1
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Lyu QR, Fu K. Tissue-specific Cre driver mice to study vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107241. [PMID: 37923099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, are the primary cause of mortality and morbidity among the elderly worldwide. The life quality of patients is significantly compromised due to inadequate therapeutic approaches and limited drug targets. To expand our comprehension of vascular diseases, gene knockout (KO) mice, especially conditional knockout (cKO) mice, are widely used for investigating gene function and mechanisms of action. The Cre-loxP system is the most common method for generating cKO mice. Numerous Cre driver mice have been established to study the main cell types that compose blood vessels, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Here, we first discuss the characteristics of each layer of the arterial wall. Next, we provide an overview of the representative Cre driver mice utilized for each of the major cell types in the vessel wall and their most recent applications in vascular biology. We then go over Cre toxicity and discuss the practical methods for minimizing Cre interference in experimental outcomes. Finally, we look into the future of tissue-specific Cre drivers by introducing the revolutionary single-cell RNA sequencing and dual recombinase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Rex Lyu
- Medical Research Center, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Kailong Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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2
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Lotto J, Stephan TL, Hoodless PA. Fetal liver development and implications for liver disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:561-581. [PMID: 37208503 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, digestive and homeostatic roles of the liver are dependent on proper crosstalk and organization of hepatic cell lineages. These hepatic cell lineages are derived from their respective progenitors early in organogenesis in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, contributing to the liver's specialized and diverse microarchitecture. Advances in genomics, lineage tracing and microscopy have led to seminal discoveries in the past decade that have elucidated liver cell lineage hierarchies. In particular, single-cell genomics has enabled researchers to explore diversity within the liver, especially early in development when the application of bulk genomics was previously constrained due to the organ's small scale, resulting in low cell numbers. These discoveries have substantially advanced our understanding of cell differentiation trajectories, cell fate decisions, cell lineage plasticity and the signalling microenvironment underlying the formation of the liver. In addition, they have provided insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease and cancer, in which developmental processes participate in disease emergence and regeneration. Future work will focus on the translation of this knowledge to optimize in vitro models of liver development and fine-tune regenerative medicine strategies to treat liver disease. In this Review, we discuss the emergence of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, advances that have been made in in vitro modelling of liver development and draw parallels between developmental and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tabea L Stephan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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3
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockin of IRES-tdTomato at Ins2 locus reveals no RFP-positive cells in mouse islets. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:42. [PMID: 36652148 PMCID: PMC9849276 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing technology, we constructed a transgenic mouse model to express specific fluorescent protein in pancreatic β cells, which harbor tdTomato exogenous gene downstream of the Ins2 promoter in C57BL/6 J mice. The Ins2-specific single-guide RNA-targeted exon2 was designed for the CRISPR/Cas9 system and Donor vector was constructed at the same time. Then Cas9, sgRNA, and Donor vector were microinjected in vitro into the mouse zygotes that were implanted into pseudo-pregnant mice. We obtained homozygotes through mating heterozygotes, and verified the knockin effect through genotype identification, in vivo imaging, and frozen section. Six F0 mice and stable inherited Ins2-IRES-tdTomato F1 were obtained. Genome sequencing results showed that the knockin group had no change in the Ins2 exon compared with the control group, while only the base sequence of tdTomato was added and no base mutation occurred. However, in vivo imaging and frozen section did not observe the expression of red fluorescent protein (RFP), and the protein expression of knockin gene tdTomato was negative. As a result, the expressions of tdTomato protein and fluorescence intensity were low and the detection threshold was not reached. In the CRISP/Cas9 technique, the exogenous fragment of IRES connection would affect the transcription level of the preceding gene, which in turn would lead to low-level expression of the downstream gene and affect the effect of gene insertion.
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4
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Bowman-Kirigin JA, Desai R, Saunders BT, Wang AZ, Schaettler MO, Liu CJ, Livingstone AJ, Kobayashi DK, Durai V, Kretzer NM, Zipfel GJ, Leuthardt EC, Osbun JW, Chicoine MR, Kim AH, Murphy KM, Johanns TM, Zinselmeyer BH, Dunn GP. The Conventional Dendritic Cell 1 Subset Primes CD8+ T Cells and Traffics Tumor Antigen to Drive Antitumor Immunity in the Brain. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:20-37. [PMID: 36409838 PMCID: PMC10725570 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) antigen-presenting cell (APC) that primes antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses remains undefined. Elsewhere in the body, the conventional dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) performs this role. However, steady-state brain parenchyma cDC1 are extremely rare; cDCs localize to the choroid plexus and dura. Thus, whether the cDC1 play a function in presenting antigen derived from parenchymal sources in the tumor setting remains unknown. Using preclinical glioblastoma (GBM) models and cDC1-deficient mice, we explored the presently unknown role of cDC1 in CNS antitumor immunity. We determined that, in addition to infiltrating the brain tumor parenchyma itself, cDC1 prime neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells against brain tumors and mediate checkpoint blockade-induced survival benefit. We observed that cDC, including cDC1, isolated from the tumor, the dura, and the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes harbored a traceable fluorescent tumor antigen. In patient samples, we observed several APC subsets (including the CD141+ cDC1 equivalent) infiltrating glioblastomas, meningiomas, and dura. In these same APC subsets, we identified a tumor-specific fluorescent metabolite of 5-aminolevulinic acid, which fluorescently labeled tumor cells during fluorescence-guided GBM resection. Together, these data elucidate the specialized behavior of cDC1 and suggest that cDC1 play a significant role in CNS antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Bowman-Kirigin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rupen Desai
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T. Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony Z. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maximilian O. Schaettler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Connor J. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Dale K. Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory J. Zipfel
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric C. Leuthardt
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua W. Osbun
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R. Chicoine
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tanner M. Johanns
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin P. Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center/Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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5
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Harris NR, Bálint L, Dy DM, Nielsen NR, Méndez HG, Aghajanian A, Caron KM. The ebb and flow of cardiac lymphatics: a tidal wave of new discoveries. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:391-432. [PMID: 35953269 PMCID: PMC9576179 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is imbued with a vast lymphatic network that is responsible for fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. Disturbances in the forces that regulate microvascular fluid movement can result in myocardial edema, which has profibrotic and proinflammatory consequences and contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. This review explores the complex relationship between cardiac lymphatics, myocardial edema, and cardiac disease. It covers the revised paradigm of microvascular forces and fluid movement around the capillary as well as the arsenal of preclinical tools and animal models used to model myocardial edema and cardiac disease. Clinical studies of myocardial edema and their prognostic significance are examined in parallel to the recent elegant animal studies discerning the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of cardiac lymphatics in different cardiovascular disease models. This review highlights the outstanding questions of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians regarding the roles of cardiac lymphatics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle M Dy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hernán G Méndez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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6
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Du W, Adkisson C, Ye X, Duran CL, Chellakkan Selvanesan B, Gravekamp C, Oktay MH, McAuliffe JC, Condeelis JS, Panarelli NC, Norgard RJ, Sela Y, Stanger BZ, Entenberg D. SWIP-a stabilized window for intravital imaging of the murine pancreas. Open Biol 2022; 12:210273. [PMID: 35702996 PMCID: PMC9198798 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are grave illnesses with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Intravital imaging (IVI) is a powerful technique for visualizing physiological processes in both health and disease. However, the application of IVI to the murine pancreas presents significant challenges, as it is a deep, compliant, visceral organ that is difficult to access, easily damaged and susceptible to motion artefacts. Existing imaging windows for stabilizing the pancreas during IVI have unfortunately shown poor stability for time-lapsed imaging on the minutes to hours scale, or are unable to accommodate both the healthy and tumour-bearing pancreata. To address these issues, we developed an improved stabilized window for intravital imaging of the pancreas (SWIP), which can be applied to not only the healthy pancreas but also to solid tumours like PDAC. Here, we validate the SWIP and use it to visualize a variety of processes for the first time, including (1) single-cell dynamics within the healthy pancreas, (2) transformation from healthy pancreas to acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein, and (3) the physiology of PDAC in both autochthonous and orthotopically injected models. SWIP can not only improve the imaging stability but also expand the application of IVI in both benign and malignant pancreas diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Breast Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Adkisson
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xianjun Ye
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Camille L. Duran
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John C. McAuliffe
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nicole C. Panarelli
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Norgard
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yogev Sela
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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7
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Collado-Diaz V, Medina-Sanchez JD, Gkountidi AO, Halin C. Imaging leukocyte migration through afferent lymphatics. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:43-57. [PMID: 34708414 PMCID: PMC9298274 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Afferent lymphatics mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes, especially of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (dLNs). As such they play important roles in the induction and regulation of adaptive immunity. Over the past 15 years, great advances in our understanding of leukocyte trafficking through afferent lymphatics have been made through time‐lapse imaging studies performed in tissue explants and in vivo, allowing to visualize this process with cellular resolution. Intravital imaging has revealed that intralymphatic leukocytes continue to actively migrate once they have entered into lymphatic capillaries, as a consequence of the low flow conditions present in this compartment. In fact, leukocytes spend considerable time migrating, patrolling and interacting with the lymphatic endothelium or with other intralymphatic leukocytes within lymphatic capillaries. Cells typically only start to detach once they arrive in downstream‐located collecting vessels, where vessel contractions contribute to enhanced lymph flow. In this review, we will introduce the biology of afferent lymphatic vessels and report on the presumed significance of DC and T cell migration via this route. We will specifically highlight how time‐lapse imaging has contributed to the current model of lymphatic trafficking and the emerging notion that ‐ besides transport – lymphatic capillaries exert additional roles in immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Redder E, Kirschnick N, Bobe S, Hägerling R, Hansmeier NR, Kiefer F. Vegfr3-tdTomato, a reporter mouse for microscopic visualization of lymphatic vessel by multiple modalities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249256. [PMID: 34543279 PMCID: PMC8452004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are indispensable for tissue fluid homeostasis, transport of solutes and dietary lipids and immune cell trafficking. In contrast to blood vessels, which are easily visible by their erythrocyte cargo, lymphatic vessels are not readily detected in the tissue context. Their invisibility interferes with the analysis of the three-dimensional lymph vessel structure in large tissue volumes and hampers dynamic intravital studies on lymphatic function and pathofunction. An approach to overcome these limitations are mouse models, which express transgenic fluorescent proteins under the control of tissue-specific promotor elements. We introduce here the BAC-transgenic mouse reporter strain Vegfr3-tdTomato that expresses a membrane-tagged version of tdTomato under control of Flt4 regulatory elements. Vegfr3-tdTomato mice inherited the reporter in a mendelian fashion and showed selective and stable fluorescence in the lymphatic vessels of multiple organs tested, including lung, kidney, heart, diaphragm, intestine, mesentery, liver and dermis. In this model, tdTomato expression was sufficient for direct visualisation of lymphatic vessels by epifluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, lymph vessels were readily visualized using a number of microscopic modalities including confocal laser scanning, light sheet fluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Due to the early onset of VEGFR-3 expression in venous embryonic vessels and the short maturation time of tdTomato, this reporter offers an interesting alternative to Prox1-promoter driven lymphatic reporter mice for instance to study the developmental differentiation of venous to lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Redder
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bobe
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - René Hägerling
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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9
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Olmeda D, Cerezo-Wallis D, Castellano-Sanz E, García-Silva S, Peinado H, Soengas MS. Physiological models for in vivo imaging and targeting the lymphatic system: Nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113833. [PMID: 34147531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of the lymphatic vasculature has gained great attention in various fields, not only because lymphatic vessels act as a key draining system in the body, but also for their implication in autoimmune diseases, organ transplant, inflammation and cancer. Thus, neolymphangiogenesis, or the generation of new lymphatics, is typically an early event in the development of multiple tumor types, particularly in aggressive ones such as malignant melanoma. Still, the understanding of how lymphatic endothelial cells get activated at distal (pre)metastatic niches and their impact on therapy is still unclear. Addressing these questions is of particular interest in the case of immune modulators, because endothelial cells may favor or halt inflammatory processes depending on the cellular context. Therefore, there is great interest in visualizing the lymphatic vasculature in vivo. Here, we review imaging tools and mouse models used to analyze the lymphatic vasculature during tumor progression. We also discuss therapeutic approaches based on nanomedicines to target the lymphatic system and the potential use of extracellular vesicles to track and target sentinel lymph nodes. Finally, we summarize main pre-clinical models developed to visualize the lymphatic vasculature in vivo, discussing their applications with a particular focus in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olmeda
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Cerezo-Wallis
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Castellano-Sanz
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María S Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Structure and Immune Function of Afferent Lymphatics and Their Mechanistic Contribution to Dendritic Cell and T Cell Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051269. [PMID: 34065513 PMCID: PMC8161367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Afferent lymphatic vessels (LVs) mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), thereby serving as immunologic communication highways between peripheral tissues and LNs. The main cell types migrating via this route are antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-experienced T cells. While DC migration is important for maintenance of tolerance and for induction of protective immunity, T cell migration through afferent LVs contributes to immune surveillance. In recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of lymphatic migration. Specifically, time-lapse imaging has revealed that, upon entry into capillaries, both DCs and T cells are not simply flushed away with the lymph flow, but actively crawl and patrol and even interact with each other in this compartment. Detachment and passive transport to the dLN only takes place once the cells have reached the downstream, contracting collecting vessel segments. In this review, we describe how the anatomy of the lymphatic network supports leukocyte trafficking and provide updated knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for lymphatic migration of DCs and T cells. In addition, we discuss the relevance of DC and T cell migration through afferent LVs and its presumed implications on immunity.
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11
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Polomska AK, Proulx ST. Imaging technology of the lymphatic system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:294-311. [PMID: 32891679 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays critical roles in tissue fluid homeostasis and immunity and has been implicated in the development of many different pathologies, ranging from lymphedema, the spread of cancer to chronic inflammation. In this review, we first summarize the state-of-the-art of lymphatic imaging in the clinic and the advantages and disadvantages of these existing techniques. We then detail recent progress on imaging technology, including advancements in tracer design and injection methods, that have allowed visualization of lymphatic vessels with excellent spatial and temporal resolution in preclinical models. Finally, we describe the different approaches to quantifying lymphatic function that are being developed and discuss some emerging topics for lymphatic imaging in the clinic. Continued advancements in lymphatic imaging technology will be critical for the optimization of diagnostic methods for lymphatic disorders and the evaluation of novel therapies targeting the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Polomska
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- University of Bern, Theodor Kocher Institute, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Neefjes M, Housmans BAC, van den Akker GGH, van Rhijn LW, Welting TJM, van der Kraan PM. Reporter gene comparison demonstrates interference of complex body fluids with secreted luciferase activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1359. [PMID: 33446782 PMCID: PMC7809208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene assays are widely used to study cellular signaling and transcriptional activity. Few studies describe the use of reporter genes for studying cellular responses on complex body fluids, such as urine and blood. Selection of the optimal reporter gene is crucial for study outcome. Here, we compared the characteristics of five reporter genes (Firefly luciferase, stable- and unstable Nano luciferase, secretable Gaussia luciferase and Red Fluorescent Protein) to study complex body fluids. For this comparison, the NFκB Response Element (NFκB-RE) and Smad Binding Element (SBE) were identically cloned into the five different reporter vectors. Reporter characteristics were evaluated by kinetic and concentration–response measurements in SW1353 and HeLa cell lines. Finally, reporter compatibility with complex body fluids (fetal calf serum, knee joint synovial fluid and human serum) and inter-donor variation were evaluated. Red Fluorescent Protein demonstrated poor inducibility as a reporter gene and slow kinetics compared to luciferases. Intracellularly measured luciferases, such as Firefly luciferase and Nano luciferase, revealed good compatibility with complex body fluids. Secreted Gaussia luciferase appeared to be incompatible with complex body fluids, due to variability in inter-donor signal interference. Unstable Nano luciferase demonstrated clear inducibility, high sensitivity and compatibility with complex body fluids and therefore can be recommended for cellular signaling studies using complex body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neefjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B A C Housmans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G G H van den Akker
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L W van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Proulx ST. Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a review of the historical and contemporary evidence for arachnoid villi, perineural routes, and dural lymphatics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2429-2457. [PMID: 33427948 PMCID: PMC8004496 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain and circulates through the subarachnoid space of the skull and spinal column to provide buoyancy to and maintain fluid homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. The question of how CSF drains from the subarachnoid space has long puzzled scientists and clinicians. For many decades, it was believed that arachnoid villi or granulations, outcroppings of arachnoid tissue that project into the dural venous sinuses, served as the major outflow route. However, this concept has been increasingly challenged in recent years, as physiological and imaging evidence from several species has accumulated showing that tracers injected into the CSF can instead be found within lymphatic vessels draining from the cranium and spine. With the recent high-profile rediscovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels located in the dura mater, another debate has emerged regarding the exact anatomical pathway(s) for CSF to reach the lymphatic system, with one side favoring direct efflux to the dural lymphatic vessels within the skull and spinal column and another side advocating for pathways along exiting cranial and spinal nerves. In this review, a summary of the historical and contemporary evidence for the different outflow pathways will be presented, allowing the reader to gain further perspective on the recent advances in the field. An improved understanding of this fundamental physiological process may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for a wide range of neurological conditions, including hydrocephalus, neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Proulx
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Papadopoulos Z, Herz J, Kipnis J. Meningeal Lymphatics: From Anatomy to Central Nervous System Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:286-293. [PMID: 31907271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At steady state, the CNS parenchyma has few to no lymphocytes and less potent Ag-presentation capability compared with other organs. However, the meninges surrounding the CNS host diverse populations of immune cells that influence how CNS-related immune responses develop. Interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid produced in the CNS is continuously drained, and recent advances have emphasized that this process is largely taking place through the lymphatic system. To what extent this fluid process mobilizes CNS-derived Ags toward meningeal immune cells and subsequently the peripheral immune system through the lymphatic vessel network is a question of significant clinical importance for autoimmunity, tumor immunology, and infectious disease. Recent advances in understanding the role of meningeal lymphatics as a communicator between the brain and peripheral immunity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Papadopoulos
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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15
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Jafree DJ, Long DA. Beyond a Passive Conduit: Implications of Lymphatic Biology for Kidney Diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1178-1190. [PMID: 32295825 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney contains a network of lymphatic vessels that clear fluid, small molecules, and cells from the renal interstitium. Through modulating immune responses and via crosstalk with surrounding renal cells, lymphatic vessels have been implicated in the progression and maintenance of kidney disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the development, structure, and function of lymphatic vessels in the healthy adult kidney. We then highlight the contributions of lymphatic vessels to multiple forms of renal pathology, emphasizing CKD, transplant rejection, and polycystic kidney disease and discuss strategies to target renal lymphatics using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. Overall, we argue the case for lymphatics playing a fundamental role in renal physiology and pathology and treatments modulating these vessels having therapeutic potential across the spectrum of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Hu X, Deng Q, Ma L, Li Q, Chen Y, Liao Y, Zhou F, Zhang C, Shao L, Feng J, He T, Ning W, Kong Y, Huo Y, He A, Liu B, Zhang J, Adams R, He Y, Tang F, Bian X, Luo J. Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res 2020; 30:229-243. [PMID: 32094452 PMCID: PMC7054407 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs), which are located both dorsally and basally beneath the skull, provide a route for draining macromolecules and trafficking immune cells from the central nervous system (CNS) into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the roles of MLVs in brain tumor drainage and immunity remain unexplored. Here we show that dorsal MLVs undergo extensive remodeling in mice with intracranial gliomas or metastatic melanomas. RNA-seq analysis of MLV endothelial cells revealed changes in the gene sets involved in lymphatic remodeling, fluid drainage, as well as inflammatory and immunological responses. Disruption of dorsal MLVs alone impaired intratumor fluid drainage and the dissemination of brain tumor cells to deep CLNs (dCLNs). Notably, the dendritic cell (DC) trafficking from intracranial tumor tissues to dCLNs decreased in mice with defective dorsal MLVs, and increased in mice with enhanced dorsal meningeal lymphangiogenesis. Strikingly, disruption of dorsal MLVs alone, without affecting basal MLVs or nasal LVs, significantly reduced the efficacy of combined anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 checkpoint therapy in striatal tumor models. Furthermore, mice bearing tumors overexpressing VEGF-C displayed a better response to anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 combination therapy, and this was abolished by CCL21/CCR7 blockade, suggesting that VEGF-C potentiates checkpoint therapy via the CCL21/CCR7 pathway. Together, the results of our study not only demonstrate the functional aspects of MLVs as classic lymphatic vasculature, but also highlight that they are essential in generating an efficient immune response against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Deng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Chen
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Translational Medicine Center of Stem Cells, 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Shao
- Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Tubao He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Ning
- Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqing Huo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Aibin He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Translational Medicine Center of Stem Cells, 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Ralf Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Yulong He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Jincai Luo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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17
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Peña-Jimenez D, Fontenete S, Megias D, Fustero-Torre C, Graña-Castro O, Castellana D, Loewe R, Perez-Moreno M. Lymphatic vessels interact dynamically with the hair follicle stem cell niche during skin regeneration in vivo. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101688. [PMID: 31475747 PMCID: PMC6769427 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for skin fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. Whether the lymphatic vasculature is associated with hair follicle regeneration is, however, unknown. Here, using steady and live imaging approaches in mouse skin, we show that lymphatic vessels distribute to the anterior permanent region of individual hair follicles, starting from development through all cycle stages and interconnecting neighboring follicles at the bulge level, in a stem cell‐dependent manner. Lymphatic vessels further connect hair follicles in triads and dynamically flow across the skin. At the onset of the physiological stem cell activation, or upon pharmacological or genetic induction of hair follicle growth, lymphatic vessels transiently expand their caliber suggesting an increased tissue drainage capacity. Interestingly, the physiological caliber increase is associated with a distinct gene expression correlated with lymphatic vessel reorganization. Using mouse genetics, we show that lymphatic vessel depletion blocks hair follicle growth. Our findings point toward the lymphatic vasculature being important for hair follicle development, cycling, and organization, and define lymphatic vessels as stem cell niche components, coordinating connections at tissue‐level, thus provide insight into their functional contribution to skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Jimenez
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Fontenete
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diego Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Core Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Donatello Castellana
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Cooperative Research Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert Loewe
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Kilarski WW, Martin C, Pisano M, Bain O, Babayan SA, Swartz MA. Inherent biomechanical traits enable infective filariae to disseminate through collecting lymphatic vessels. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2895. [PMID: 31263185 PMCID: PMC6603047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariases are diseases caused by arthropod-borne filaria nematodes. The related pathologies depend on the location of the infective larvae when their migration, the asymptomatic and least studied phase of the disease, comes to an end. To determine factors assisting in filariae dissemination, we image Litomosoides sigmodontis infective larvae during their escape from the skin. Burrowing through the dermis filariae exclusively enter pre-collecting lymphatics by mechanical disruption of their wall. Once inside collectors, their rapid and unidirectional movement towards the lymph node is supported by the morphology of lymphatic valves. In a microfluidic maze mimicking lymphatic vessels, filariae follow the direction of the flow, the first biomechanical factor capable of helminth guidance within the host. Finally, non-infective nematodes that rely on universal morpho-physiological cues alone also migrate through the dermis, and break in lymphatics, indicating that the ability to spread by the lymphatic route is an ancestral trait rather than acquired parasitic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marco Pisano
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Odile Bain
- UMR7245, MCAM, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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19
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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20
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Tampa, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Jing Q, Qian J. Functions and Regeneration of Mature Cardiac Lymphatic Vessels in Atherosclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:507-515. [PMID: 30339474 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic vessels play a vital role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis both under physiological and pathological conditions. Clearer illustration of the anatomy of cardiac lymphatics has been achieved by fluorescence exhibition comparing to dye injection. Besides, identification of specific lymphatic markers in recent decades paves the way for researches in development and regeneration of cardiac lymphatics, such as VEGF-C/VEGFR-3, EphB4/ephrin-B2, Prox-1, Podoplanin, and Lyve-1. Knocking out each of these markers in mice model also reveals the signaling pathways instructing the formation of cardiac lymphatics. In the major cardiovascular disease series of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), and heart failure, cardiac lymphatics regulate the transportation of extravasated proteins and lipids, inflammatory and immune responses, as well as fluid balance. Elementary intervention methods, such as lymphatic factor protein injection VEGF-C, are applied in murine MI models to restore or enhance functions of lymphatic vessels, achieving improvements in cardiac function. Also, data from our laboratory showed that intramyocardial EphB4 injection also improved lymphatic regeneration in mouse MI model. Therefore, we believe that enhancing functions and regeneration of mature cardiac lymphatic vessels in cardiovascular diseases is of great potential therapeutic meaning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingnan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juying Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Lucas ED, Finlon JM, Burchill MA, McCarthy MK, Morrison TE, Colpitts TM, Tamburini BAJ. Type 1 IFN and PD-L1 Coordinate Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Expansion and Contraction during an Inflammatory Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1735-1747. [PMID: 30045970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) expansion during an immune response is a complex process that involves the relaxation of the fibroblastic network, germinal center formation, and lymphatic vessel growth. These processes require the stromal cell network of the LN to act deliberately to accommodate the influx of immune cells to the LN. The molecular drivers of these processes are not well understood. Therefore, we asked whether the immediate cytokines type 1 IFN produced during viral infection influence the lymphatic network of the LN in mice. We found that following an IFN-inducing stimulus such as viral infection or polyI:C, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is dynamically upregulated on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We found that reception of type 1 IFN by LECs is important for the upregulation of PD-L1 of mouse and human LECs and the inhibition of LEC expansion in the LN. Expression of PD-L1 by LECs is also important for the regulation of LN expansion and contraction after an IFN-inducing stimulus. We demonstrate a direct role for both type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in inhibiting LEC division and in promoting LEC survival. Together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the coordination of type 1 IFN and PD-L1 in manipulating LEC expansion and survival during an inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118; and.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Doh SJ, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Montana M, Guo K, Sauer JR, Curran N, Han KY, Yu C, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:677-698. [PMID: 29971641 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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24
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Parreno J, Cheng C, Nowak RB, Fowler VM. The effects of mechanical strain on mouse eye lens capsule and cellular microstructure. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1963-1974. [PMID: 30088796 PMCID: PMC6232967 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse eye lens was used as a model for multiscale transfer of loads. In the lens, compressive strain is distributed across specific lens tissue microstructures, including the extracellular capsule, as well as the epithelial and fiber cells. The removal of high loads resulted in complete recovery of most, but not all, microstructures. The understanding of multiscale load transfer within complex soft tissues is incomplete. The eye lens is ideal for multiscale mechanical studies because its principal function is to fine-focus light at different distances onto the retina via shape changes. The biomechanical function, resiliency, and intricate microstructure of the lens makes it an excellent nonconnective soft tissue model. We hypothesized that strain applied onto whole-lens tissue leads to deformation of specific microstructures and that this deformation is reversible following load removal. For this examination, mouse lenses were compressed by sequential application of increasing load. Using confocal microscopy and quantitative image analysis, we determined that axial strain ≥10% reduces capsule thickness, expands epithelial cell area, and separates fiber cell tips at the anterior region. At the equatorial region, strain ≥6% increases fiber cell widths. The effects of strain on lens epithelial cell area, capsule thickness, and fiber cell widths are reversible following the release from strain. However, the separation of fiber cell tips is irreversible at high loads. This irreversible separation between fiber cell tips leads to incomplete whole-lens resiliency. The lens is an accessible biomechanical model system that provides new insights on multiscale transfer of loads in soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Parreno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roberta B Nowak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Velia M Fowler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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25
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Miller DR, Jarrett JW, Hassan AM, Dunn AK. Deep Tissue Imaging with Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 4:32-39. [PMID: 29335679 PMCID: PMC5766275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a review of imaging deep-tissue structures with multiphoton microscopy. We examine the effects of light scattering and absorption due to the optical properties of biological sample and identify 1,300 nm and 1,700 nm as ideal excitation wavelengths. We summarize the availability of fluorophores for multiphoton microscopy as well as ultrafast laser sources to excite available fluorophores. Lastly, we discuss the applications of multiphoton microscopy for neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeremy W Jarrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Development and Characterization of A Novel Prox1-EGFP Lymphatic and Schlemm's Canal Reporter Rat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5577. [PMID: 28717161 PMCID: PMC5514086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a key role in tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and fat absorption. We previously reported a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based lymphatic reporter mouse, where EGFP is expressed under the regulation of the Prox1 promoter. This reporter line has been widely used to conveniently visualize lymphatic vessels and other Prox1-expressing tissues such as Schlemm's canal. However, mice have a number of experimental limitations due to small body size. By comparison, laboratory rats are larger in size and more closely model the metabolic, physiological, and surgical aspects of humans. Here, we report development of a novel lymphatic reporter rat using the mouse Prox1-EGFP BAC. Despite the species mismatch, the mouse Prox1-EGFP BAC enabled a reliable expression of EGFP in Prox1-expressing cells of the transgenic rats and allowed a convenient visualization of all lymphatic vessels, including those in the central nervous system, and Schlemm's canal. To demonstrate the utility of this new reporter rat, we studied the contractile properties and valvular functions of mesenteric lymphatics, developed a surgical model for vascularized lymph node transplantation, and confirmed Prox1 expression in venous valves. Together, Prox1-EGFP rat model will contribute to the advancement of lymphatic research as a valuable experimental resource.
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27
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Hunter MC, Teijeira A, Halin C. T Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Vessels. Front Immunol 2016; 7:613. [PMID: 28066423 PMCID: PMC5174098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell migration within and between peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs is essential for proper functioning of adaptive immunity. While active T cell migration within a tissue is fairly slow, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (LVs) serve as speedy highways that enable T cells to travel rapidly over long distances. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell migration out of blood vessels have been intensively studied over the past 30 years. By contrast, less is known about T cell trafficking through the lymphatic vasculature. This migratory process occurs in one manner within lymph nodes (LNs), where recirculating T cells continuously exit into efferent lymphatics to return to the blood circulation. In another manner, T cell trafficking through lymphatics also occurs in peripheral tissues, where T cells exit the tissue by means of afferent lymphatics, to migrate to draining LNs and back into blood. In this review, we highlight how the anatomy of the lymphatic vasculature supports T cell trafficking and review current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular requirements of T cell migration through LVs. Finally, we summarize and discuss recent insights regarding the presumed relevance of T cell trafficking through afferent lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Hunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Schaupper M, Jeltsch M, Rohringer S, Redl H, Holnthoner W. Lymphatic Vessels in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:395-407. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Schaupper
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:733-749. [PMID: 28105461 PMCID: PMC5240041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
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30
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Seyfizadeh N, Muthuswamy R, Mitchell DA, Nierkens S, Seyfizadeh N. Migration of dendritic cells to the lymph nodes and its enhancement to drive anti-tumor responses. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 107:100-110. [PMID: 27823637 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Better prognoses associated with increased T cell infiltration of tumors, as seen with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, portray the importance and potential of the immune system in controlling tumors. This has rejuvenated the field of cancer immunotherapy leading to an increasing number of immunotherapies developed for cancer patients. Dendritic Cells (DCs) vaccines represent an appealing option for cancer immunotherapy since DCs have the ability to circumvent tolerance to tumors by its adjuvant properties and to induce memory T cells that can become persistent after initial tumor clearance to engage potential metastatic tumors. In the past, DC-based cancer vaccines have elicited only poor clinical response in cancer patients, which can be attributed to complex and a multitude of issues associated with generation, implementing, delivery of DC vaccine and their potential interaction with effector cells. The current review mainly focuses on migration/trafficking of DCs, as one of the key issues that affect the success of DC-based cancer vaccines, and discusses strategies to enhance it for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, impact of maturation, route of DC delivery and negative effects of tumor microenvironment (TME) on DC homing to LN are reviewed. Moreover, strategies to increase the expression of genes involved in Lymph node homing, preconditioning of the vaccination site, enhancing lymph node ability to attract and receive DCs, while limiting negative impact of TME on DC migration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Seyfizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Duane A Mitchell
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, U-DAIR, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nayer Seyfizadeh
- Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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31
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Venero Galanternik M, Stratman AN, Jung HM, Butler MG, Weinstein BM. Building the drains: the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:689-710. [PMID: 27576003 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is comprised of a network of endothelial vessels found in close proximity to but separated from the blood vasculature. An essential tissue component of all vertebrates, lymphatics are responsible for the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, dissemination of immune cells, and lipid reabsorption under healthy conditions. When lymphatic vessels are impaired due to invasive surgery, genetic disorders, or parasitic infections, severe fluid build-up accumulates in the affected tissues causing a condition known as lymphedema. Malignant tumors can also directly activate lymphangiogenesis and use these vessels to promote the spread of metastatic cells. Although their first description goes back to the times of Hippocrates, with subsequent anatomical characterization at the beginning of the 20th-century, the lack of identifying molecular markers and tools to visualize these translucent vessels meant that investigation of lymphatic vessels fell well behind research of blood vessels. However, after years under the shadow of the blood vasculature, recent advances in imaging technologies and new genetic and molecular tools have accelerated the pace of research on lymphatic vessel development. These new tools have facilitated both work in classical mammalian models and the emergence of new powerful vertebrate models like zebrafish, quickly driving the field of lymphatic development back into the spotlight. In this review, we summarize the highlights of recent research on the development and function of the lymphatic vascular network in health and disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:689-710. doi: 10.1002/wdev.246 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venero Galanternik
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber N Stratman
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyun Min Jung
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew G Butler
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Hong M, Jung E, Yang S, Jung W, Seong YJ, Park E, Bramos A, Kim KE, Lee S, Daghlian G, Seo JI, Choi I, Choi IS, Koh CJ, Kobielak A, Ying QL, Johnson M, Gardner D, Wong AK, Choi D, Hong YK. Efficient Assessment of Developmental, Surgical and Pathological Lymphangiogenesis Using a Lymphatic Reporter Mouse and Its Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157126. [PMID: 27280889 PMCID: PMC4900649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lymphatic reporter mouse lines have recently been developed to significantly improve imaging of lymphatic vessels. Nonetheless, the usage of direct visualization of lymphatic vessels has not been fully explored and documented. Here, we characterized a new Prox1-tdTomato transgenic lymphatic reporter mouse line, and demonstrated how this animal tool enables the researchers to efficiently assess developmental, surgical and pathological lymphangiogenesis by direct visualization of lymphatic vessels. Moreover, we have derived embryonic stem cells from this reporter line, and successfully differentiated them into lymphatic vessels in vivo. In conclusion, these experimental tools and techniques will help advance lymphatic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eunson Jung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Yang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wonhyuek Jung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Young Jin Seong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Athanasios Bramos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kyu Eui Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sunju Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Daghlian
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jung In Seo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Inho Choi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seon Choi
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Kobielak
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, Room 2107, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Qi-Long Ying
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Gardner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alex K. Wong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DC); (YH)
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DC); (YH)
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Vennin C, Herrmann D, Lucas MC, Timpson P. Intravital imaging reveals new ancillary mechanisms co-opted by cancer cells to drive tumor progression. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239290 PMCID: PMC4870995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is providing new insights into the dynamics of tumor progression in native tissues and has started to reveal the layers of complexity found in cancer. Recent advances in intravital imaging have allowed us to look deeper into cancer behavior and to dissect the interactions between tumor cells and the ancillary host niche that promote cancer development. In this review, we provide an insight into the latest advances in cancer biology achieved by intravital imaging, focusing on recently discovered mechanisms by which tumor cells manipulate normal tissue to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang Attenuates Inflammation of TNF-Tg Mice Related to Promoting Lymphatic Drainage Function. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7067691. [PMID: 27239212 PMCID: PMC4863122 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7067691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang (DHJST) attenuate inflammation of RA related to lymphatic drainage function in vivo, we treated eight 3-month-old TNF-Tg mice with DHJST (12 g/kg) or the same volume of physiological saline once every day for 12 weeks, and 3-month-old WT littermates were used as negative control. After twelve weeks, we performed NIR-ICG imaging and found that DHJST increased the ICG clearance at the footpad and the pulse of efferent lymphatic vessel between popliteal lymph node and footpad. Histology staining at ankle joints showed that DHJST decreases synovial inflammation, bone erosion, cartilage erosion, and TRAP+ osteoclast area in TNF-Tg mice. Immunohistochemical staining by using anti-Lyve-1 and anti-podoplanin antibody showed that DHJST stimulated lymphangiogenesis in ankle joints of TNF-Tg mice. And zebrafish study suggested that DHJST promoted the formation of lymphatic thoracic duct. In conclusion, DHJST inhibits inflammation severity and promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage function of TNF-Tg mice.
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Lymphatic endothelial lineage assemblage during corneal lymphangiogenesis. J Transl Med 2016; 96:270-82. [PMID: 26658452 PMCID: PMC4767586 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis presumably requires precise regulatory processes to properly assemble proliferating lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The specific mechanisms that regulate the assembly of LECs during new lymphatic vessel synthesis are unclear. Dynamic endothelial shuffling and rearrangement has been proposed as a mechanism of blood vessel growth. We developed genetic lineage-tracing strategies using an inductive transgenic technology to track the fate of entire tandem dimer tomato-positive (tdT) lymphatic vessels or small, in some cases clonal, populations of LECs. We coupled this platform with a suture-induced mouse model of corneal lymphangiogenesis and used different analytic microscopy techniques including serial live imaging to study the spatial properties of proliferating tdT(+) LEC progenies. LEC precursors and their progeny expanded from the corneal limbal lymphatic vessel and were assembled contiguously to comprise a subunit within a new lymphatic vessel. VE-cadherin blockade induced morphologic abnormalities in newly synthesized lymphatic vessels, but did not disrupt the tdT(+) lymphatic endothelial lineage assembly. Analysis of this static and dynamic data based largely on direct in vivo observations supports a model of lymphatic endothelial lineage assemblage during corneal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis.
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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Hirosue S, Dubrot J. Modes of Antigen Presentation by Lymph Node Stromal Cells and Their Immunological Implications. Front Immunol 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26441957 PMCID: PMC4561840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is no longer the exclusive domain of cells of hematopoietic origin. Recent works have demonstrated that lymph node stromal cell (LNSC) populations, such as fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells, not only provide a scaffold for lymphocyte interactions but also exhibit active immunomodulatory roles that are critical to mounting and resolving effective immune responses. Importantly, LNSCs possess the ability to present antigens and establish antigen-specific interactions with T cells. One example is the expression of peripheral tissue antigens, which are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules with tolerogenic consequences on T cells. Additionally, exogenous antigens, including self and tumor antigens, can be processed and presented on MHC-I complexes, which result in dysfunctional activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. While MHC-I is widely expressed on cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins, antigen presentation via MHC-II is more precisely regulated. Nevertheless, LNSCs are capable of endogenously expressing, or alternatively, acquiring MHC-II molecules. Transfer of antigen between LNSC and dendritic cells in both directions has been recently suggested to promote tolerogenic roles of LNSCs on the CD4+ T cell compartment. Thus, antigen presentation by LNSCs is thought to be a mechanism that promotes the maintenance of peripheral tolerance as well as generates a pool of diverse antigen-experienced T cells for protective immunity. This review aims to integrate the current and emerging literature to highlight the importance of LNSCs in immune responses, and emphasize their role in antigen trafficking, retention, and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève , Geneva , Switzerland
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