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Nabors LB, Lamb LS, Goswami T, Rochlin K, Youngblood SL. Adoptive cell therapy for high grade gliomas using simultaneous temozolomide and intracranial mgmt-modified γδ t cells following standard post-resection chemotherapy and radiotherapy: current strategy and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1299044. [PMID: 38384458 PMCID: PMC10880006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1299044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies (CAR-T), while generally successful in hematologic malignancies, face substantial challenges against solid tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM) due to rapid growth, antigen heterogeneity, and inadequate depth of response to cytoreductive and immune therapies, We have previously shown that GBM constitutively express stress associated NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) recognized by gamma delta (γδ) T cells, a minor lymphocyte subset that innately recognize target molecules via the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), NKG2D, and multiple other mechanisms. Given that NKG2DL expression is often insufficient on GBM cells to elicit a meaningful response to γδ T cell immunotherapy, we then demonstrated that NKG2DL expression can be transiently upregulated by activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway using alkylating agents such as Temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ, however, is also toxic to γδ T cells. Using a p140K/MGMT lentivector, which confers resistance to TMZ by expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), we genetically engineered γδ T cells that maintain full effector function in the presence of therapeutic doses of TMZ. We then validated a therapeutic system that we termed Drug Resistance Immunotherapy (DRI) that combines a standard regimen of TMZ concomitantly with simultaneous intracranial infusion of TMZ-resistant γδ T cells in a first-in-human Phase I clinical trial (NCT04165941). This manuscript will discuss DRI as a rational therapeutic approach to newly diagnosed GBM and the importance of repeated administration of DRI in combination with the standard-of-care Stupp regimen in patients with stable minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - L S Lamb
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - T Goswami
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - K Rochlin
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
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2
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Ahmedna T, Khela H, Weber-Levine C, Azad TD, Jackson CM, Gabrielson K, Bettegowda C, Rincon-Torroella J. The Role of γδ T-Lymphocytes in Glioblastoma: Current Trends and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5784. [PMID: 38136330 PMCID: PMC10741533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) encounters major challenges due to the infiltration-resistant and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). γδ T cells, unconventional T cells expressing the characteristic γδ T cell receptor, have demonstrated promise in overcoming these challenges, suggesting great immunotherapeutic potential. This review presents the role of γδ T cells in GBM and proposes several research avenues for future studies. Using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and JSTOR databases, we performed a review of the literature studying the biology of γδ T cells and their role in GBM treatment. We identified 15 studies focused on γδ T cells in human GBM. Infiltrative γδ T cells can incite antitumor immune responses in certain TMEs, though rapid tumor progression and TME hypoxia may impact the extent of tumor suppression. In the studies, available findings have shown both the potential for robust antitumor activity and the risk of protumor activity. While γδ T cells have potential as a therapeutic agent against GBM, the technical challenges of extracting, isolating, and expanding γδ T cells, and the activation of antitumoral versus protumoral cascades, remain barriers to their application. Overcoming these limitations may transform γδ T cells into a promising immunotherapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Ahmedna
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Harmon Khela
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Public Health Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carly Weber-Levine
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tej D. Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jordina Rincon-Torroella
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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3
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Li Q, Yang Z, Ling X, Ye J, Wu J, Wang Y, Yao C, Zheng J. Correlation Analysis of Prognostic Gene Expression, Tumor Microenvironment, and Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Ovarian Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9672158. [PMID: 37841886 PMCID: PMC10575750 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9672158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Tumor microenvironment (TME) research can provide a crucial direction for the innovation and continuous improvement of novel biologic therapies for cancer. This study examined the relationship between the TME, expression profiles of the tumor-infiltrating immune cell, and prognostic gene expression in ovarian cancer (OC). Materials and Methods Screening of CD3E, CD3G, CD2, CD3D, CCL19, and IL2RG was performed using the bioinformatics methods. Results All six genes were found to participate in immune-related molecular mechanisms and could regulate the expression of tumor-infiltrating cells. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis results demonstrated a strong association between overall survival and all gene expressions in patients with OC. CIBERSORT analysis results showed that the expression level of all genes was positively correlated with γδ T cell proportions. Conclusion Therefore, in the OC microenvironment, CD3E, CD3G, CD2, CD3D, CCL19, and IL2RG can be potential immunotherapy targets and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zongjing Yang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingqing Ling
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Junming Ye
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, Guangxi, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinghui Zheng
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, Guangxi, China
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4
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Liou ML, Lahusen T, Li H, Xiao L, Pauza CD. Reducing farnesyl diphosphate synthase levels activates Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and improves tumor suppression in murine xenograft cancer models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012051. [PMID: 36275712 PMCID: PMC9581136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy due to their potent capacity for tumor recognition and cytolysis of many tumor cell types. However, efforts to deploy clinical strategies for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell cancer therapy are hampered by insufficient potency. We are pursuing an alternate strategy of modifying tumors to increase the capacity for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, as a means for strengthening the anti-tumor response by resident or ex vivo manufactured Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated in vitro by non-peptidic antigens including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), a substrate of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in the pathway for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. In an effort to improve in vivo potency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we reduced FDPS expression in tumor cells using a lentivirus vector encoding a short-hairpin RNA that targets FDPS mRNA (LV-shFDPS). Prostate (PC3) or hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cells transduced with LV-shFDPS induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell stimulation in vitro, resulting in increased cytokine expression and tumor cell cytotoxicity. Immune deficient mice implanted with LV-shFDPS transduced tumor cells showed dramatic responses to intraperitoneal injection of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with strong suppression of tumor growth. In vivo potency was increased by transducing tumor cells with a vector expressing both shFDPS and human IL-2. Tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was dose-dependent with greater effects observed in mice injected with 100% LV-shFDPS transduced cells compared to mice injected with a mixture of 50% LV-shFDPS transduced cells and 50% control (no vector) tumor cells. Delivery of LV-shFDPS by intratumoral injection was insufficient to knockdown FDPS in the majority of tumor cells, resulting in insignificant tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Thus, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells efficiently targeted and suppressed tumors expressing shFDPS in mouse xenotransplant models. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for suppression of genetically modified tumors by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and indicates that co-expression of cytokines may boost the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Liou
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Tyler Lahusen,
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lingzhi Xiao
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - C. David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
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5
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Park JH, Kang I, Lee HK. γδ T Cells in Brain Homeostasis and Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886397. [PMID: 35693762 PMCID: PMC9181321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a distinct subset of T cells expressing γδ T cell receptor (TCR) rather than αβTCR. Since their discovery, the critical roles of γδ T cells in multiple physiological systems and diseases have been investigated. γδ T cells are preferentially located at mucosal surfaces, such as the gut, although a small subset of γδ T cells can circulate the blood. Additionally, a subset of γδ T cells reside in the meninges in the central nervous system. Recent findings suggest γδ T cells in the meninges have critical roles in brain function and homeostasis. In addition, several lines of evidence have shown γδ T cells can infiltrate the brain parenchyma and regulate inflammatory responses in multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although the importance of γδ T cells in the brain is well established, their roles are still incompletely understood due to the complexity of their biology. Because γδ T cells rapidly respond to changes in brain status and regulate disease progression, understanding the role of γδ T cells in the brain will provide critical information that is essential for interpreting neuroimmune modulation. In this review, we summarize the complex role of γδ T cells in the brain and discuss future directions for research.
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Park JH, Lee HK. Current Understanding of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Its Response to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051176. [PMID: 35267480 PMCID: PMC8909860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor type in the central nervous system. Hypoxia, defined as a lack of sufficient oxygen in tissues, is the most detrimental factor for the survival of GBM patients, promoting drug resistance, and invasion and inhibition of immune responses. Traditionally, tumor hypoxia has been studied from a narrow viewpoint, excluding the immune system and focusing primarily on the effect of hypoxia on blood vessels and tumor cells. More recently, however, evidence highlighting the important role of immunosurveillance has been uncovered for multiple tumors, including GBM. Thus, connecting the knowledge gained from traditional hypoxia studies with findings from recent immunological studies is urgently needed to better understand the role of hypoxia in cancer. Abstract Hypoxia is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, and is associated with multiple aspects of tumor pathogenesis. For example, hypoxia induces resistance to conventional cancer therapies and inhibits antitumor immune responses. Thus, targeting hypoxia is an attractive strategy for GBM therapy. However, traditional studies on hypoxia have largely excluded the immune system. Recently, the critical role of the immune system in the defense against multiple tumors has become apparent, leading to the development of effective immunotherapies targeting numerous cancer types. Critically, however, GBM is classified as a “cold tumor” due to poor immune responses. Thus, to improve GBM responsiveness against immunotherapies, an improved understanding of both immune function in GBM and the role of hypoxia in mediating immune responses within the GBM microenvironment is needed. In this review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in GBM from a clinical, pathological, and immunological perspective.
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Gamma delta (γδ) T cells in cancer immunotherapy; where it comes from, where it will go? Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lamb LS, Pereboeva L, Youngblood S, Gillespie GY, Nabors LB, Markert JM, Dasgupta A, Langford C, Spencer HT. A combined treatment regimen of MGMT-modified γδ T cells and temozolomide chemotherapy is effective against primary high grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21133. [PMID: 34702850 PMCID: PMC8548550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs such as the alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ), in addition to reducing tumor mass, can also sensitize tumors to immune recognition by transient upregulation of multiple stress induced NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL). However, the potential for an effective response by innate lymphocyte effectors such as NK and γδ T cells that recognize NKG2DL is limited by the drug's concomitant lymphodepleting effects. We have previously shown that modification of γδ T cells with a methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) transgene confers TMZ resistance via production of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) thereby enabling γδ T cell function in therapeutic concentrations of TMZ. In this study, we tested this strategy which we have termed Drug Resistant Immunotherapy (DRI) to examine whether combination therapy of TMZ and MGMT-modified γδ T cells could improve survival outcomes in four human/mouse xenograft models of primary and refractory GBM. Our results confirm that DRI leverages the innate response of γδ T cells to chemotherapy-induced stress associated antigen expression and achieves synergies that are significantly greater than either individual approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Lamb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Larisa Pereboeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samantha Youngblood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L Burton Nabors
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Park JH, Lee HK. Function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:318-327. [PMID: 33707742 PMCID: PMC8080836 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells of the γδ lineage are unconventional T cells with functions not restricted to MHC-mediated antigen presentation. Because of their broad antigen specificity and NK-like cytotoxicity, γδ T-cell importance in tumor immunology has been emphasized. However, some γδ T-cell subsets, especially those expressing IL-17, are immunosuppressive or tumor-promoting cells. Their cytokine profile and cytotoxicity are seemingly determined by cross-talk with microenvironment components, not by the γδTCR chain. Furthermore, much about the TCR antigen of γδ T cells remains unknown compared with the extreme diversity of their TCR chain pairs. Thus, the investigation and application of γδ T cells have been relatively difficult. Nevertheless, γδ T cells remain attractive targets for antitumor therapy because of their independence from MHC molecules. Because tumor cells have the ability to evade the immune system through MHC shedding, heterogeneous antigens, and low antigen spreading, MHC-independent γδ T cells represent good alternative targets for immunotherapy. Therefore, many approaches to using γδ T cells for antitumor therapy have been attempted, including induction of endogenous γδ T cell activation, adoptive transfer of expanded cells ex vivo, and utilization of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Here, we discuss the function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim CW, Kim HC, Jung Y, Lee HS, Lee Y, Ju YS, Oh JE, Park SH, Lee JH, Lee SK, Lee HK. Tumor hypoxia represses γδ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity against brain tumors. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:336-346. [PMID: 33574616 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The anatomic location and immunologic characteristics of brain tumors result in strong lymphocyte suppression. Consequently, conventional immunotherapies targeting CD8 T cells are ineffective against brain tumors. Tumor cells escape immunosurveillance by various mechanisms and tumor cell metabolism can affect the metabolic states and functions of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Here, we discovered that brain tumor cells had a particularly high demand for oxygen, which affected γδ T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses but not those of conventional T cells. Specifically, tumor hypoxia activated the γδ T cell protein kinase A pathway at a transcriptional level, resulting in repression of the activatory receptor NKG2D. Alleviating tumor hypoxia reinvigorated NKG2D expression and the antitumor function of γδ T cells. These results reveal a hypoxia-mediated mechanism through which brain tumors and γδ T cells interact and emphasize the importance of γδ T cells for antitumor immunity against brain tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Hypoxia
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Cheol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunah Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hong Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Xu W, Lau ZWX, Fulop T, Larbi A. The Aging of γδ T Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051181. [PMID: 32397491 PMCID: PMC7290956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the “greying” of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently—resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Zandrea Wan Xuan Lau
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Anis Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6407-0412
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12
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Caponegro MD, Miyauchi JT, Tsirka SE. Contributions of immune cell populations in the maintenance, progression, and therapeutic modalities of glioma. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 2:24-44. [PMID: 32914058 PMCID: PMC7480949 DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2018.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are becoming a promising strategy for malignant disease. Selectively directing host immune responses to target cancerous tissue is a milestone of human health care. The roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in both cancer progression and elimination are now being realized. Defining the immune cell environment and identifying the contributions of each sub-population of these cells has lead to an understanding of the immunotherapeutic processes, and demonstrated the potential of the immune system to drive cancer shrinkage and sustained immunity against disease. Poorly treated diseases, such as high-grade glioma, suffer from lack of therapeutic efficacy and rapid progression. Immunotherapeutic success in other solid malignancies, such as melanoma, now provides the principals for which this treatment paradigm can be adapted for primary brain cancers. The central nervous system is complex, and relative contributions of immune sub-populations to high grade glioma progression are not fully characterized. Here, we summarize recent research in both animal and humans which add to the knowledge base of how innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to glioma progression, and outline work which has demonstrated their potential to elicit anti-tumorigenic responses. Additionally, we highlight Neuropilin 1, a cell surface receptor protein, describe its signaling functions in the context of immunity, and point to its potential to slow glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Caponegro
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BioMedical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Tetsuo Miyauchi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BioMedical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BioMedical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Weiss T, Schneider H, Silginer M, Steinle A, Pruschy M, Polić B, Weller M, Roth P. NKG2D-Dependent Antitumor Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy against Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:882-895. [PMID: 29162646 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: NKG2D is a potent activating immune cell receptor, and glioma cells express the cognate ligands (NKG2DL). These ligands are inducible by cellular stress and temozolomide (TMZ) or irradiation (IR), the standard treatment of glioblastoma, could affect their expression. However, a role of NKG2DL for the efficacy of TMZ and IR has never been addressed.Experimental Design: We assessed the effect of TMZ and IR on NKG2DL in vitro and in vivo in a variety of murine and human glioblastoma models, including glioma-initiating cells, and a cohort of paired glioblastoma samples from patients before and after therapy. Functional effects were studied with immune cell assays. The relevance of the NKG2D system for the efficacy of TMZ and IR was assessed in vivo in syngeneic orthotopic glioblastoma models with blocking antibodies and NKG2D knockout mice.Results: TMZ or IR induced NKG2DL in vitro and in vivo in all glioblastoma models, and glioblastoma patient samples had increased levels of NKG2DL after therapy with TMZ and IR. This enhanced the immunogenicity of glioma cells in a NGK2D-dependent manner, was independent from cytotoxic or growth inhibitory effects, attenuated by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), and required the DNA damage response. The survival benefit afforded by TMZ or IR relied on an intact NKG2D system and was decreased upon inhibition of the NKG2D pathway.Conclusions: The immune system may influence the activity of convential cancer treatments with particular importance of the NKG2D pathway in glioblastoma. Our data provide a rationale to combine NKG2D-based immunotherapies with TMZ and IR. Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 882-95. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Silginer
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Pruschy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fan Z, Gu C, Wu Y. Changes of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:9052-9060. [PMID: 31966777 PMCID: PMC6965381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To observe the ratio of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (ACI) and their function changes, and preliminarily explore the mechanism of change in ratio of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in ACI patients. 30 ACI patients enrolled in the neurology department in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016 were selected, and 30 healthy subjects enrolled in the hospital during the same period were selected as healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was detected by flow cytometry, and the correlations between the ratio of Vδ1 T cells and the neurological deficits and infarction size in ACI patients were analyzed. A high proportion of Vδ1 T cells were obtained by in vitro amplification, and high-purity Vδ1 T cells and Naïve CD4 T cells were obtained by flow cytometry and magnetic bead sorting respectively. The effect of Vδ1 T cells on the proliferation of Naïve CD4 T cells and the secretion of IFN-γ were investigated by CFSE staining method; the correlation between the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood and the Ox-LDL level in peripheral blood of ACI patients was analyzed. The Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood were treated by Ox-LDL, and the effect of Ox-LDL on Vδ1 T cell apoptosis was determined by apoptosis staining method. Compared with the healthy control group, the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was significantly decreased (P<0.0001). The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was not significantly correlated with age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia (P>0.05). However, with the gradual aggravation of neurological deficit and gradual increase of infarct volume, the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients decreased gradually. Besides, the functional studies showed that the immunosuppressive functions of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients were also significantly decreased (P<0.0001). The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was negatively correlated with the Ox-LDL level in peripheral blood (r2=0.1691; P=0.0240); the Ox-LDL treatment of Vδ1 T cells induced apoptosis of Vδ1 T cells, and with the increased Ox-LDL concentration, the ratio of Vδ1 T cell apoptosis gradually increased. The decreased ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood and loss of functions in ACI patients lead to the occurrence of immunoinflammatory reactions, which may be one of the possible causes of ACI. In addition, this study also showed that, Ox-LDL could induce Vδ1 T cell apoptosis and lead to decrease in ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood, which may be one of the reasons for decreased ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients. In summary, this study can further help the understanding of the pathogenesis of ACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyao Gu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunqin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Kohanbash G, Carrera DA, Shrivastav S, Ahn BJ, Jahan N, Mazor T, Chheda ZS, Downey KM, Watchmaker PB, Beppler C, Warta R, Amankulor NA, Herold-Mende C, Costello JF, Okada H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations suppress STAT1 and CD8+ T cell accumulation in gliomas. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1425-1437. [PMID: 28319047 DOI: 10.1172/jci90644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes IDH1 and IDH2 are among the first genetic alterations observed during the development of lower-grade glioma (LGG). LGG-associated IDH mutations confer gain-of-function activity by converting α-ketoglutarate to the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Clinical samples and gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrate reduced expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated genes and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines, including CXCL10, in IDH-mutated (IDH-MUT) tumors compared with IDH-WT tumors. Given these findings, we have investigated the impact of IDH mutations on the immunological milieu in LGG. In immortalized normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and syngeneic mouse glioma models, the introduction of mutant IDH1 or treatment with 2HG reduced levels of CXCL10, which was associated with decreased production of STAT1, a regulator of CXCL10. Expression of mutant IDH1 also suppressed the accumulation of T cells in tumor sites. Reductions in CXCL10 and T cell accumulation were reversed by IDH-C35, a specific inhibitor of mutant IDH1. Furthermore, IDH-C35 enhanced the efficacy of vaccine immunotherapy in mice bearing IDH-MUT gliomas. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism of immune evasion in IDH-MUT gliomas and suggest that specific inhibitors of mutant IDH may improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with IDH-MUT gliomas.
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Pressey JG, Adams J, Harkins L, Kelly D, You Z, Lamb LS. In vivo expansion and activation of γδ T cells as immunotherapy for refractory neuroblastoma: A phase 1 study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4909. [PMID: 27684826 PMCID: PMC5265919 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD3+ γδ+ T cells comprise 2% to 5% of circulating T cells with Vγ9Vδ2+ cells the dominant circulating subtype. Vγ9Vδ2+ cells recognize non-peptide phosphoantigens and stress-associated NKG2D ligands expressed on malignant cells. Strategies that incorporate the tumoricidal properties of γδ T cells represent a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for treatment of solid malignancies including neuroblastoma (NB). In this prospective, non-randomized Phase I trial, we assessed whether circulating Vγ9Vδ2+ cells could be safely expanded using intravenous ZOL (Zoledronate [Zometa]) and subcutaneous Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with refractory NB. METHODS Patients 2 to 21 years of age with refractory neuroblastoma with no known curative therapeutic options received ZOL on day 1, and IL-2 on days 1 to 5 and 15 to 19 of each 28-day cycle (n = 4). Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was assessed weekly. Immunophenotyping studies from the treatment group were compared with healthy pediatric controls (n = 16; range, 5y-15y) and of untreated NB disease controls (n = 9; range, 4m-18y). RESULTS Treatment was well tolerated with no unexpected grade 3 and 4 toxicities. Lymphocyte subset counts did not differ significantly between volunteers and disease controls with the exception of γδ+ T cell counts that were significantly higher in healthy volunteers (212 + 93 vs. 89 + 42, P = 0.05). Study patients showed increases in circulating γδ+ T cell count (3-10 fold) after the first week, increasing into the range seen in healthy volunteers (125 + 37, P = 0.1940). Interestingly, all ZOL + IL-2 treated patients showed significant increases in CD3+CD4+CD27CD127 T cells that rose weekly in 2 patients throughout the 4 weeks of observation (maximum 41% and 24% of total CD3+CD4+ T cells, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In summary, combined ZOL and IL-2 is well tolerated and restored γδ+ T cell counts to the normal range with a moderate expansion of Natural Killer cells. Progressive increases in circulating CD4+ T cells with a regulatory phenotype cells may offset beneficial effects of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhiying You
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
| | - Lawrence S. Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology
- Correspondence: Lawrence S. Lamb, Jr, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Suite 510F Wallace Tumor Institute, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294 (e-mail: )
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