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Lattos A, Makri V, Papadopoulos DK, Gourzioti E, Pagonis C, Georgoulis I, Karagiannis D, Theodorou JA, Michaelidis B, Giantsis IA, Feidantsis K. Molecular characterization of Lernathropus kroyeri from intensive aquaculture and pathophysiology of infested sea bass. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109576. [PMID: 38670414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The copepod Lernathropus kroyeri constitutes one of the major parasites for the Mediterranean aquaculture, infesting the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax causing thus disruptions of growth performance and occasionally mortalities. Despite the large spread and the high frequency of this parasite in mariculture farms of Eastern Mediterranean, L. kroyeri genetic profile from aquaculture as well as the pathophysiological response of D. labrax have not been studied so far. Keeping this in mind, in the present study we investigated the L. kroyeri infestation on D. labrax from two farms in Greece, examining both healthy and heavy parasitized individuals. Assays included histopathology, phylogenetic reconstruction of the parasite and physiological response of the fish by the means of antioxidant, inflammatory metabolic and stress related gene expression analysis at both mRNA and protein levels. Genetic analysis indicated that L. kroyeri composes a monophyletic group, highly phylogenetically distant from other congeneric groups. Heavy infested D. labrax witnessed a significantly increased immune response that further led to oxidative stress and metabolic alterations. Overall, our results demonstrate the, seasonally independent, high infestation of this parasitic copepods, which continue to affect Mediterranean intensive aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Makri
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Papadopoulos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia Gourzioti
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GR-43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Charalampos Pagonis
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GR-43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgoulis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology - Culture and Pathology of Aquatic Animals, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John A Theodorou
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504, Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504, Mesolonghi, Greece.
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2
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Serradell A, Montero D, Terova G, Rimoldi S, Makol A, Acosta F, Bajek A, Haffray P, Allal F, Torrecillas S. Functional Additives in a Selected European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Genotype: Effects on the Stress Response and Gill Antioxidant Response to Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2265. [PMID: 37508043 PMCID: PMC10376812 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional ingredients have profiled as suitable candidates for reinforcing the fish antioxidant response and stress tolerance. In addition, selective breeding strategies have also demonstrated a correlation between fish growth performance and susceptibility to stressful culture conditions as a key component in species domestication processes. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ability of a selected high-growth genotype of 300 days post-hatch European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles to use different functional additives as endogenous antioxidant capacity and stress resistance boosters when supplemented in low fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) diets. Three isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (10% FM/6% FO) were supplemented with 200 ppm of a blend of garlic and Labiatae plant oils (PHYTO0.02), 1000 ppm of a mixture of citrus flavonoids and Asteraceae and Labiatae plant essential oils (PHYTO0.1) or 5000 ppm of galactomannan-oligosaccharides (GMOS0.5). A reference diet was void of supplementation. The fish were fed the experimental diets for 72 days and subjected to a H2O2 exposure oxidative stress challenge. The fish stress response was evaluated through measuring the circulating plasma cortisol levels and the fish gill antioxidant response by the relative gene expression analysis of nfΚβ2, il-1b, hif-1a, nd5, cyb, cox, sod, cat, gpx, tnf-1α and caspase 9. After the oxidative stress challenge, the genotype origin determined the capacity of the recovery of basal cortisol levels after an acute stress response, presenting GS fish with a better pattern of recovery. All functional diets induced a significant upregulation of cat gill gene expression levels compared to fish fed the control diet, regardless of the fish genotype. Altogether, suggesting an increased capacity of the growth selected European sea bass genotype to cope with the potential negative side-effects associated to an H2O2 bath exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Serradell
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Daniel Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alex Makol
- Global Solution Aquaculture Unit, Delacon Biotechnik Gmbh, 4209 Engerwitzdorf, Austria
| | - Félix Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Aline Bajek
- Ecloserie Marine de Graveline Ichtus, Route des Enrochements, 59820 Gravelines, France
| | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF, French Association of Poultry and Aquaculture Breeders, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
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3
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Basto A, Valente LMP, Sousa V, Conde-Sieira M, Soengas JL. Total fishmeal replacement by defatted Tenebrio molitor larvae meal induces alterations in intermediary metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Anim Sci 2023; 101:7030627. [PMID: 36749357 PMCID: PMC9985153 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The replacement of fishmeal (FM) by insect meal (IM) in aquafeed formulation has been thoroughly studied lately, but little is known about their impact on nutrient metabolism of fish. This study evaluated the impact not only of partial but also total FM replacement by IM on intermediary metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). A fishmeal-based diet was used as a control (CTRL) and two other diets were formulated to include 20% and 40% of defatted Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (dTM), replacing 50% (TM50) and 100% (TM100) of fishmeal (FM), respectively. After a 16-week feeding trial, a multidisciplinary approach including assessment of histological, biochemical, molecular, and enzymatic parameters was adopted to investigate hepatic and plasmatic responses to the different dietary formulations. The results obtained demonstrated that dTM can be successfully used to replace 50% of FM in diets for European sea bass, without adversely affecting liver health or intermediary metabolism of nutrients. As for TM100, although no signs of steatosis were observed in the liver, the activity of glycolytic and lipogenic genes and enzymes increased when compared to CTRL diet (P < 0.05), resulting in higher levels of plasmatic non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerides (P < 0.05), which in the long-term may compromise fish health, thus precluding such a high degree of substitution for use in practical diets for European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Basto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research -University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal.,ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.,Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research -University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal.,ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Vera Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research -University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal.,ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
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Genome-wide association study of host resistance to the ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the Amazon fish Colossoma macropomum. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:599-607. [PMID: 36367660 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is the most important native fish species farmed in South America, particularly in Brazil, where its production is limited in the southern and southeastern regions due to disease outbreaks caused by the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Therefore, genome level analysis to understand the genetic architecture of the host resistance against I. multifiliis is fundamental to improve this trait in tambaqui. The objective of the present study was to map QTL (quantitative trait loci) associated with resistance to I. multifiliis in tambaqui by GWAS (genome-wide association study). METHODS AND RESULTS Individuals belonging to seven families, which were previously submitted to an experimental challenge to assess the natural resistance to the parasite I. multifiliis, were used for genomic analysis. A total of 7717 SNPs were identified in this population by ddRAD (double digest restriction site associated DNA). GWAS revealed four SNPs significantly associated in the LGs (linkage groups) 2, 9, 11 and 20 for the traits time of death and parasite load. The SNPs explained a low proportion of the variance to I. multifiliis resistance for time of death and parasite load (about 0.622% and 0.375%, respectively). The SNPs were close to 11 genes related to the immune system: abcf3, znf830, ccr9, gli3, ackr4, tbata, ndr2, tgfbr3, nhej1, znf644b, and cldn10a. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the resistance to I. multifiliis is probably under polygenic control in tambaqui, in which different QTLs of low variance can be involved in the immune responses against this ectoparasite.
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5
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Holen E, Espe M, Larsen AK, Olsvik PA. Dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl exposure impair transcription of immune-, detoxification- and redox signaling genes in leukocytes isolated from cod (Gadus morhua). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:549-560. [PMID: 35803506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of new environmental toxicants increase with the amount of plant ingredients substituting marine proteins and oils in feed for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salma salar). Agricultural pesticides like chlorpyrifos-methyl, present in commercial salmon feeds, may affect salmon immune and detoxification responses. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), surrounding the net pens, grazing on feces and uneaten pellets may be affected accordingly. The aim of this study was to analyze transcription responses in Atlantic cod head kidney tissue and isolated leukocytes following dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl inclusions and possible interactions with proinflammatory signals. Head kidney tissues and leukocytes were isolated from cod fed diets contaminated with chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.5 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg, 23.2 mg/kg) for 30 days. The isolated leukocytes were further challenged with bacteria (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), virus (polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (PIC) mimic and l-arginine, an immuno-modulating amino acid, in vitro. The LPS-induced transcription of the interleukin genes il-1β, il-6, il-8 increased in leukocytes isolated from cod fed chlorpyrifos-methyl 23.2 mg/kg, compared to cod fed the control diet, indicating increased inflammation. Transcriptional levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (cpt1a), aryl hydrogen receptor (ahr) and catalase (cat) were all reduced by dietary inclusions of chlorpyrifos-methyl in the leukocytes. The findings suggests that dietary chlorpyrifos-methyl exposure impair inflammation, detoxification and redox signaling in cod leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Anett K Larsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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6
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Chérif N, Amdouni F, Bessadok B, Tagorti G, Sadok S. Chitosan Treatment of E-11 Cells Modulates Transcription of Nonspecific Immune Genes and Reduces Nodavirus Capsid Protein Gene Expression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3097. [PMID: 34827829 PMCID: PMC8614572 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores whether crustacean products inhibit viral infections in aquaculture. Chitosan (CHT) was extracted from waste products of Parapenaeus longirostris. Biochemical composition, viscosity measurement, molecular weight, structure and cytotoxicity tests were used to characterize the extracted chitosan. Cultures of E-11 cells derived from snakehead Ophicephalus striatus were inoculated with 106.74 TCID50 of an isolate of betanodavirus genotype RGNNV (redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) after being treated with solutions of 0.3% CHT for 1 h at room temperature. The antiviral effect of CHT was assessed by comparing the ability of RGNVV to replicate and produce cytopathic effects on CHT-treated cell cultures. The change in RNA expression levels of the nodavirus capsid protein gene and three mediator genes in infected cells with or without CHT treatment was evaluated by qPCR. Changes in gene expression compared to control groups were monitored at 6, 24, 48 and 71 h post treatment in all target gene transcripts. The CCR3 expression in CHT treated cells showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) until day 3. On the other hand, the expression of TNF-α decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in CHT treated cells throughout the experimental period. Likewise, the expression of the IL-10 gene showed a significant downregulation in CHT treated cells at all time points (p ≤ 0.05). As further evidence of an antiviral effect, CHT treatment of cells produced a reduction in virus load as measured by a reduced expression of the viral capsid gene and the increase in RQ values from 406 ± 1.9 at hour 1 to 695 ± 3.27 at 72 h post inoculation. Statistical analysis showed that the expression of the viral capsid gene was significantly lower in cells treated with chitosan (p ≤ 0.05). These results improve our knowledge about the antiviral activity of this bioactive molecule and highlight its potential use in fish feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chérif
- Aquaculture Laboratory, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies, 28 Rue de 2 Mars 1934, Salamboo 2025, Tunisia; (F.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Fatma Amdouni
- Aquaculture Laboratory, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies, 28 Rue de 2 Mars 1934, Salamboo 2025, Tunisia; (F.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Boutheina Bessadok
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies, 28 Rue de 2 Mars 1934, Salamboo 2025, Tunisia; (B.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Ghada Tagorti
- Aquaculture Laboratory, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies, 28 Rue de 2 Mars 1934, Salamboo 2025, Tunisia; (F.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Saloua Sadok
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Sea Sciences and Technologies, 28 Rue de 2 Mars 1934, Salamboo 2025, Tunisia; (B.B.); (S.S.)
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7
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Wang Q, Xu Z, Ai Q. Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth, nutrient utilization, and immunonutrition of fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:716-727. [PMID: 34466676 PMCID: PMC8379419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fish have limited ability in endogenous biosynthesis of arginine. Arginine is an indispensable amino acid for fish, and the arginine requirement varies with fish species and fish size. Recent studies on fish have demonstrated that arginine influences nutrient metabolism, stimulates insulin release, is involved in nonspecific immune responses and antioxidant responses, and elevates disease resistance. Specifically, arginine can regulate energy homeostasis via modulating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and also regulate protein synthesis via activating the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. The present article reviews pertinent knowledge of arginine in fish, including dietary quantitative requirements, endogenous anabolism and catabolism, regulation of the endocrine and metabolic systems, and immune-regulatory functions under pathogenic challenge. Our findings showed that further data about the distribution of arginine after intake into specific cells, its sub-cellular sensor to initiate downstream signaling pathways, and its effects on fish mucosal immunity, especially the adaptive immune response against pathogenic infection in different species, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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8
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Machado M, Serra CR, Oliva-Teles A, Costas B. Methionine and Tryptophan Play Different Modulatory Roles in the European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Innate Immune Response and Apoptosis Signaling-An In Vitro Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660448. [PMID: 33790917 PMCID: PMC8005646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The range of metabolic pathways that are dependent on a proper supply of specific amino acids (AA) unveils their importance in the support of health. AA play central roles in key pathways vital for immune support and individual AA supplementation has shown to be able to modulate fish immunity. In vitro trials are important tools to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of AA, and the present study was conceived to evaluate methionine and tryptophan roles in immune-related mechanisms aiming to understand their effects in leucocyte functioning and AA pathways. For that purpose, head-kidney leucocytes were isolated and a primary cell culture established. The effect of methionine or tryptophan surplus on cell viability was assessed. Medium L-15 10% FBS without AA addition (0.5mM of L-methionine, 0.1 mM of L-tryptophan) was used as control. To that, L-methionine or L-tryptophan were supplemented at 1 and 2 times (M1x or M2x, and T1x or T2x). Nitric oxide, ATP, total antioxidant capacity, and immune-related genes were evaluated in response to lipopolysaccharides extracted from Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida or UV-inactivated bacteria). Moreover, caspase 3 activity and apoptosis-related genes were evaluated in response to the apoptosis-inducing protein, AIP56. Distinct roles in leucocytes' immune response were observed, with contrasting outcomes in the modulation of individual pathways. Methionine surplus improved cell viability, polyamine production, and methionine-related genes expression in response to an inflammatory agent. Also, methionine supplementation lowered signals of apoptosis by AIP56, presenting lower caspase 3 activity and higher il1β and nf-κb expression. Cells cultured in tryptophan supplemented medium presented signals of an attenuated inflammatory response, with decreased ATP and enhanced expression of anti-inflammatory and catabolism-related genes in macrophages. In response to AIP56, leucocytes cultured in a tryptophan-rich medium presented lower resilience to the toxin, higher caspase 3 activity and expression of caspase 8, and lower expression of several genes, including nf-κb and p65. This study showed the ability of methionine surplus to improve leucocytes' response to an inflammatory agent and to lower signals of apoptosis by AIP56 induction, while tryptophan attenuated several cellular signals of the inflammatory response to UV-inactivated bacteria and lowered leucocyte resilience to AIP56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Picchietti S, Buonocore F, Guerra L, Belardinelli MC, De Wolf T, Couto A, Fausto AM, Saraceni PR, Miccoli A, Scapigliati G. Molecular and cellular characterization of European sea bass CD3ε + T lymphocytes and their modulation by microalgal feed supplementation. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:149-165. [PMID: 33433686 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD3 coreceptor is a master T cell surface marker, and genes encoding CD3ζ, γδ, and ε chains have been reported in several teleost fish. Here, a complete cDNA sequence of CD3ɛ chain was identified from a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) gill transcriptome. Its basal expression was quantified in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs of sea bass juveniles with real-time qPCR analysis. After either in vitro stimulation of head kidney leukocytes with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin or in vivo stimulation with an orally administered Vibrio anguillarum vaccine, CD3ε expression levels increased in head kidney leukocytes, confirming that CD3ε T cells may play important roles in fish systemic protection against pathogens. Further, three peptides were designed on the CD3ɛ cytoplasmic tail region and employed as immunogens for antibody production in rabbit. One antiserum so obtained, named RACD3/1, immunostained a band of the expected size in a western blot of a sea bass thymocyte lysate. The distribution of CD3ε+ lymphocyte population in the lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues was addressed in healthy fish by IHC. In decreasing percentage order, CD3ε+ lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, gills, head kidney, gut, and spleen. Finally, a significant in vivo enhancement of CD3ε+ T intestinal lymphocytes was found in fish fed on diets in which 100% fish meal was replaced by the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. These results indicate that CD3ε+ T cells are involved in nutritional immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE Aquaculture Research Center, Dendermond, Belgium
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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10
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Dahiya P, Datta D, Hussain MA, Verma G, Shelly A, Mehta P, Mazumder S. The coordinated outcome of STIM1-Orai1 and superoxide signalling is crucial for headkidney macrophage apoptosis and clearance of Mycobacterium fortuitum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103800. [PMID: 32771347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying M. fortuitum-induced pathogenesis remains elusive. Using headkidney macrophages (HKM) from Clarias gariepinus, we report that TLR-2-mediated internalization of M. fortuitum is imperative to the induction of pathogenic effects. Inhibiting TLR-2 signalling alleviated HKM apoptosis, thereby favouring bacterial survival. Additionally, TLR-2-mediated cytosolic calcium (Ca2+)c elevation was instrumental for eliciting ER-stress in infected HKM. ER-stress triggered the activation of membrane-proximal calcium entry channels comprising stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and calcium-release activated calcium channel 1 (Orai1). RNAi studies suggested STIM1-Orai1 signalling initiate calpain-mediated cleavage of nitric oxide synthase interacting protein, prompting the release of pro-apoptotic nitric oxide. Inhibiting STIM1-Orai1 signalling attenuated superoxide production (O2•-) and vice versa. We conclude, TLR-2-induced ER-stress triggers STIM1/Orai1 expression and that the reciprocal association between STIM1-Orai1 signalling and oxidative stress is critical for sustaining (Ca2+)c level, thereby prolonging ER-stress and maintenance of pro-oxidant rich environment to induce HKM apoptosis and bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dahiya
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Debika Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Lund University of Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Sweden, 21428, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India; Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110 021, India.
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11
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Chen Z, Ceballos-Francisco D, Guardiola FA, Huang D, Esteban MÁ. The alleviation of skin wound-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via modulation of TLR signalling using arginine in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:519-528. [PMID: 33217564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate the effect of arginine on the involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in skin wound-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Two replicates of fish (n = 8) were fed a commercial diet (CON, total 2.75% arginine), CON diet enriched with 1% arginine (ARG1, total 3.65% arginine) and 2% arginine (ARG2, total 4.53% arginine) for 30 days. Half of the fish were sampled, whereas the others were injured and sampled 7 days post-wounding. The intestinal histology results showed that a more intense infiltration of mixed leucocytes was evident in the wounded fish, which was remarkably reduced in fish that were fed the ARG1 diet. Serum IgM levels were significantly higher in the ARG1 group than levels in the CON group at 7 days post-wounding. Compared with the fish in the CON group after wounding, dietary administration of 1% arginine markedly downregulated the gene expression of TLRs (TLR2 and TLR5), MyD88, and proinflammatory cytokines (CSF1R, IL-1β, and TNFα), but significantly enhanced the gene expression of IκBα, the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1, and tight junction proteins (tricellulin and occludin) in wounded fish. Furthermore, the ARG2 diet demonstrated no additional benefits on intestinal cells, compared to both the ARG1 and the CON diets, and it even appeared to induce negative effects. In summary, dietary administration of 1% arginine significantly inhibited intestinal inflammatory response and tight junction disruption in skin-wounded gilthead seabream by modulating TLR signalling in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichu Chen
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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12
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Ibarz A. Evaluating mucus exudation dynamics through isotopic enrichment and turnover of skin mucus fractions in a marine fish model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa095. [PMID: 33442471 PMCID: PMC7787050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is composed of insoluble components, which form the physical barrier, and soluble components, which are key for interrelationship functions. Mucus is continuously secreted, but rates of production and exudation are still unknown, as are the underlying mechanisms. Using stable isotope analysis, here, we evaluate skin mucus turnover and renewal in gilthead sea bream, separating raw mucus and its soluble and insoluble fractions. Isotopic abundance analysis reveals no differences between mucus and white muscle, thus confirming mucus samples as reliable non-invasive biomarkers. Mucus production was evaluated using a single labelled meal packaged in a gelatine capsule, with both 13C and 15N, via a time-course trial. 13C was gradually allocated to skin mucus fractions over the first 12 h and was significantly (4-fold) higher in the soluble fraction, indicating a higher turnover of soluble mucus components that are continuously produced and supplied. 15N was also gradually allocated to mucus, indicating incorporation of new proteins containing the labelled dietary amino acids, but with no differences between fractions. When existent mucus was removed, dietary stable isotopes revealed stimulated mucus neoformation dependent on the components. All this is novel knowledge concerning skin mucus dynamics and turnover in fish and could offer interesting non-invasive approaches to the use of skin mucus production in ecological or applied biological studies such as climate change effects, human impact, alterations in trophic networks or habitat degradation, especially of wild-captured species or protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Corresponding author: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Azeredo R, Machado M, Fontinha F, Fernández-Boo S, Conceição LEC, Dias J, Costas B. Dietary arginine and citrulline supplementation modulates the immune condition and inflammatory response of European seabass. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:451-463. [PMID: 32800985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the modulatory effects of arginine and citrulline dietary supplementation on the immune condition and inflammatory response of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Four diets were manufactured: a control diet (CTRL) was formulated to meet the indispensable amino acids profile established for seabass. Based on this formulation, three other diets were supplemented with l-arginine at two different levels (0.5% and 1%, ARG1 and ARG2, respectively) and l-citrulline at 0.5% (CIT). Fish were fed these diets for 2 or 4 weeks under controlled conditions. At the end of 4 weeks, fish from all dietary treatments were intraperitoneally-injected with Photobacterium damselae piscicida and sampled after 4, 24 our 48 h. Immune status was characterized by a lymphocyte time-dependent decrease regardless of dietary treatment, whereas peroxidase values dropped in time in fish fed ARG1 and ARG2 and was lower at 4 weeks in fish fed ARG1 than in fish fed CTRL. Up-regulation of several genes was more evident in ARG1-and CIT-fed fish, though pro-inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated by CIT dietary treatment. Following immune stimulation, seabass fed ARG1 showed a decrease in neutrophils and monocytes circulating numbers. On the other hand, expression of 17 selected immune and inflammatory responses genes was barely affected by dietary treatments. Based on the analyzed parameters, results suggest an active role of dietary arginine/citrulline supplementation in modulating immune defences that seem to translate into a suppressed immune repertoire, mostly at the cell response level. The observed changes due to citrulline dietary supplementation were in part similar to those caused by arginine, suggesting that citrulline might have been used by macrophages as an arginine precursor and then engaged in similar immune-impairment leading mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Fontinha
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | | | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Chen Z, Ceballos-Francisco D, Guardiola FA, Huang D, Esteban MÁ. Skin wound healing in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) fed diets supplemented with arginine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:347-358. [PMID: 32544556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary administration of arginine on the wound healing process of gilthead seabream was studied. Two replicates of fish (n = 8) were fed with either a commercial diet [control diet (CON), no arginine added] and the CON diet supplemented with 1% arginine (ARG1) or with 2% arginine (ARG2) for 30 days. Afterward, half of the fish were sampled while the other half were injured and continued to be fed the same diet for an extra week. Results by image analysis showed that the wound closure rate was significantly improved in fish that were fed the ARG1 diet, compared with those in the CON group. After seven days of wound healing, the aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels in the serum and the protease and peroxidase activities in the skin mucus were down-regulated, while the immunoglobulin M level in the skin mucus was up-regulated in the ARG1 group after wounding and in the CON group before wounding. Compared with the CON diet, the ARG1 diet remarkedly depressed the gene expression of mpo, il-8, and tnf-α, and enhanced the gene expression of tgf-β1, igf-1, pcna, krt2, mmp9, fn1α, and colIα and the antioxidant enzyme cat in the skin tissues after wounding. Furthermore, compared with both the ARG1 and the CON groups, negative effects of the ARG2 diet on wound healing were demonstrated. In conclusion, a 1% arginine supplementation facilitates skin wound healing and prevents a systemic inflammation reaction by alleviating the inflammatory response and enhancing the re-epithelialization and ECM biosynthesis in skin wound sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichu Chen
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Ramos-Pinto L, Azeredo R, Silva C, Conceição LEC, Dias J, Montero D, Torrecillas S, Silva TS, Costas B. Short-Term Supplementation of Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Modulates Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Immune Status. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1544. [PMID: 32849522 PMCID: PMC7419597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several amino acids (AA) are known to regulate key metabolic pathways that are crucial for immune responses. In particular, arginine (ARG) appears to have important roles regarding immune modulation since it is required for macrophage responses and lymphocyte development. Moreover, citrulline (CIT) is a precursor of arginine, and it was reported as an alternative to ARG for improving macrophage function in mammals. The present study aimed to explore the effects of dietary ARG and CIT supplementation on the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) immune status. Triplicate groups of fish (23.1 ± 0.4 g) were either fed a control diet (CTRL) with a balanced AA profile, or the CTRL diet supplemented with graded levels of ARG or CIT (i.e., 0.5 and 1% of feed; ARG1, CIT1, ARG2, and CIT2, respectively). After 2 and 4 weeks of feeding, fish were euthanized and blood was collected for blood smears, plasma for humoral immune parameters and shotgun proteomics, and head-kidney tissue for the measurement of health-related transcripts. A total of 94 proteins were identified in the plasma of all treatments. Among them, components of the complement system, apolipoproteins, as well as some glycoproteins were found to be highly abundant. After performing a PLS of the expressed proteins, differences between the two sampling points were observed. In this regard, component 1 (61%) was correlated with the effect of sampling time, whereas component 2 (18%) seemed associated to individual variability within diet. Gilthead seabream fed ARG2 and CIT2 at 4 weeks were more distant than fish fed all dietary treatments at 2 weeks and fish fed the CTRL diet at 4 weeks. Therefore, data suggest that the modulatory effects of AA supplementation at the proteome level were more effective after 4 weeks of feeding and at the higher inclusion level (i.e., 1% of feed). The bactericidal activity increased in fish fed the highest supplementation level of both AAs after 4 weeks. Peripheral monocyte numbers correlated positively with nitric oxide, which showed an increasing trend in a dose-dependent manner. The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor tended to be up-regulated at the final sampling point regardless of dietary treatments. Data from this study point to an immunostimulatory effect of dietary ARG or CIT supplementation after 4 weeks of feeding in the gilthead seabream, particularly when supplemented at a 1% inclusion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço Ramos-Pinto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlota Silva
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Daniel Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Tomé S. Silva
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Serradell A, Torrecillas S, Makol A, Valdenegro V, Fernández-Montero A, Acosta F, Izquierdo MS, Montero D. Prebiotics and phytogenics functional additives in low fish meal and fish oil based diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Effects on stress and immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:219-229. [PMID: 32160965 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of terrestrial raw materials to replace fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in marine fish diets may affect fish growth performance and health. In the last years functional additives have been profiled as good candidates to reduce the effects on health and disease resistance derived from this replacement, via reinforcement of the fish immune system. In the present study, three isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with low FM and FO (10% and 6% respectively) were tested based on supplementation either with 0.5% galactomannanoligosaccharides (GMOS diet) or 0.02% of a mixture of essential oils (PHYTO diet), a non-supplemented diet was defined as a control diet. Fish were fed the experimental diets in triplicate for 9 weeks and then they were subjected to a stress by confinement as a single challenge (C treatment) or combined with an experimental intestinal infection with Vibrio anguillarum (CI treatment). Along the challenge test, selected stress and immunological parameters were evaluated at 2, 24 and 168h after C or CI challenges. As stress indicators, circulating plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were analyzed as well as the relative gene expression of cyp11b hydroxylase, hypoxia inducible factor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 (cyp11b, hif-1α, StAR, hsp70 and hsp90). As immune markers, serum and skin mucus lysozyme, bactericidal and peroxidase activities were measured, as well as gene expression of Caspase-3 (casp-3) and interleukin 1β (il-1ß). The use of functional additives induced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of circulating plasma cortisol concentration when confinement was the unique challenge test applied. Supplementation of PHYTO induced a down-regulation of cyp11b, hif-1α, casp-3 and il-1β gene expression 2h after stress test, whereas StAR expression was significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated. However, when combination of confinement stress and infection was applied (CI treatment), the use of PHYTO significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated StAR and casp-3 gene expression 2h after challenge test, denoting that PHYTO diet reinforced fish capacity of stress response via protection of head kidney leucocytes from stress-related apoptotic processes, with lower caspase-3 gene expression and a higher il-1β gene expression when an infection occurs. Additionally, dietary supplementation with GMOS and PHYTO compounds increased fish serum lysozyme after infection. Both functional additives entailed a better capability of the animals to cope with infection in European sea bass when fed low FM and FO diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serradell
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - S Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - A Makol
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstrasse 14, 4221, Steyregg, Austria
| | - V Valdenegro
- Biomar A/S. BioMar AS, POB 1282 Sluppen, N-7462, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Fernández-Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - F Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - M S Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain
| | - D Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte S/n, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 35214, Telde, Spain.
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17
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Clark TC, Tinsley J, Sigholt T, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline supplementation in rainbow trout: Free amino acid dynamics and gene expression responses to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:374-390. [PMID: 31968266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing the diet with functional ingredients is a key strategy to improve fish performance and health in aquaculture. The amino acids of the urea and nitric oxide (NO) cycles - arginine, ornithine and citrulline - perform crucial roles in the immune response through the generation of NO and the synthesis of polyamine used for tissue repair. We previously found that citrulline supplementation improves and maintains circulating free arginine levels in rainbow trout more effectively than arginine supplementation. Here, to test whether supplementation of urea cycle amino acids modulates the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we supplemented a commercial diet with high levels (2% of total diet) of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline during a 7-week feeding trial, before challenging fish with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida. We carried out two separate experiments to investigate fish survival and 24 h post-infection to investigate the immediate response of free amino acid levels, and transcriptional changes in genes encoding urea cycle, NO cycle and polyamine synthesis enzymes. There were no differences in percentage fish mortality between diets, however there were numerous highly significant changes in free amino acid levels and gene expression to both dietary supplementation and infection. Out of 26 amino acids detected in blood plasma, 8 were significantly changed by infection and 9 by dietary supplementation of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline. Taurine, glycine and aspartic acid displayed the largest decreases in circulating levels in infected fish, while ornithine and isoleucine were the only amino acids that increased in concentration. We investigated transcriptional responses of the enzymes involved in arginine metabolism in liver and head kidney; transcripts for polyamine synthesis enzymes showed highly significant increases in both tissues across all diets following infection. The paralogous arginase-encoding genes, Arg1a, Arg1b, Arg2a and Arg2b, displayed complex responses across tissues and also due to diet and infection. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of amino acid metabolism following infection and suggests new potential amino acid targets for improving the immune response in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Tinsley
- BioMar AS, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, UK
| | | | - D J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK.
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18
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Clark TC, Tinsley J, Sigholt T, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM. Supplementation of arginine, ornithine and citrulline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, amino acid levels in plasma and gene expression responses in liver tissue. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 241:110632. [PMID: 31812671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional amino acids (FAA) regulate metabolic pathways directly linked to health, survival, growth and development. Arginine is a FAA with crucial roles in protein deposition and the immune response. In mammals, supplementation of arginine's precursor amino acid, citrulline, is known to increase circulating arginine to levels beyond direct arginine supplementation, however, citrulline supplementation is poorly studied in fish. To address this knowledge gap, we supplemented the diet of rainbow trout with arginine and its precursor amino acids, ornithine and citrulline, at 3 levels (0.5%, 1% and 2% of the total diet) during a 14-week experiment. We sampled fish at 3 h and 24 h post-feeding to investigate immediate and steady-state effects, respectively. There were no differences in fish growth for any of the diets across a range of indicators. In blood plasma, out of 26 amino acids detected, 11 and 6 displayed significant changes 24 h and 3 h post-prandial, respectively. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline levels were all significantly increased by the citrulline supplemented diets. In muscle, 8 amino acids were significantly altered by supplemented diets, while there were no significant changes in liver. Arginine was increased by 2% citrulline supplementation in muscle tissue. We also investigated the transcriptional responses of urea cycle, nitric oxide cycle and rate-limiting polyamine synthesis enzymes, related to arginine's metabolism, in liver. At both time points, only 2 enzymes were significantly altered by the supplemented diets, however several significant changes were observed comparing 3 h and 24 h post-prandial expression levels. Of these, the paralogous polyamine synthesis enzyme encoding genes ODC1 and ODC2 displayed the largest increases in 3 h post-prandial fish. These findings demonstrate that endogenous synthesis of arginine is possible from a citrulline supplemented diet and improve our understanding of arginine metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Tinsley
- BioMar AS, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, UK
| | | | - D J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK.
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19
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Marques EP, Wyse ATS. Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:411-423. [PMID: 31069754 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that plays a central role as an energy buffer in high energy demanding systems, including the muscular and the central nervous system. It can be acquired from diet or synthesized endogenously, and its main destination is the system creatine/phosphocreatine that strengthens cellular energetics via a temporal and spatial energy buffer that can restore cellular ATP without a reliance on oxygen. This compound has been proposed to possess secondary roles, such as direct and indirect antioxidant, immunomodulatory agent, and possible neuromodulator. However, these effects may be associated with its bioenergetic role in the mitochondria. Given the fundamental roles that creatine plays in the CNS, several preclinical and clinical studies have tested the potential that creatine has to treat degenerative disorders. However, although in vitro and in vivo animal models are highly encouraging, most clinical trials fail to reproduce positive results suggesting that the prophylactic use for neuroprotection in at-risk populations or patients is the most promising field. Nonetheless, the only clearly positive data of the creatine supplementation in human beings are related to the (rare) creatine deficiency syndromes. It seems critical that future studies must establish the best dosage regime to increase brain creatine in a way that can relate to animal studies, provide new ways for creatine to reach the brain, and seek larger experimental groups with biomarkers for prediction of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peil Marques
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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20
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Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Ordóñez-Grande B, Sánchez-Nuño S, Viscor G, Gisbert E, Herrera M, Ibarz A. Skin mucus metabolites in response to physiological challenges: A valuable non-invasive method to study teleost marine species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1323-1335. [PMID: 30743845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge concerning the health and welfare of fish is important to conserve species diversity. Fish mucosal surfaces, and particularly the skin, are of utmost importance to protect the integrity and homeostasis of the body and to prevent skin infections by pathogens. We performed three trials simulating different environmental and anthropogenic challenges: fish capture (air exposure), bacterial infection and fasting, with the aim of evaluating epidermal mucus as a non-invasive target of studies in fish. In this initial approach, we selected three well-known marine species: meagre (Argyrosomus regius), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) for our study. Mucus viscosity was measured in order to determine its rheological properties, and mucus metabolite (glucose, lactate, protein and cortisol) levels were analysed to establish their suitability as potential biomarkers. Skin mucus appeared as a viscous fluid exhibiting clearly non-Newtonian behaviour, with its viscosity being dependent on shear rate. The highest viscosity (p < 0.05) was observed in sea bream. Mucus metabolites composition responded to the different challenges. In particular, glucose increased significantly due to the air exposure challenge in meagre; and it decreased during food deprivation in sea bream by a half (p < 0.05). In contrast, mucus protein only decreased significantly after pathogenic bacterial infection in sea bass. In addition, mucus lactate immediately reflected changes closely related to an anaerobic condition; whereas cortisol was only modified by air exposure, doubling its mucus concentration (p < 0.05). The data provided herein demonstrate that mucus metabolites can be considered as good non-invasive biomarkers for evaluating fish physiological responses; with the glucose/protein ratio being the most valuable and reliable parameter. Determining these skin mucus metabolites and ratios will be very useful when studying the condition of critically threatened species whose conservation status prohibits the killing of specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA-SCR; Unitat de CultiusAqüícoles, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
| | - Marcelino Herrera
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, Ctra. El Rompido - Punta Umbría, 21459 Cartaya, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Rebl A, Goldammer T. Under control: The innate immunity of fish from the inhibitors' perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:328-349. [PMID: 29631025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products, preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells. However, the multifaceted activation of these defensive measures can derail or overshoot and, if left unchecked, overwhelm the host. A plenty of regulatory devices therefore mediate the fragile equilibrium between pathogen defence and pathophysiological manifestations. Over the past decade in particular, an almost complete set of teleostean sequences orthologous to mammalian immunoregulatory factors has been identified in various fish species, which prove the remarkable conservation of innate immune-control concepts among vertebrates. This review will present the current knowledge on more than 50 teleostean regulatory factors (plus additional fish-specific paralogs) that are of paramount importance for controlling the clotting cascade, the complement system, pattern-recognition pathways and cytokine-signalling networks. A special focus lies on those immunoregulatory features that have emerged as potential biomarker genes in transcriptome-wide research studies. Moreover, we report on the latest progress in elucidating control elements that act directly with immune-gene-encoding nucleic acids, such as transcription factors, hormone receptors and micro- and long noncoding RNAs. Investigations into the function of teleostean inhibitory factors are still mainly based on gene-expression profiling or overexpression studies. However, in support of structural and in-vitro analyses, evidence from in-vivo trials is also available and revealed many biochemical details on piscine immune regulation. The presence of multiple gene copies in fish adds a degree of complexity, as it is so far hardly understood if they might play distinct roles during inflammation. The present review addresses this and other open questions that should be tackled by fish immunologists in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
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22
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Effects of the Dietary Tryptophan and Aspartate on the Immune Response of Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) after Stress. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Piazzon MC, Calduch-Giner JA, Fouz B, Estensoro I, Simó-Mirabet P, Puyalto M, Karalazos V, Palenzuela O, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Under control: how a dietary additive can restore the gut microbiome and proteomic profile, and improve disease resilience in a marine teleostean fish fed vegetable diets. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:164. [PMID: 29282153 PMCID: PMC5745981 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constant increase of aquaculture production and wealthy seafood consumption has forced the industry to explore alternative and more sustainable raw aquafeed materials, and plant ingredients have been used to replace marine feedstuffs in many farmed fish. The objective of the present study was to assess whether plant-based diets can induce changes in the intestinal mucus proteome, gut autochthonous microbiota and disease susceptibility of fish, and whether these changes could be reversed by the addition of sodium butyrate to the diets. Three different trials were performed using the teleostean gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) as model. In a first preliminary short-term trial, fish were fed with the additive (0.8%) supplementing a basal diet with low vegetable inclusion (D1) and then challenged with a bacteria to detect possible effects on survival. In a second trial, fish were fed with diets with greater vegetable inclusion levels (D2, D3) and the long-term effect of sodium butyrate at a lower dose (0.4%) added to D3 (D4 diet) was tested on the intestinal proteome and microbiome. In a third trial, the long-term effectiveness of sodium butyrate (D4) to prevent disease outcome after an intestinal parasite (Enteromyxum leei) challenge was tested. RESULTS The results showed that opposed forces were driven by dietary plant ingredients and sodium butyrate supplementation in fish diet. On the one hand, vegetable diets induced high parasite infection levels that provoked drops in growth performance, decreased intestinal microbiota diversity, induced the dominance of the Photobacterium genus, as well as altered the gut mucosal proteome suggesting detrimental effects on intestinal function. On the other hand, butyrate addition slightly decreased cumulative mortality after bacterial challenge, avoided growth retardation in parasitized fish, increased intestinal microbiota diversity with a higher representation of butyrate-producing bacteria and reversed most vegetable diet-induced changes in the gut proteome. CONCLUSIONS This integrative work gives insights on the pleiotropic effects of a dietary additive on the restoration of intestinal homeostasis and disease resilience, using a multifaceted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Belén Fouz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Paula Simó-Mirabet
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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24
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Azeredo R, Serra CR, Oliva-Teles A, Costas B. Amino acids as modulators of the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, innate immune response: an in vitro approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18009. [PMID: 29269876 PMCID: PMC5740149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost innate immune system is a most developed and powerful system in which fish highly rely throughout their lives. Conditions in aquaculture farms are particularly prone to disease, thus, health and welfare ensuring strategies are an urgent call to which nutrition is gradually becoming a most regarded achievement tool. This study intended to evaluate different amino acids' effect on immune-related mechanisms as well as their potential as enhancers of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, leucocyte functioning. To achieve these goals, primary cultures of head-kidney leucocytes were established and kept in amino acid (glutamine, arginine, tryptophan or methionine) supplemented culture media in two doses. The effects of amino acids treatments were then evaluated after stimulation with either Vibrio anguillarum or Vibrio anguillarum lipopolysaccharides by measuring nitric oxide production, extracellular respiratory burst, ATP and arginase activities, and expression of immune-related genes. Glutamine, arginine and tryptophan showed to be particularly relevant regarding cell energy dynamics; arginine and tryptophan supplementation also resulted in down-regulation of important immune-related genes. Immune responses in cells treated with methionine were generally enhanced but further studies, particularly those of enzymes activity, are essential to complement gene expression results and to better understand this nutrient's immune role in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Azeredo R, Machado M, Afonso A, Fierro-Castro C, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Gesto M, Conde-Sieira M, Míguez JM, Soengas JL, Kreuz E, Wuertz S, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A, Costas B. Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses Undertake Different Fates following Tryptophan or Methionine Dietary Treatment: Tales from a Teleost Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1226. [PMID: 29021795 PMCID: PMC5623689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine and tryptophan appear to be fundamental in specific cellular pathways involved in the immune response mechanisms, including stimulation of T-regulatory cells by tryptophan metabolites or pro-inflammatory effects upon methionine supplementation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of these amino acids on the inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in juveniles of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. To achieve this, goal fish were fed for 14 days methionine and tryptophan-supplemented diets (MET and TRP, respectively, 2× dietary requirement level) or a control diet meeting the amino acids requirement levels (CTRL). Fish were sampled for immune status assessment and the remaining fish were challenged with intraperitoneally injected inactivated Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and sampled either 4 or 24 h post-injection. Respiratory burst activity, brain monoamines, plasma cortisol, and immune-related gene expression showed distinct and sometimes opposite patterns regarding the effects of dietary amino acids. While neuroendocrine intermediates were not affected by any dietary treatment at the end of the feeding trial, both supplemented diets led to increased levels of plasma cortisol after the inflammatory insult, while brain monoamine content was higher in TRP-fed fish. Peripheral blood respiratory burst was higher in TRP-fed fish injected with the bacteria inoculum but only compared to those fed MET. However, no changes were detected in total antioxidant capacity. Complement factor 3 was upregulated in MET-fed fish but methionine seemed to poorly affect other genes expression patterns. In contrast, fish fed MET showed increased immune cells numbers both before and after immune challenge, suggesting a strong enhancing effect of methionine on immune cells proliferation. Differently, tryptophan effects on inflammatory transcripts suggested an inhibitory mode of action. This, together with a high production of brain monoamine and cortisol levels, suggests that tryptophan might mediate regulatory mechanisms of neuroendocrine and immune systems cooperation. Overall, more studies are needed to ascertain the role of methionine and tryptophan in modulating (stimulate or regulate) fish immune and neuroendocrine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Kreuz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Peres
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Fontana S, Arena MP, Frassanito MA, Gallone A. Administration of a polyphenol-enriched feed to farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Kidney melanomacrophages response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:404-410. [PMID: 28743629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of the defense mechanism of fish, through the administration of immunostimulants, is considered as a promising alternative to vaccines. Natural immunostimulants such as polyphenols, flavanoids, pigments and essential oils can modulate the innate immune response. In lower vertebrates, melano-macrophage centres, i.e. clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are wide-spread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a polyphenol-enriched diet on the health status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Farmed sea bass were administered a feed containing a phytocomplex, rich in catechins and epigallocatechins, which was obtained from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations. The effects of such a diet were investigated in juvenile and commercial size samples, i.e. undergoing a short- and long-term period of diet, respectively, focusing on their extracutaneous pigmentary system and, in more detail, on the enzymatic activities leading to melanin biosynthesis. Our results show that prolonged dietary treatments with higher concentration of polyphenols might modulate tyrosinase activity and gene expression in commercial size fishes. An increase of melano-macrophage activity is correlated to a stimulation of cytoprotective functions against antigenic stimulants and pathogens, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy.
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27
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Azeredo R, Machado M, Kreuz E, Wuertz S, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Costas B. The European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) innate immunity and gut health are modulated by dietary plant-protein inclusion and prebiotic supplementation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:78-87. [PMID: 27836721 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of prebiotics in aqua feeds, though a costly strategy, has increased as a means to improve growth. Still, its effects on health improvement are not fully disclosed. Regarding their immunestimulatory properties, research has focused on carbohydrates such as fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides demonstrating their modulatory effects on immune defences in higher vertebrates but few studies have been done on their impact on fish immunity. Replacing fish meal (FM) by plant protein (PP) sources is a current practice in the aquaculture business but their content in antinutrients is still a drawback in terms of gut well-functioning. This work intends to evaluate the short-term effect (7 or 15 days feeding the experimental diets) on juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status of dietary i) replacement of FM by PP sources; ii) prebiotics supplementation. Six isoproteic (46%) and isolipidic (15%) diets were tested including a FM control diet (FMCTRL), a PP control diet (PPCTRL, 30 FM:70 PP) and four other diets based on either FM or PP to which short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) or xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were added at 1% (FMFOS, PPFOS, FMXOS, PPXOS). The replacement of FM by PP in the diets induced nitric oxide (NO) and lysozyme production, while immunoglobulins (Ig), monocytes percentage and gut interleukin 10 (IL10) gene expression were inhibited. Dietary scFOS supplementation inhibited total bactericidal activity and neutrophils relative percentage regardless protein source and increased plasma NO and thrombocytes percentage in fish fed FM-based diets, while monocytes percentage was increased in PPFOS-fed fish. XOS supplementation down-regulated immune gene expression in the gut while it partly enhanced systemic response. Inconsistency among results regarding FM replacement by PP-based ingredients exposes the need for further research considering both local and systemic responses. Distinct outcomes of prebiotic supplementation were highlighted reflecting sight-specific effects with no clear interaction with protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Kreuz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Riesberg LA, Weed SA, McDonald TL, Eckerson JM, Drescher KM. Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:31-42. [PMID: 26778152 PMCID: PMC4915971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is widely used by both elite and recreational athletes as an ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic exercise performance. Older individuals also use creatine to prevent sarcopenia and, accordingly, may have therapeutic benefits for muscle wasting diseases. Although the effect of creatine on the musculoskeletal system has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to its potential effects on other physiological systems. Because there is a significant pool of creatine in the brain, the utility of creatine supplementation has been examined in vitro as well as in vivo in both animal models of neurological disorders and in humans. While the data are preliminary, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with certain neurological conditions may benefit from exogenous creatine supplementation if treatment protocols can be optimized. A small number of studies that have examined the impact of creatine on the immune system have shown an alteration in soluble mediator production and the expression of molecules involved in recognizing infections, specifically toll-like receptors. Future investigations evaluating the total impact of creatine supplementation are required to better understand the benefits and risks of creatine use, particularly since there is increasing evidence that creatine may have a regulatory impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Riesberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephanie A Weed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Thomas L McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Joan M Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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