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Slivka EV, Shilova NV, Obraztsova EA, Kapustkina DS, Khaidukov SV, Nokel AY, Ryzhov IM, Henry SM, Bovin NV, Rapoport EM. Surface Glycans of Microvesicles Derived from Endothelial Cells, as Probed Using Plant Lectins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5725. [PMID: 38891913 PMCID: PMC11171894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycans of MVs are proposed to be candidates for mediating targeting specificity or at least promoting it. In contrast to exosomes, glycomic studies of MVs are largely absent. We studied the glycoprofile of endothelial cell-derived MVs using 21 plant lectins, and the results show the dominance of oligolactosamines and their α2-6-sialylated forms as N-glycans and low levels of α2-3-sialylated glycans. The low levels of α2-3-sialosides could not be explained by the action of extracellular glycosidases. Additionally, the level of some Man-containing glycans was also decreased in MVs. Spatial masking as the causative relationship between these low level glycans (as glycosphingolipids) by integral proteins or proteoglycans (thus, their lack of interaction with lectins) seems unlikely. The results suggest that integral proteins do not pass randomly into MVs, but instead only some types, differing in terms of their specific glycosylation, are integrated into MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Slivka
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Shilova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Obraztsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Daria S. Kapustkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Sergey V. Khaidukov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexey Yu. Nokel
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Ivan M. Ryzhov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Stephen M. Henry
- School of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Eugenia M. Rapoport
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.V.S.); (N.V.S.); (I.M.R.); (E.M.R.)
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Qin Z, Nai Z, Li G, He X, Wang W, Xia J, Chao W, Li L, Jiang X, Liu D. The Oral Inactivated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Presenting in the Intestine Induces Mucosal Immunity in Mice with Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050889. [PMID: 36899746 PMCID: PMC10000104 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV, which causes diarrhea, vomiting and death in piglets, causes huge economic losses. Therefore, understanding how to induce mucosal immune responses in piglets is essential in the mechanism and application against PEDV infection with mucosal immunity. A method of treatment in our research was used to make an oral vaccine that packaged the inactive PEDV with microencapsulation, which consisted of sodium alginate and chitosan, and adapted the condition of the gut in mice. The in vitro release experiment of microcapsules showed that inactive PEDV was not only easily released in saline and acid solutions but also had an excellent storage tolerance, and was suitable for use as an oral vaccine. Interestingly, both experimental groups with different doses of inactive virus enhanced the secretion of specific antibodies in the serum and intestinal mucus, which caused the effective neutralization against PEDV in the Vero cell by both IgG and IgA, respectively. Moreover, the microencapsulation could stimulate the differentiation of CD11b+ and CD11c+ dendritic cells, which means that the microencapsulation was also identified as an oral adjuvant to help phagocytosis of dendritic cells in mice. Flow cytometry revealed that the B220+ and CD23+ of the B cells could significantly increase antibody production with the stimulation from the antigens' PEDV groups, and the microencapsulation could also increase the cell viability of B cells, stimulating the secretion of antibodies such as IgG and IgA in mice. In addition, the microencapsulation promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-17, were inhibited by alginate and chitosan in the microencapsulation groups compared with the inactivated PEDV group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the microparticle could play the role of mucosal adjuvant, and release inactivated PEDV in the gut, which can effectively stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zida Nai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinmiao He
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jiqiao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-451-55190722 (X.J. & D.L.)
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-451-55190722 (X.J. & D.L.)
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Bhadra A, Scruggs AK, Leavesley SJ, Annamdevula N, George AH, Britain AL, Francis CM, Knighten JM, Rich TC, Bauer NN. Extracellular vesicle-induced cyclic AMP signaling. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110348. [PMID: 35504529 PMCID: PMC10676271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Second messenger signaling is required for cellular processes. We previously reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stimulated cultured endothelial cells contain the biochemical second messenger, cAMP. In the current study, we sought to determine whether cAMP-enriched EVs induce second messenger signaling pathways in naïve recipient cells. Our results indicate that cAMP-enriched EVs increase cAMP content sufficient to stimulate PKA activity. The implications of our work are that EVs represent a novel intercellular mechanism for second messenger, specifically cAMP, signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhadra
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - April K Scruggs
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Silas J Leavesley
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Naga Annamdevula
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - April H George
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Andrea L Britain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Christopher M Francis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jennifer M Knighten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Thomas C Rich
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Natalie N Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States of America.
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Loewen RT, Waxman S, Wang C, Atta S, Chen S, Watkins SC, Watson AM, Loewen NA. 3D-Reconstruction of the human conventional outflow system by ribbon scanning confocal microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232833. [PMID: 32421732 PMCID: PMC7233539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk for glaucoma is driven by the microanatomy and function of the anterior segment. We performed a computation-intense, high-resolution, full-thickness ribbon-scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM) of the outflow tract of two human eyes. We hypothesized this would reveal important species differences when compared to existing data of porcine eyes, an animal that does not spontaneously develop glaucoma. METHODS After perfusing two human octogenarian eyes with lectin-fluorophore conjugate and optical clearance with benzyl alcohol benzyl benzoate (BABB), anterior segments were scanned by RSCM and reconstructed in 3D for whole-specimen rendering. Morphometric analyses of the outflow tract were performed for the trabecular meshwork (TM), limbal, and perilimbal outflow structures and compared to existing porcine data. RESULTS RSCM provided high-resolution data for IMARIS-based surface reconstruction of outflow tract structures in 3D. Different from porcine eyes with an abundance of highly interconnected, narrow, and short collector channels (CCs), human eyes demonstrated fewer CCs which had a 1.5x greater cross-sectional area (CSA) and 2.6x greater length. Proximal CC openings at the level of Schlemm's canal (SC) had a 1.3x larger CSA than distal openings into the scleral vascular plexus (SVP). CCs were 10.2x smaller in volume than the receiving SVP vessels. Axenfeld loops, projections of the long ciliary nerve, were also visualized. CONCLUSION In this high-resolution, volumetric RSCM analysis, human eyes had far fewer outflow tract vessels than porcine eyes. Human CCs spanned several clock-hours and were larger than in porcine eyes. These species differences may point to factors downstream of the TM that increase our vulnerability to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa T. Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Atta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Watson
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nils A. Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Arokiasamy S, King R, Boulaghrasse H, Poston RN, Nourshargh S, Wang W, Voisin MB. Heparanase-Dependent Remodeling of Initial Lymphatic Glycocalyx Regulates Tissue-Fluid Drainage During Acute Inflammation in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2316. [PMID: 31636638 PMCID: PMC6787176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a dense layer of carbohydrate chains involved in numerous and fundamental biological processes, such as cellular and tissue homeostasis, inflammation and disease development. Composed of membrane-bound glycoproteins, sulfated proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan side-chains, this structure is particularly essential for blood vascular barrier functions and leukocyte diapedesis. Interestingly, whilst the glycocalyx of blood vascular endothelium has been extensively studied, little is known about the composition and function of this glycan layer present on tissue-associated lymphatic vessels (LVs). Here, we applied confocal microscopy to characterize the composition of endothelial glycocalyx of initial lymphatic capillaries in murine cremaster muscles during homeostatic and inflamed conditions using an anti-heparan sulfate (HS) antibody and a panel of lectins recognizing different glycan moieties of the glycocalyx. Our data show the presence of HS, α-D-galactosyl moieties, α2,3-linked sialic acids and, to a lesser extent, N-Acetylglucosamine moieties. A similar expression profile was also observed for LVs of mouse and human skins. Interestingly, inflammation of mouse cremaster tissues or ear skin as induced by TNF-stimulation induced a rapid (within 16 h) remodeling of the LV glycocalyx, as observed by reduced expression of HS and galactosyl moieties, whilst levels of α2,3-linked sialic acids remains unchanged. Furthermore, whilst this response was associated with neutrophil recruitment from the blood circulation and their migration into tissue-associated LVs, specific neutrophil depletion did not impact LV glycocalyx remodeling. Mechanistically, treatment with a non-anticoagulant heparanase inhibitor suppressed LV HS degradation without impacting neutrophil migration into LVs. Interestingly however, inhibition of glycocalyx degradation reduced the capacity of initial LVs to drain interstitial fluid during acute inflammation. Collectively, our data suggest that rapid remodeling of endothelial glycocalyx of tissue-associated LVs supports drainage of fluid and macromolecules but has no role in regulating neutrophil trafficking out of inflamed tissues via initial LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Arokiasamy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross King
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hidayah Boulaghrasse
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Poston
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Sayner SL, Choi CS, Maulucci ME, Ramila KC, Zhou C, Scruggs AK, Yarbrough T, Blair LA, King JA, Seifert R, Kaever V, Bauer NN. Extracellular vesicles: another compartment for the second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L691-L700. [PMID: 30758991 PMCID: PMC6483015 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00282.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger, cAMP, is highly compartmentalized to facilitate signaling specificity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron, intact vesicles released from many cell types that can act as biomarkers or be involved in cell-to-cell communication. Although it is well recognized that EVs encapsulate functional proteins and RNAs/miRNAs, currently it is unclear whether cyclic nucleotides are encapsulated within EVs to provide an additional second messenger compartment. Using ultracentrifugation, EVs were isolated from the culture medium of unstimulated systemic and pulmonary endothelial cells. EVs were also isolated from pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) following stimulation of transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram over time. Whereas cAMP was detected in EVs isolated from endothelial cells derived from different vascular beds, it was highest in EVs isolated from PMVECs. Treatment of PMVECs with agents that increase near-membrane cAMP led to an increase in cAMP within corresponding EVs, yet there was no increase in EV number. Elevated cell cAMP, measured by whole cell measurements, peaked 15 min after treatment, yet in EVs the peak increase in cAMP was delayed until 60 min after cell stimulation. Cyclic AMP was also increased in EVs collected from the perfusate of isolated rat lungs stimulated with isoproterenol and rolipram, thus corroborating cell culture findings. When added to unperturbed confluent PMVECs, EVs containing elevated cAMP were not barrier disruptive like cytosolic cAMP but maintained monolayer resistance. In conclusion, PMVECs release EVs containing cAMP, providing an additional compartment to cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Sayner
- Department of Physiology Cell Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Chung-Sik Choi
- Department of Physiology Cell Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Marcy E Maulucci
- Department of Physiology Cell Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - K C Ramila
- Department of Physiology Cell Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Physiology Cell Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - April K Scruggs
- Department of Physiology Pharmacology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Thomas Yarbrough
- Department of Physiology Biochemistry, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Leslie A Blair
- Department of Physiology Pharmacology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
| | - Judy A King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hanover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit, Metabolomics, Hanover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Natalie N Bauer
- Department of Physiology Pharmacology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama , Mobile, Alabama
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Waxman S, Loewen RT, Dang Y, Watkins SC, Watson AM, Loewen NA. High-Resolution, Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Outflow Tract Demonstrates Segmental Differences in Cleared Eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2371-2380. [PMID: 29847643 PMCID: PMC5939687 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The rate of conventional aqueous humor outflow is the highest nasally. We hypothesized that this is reflected in regionally different outflow structures and analyzed the entire limbus by high-resolution, full-thickness ribbon-scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM). Methods We perfused pig eyes by anterior chamber cannulation with eight lectin-fluorophore conjugates, followed by optical clearance with benzyl alcohol benzyl benzoate (BABB). RSCM and advanced analysis software (Imaris) were used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D), whole-specimen rendering of the perilimbal outflow structures. We performed morphometric analyses of the outflow tract from the level of the trabecular meshwork (TM) to the scleral vascular plexus (SVP). Results Except for pigmented structures, BABB cleared the entire eye. Rhodamine-conjugated Glycine max agglutinin (soybean [SBA]) labeled the outflow tract evenly and retained fluorescence for months. RSCM produced terabyte-sized files allowing for in silico dissection of outflow tract vessels at a high resolution and in 3D. Networks of interconnected lumens were traced from the TM to downstream drainage structures. The collector channel (CC) volumes were 10 times smaller than the receiving SVP vessels, the largest of which were in the inferior limbus. Proximal CC diameters were up to four times the size of distal diameters and more elliptical at their proximal ends. The largest CCs were found in the superonasal and inferonasal quadrants where the highest outflow occurs. Conclusion RSCM of cleared eyes enabled high-resolution, volumetric analysis of the outflow tract. The proximal structures had greater diameters nasally, whereas the SVP was larger in the inferior limbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging and the Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alan M Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging and the Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Letsiou E, Bauer N. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles in Pulmonary Function and Disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:197-256. [PMID: 30360780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary vascular endothelium is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases. Endothelial cell (EC)-derived products such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as EC messengers that mediate inflammatory as well as cytoprotective effects. EC-EVs are a broad term, which encompasses exosomes and microvesicles of endothelial origin. EVs are comprised of lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins that reflect not only the cellular origin but also the stimulus that triggered their biogenesis and secretion. This chapter presents an overview of the biology of EC-EVs and summarizes key findings regarding their characteristics, components, and functions. The role of EC-EVs is specifically delineated in pulmonary diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction, including pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome and associated conditions, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.
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Qureshi SH, Patel NN, Murphy GJ. Vascular endothelial cell changes in postcardiac surgery acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F726-F735. [PMID: 29357431 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common complication of cardiac surgery; however, the phenotype of this condition is poorly defined. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in endothelial structure and function that underlie postcardiopulmonary bypass (post-CPB) AKI. Adult pigs ( n = 16) were randomized to undergo the following procedures ( n = 8 per group): group 1: sham operation, neck dissection with 2.5 h of general anesthesia; and group 2: CPB, 2.5 h of cardiopulmonary bypass. CPB resulted in the depletion of specific epitopes of glycosaminoglycans side chains of the endothelial glycocalyx: Dolichos biflorus agglutinin: mean difference (MD) [95% confidence interval (CI)], P value: -0.26 (-0.42, -0.09), P = 0.0024, Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ) agglutinin: -0.83 (-1.2, -0.38), P = 0.0005, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1: -0.25 (-0.49, -0.009), P = 0.041; endothelial membrane protein: thrombomodulin: -3.13 (-5.6, -0.65), P = 0.02; and adherens junction: VE-cadherin: -1.06 (-1.98, -0.145), P = 0.02. CPB also resulted in reductions in microvascular cortical perfusion: -0.62 (-1.02, -0.22), P = 0.006, and increased renal cortex adenosine levels: 2.32 (0.83, 3.8), P = 0.0059. These changes were accompanied by significant reduction in creatinine clearance at 1.5 h postintervention, MD 95% CI; -51.7 (-99.7, -3.7), P = 0.037, and at 24 h, MD (95% CI): -47.3 (-87.7, -7.6), P = 0.023, and proteinuria immediately postintervention MD (95% CI): 18.79 (2.17, 35.4), P = 0.03 vs. sham. In our experimental CPB model, endothelial injury was associated with loss of autoregulation, increase in microvascular permeability, and reduced glomerular filtration. Interventions that promote endothelial homeostasis may have clinical utility in the prevention of postcardiac surgery AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib H Qureshi
- University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Nishith N Patel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Murphy
- University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
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Hare NJ, Lee LY, Loke I, Britton WJ, Saunders BM, Thaysen-Andersen M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Manipulates the Glycosylation Machinery and the N-Glycoproteome of Human Macrophages and Their Microparticles. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:247-263. [PMID: 27760463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prevalent and lethal infectious disease. The glycobiology associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of frontline alveolar macrophages is still unresolved. Herein, we investigated the regulation of protein N-glycosylation in human macrophages and their secreted microparticles (MPs) used for intercellular communication upon M. tb infection. LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and glycomics were performed to monitor the regulation of glycosylation enzymes and receptors and the N-glycome in in vitro-differentiated macrophages and in isolated MPs upon M. tb infection. Infection promoted a dramatic regulation of the macrophage proteome. Most notably, significant infection-dependent down-regulation (4-26 fold) of 11 lysosomal exoglycosidases, e.g., β-galactosidase, β-hexosaminidases and α-/β-mannosidases, was observed. Relative weak infection-driven transcriptional regulation of these exoglycosidases and a stronger augmentation of the extracellular hexosaminidase activity demonstrated that the lysosome-centric changes may originate predominantly from infection-induced secretion of the lysosomal content. The macrophages showed heterogeneous N-glycan profiles and displayed significant up-regulation of complex-type glycosylation and concomitant down-regulation of paucimannosylation upon infection. Complementary intact N-glycopeptide analysis supported a subcellular-specific manipulation of the glycosylation machinery and altered glycosylation patterns of lysosomal N-glycoproteins within infected macrophages. Interestingly, the corresponding macrophage-derived MPs displayed unique N-glycome and proteome signatures supporting a preferential packaging from plasma membranes. The MPs were devoid of infection-dependent N-glycosylation signatures, but interestingly displayed increased levels of the glyco-initiating oligosaccharyltransferase complex and associated α-glucosidases that correlated with increased formation, N-glycan precursor levels and N-glycan density of infected MPs. In conclusion, this system-wide study provides new insight into the host- and pathogen-driven N-glycoproteome manipulation of macrophages in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Hare
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Discipline of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Ling Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Discipline of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Bernadette M Saunders
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Discipline of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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