rissiek B, Wilmes M, Javidi E, Schwarz N, Junge M, Haag F, Liaukouskaya N, Wanner N, Nicke A, Stortelers C, Tan YV, Adriouch S, Magnus T, Koch-Nolte F. Effective targeting of microglial P2X7 following intracerebroventricular delivery of nanobodies and nanobody-encoding AAVs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1029236. [PMID: 36299894 PMCID: PMC9589454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1029236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 ion channel is a key sensor for extracellular ATP and a key trigger of sterile inflammation. Intravenous injection of nanobodies that block P2X7 has shown to be beneficial in mouse models of systemic inflammation. P2X7 has also emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory brain diseases. However, little is known about the ability of nanobodies to cross the BBB. Here we evaluated the ability of P2X7-specific nanobodies to reach and to block P2X7 on microglia following intravenous or intracerebral administration. For this study, we reformatted and sequence-optimized P2X7 nanobodies for higher stability and elevated isoelectric point. Following injection of nanobodies or nanobody-encoding adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV), we monitored the occupancy and blockade of microglial P2X7 in vivo using ex vivo flow cytometry. Our results show that P2X7 on microglia was within minutes completely occupied and blocked by intracerebroventricularly injected nanobodies, even at low doses. In contrast, very high doses were required to achieve similar effects when injected intravenously. The endogenous production of P2X7-antagonistic nanobodies following intracerebral or intramuscular injection of nanobody-encoding AAVs resulted in a long-term occupancy and blockade of P2X7 on microglia. Our results provide new insights into the conditions for the delivery of nanobodies to microglial P2X7 and point to AAV-mediated delivery of P2X7 nanobodies as a promising strategy for the treatment of sterile brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pinto-Espinoza
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Guillou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wilmes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ehsan Javidi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- MSH- Medical School Hamburg- Dep. Anatomy, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marten Junge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wanner
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Yossan-Var Tan
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PanTHER), Rouen, France
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Friedrich Koch-Nolte,
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7
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Moliner-Morro A, McInerney GM, Hanke L. Nanobodies in the limelight: Multifunctional tools in the fight against viruses. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35579613 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are natural antivirals generated by the vertebrate immune system in response to viral infection or vaccination. Unsurprisingly, they are also key molecules in the virologist's molecular toolbox. With new developments in methods for protein engineering, protein functionalization and application, smaller antibody-derived fragments are moving in focus. Among these, camelid-derived nanobodies play a prominent role. Nanobodies can replace full-sized antibodies in most applications and enable new possible applications for which conventional antibodies are challenging to use. Here we review the versatile nature of nanobodies, discuss their promise as antiviral therapeutics, for diagnostics, and their suitability as research tools to uncover novel aspects of viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Shen Z, Xiang Y, Vergara S, Chen A, Xiao Z, Santiago U, Jin C, Sang Z, Luo J, Chen K, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Camacho C, Calero G, Hu B, Shi Y. A resource of high-quality and versatile nanobodies for drug delivery. iScience 2021; 24:103014. [PMID: 34522857 PMCID: PMC8426283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic and diagnostic efficacies of small biomolecules and chemical compounds are hampered by suboptimal pharmacokinetics. Here, we developed a repertoire of robust and high-affinity antihuman serum albumin nanobodies (NbHSA) that can be readily fused to small biologics for half-life extension. We characterized the thermostability, binding kinetics, and cross-species reactivity of NbHSAs, mapped their epitopes, and structurally resolved a tetrameric HSA-Nb complex. We parallelly determined the half-lives of a cohort of selected NbHSAs in an HSA mouse model by quantitative proteomics. Compared to short-lived control nanobodies, the half-lives of NbHSAs were drastically prolonged by 771-fold. NbHSAs have distinct and diverse pharmacokinetics, positively correlating with their albumin binding affinities at the endosomal pH. We then generated stable and highly bioactive NbHSA-cytokine fusion constructs “Duraleukin” and demonstrated Duraleukin's high preclinical efficacy for cancer treatment in a melanoma model. This high-quality and versatile Nb toolkit will help tailor drug half-life to specific medical needs. We provide a resource of high-affinity and versatile albumin nanobodies for drug delivery We systematically map albumin nanobody epitopes by hybrid structural approaches We parallelly measure the pharmacokinetics of nanobodies in a humanized mouse model We develop nanobody-cytokine conjugates “Duraleukin” for cancer immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Vergara
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhengyun Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ulises Santiago
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Joint Program for Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Jerusalem, Tambaram, Israel
| | - Carlos Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Joint Program for Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Ruiz-López E, Schuhmacher AJ. Transportation of Single-Domain Antibodies through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081131. [PMID: 34439797 PMCID: PMC8394617 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies derive from the heavy-chain-only antibodies of Camelidae (camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca, vicuñas, and guananos; i.e., nanobodies) and cartilaginous fishes (i.e., VNARs). Their small size, antigen specificity, plasticity, and potential to recognize unique conformational epitopes represent a diagnostic and therapeutic opportunity for many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a challenge for their delivery into the brain parenchyma. Nevertheless, numerous neurological diseases and brain pathologies, including cancer, result in BBB leakiness favoring single-domain antibodies uptake into the CNS. Some single-domain antibodies have been reported to naturally cross the BBB. In addition, different strategies and methods to deliver both nanobodies and VNARs into the brain parenchyma can be exploited when the BBB is intact. These include device-based and physicochemical disruption of the BBB, receptor and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, somatic gene transfer, and the use of carriers/shuttles such as cell-penetrating peptides, liposomes, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles. Approaches based on single-domain antibodies are reaching the clinic for other diseases. Several tailoring methods can be followed to favor the transport of nanobodies and VNARs to the CNS, avoiding the limitations imposed by the BBB to fulfill their therapeutic, diagnostic, and theragnostic promises for the benefit of patients suffering from CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-López
- Molecular Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Alberto J. Schuhmacher
- Molecular Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Fundación Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 500018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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10
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Gaiotto T, Ramage W, Ball C, Risley P, Carnell GW, Temperton N, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3126. [PMID: 33542302 PMCID: PMC7862619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus continues to cause infections in humans and represents a significant pandemic risk. During the most recent 5th epidemic wave in 2016/17 two distinct lineages with increased human infections and wider geographical spread emerged. In preparation for any future adaptations, broadly reactive antibodies against H7N9 are required for surveillance, therapy and prophylaxis. In this study we have isolated a panel of nanobodies (Nbs) with broad reactivity across H7 influenza strains, including H7N9 strains between 2013 and 2017. We also describe Nbs capable of distinguishing between the most recent high and low pathogenicity Yangtze River Delta lineage H7N9 strains. Nanobodies were classified into 5 distinct groups based on their epitope footprint determined using yeast display and mutational scanning. The epitope footprint of Nbs capable of distinguishing high pathogenic (HP) A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 from low pathogenic (LP) A/Hong Kong/125/2017 (H7N9) were correlated to natural sequence divergence in the head domain at lysine 164. Several Nbs binding to the head domain were capable of viral neutralisation. The potency of one nanobody NB7-14 could be increased over 1000-fold to 113 pM by linking two Nbs together. Nbs specific for distinct epitopes on H7N9 may be useful for surveillance or therapy in human or veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Christina Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - George W Carnell
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.,Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK.
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11
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Pothin E, Lesuisse D, Lafaye P. Brain Delivery of Single-Domain Antibodies: A Focus on VHH and VNAR. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E937. [PMID: 33007904 PMCID: PMC7601373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy, i.e., treatment with therapeutic antibodies, has been increasingly used over the last decade in several diseases such as cancers or inflammation. However, these proteins have some limitations that single-domain antibodies could potentially solve. One of the main issues of conventional antibodies is their limited brain penetration because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we aim at exploring the different options single-domain antibodies (sDAbs) such as variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) and variable new antigen receptors (VNARs) have already taken to reach the brain allowing them to be used as therapeutic, diagnosis or transporter tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Pothin
- Antibody Engineering Platform, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Tissue Barriers, Rare and Neurological Diseases TA Department, Sanofi, 91161 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Tissue Barriers, Rare and Neurological Diseases TA Department, Sanofi, 91161 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Antibody Engineering Platform, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
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12
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Sroga P, Safronetz D, Stein DR. Nanobodies: a new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infectious diseases. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the rise of viral infections and antibiotic resistance, there is a constant need for the development of more sensitive and effective treatment and diagnostic tools. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, Camelidae antibodies have been investigated as potential tools due to their unique structure and favorable characteristics. Members of this family produce conventional IgG antibodies as well as heavy-chain only IgG antibodies that do not possess light chains. The variable domain (VHH), or nanobody, demonstrates unique antigen-binding capabilities, enhanced stability, and its small size allows for delivery into the body using a nebulizer, thereby eliminating the unfavorable use of injections. In addition, the cost-effective and easy in vitro production of these antibodies are an attractive quality in terms of mass production. This review covers the past and current nanobody treatment and diagnostic developments aimed at viral infectious diseases, including a brief overview of protozoal, bacterial, and veterinary viral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Sroga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Zoonotic Diseases & Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Oppong-Damoah A, Zaman RU, D'Souza MJ, Murnane KS. Nanoparticle encapsulation increases the brain penetrance and duration of action of intranasal oxytocin. Horm Behav 2019; 108:20-29. [PMID: 30593782 PMCID: PMC7001472 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the therapeutic use of large molecules as it prevents them from passively entering the brain following administration by conventional routes. It also limits the capacity of researchers to study the role of large molecules in behavior, as it often necessitates intracerebroventricular administration. Oxytocin is a large-molecule neuropeptide with pro-social behavioral effects and therapeutic promise for social-deficit disorders. Although preclinical and clinical studies are using intranasal delivery of oxytocin to improve brain bioavailability, it remains of interest to further improve the brain penetrance and duration of action of oxytocin, even with intranasal administration. In this study, we evaluated a nanoparticle drug-delivery system for oxytocin, designed to increase its brain bioavailability through active transport and increase its duration of action through encapsulation and sustained release. We first evaluated transport of oxytocin-like large molecules in a cell-culture model of the BBB. We then determined in vivo brain transport using bioimaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in mice. Finally, we determined the pro-social effects of oxytocin (50 μg, intranasal) in two different brain targeting and sustained-release formulations. We found that nanoparticle formulation increased BBB transport both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, nanoparticle-encapsulated oxytocin administered intranasally exhibited greater pro-social effects both acutely and 3 days after administration, in comparison to oxytocin alone, in mouse social-interaction experiments. These multimodal data validate this brain targeting and sustained-release formulation of oxytocin, which can now be used in animal models of social-deficit disorders as well as to enhance the brain delivery of other neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagyewaah Oppong-Damoah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rokon Uz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Sean Murnane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Gomes JR, Sárkány Z, Teixeira A, Nogueira R, Cabrito I, Soares H, Wittelsberger A, Stortelers C, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Vanlandschoot P, Saraiva MJ. Anti-TTR Nanobodies Allow the Identification of TTR Neuritogenic Epitope Associated with TTR-Megalin Neurotrophic Activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:704-715. [PMID: 30346709 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) has intrinsic neurotrophic physiological activities independent from its thyroxine ligands, which involve activation of signaling pathways through interaction with megalin. Still, the megalin binding motif on TTR is unknown. Nanobodies (Nb) have the ability to bind "hard to reach" epitopes being useful tools for protein/structure function. In this work, we characterize two anti-TTR Nanobodies, with similar mouse TTR binding affinities, although only one is able to block its neuritogenic activity (169F7_Nb). Through epitope mapping, we identified amino acids 14-18, at the entrance of the TTR central channel, to be important for interaction with megalin, and a stable TTR K15N mutant in that region was constructed. The TTR K15N mutant lacks neuritogenic activity, indicating that K15 is critical for TTR neuritogenic activity. Thus, we identify the putative binding site for megalin and describe two Nanobodies that will allow research and clarification of TTR physiological properties, regarding its neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Zsuzsa Sárkány
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Biomolecular Structure & Function, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Anabela Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Renata Nogueira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Biomolecular Structure & Function, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | | | - Maria J. Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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15
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Schlake T, Thess A, Thran M, Jordan I. mRNA as novel technology for passive immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:301-328. [PMID: 30334070 PMCID: PMC6339677 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While active immunization elicits a lasting immune response by the body, passive immunotherapy transiently equips the body with exogenously generated immunological effectors in the form of either target-specific antibodies or lymphocytes functionalized with target-specific receptors. In either case, administration or expression of recombinant proteins plays a fundamental role. mRNA prepared by in vitro transcription (IVT) is increasingly appreciated as a drug substance for delivery of recombinant proteins. With its biological role as transient carrier of genetic information translated into protein in the cytoplasm, therapeutic application of mRNA combines several advantages. For example, compared to transfected DNA, mRNA harbors inherent safety features. It is not associated with the risk of inducing genomic changes and potential adverse effects are only temporary due to its transient nature. Compared to the administration of recombinant proteins produced in bioreactors, mRNA allows supplying proteins that are difficult to manufacture and offers extended pharmacokinetics for short-lived proteins. Based on great progress in understanding and manipulating mRNA properties, efficacy data in various models have now demonstrated that IVT mRNA constitutes a potent and flexible platform technology. Starting with an introduction into passive immunotherapy, this review summarizes the current status of IVT mRNA technology and its application to such immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlake
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Thess
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Thran
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Single-Domain Antibodies and Their Formatting to Combat Viral Infections. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 8:antib8010001. [PMID: 31544807 PMCID: PMC6640686 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, single-domain antibodies (VHHs), also known as Nanobodies®, have changed the landscape of affinity reagents. The outstanding solubility, stability, and specificity of VHHs, as well as their small size, ease of production and formatting flexibility favor VHHs over conventional antibody formats for many applications. The exceptional ease by which it is possible to fuse VHHs with different molecular modules has been particularly explored in the context of viral infections. In this review, we focus on VHH formats that have been developed to combat viruses including influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Such formats may significantly increase the affinity, half-life, breadth of protection of an antiviral VHH and reduce the risk of viral escape. In addition, VHHs can be equipped with effector functions, for example to guide components of the immune system with high precision to sites of viral infection.
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17
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Lafaye P, Li T. Use of camel single-domain antibodies for the diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic diseases. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:17-22. [PMID: 30396425 PMCID: PMC7112682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VHHs provide many advantages over complete IgG in diagnostics and therapy. Toxins and viruses are more efficiently neutralized by multivalent VHHs. Camelids could be a source of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to treat zoonotic diseases.
Camelids produce both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies. The antigen-binding region of such homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies consists of one single domain, called VHH. VHHs provide many advantages over conventional full-sized antibodies and currently used antibody-based fragments (Fab, scFv), including high specificity, stability and solubility, and small size, allowing them to recognize unusual antigenic sites and deeply penetrate tissues. Since their discovery, VHHs have been used extensively in diagnostics and therapy. In recent decades, the number of outbreaks of diseases transmissible from animals to humans has been on the rise. In this review, we evaluate the status of VHHs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomolecular agents for the detection and treatment of zoonotic diseases, such as bacterial, parasitic, and viral zoonosis. VHHs show great adaptability to inhibit or neutralize pathogenic agents for the creation of multifunctional VHH-based diagnostic and therapeutic molecules against zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Plate forme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Paris, France.
| | - Tengfei Li
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, France
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18
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Xi H, Meng X, Gu T, Li Z, Cheng Y, Sun Q, Zhang K, Kong W, Wu Y. Comparison of rabies virus protection by single chain and leucine zipper Fv fragments cocktail derived from a monoclonal antibody cocktail. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:197-202. [PMID: 30007229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a unique and attractive class of biologics and are potential substitutes for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. The safety, tolerance, and broad neutralization efficiency of a MAb cocktail called CL184, composed of the antibodies CR4098 and CR57, was confirmed in a phase I clinical trial. We have prepared a series of single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) and leucine zipper Fv fragments (zipFvs) from CR57 and CR4098. In this study, we selected and formed scFv and zipFv cocktails and compared their protective effects against the rabies virus. Mice and hamster challenge models demonstrated the improved protection of the zipFv cocktail compared with scFv cocktail, because of its stronger affinity. The results indicate that zipFv production is a promising novel method for the genetic engineering of antibody fragments and improving affinity through systematic screening may be important when designing small molecule antibodies against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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19
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Gomes JR, Cabrito I, Soares HR, Costelha S, Teixeira A, Wittelsberger A, Stortelers C, Vanlandschoot P, Saraiva MJ. Delivery of an anti-transthyretin Nanobody to the brain through intranasal administration reveals transthyretin expression and secretion by motor neurons. J Neurochem 2018. [PMID: 29527688 PMCID: PMC6001800 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a transport protein of retinol and thyroxine in serum and CSF, which is mainly secreted by liver and choroid plexus, and in smaller amounts in other cells throughout the body. The exact role of TTR and its specific expression in Central Nervous System (CNS) remains understudied. We investigated TTR expression and metabolism in CNS, through the intranasal and intracerebroventricular delivery of a specific anti-TTR Nanobody to the brain, unveiling Nanobody pharmacokinetics to the CNS. In TTR deficient mice, we observed that anti-TTR Nanobody was successfully distributed throughout all brain areas, and also reaching the spinal cord. In wild-type mice, a similar distribution pattern was observed. However, in areas known to be rich in TTR, reduced levels of Nanobody were found, suggesting potential target-mediated effects. Indeed, in wild-type mice, the anti-TTR Nanobody was specifically internalized in a receptor-mediated process, by neuronal-like cells, which were identified as motor neurons. Whereas in KO TTR mice Nanobody was internalized by all cells, for late lysosomal degradation. Moreover, we demonstrate that in vivo motor neurons also actively synthesize TTR. Finally, in vitro cultured primary motor neurons were also found to synthesize and secrete TTR into culture media. Thus, through a novel intranasal CNS distribution study with an anti-TTR Nanobody, we disclose a new cell type capable of synthesizing TTR, which might be important for the understanding of the physiological role of TTR, as well as in pathological conditions where TTR levels are altered in CSF, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Susete Costelha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Maria J Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Wu Y, Jiang S, Ying T. Single-Domain Antibodies As Therapeutics against Human Viral Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1802. [PMID: 29326699 PMCID: PMC5733491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In full-size formats, monoclonal antibodies have been highly successful as therapeutics against cancer and immune diseases. However, their large size leads to inaccessibility of some epitopes and relatively high production costs. As an alternative, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer special advantages compared to full-size antibodies, including smaller size, larger number of accessible epitopes, relatively low production costs and improved robustness. Currently, sdAbs are being developed against a number of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), influenza viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and enteric viruses. Although sdAbs are very potent inhibitors of viral infections, no sdAbs have been approved for clinical use against virial infection or any other diseases. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on sdAbs against viruses and their potential as therapeutics against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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22
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Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS, Luiz MB, Zuliani JP, Furtado GP, Stabeli RG. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies As an Alternative to Overcome Challenges Related to the Prevention, Detection, and Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649245 PMCID: PMC5465246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due mainly to properties such as high affinity and antigen specificity, antibodies have become important tools for biomedical research, diagnosis, and treatment of several human diseases. When the objective is to administer them for therapy, strategies are used to reduce the heterologous protein immunogenicity and to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. Size minimization contributes to ameliorate these characteristics, while preserving the antigen-antibody interaction site. Since the discovery that camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains, studies have proposed the use of single domains for biosensors, monitoring and treatment of tumors, therapies for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, drug delivery, or passive immunotherapy. Despite an expected increase in antibody and related products in the pharmaceutical market over the next years, few research initiatives are related to the development of alternatives for helping to manage neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In this review, we summarize developments of camelid single-domain antibodies (VHH) in the field of NTDs. Particular attention is given to VHH-derived products, i.e., VHHs fused to nanoparticles, constructed for the development of rapid diagnostic kits; fused to oligomeric matrix proteins for viral neutralization; and conjugated with proteins for the treatment of human parasites. Moreover, paratransgenesis technology using VHHs is an interesting approach to control parasite development in vectors. With enormous biotechnological versatility, facility and low cost for heterologous production, and greater ability to recognize different epitopes, VHHs have appeared as an opportunity to overcome challenges related to the prevention, detection, and control of human diseases, especially NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos B Luiz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Plataforma Bi-Institucional de Medicina Translacional (Fiocruz-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Xi H, Zhang K, Yin Y, Gu T, Sun Q, Li Z, Cheng Y, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Engineering of a novel zipFv using leucine zipper motif against rabies virus glycoprotein G with improved protection potency in vivo. Immunol Lett 2017; 186:9-14. [PMID: 28389318 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an acute zoonotic infectious disease with a high fatality rate but is preventable with vaccination and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain Fv fragment (scFv), a small engineered antigen-binding protein derived from antibody variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains connected by a peptide linker, can potentially be used to replace RIG. Here, we produced two peptides VH-JUN-HIS and VL-FOS-HA separately in Escherichia coli and assembled them to form zipFv successfully in vitro. The new zipFv utilizes FOS and JUN leucine zippers to form an antibody structure similar to the IgG counterpart with two free N-terminal ends of VH and VL. The zipFv protein showed notable improvement in binding ability and affinity over its corresponding scFv. The zipFv also demonstrated greater stability in serum and the same protective rate as RIG against challenge with a standard rabies virus (CVS-24) in mice. Our results indicated zipFv as a novel and efficient antibody form with enhanced neutralizing potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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24
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Buthelezi SG, Dirr HW, Chakauya E, Chikwamba R, Martens L, Tsekoa TL, Stoychev SH, Vandermarliere E. The Lyssavirus glycoprotein: A key to cross-immunity. Virology 2016; 498:250-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Terryn S, Francart A, Rommelaere H, Stortelers C, Van Gucht S. Post-exposure Treatment with Anti-rabies VHH and Vaccine Significantly Improves Protection of Mice from Lethal Rabies Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004902. [PMID: 27483431 PMCID: PMC4970669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against rabies infection consists of a combination of passive immunisation with plasma-derived human or equine immune globulins and active immunisation with vaccine delivered shortly after exposure. Since anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, there is a need for cheaper alternatives that can be produced more consistently. Previously, we generated potent virus-neutralising VHH, also called Nanobodies, against the rabies glycoprotein that are effectively preventing lethal disease in an in vivo mouse model. The VHH domain is the smallest antigen-binding functional fragment of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies that can be manufactured in microbial expression systems. In the current study we evaluated the efficacy of half-life extended anti-rabies VHH in combination with vaccine for PEP in an intranasal rabies infection model in mice. The PEP combination therapy of systemic anti-rabies VHH and intramuscular vaccine significantly delayed the onset of disease compared to treatment with anti-rabies VHH alone, prolonged median survival time (35 versus 14 days) and decreased mortality (60% versus 19% survival rate), when treated 24 hours after rabies virus challenge. Vaccine alone was unable to rescue mice from lethal disease. As reported also for immune globulins, some interference of anti-rabies VHH with the antigenicity of the vaccine was observed, but this did not impede the synergistic effect. Post exposure treatment with vaccine and human anti-rabies immune globulins was unable to protect mice from lethal challenge. Anti-rabies VHH and vaccine act synergistically to protect mice after rabies virus exposure, which further validates the possible use of anti-rabies VHH for rabies PEP. Rabies is an infectious disease causing 59,000 deaths and millions are exposed each year worldwide. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against rabies consists of a combination of passive (immune globulins) and active immunisation (vaccine) directly after viral exposure. Currently used plasma-derived anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, urging the development of alternatives. Nanobodies or VHH are the smallest antigen-binding fragments of camelid heavy chain antibodies and are easy to produce with intrinsic good thermal stability and solubility. Combined treatment with anti-rabies VHH and vaccine gave significantly better protection than either compound alone in an intranasal rabies challenge model in mice, which validates the potential use of anti-rabies VHH as replacement of immune globulins in PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Terryn
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Francart
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Steven Van Gucht
- National Reference Centre of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile continues to be one of the most prevalent hospital-acquired bacterial infections in the developed world, despite the recent introduction of a novel and effective antibiotic agent (fidaxomicin). Alternative approaches under investigation to combat the anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria include fecal transplantation therapy, vaccines, and antibody-based immunotherapies. In this review, we catalog the recent advances in antibody-based approaches under development and in the clinic for the treatment of C. difficile infection. By and large, inhibitory antibodies that recognize the primary C. difficile virulence factors, toxin A and toxin B, are the most popular passive immunotherapies under investigation. We provide a detailed summary of the toxin epitopes recognized by various antitoxin antibodies and discuss general trends on toxin inhibition efficacy. In addition, antibodies to other C. difficile targets, such as surface-layer proteins, binary toxin, motility factors, and adherence and colonization factors, are introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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27
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De Tavernier E, Detalle L, Morizzo E, Roobrouck A, De Taeye S, Rieger M, Verhaeghe T, Correia A, Van Hegelsom R, Figueirido R, Noens J, Steffensen S, Stöhr T, Van de Velde W, Depla E, Dombrecht B. High Throughput Combinatorial Formatting of PcrV Nanobodies for Efficient Potency Improvement. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15243-55. [PMID: 27226529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving potencies through concomitant blockage of multiple epitopes and avid binding by fusing multiple (different) monovalent Nanobody building blocks via linker sequences into one multivalent polypeptide chain is an elegant alternative to affinity maturation. We explored a large and random formatting library of bivalent (combinations of two identical) and biparatopic (combinations of two different) Nanobodies for functional blockade of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PcrV. PcrV is an essential part of the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS), and its oligomeric nature allows for multiple complex binding and blocking options. The library screening yielded a large number of promising biparatopic lead candidates, revealing significant (and non-trivial) preferences in terms of Nanobody building block and epitope bin combinations and orientations. Excellent potencies were confirmed upon further characterization in two different P. aeruginosa T3SS-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Three biparatopic Nanobodies were evaluated in a lethal mouse P. aeruginosa challenge pneumonia model, conferring 100% survival upon prophylactic administration and reducing lung P. aeruginosa burden by up to 2 logs. At very low doses, they protected the mice from P. aeruginosa infection-related changes in lung histology, myeloperoxidase production, and lung weight. Importantly, the most potent Nanobody still conferred protection after therapeutic administration up to 24 h post-infection. The concept of screening such formatting libraries for potency improvement is applicable to other targets and biological therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Morizzo
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Melanie Rieger
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Verhaeghe
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen Noens
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Stöhr
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Erik Depla
- From Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many of the biotherapeutics approved or under development suffer from a short half-life necessitating frequent applications in order to maintain a therapeutic concentration over an extended period of time. The implementation of half-life extension strategies allows the generation of long-lasting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview of the different half-life extension strategies developed over the past years and their application to generate next-generation biotherapeutics. It focuses on srategies already used in approved drugs and drugs that are in clinical development. These strategies include those aimed at increasing the hydrodynamic radius of the biotherapeutic and strategies which further implement recycling by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). EXPERT OPINION Half-life extension strategies have become an integral part of development for many biotherapeutics. A diverse set of these strategies is available for the fine-tuning of half-life and adaption to the intended treatment modality and disease. Currently, half-life extension is dominated by strategies utilizing albumin binding or fusion, fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc region and PEGylation. However, a variety of alternative strategies, such as fusion of flexible polypeptide chains as PEG mimetic substitute, have reached advanced stages and offer further alternatives for half-life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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